A PARADOX A PARADOX –– ONE NATION, TWO ONE NATION, TWO

COUNTRIES COUNTRIES –– INDIA & BHARATINDIA & BHARAT

� SUSTAINABLE FUTURE OF INDIA ?

� WHERE DO WE NEED TO BE AND HOW DOWE GET THERE ?

� “INDIA LIVES IN ITS VILLAGES”, 70%� “INDIA LIVES IN ITS VILLAGES”, 70%POPULATION NEGLECTED

� VIRTUALLY NOTHING HAS BEEN DONE TOIMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIVING ANDGENERAL WELL- BEING OF 70%POPULATION.

� REMOVAL OF “ENERGY POVERTY” MUST BE MAIN AIM

INDIA LIVES IN VILLAGESINDIA LIVES IN VILLAGES� POPULATION ( ESTIMATED)

TOTAL : 117 CRORES

URBAN(26%) : 30.4 CRORES

RURAL(74%) : 86.6 CRORES

� Nr. OF VILLAGES ( 2001 CENSUS)

TOTAL : 6,38,365

VILLAGES WITH POPULATION > 10000 : 3,976

VILLAGES WITH POPULATION < 500 : 2,36,000

VILLAGES WITH POPULATION 500-10000 : 3,98, 389

� MAIN OCCUPATION OF RURAL POPULATION:

* AGRICULTURE

** FOREST-BASED PRODUCE

PRESENT PROBLEMS IN VILLAGESPRESENT PROBLEMS IN VILLAGES

� PRIMITIVE, UNHEIGINIC LIVING CONDITIONS

� POOR EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES

� POOR MEDICAL FACILITIES

� EXPLOITATION AT EVERY LEVEL� EXPLOITATION AT EVERY LEVEL

� LACK OF AWARENESS IN MASSES

� POOR MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.

� LACK OF EMPLOYMENT AVENUES

� MIGRATION OF YOUNG PERSONS

REASON 1 : DEMOGRAPHIC VARIETYREASON 1 : DEMOGRAPHIC VARIETY

� GEOGRAPHIC - EAST : WET ; SOUTH : WET TO SEMI

–ARID ; WEST : SEMI-ARID TO DRY ; NORTH : SEMI-

ARID TO WET.

� CULTURAL – ABORIGINES, TRIBALS, SEMI-

DEVELOPED RURAL, SEMI-URBAN & ENLIGHTENEDDEVELOPED RURAL, SEMI-URBAN & ENLIGHTENED

URBAN

� HABITANTATIONS – DEEP FORESTS, INTERIOR

VILLAGES, HAMLETS, URBAN GHETTOS,

MODERNISED URBAN

� EDUCATION – PRIMITIVES, ILLITERATES, SEMI-

LITERATES, SECONDARY- SCHOOL, COLLEGE AND

HIGHLY EDUCATED

REASON 2 : LOPSIDED PLANNINGREASON 2 : LOPSIDED PLANNING

� CENTALISED PLANNING

� THE FIVE-YEAR PLANS WERE MAINLY ORIENTED

TOWARDS URBAN AREAS

� INDUSTRIALISATION AROUND THE CITIES� INDUSTRIALISATION AROUND THE CITIES

� HIGH COSTS OF TRANSMISSION AND

MANAGEMENT OF SUPPLY FROM GRIDS TO

VILLAGES.

� RURAL INDIA NOT INVOLVED IN GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR AREAS .

� POLICIES OF DOLES AND SUBSIDIES - THE

CONCEPT OF AAM AADMI.

PRESENT STATUS PRESENT STATUS

� GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND RESPECTIVE

STATE GOVERNMENTS ARE NOW

SENSITIZED TO PROVIDE ELECTRICAL

ENERGY TO RURAL INDIA .

� RURAL ELECTRIFICATION SCHEMES (RES)

HAVE BEEN FORMULATED.

� SOME PROGRESS IS MADE, THOUGH

URBAN INDIA IS GIVEN PREFERENCE.

� QUALITY OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS POOR.

SOLUTION SOLUTION -- JOINT EFFORT JOINT EFFORT

� PROBLEMS CAN BE MITIGATED WITH THE

AVAILABILITY OF CONTINUOUS, REGULAR,

AND RELIABLE QUALITY ELECTRICAL

ENERGY.

