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AIU APA Style GuideFALL 2009


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Running head: AIU APA STYLE GUIDE 1

AIU APA Style Guide

Fall 2009

American Intercontinental University 2009


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Table of ContentsNote. Click on the subject or page number to go to that section

Subject Page #

Introduction/ Limitations on scope of use and applicability 6

References

BooksOne Author 7

Two or more authors 7

Book with edition 7

Book with edition and Jr or Sr. in authors name 8Edited book

One editor 8

Two editors 8

Elements of a reference to an article or chapter in an edited book 9Encyclopedia or dictionary

Authored entry 9Online dictionary, handbook or encyclopedia reference 10

Reference retrieved from a library collection 10

Review of a book 11

Brochure 11Journal Articles

One author 12

Two authors 12Three to Six authors 12

More than six authors 13Article in an internet only journal 13Journal articles from library subscription databases 14

Magazine article

Online copy 15

Hard copy 15Newspaper article

With author (by-line) 15

No author listed 16Article on discontinuous pages 16

Online newspaper article 16

Web pagesAuthor listed 16

No author listed 16

No publication date listed 17Blog posting 18

Discussion forum posting 18Audiovisual Media



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Motion pictures 18Television Broadcast 19

Television series 19

Single episode from a television series 19Streaming video 20

Review of a video game 21Review of a video 21Music 22

Artwork

Retrieved from an article or book in a library database 22

Retrieved from the web 23Technical, Research, and Government Reports

United States Government 23

Nongovernmental publishers 24PowerPoint Presentations 24

Podcasts 24

Software 25Non-retrievable Information 25

Referencing elements of the AIU Online virtual campus site

Discussion Board Post 26Chat posting 27

Multimedia Course Materials 27

Online Textbook 27

Citations (In-text and parenthetical)In-text citations

Paraphrased 28Quoted 28

Parenthetical citations

Paraphrased 29Quoted 29

Author name suffixes 29

Same author, same date, two different sources 29Three or more authors of one source 30

More than six authors of one listed source 30

Ten or more authors of one listed source 30In text citations to source with no author listed 30

Example citation of an unauthored article 31

Example citation of an unauthored book 31

Two or more unauthored sources which also have the samefirst few words in the title 31

Block quotations 32

Secondary or indirect citations 32General information

Plagiarism and self plagiarism 33

What is Self Plagiarism and will it have an effect on a student? 33



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Paraphrasing 34Basic guidelines for formatting citations (in-text citations and

parenthetical citations) 34

Basic guidelines for direct quotations of online material without pagination 36Basic guidelines for formatting the paper and References page 36

Abbreviations 38Publishers locations 38Numbers in the text

At beginning of sentence 39

Common fractions 39

Common phrases 39Lists in text

Numbered lists 40

Bulleted list 40List in a sentence 40

Bulleted list in a sentence 40

Formatting the document and citing sources in PowerPoint Presentations 41Undergraduate student research paper considerations 41

Third person 42

Abstract 42Masters level research paper considerations 42

Sources

Monograph as part of a journal issue 42

Abstract as original source 43Conference paper retrieved online 43

FiguresPersonal photographs as figures 45

Citing photos from outside sources 45

Citing other image typesClip art as figures 47

Figures taken from outside sources 48

Created by the student from sources 49Citing works of art discussed in text 50

Taken from an article or book in a library database 51

Found on the web 51Headings 51

Appendixes 52

Legal referencing 52

Court decisions 53Appealed Case 53

State trial court opinion 53

Federal district court opinion 54Case appeal to state supreme court 54

Case appealed to state court of appeals 55

Case decided by U.S. Supreme Court 55



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StatutesStatute in a state code 56

Statute in a federal code 56

Legislative MaterialsFull Federal Hearing 57

Enacted federal bills and resolution 57Administrative and Executive MaterialsFederal Regulations 58

Executive Order 58

References



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AIU APA Guide

APA Style originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and

business managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules,

that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading

comprehension (American Psychological Association, 2009, What is APA Style?). Since

1929, the style has been adopted by professional groups and publishers in many fields, and is

used in university programs, departments and courses worldwide, making it among the most

commonly used citation styles. Effective and accurate use of APA style, sometimes called APA

format or APA rules, is required of every student at AIU.

Limitations on scope of use and applicability

Please note that the rules and guidelines in this document should be followed in any documents

submitted as course work at AIU only. Other institutions or publishers which require the use of

APA may modify APA rules, delete selected rules, or apply them differently than does this

guide.



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Books

One author(APA 7.02:18, p. 203)

Example reference.

Johnson, J. M. (2008). The joy of theory (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.

Structure.

Author. (date). Titleof book(ed.). Where published: Who published.

Two or more Authors

Example Reference.

Nelson, B., Phillips, A., Enfinger, F., & Steuart, C. (2004). Computer forensics and

investigations. Boston: Thomson Learning.

Structure.

Authors. (date). Title of book. Where published: Who published.

Note.

Only the first word of the title is capitalized, but if there is a proper noun, such as New

York, Eiffel Tower, Donald Trump, those are also capitalized. The first word in a title after a

dash or a colon (colons are used for subtitles) is also capitalized.

Book with edition

Example Reference.

Saferstein, R. (2007). Criminalistics: An introduction to forensic science (9th ed.). Upper Saddle

River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Structure.

Author(s). (date). Title of book(edition.). Where published: Who published.



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Note.

Do not put the th, st, nd in the edition in a superscript. Many word processing programs

automatically make superscripts; a student may have to override this.

Book with edition and Jr., or Sr. in name

Example Reference.

Costantine, J. W., Jr., & Brown, J. (2008). Organizational overview: An introduction to

organizational behavior(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.

Structure.

Author(s) (date). Title of book(ed.). Where published: Who published.

Note.

After the first initial of the author, give the period, then a comma, then Jr, and final

period. Suffixes such asJr. are not included in the in text citation, but are included in the

references section of the paper.

Edited book

One editor.

Example Reference.

Kasraie, M. (Ed.). (2008).Business classes can be fun! Boston: Oxford University Press.

Structure.

Name of editor. (Ed.). (date). Title of book(ed.). Where published: Who published.

Note.

Use the capital E for editor (Ed.) and the lowercase e for edition (ed.).

Two editors.



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Example Reference.

Krasraie, M., & Douglas, E. (Eds). (2003).Mathematics leads the way to success. Upper Saddle

River, NJ: Pearson.

Structure.

Names of editors (Eds.). (date). Title (ed.). Where published: Who published.

Note.

When there is more than one editor, do not forget the letter s as in (Eds.).

Elements of a reference to an article or chapter in an edited book.

Example Reference.

Ver Steeg, J. (2008). Library resources are invaluable. In Johnson, J., & Sheetz, M. (Eds.),How

to prepare a research paper(pp. 121- 183). New York: Pearson.

Structure.

Author. (date). Title of chapter. In Names of editors (Eds.), Title of book (pp. inclusive pages).

Where published: Who published.

Note.

There is no punctuation after the title of the book. The punctuation goes after the

inclusive pages.

Encyclopedia or dictionary

Authored entry.(APA 7.02:27, p. 204)

Example Reference.

Domaratskaya, E. (Ed.). (2009). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (8th ed., Vols

1-14). London: Macmillan.



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Structure.

Editor(s). (Ed(s).). (date). Title of dictionary (edition, volume). Where published: who

published.

Note.

There is no period after the title; the period