� JOINT EFFORTS OF THE GOVERNMENTS AND� JOINT EFFORTS OF THE GOVERNMENTS AND

LOCAL INHABITANTS ARE REQUIRED.

� LOCALISED OFF-GRID GENERATION OF

ELECTRICITY TO SUPPLEMNT THE

SHORTFALL IN SUPPLY FROM THE GRID

WHERE AVAILABLE, AND ENSURE SUPPLY

WHERE TRANSMISSION LINES ARE NON-

EXISTANT.

ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL GENERATION OF ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL GENERATION OF

ELECTRICAL POWERELECTRICAL POWER

LOCALISED GENERATION WILL IMPROVE “ENERGY

RESILIENCE” TO ENSURE ADEQUATE POWER SUPPLY

TO THE VILLAGE, AS PER THE NEEDS OF THE USERS

TOWARDS:

(I) DOMESTIC REQUIREMENT

(II) AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS

(III) EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES AND COMMON FACILITIES

(IV) SETTING UP SMALL AND COTTAGE INDUSTRIES,

BASED ON DAIRY, POULTRY, HORTCULTURE,

TRADITIONAL SKILL ORIENTED, AND

(V) EMPLOYMENT GENERATION- REDUCE MIGRATION

SOURCES OF CAPTIVE OFF-GRID

GENSETS

FOLLOWING ARE THE PROBABLE SOURCES:

� SOLAR ENERGY

� WIND ENERGY� WIND ENERGY

� MICRO-HYDRO

� BIO – ENERGY :

BIO-GAS (METHANE-BASED),

BIO-FUEL ,AND

BIOMASS GASSIFICATION, ETC

RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN INDIARENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN INDIA

SOURCE ESTIMATED POTENTIAL INSTALLED

UPTO 2009

1. BIOMASS POWER 16,881 MW 834.50 MW

(AGRO RESIDUES)

2. WIND POWER 48,500 MW 10925.00 MW2. WIND POWER 48,500 MW 10925.00 MW

3. SMALL HYDRO POWER 15,000 MW 2558.92 MW

(UP TO 25 MW)

4. COGENERATION-BAGASSE 5,000 MW 1302.00 MW

5. WASTE TO ENERGY 2,700 MW 65.01 MW

6. SOLAR POWER 50 MW/SQ.KM. 6.00 MW _______________________________________________________

SUB TOTAL (A) 88,081 MW 15,691.43 MW

THE BIOTHE BIO--ENERGY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE

� AT THE PRESESNT STATE OF TECHNOLOGY THEOPTIONS OF SOLAR , HYDRO AND WINDENERGY ARE CAPITAL INTENSIVE AND WEATHERDEPENDENT

� MOREOVER, THESE CAN NOT BE MAGAGED BY� MOREOVER, THESE CAN NOT BE MAGAGED BYTHE VILLAGE ON ITS OWN.

� THE BIO-ENERGY SOURCES (BIO-GAS, BIO- FUEL,BIO-MASS GASIFICATION) DEPEND UPON THEAGRICULTURE & FOREST SURPLUSES ANDWASTES FROM HUMANS AND ANIMALS. THESEARE EVER RENEWABLE SOURCES ANDHARVESTED LOCALLY.

POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS UTILISATION :POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS UTILISATION :

� PLANTS AND TREES ARE CALLED BIOMASS. SOLIDWASTE FROM HUMANS AND ANIMALS CAN BEINCLUDED IN THIS CATEGORY.

� INDIA, BEING AN AGRARIAN COUNTRY, HAS VASTPOTENTIAL OF BIOMASS FROM AGRICULTURE ANDPOTENTIAL OF BIOMASS FROM AGRICULTURE ANDFOREST WASTES.

� BIOMASS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDE :

1. DIRECT COMBUSTION- WOOD WASTE & BAGGASSE

2. THERMO-CHEMICAL CONVERSION:

GASIFICATION AND LIQUEFACTION

3. BIO- CHEMICAL CONVERSION:

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND FERMENTATION

(I) (I) MAJOR BIOMAJOR BIO--ENERGY SOURCESENERGY SOURCES--: : BIOGASBIOGAS

� BIO-GAS IS ESSENTIALLY METHANE GAS (aka,GOBAR GAS) OBTAINED FROM ANAEROBICDEGRADATION OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL SOLIDAND LIQUID WASTE, WHICH CAN BE USED FORAND LIQUID WASTE, WHICH CAN BE USED FORTHERMAL AND POWER GENERATION.

� CAPITAL COST HIGH. ONLY BIG VILLAGES ANDMUNICIPALCORPORATIONS CAN FIND IT VIABLE.

� ENVIRONMENTALLY , NOT GOOD. EMISSIONS OFCO2 AND METHANE

(II) (II) MAJOR BIO ENERGY SOURCEMAJOR BIO ENERGY SOURCE--: : “BIO “BIO -- DIESEL”DIESEL”

� BIO –FUEL (OR, BIO-DIESEL) : SOURCE DEPENDSUPON EXTRACTION OF OILS BY FERMENTATION

� THESE OILS CAN BE USED AS ADDITIVES WITHTHE CONVENTIONAL PETROLEUM FUELS (MAINLY, DIESEL) TO PRODUCE THERMAL ORMAINLY, DIESEL) TO PRODUCE THERMAL ORMECHANICAL ENERGY.

� GOI HAS MADE ADDITION OF 10% ETHANOLMANDATORY ( GASOHAL) . THIS MAY HELPREDUCE PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION

� MORE TECHNOLGY DEVELOPMENT REQUIREDTO STUDY EFFECETS ON ENGINES ANDENVIRONMENT

(III) (III) MAJOR BIO ENERGY SOURCEMAJOR BIO ENERGY SOURCE--

BIOMASS GASIFICATIONBIOMASS GASIFICATION�� FOLLOWING CONSTITUTE BIOMASS FOR GASIFICATION :FOLLOWING CONSTITUTE BIOMASS FOR GASIFICATION :

PLANT STALKS (COTTON,TUAR, MAIZE)RICE AND DAL HUSKCORN COBSSUGAR CANE BAGASSESUGAR CANE BAGASSESHELLS OF COCONUT, FOREST NON-EDIABLE NUTSNON-TIMBER ROUGH WOOD, DRIED TREESSHAVINGS FROM WOOD-WORKING INDUSTRYFOREST WASTES AND SHRUBSDRIED GOBAR CAKES, AND SO ON

� GAS FROM ABOUT 2 KG OF RICE HUSK IS REQUIRED TO

GENERATE 1 kW OF ELECTRICITY.

THE BASIC IDEA OF THE BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY IS

TO USE BIOMASS GAS (AKA, PRODUCER GAS OR WOOD GAS ) AS

FUEL FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY AND THERMAL

APPLICATIONS.

WOOD GAS IS PRODUCED BY SLOW BURNING OF A SUITABLE

COMBUSTIBLE BIOMASS IN A GASIFIER. IT IS THEN SCRUBBED TO

REMOVE THE SUSPENDED MATTER .REMOVE THE SUSPENDED MATTER .

THE GAS CAN THEN BE INJECTED IN IGNITION CHAMBER OF AN

ENGINE. BY COUPLING AN ALTERNATOR, ELECTRICITY CAN BE

GENERATED FOR DIRECT UTILIZATION OR FOR CHARGING A BANK

OF STORAGE BATTERIES.

THERMAL APPLICATION INVOLVES BURNING THE PRODUCER GAS

FOR GENERATION OF HEAT FOR BRICK-KILNS, BAKERIES AND

PROCESS INDUSTRIES

.

BIOMASS GASIFIERBIOMASS GASIFIER

CALORIFIC VALUES OF FUELSFOSSIL FUEL CALORIFIC

VALUE,KCAL/KGBIOMASS FUEL IN DRY STATE

CALORIFIC VALUE,KCAL/KG

PETROL 10,800 BAGASSE 4,400

KEROSENE AND DIESEL

10,000 COTTON, MAIZE AND TUAR DAL STALKS

4,400

FUEL OIL 9,800 COFFEE AND OIL PALM HUSK

4,200

NATURAL GAS 8,600 COCONUT AND GROUND NUT SHELLS

4,000

COAL, COKE 4,000-7,000 CATTLE DUNG 3,700

BIOGAS (METHANE)

4,700-6,000 WOOD 3,500

COAL GAS 4,000 COCONUT HUSK, DRY GRASS, AND CROP RESIDUES

3,500

ELECTRICAL PER Kw

860 CANE TRASH, RICE HUSK, LEAVES,VEG.WASTE

3,000

WHEAT AND RICE STRAW

2,500

AIM OF OUR STUDIESAIM OF OUR STUDIES

� BIOMASS TECHNOLOGY WAS DEVELOPED DURING

SECOND WORLD-WAR(1940-45) MAINLY FOR USE IN

TRANSPORT VEHICLES.

� THERE ARE A NUMBER OF BIOMASS – GASIFIER

MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA.

� USE OF BIOMASS-GAS IN INDIA IS MAINLY IN� USE OF BIOMASS-GAS IN INDIA IS MAINLY IN

THERMAL APPLICATIONS AND , TO SOME EXTENT,

POWER GENERATION.

� OUR AIM IS TO DEVELOP AND OPTIMISE AN

INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR INDIAN VILLAGES.

� SO FAR, AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF THE KIND OURSTUDY PROPOSES HAVE NOT BEEN DEVELOPED(MNES,GOI,OM,F.NO.202/3/2009-BM,DATED 1ST DEC ,2009)

INTEGRATED BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEMINTEGRATED BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEM ––

A VIABLE ALTERNATIVEA VIABLE ALTERNATIVE

SCOPE & POTENTIAL :1. GENERATING ELECTRICITY :

I. DOMESTIC LIGHTING, BETTER EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT, IMPROVED SOCIAL LIFE,

II. IRRIGATION, MICRO INDUSTRIES2. HEAT GENERATION FOR COOKING AND BAKING2. HEAT GENERATION FOR COOKING AND BAKING3. SMOKELESS ENVIRONMENT4. USE IN VILLAGE-LEVEL INDUSTRIES: BRICK-

KILN,POTTERY, BLACKSMITHY, BAKERIES, ROASTING GRAINS

5. COLD-ROOMS FOR SHORT TIME STORAGE OF PERISHABLES, LIKE DAIRY PRODUCTS, VEGETABLES, POULTRY

6. HOT WATER FOR CARE OF CATTLE7. WOOD CHARCOAL AS A BY PRODUCT FOR MAKING

ACTIVATED CARBON.

AN INTEGRATED BIOMASS GASIFICATION UNIT

•ELECTRICITY •ELECTRICITY

GENERATION

•VAPOUR ABSORPTION

REFRIGERATION

•BAKING AND HEATING

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BIOMASSECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BIOMASS--BASED GENSETBASED GENSET

� COMPARE CALORIFIC VALUES :PETROL : 10,800( KCAL/KG); DIESEL : 10,000 ( KCAL/KG);GOBAR GAS (METHANE) : 5,000 KCAL/M3 (1M3 FROM 12 KG OF DUNG) ; BIOMASS GAS : 1100 KCAL/M3 .

� 1 KG OF BIOMASS CAN PRODUCE ABOUT 2.5 TO 3.0 M3 OF BIOMASS GAS (AVERAGE CV = 3300 KCAL PER KG )

� 3-4 KG OF BIOMASS CAN REPLACE 1 LITER OF PETROLEUM FUEL

� ABOUT 2 KG OF RICE-HUSK CAN GENERATE 1 KWE

� INSTALLATION COST OF A BIOMASS GAS-BASED GENSET, WITH 100% PRODUCER GAS : ABOUT RS 5.0 CRORE PER MWE

( 1MWE= 1000 KWE )OR RS 50,000 PER KWE INSTALLED CAPACITY

� COST OF GENERATION WILL BE ABOUT RS 3.5 PER UNIT OF GENERATION ABOUT RS 4.0 PER KWE

� A 2 KWE UNIT WILL COST ABOUT RS 1.00 LAKH

ONE LAKH RUPEES CAN LIGHTEN 100 HOMES WITH 20 W CFL .

COMMUNITY ISSUES :COMMUNITY ISSUES :

1.1. BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY AN BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY AN

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR INDIA ?APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR INDIA ?

� AN “APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY” IS ONE WHICHIS RELEVANT TO THE SOCIETY BY USINGINDIGENOUS INPUTS AND GIVING DESIREDOUTPUT AS PER THE REQUIREMENT OF THEINDIGENOUS INPUTS AND GIVING DESIREDOUTPUT AS PER THE REQUIREMENT OF THEUSER AT ECONOMICAL AND ECO-FRIENDLYOPERATION.

� BIOMASS GAS BASED TECHNOLOGY DOESQUALIFY AS APPROPRIATE TECHNILOGY FORRURAL INDIA.

2. 2. SUSTAINABILTY OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION SUSTAINABILTY OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

� BIOMASS TECHNOLOGY USES ONLY THE NATURALPRODUCTS , WHICH OTHERWISE WOULD HAVEBEEN WASTEFULLY BURNT OR DESTROYED , ANDREDUCES THEM INTO WHOLLY CONVERTIBLEREDUCES THEM INTO WHOLLY CONVERTIBLENATURAL PRODUCTS.

� THE INPUTS ARE RENEWABLE AND GROW EVERYSEASON WITHOUT DAMAGING THE SOIL , WATEROR AIR.

� THUS, IT IS A SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY.

3. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF BIOMASS ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF BIOMASS

GASSIFICATION TECHNOLOGYGASSIFICATION TECHNOLOGY

� USE OF THE BIOMASS GASIFICATION BASED GENSETSHAVE GOOD COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY ( THOUGHPOORER THAN PETROL OR DIESEL)

� THE EXHAUST GASES CAN BE USED FOR RUNNING A� THE EXHAUST GASES CAN BE USED FOR RUNNING AVAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM.

� THE HOT WATER CAN BE USED FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES.

� THE BIOMASS IS MOSTLY CONVERTED INTO GAS, TARAND CHARCOAL. THERE IS NO UNBURNT ASH.

� TAR IS BURNT IN THE GASIFIER.

� SCRUBBER WATER IS RECYCLED.

� THIS TECHNIQUE IS ECO- FRIENDLY AND GREEN.

4. 4. SOCIAL IMPACT SOCIAL IMPACT

BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY HAS SEVERAL POSITIVE IMPACTS UPON THE SOCIETY.

1. IT GENERATES ADDITIONAL REVENUE FOR THE FUEL SUPPLIERS.

2. IT USES OTHERWISE WASTE MATERIAL AS FUEL, WHICH WOULD HAVE BEEN USELESSLY BURNT. HELPS CLEAN THE ATMOSPHERE AND SOIL.WHICH WOULD HAVE BEEN USELESSLY BURNT. HELPS CLEAN THE ATMOSPHERE AND SOIL.

3. IT CAN GALVANISE SOCIAL FORESTRY.4. IT WILL ENSURE BETTER LIVING & EDUCATION AND

QUALITY LIFE TO PEOPLE.5. IT WILL GENERATE NEW EMPLOYMENT AVENUES. 6. TRAIN LOCALS TO REPAIR, OPERATION AND

MAINTENANCE BY THEMSELVES.7. GALVANISE THE SOCIETY TOWARDS SELF-

SUFFFICIENCY.

SUMMARYSUMMARY

� CONSIDERING THE DIRE NEED TO PROVIDECONTINUOUS , RELIABLE AND ADEQUATEELECTRICITY TO THOUSANDS OF VILLAGES TOIMPROVE QUALITY OF LIVING AND ALSO CREATEAVENUES FOR EMPLOYMENT AND VOCATION ,THE BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGYTHE BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGYOFFERS GREAT POTENTIAL FOR INDIA ANDOTHER DEVELOPNG NATIONS.

� THOUGH IT IS NOW AN ESTABLISHEDTECHNOLOGY, WITH SCORES OF GENSETS ANDTHERMAL APPLICATION UNITS ALREADY IN USE,NEW METHODOLOGIES ARE REQUIRED TO BEDEVELOPED FOR AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM TOINCLUDE THE REFRIGERATION AND WASTE HEATRECOVERY SYSTEMS WITH POWER GENERATION.

THANKS…..THANKS…..THANKS…..THANKS…..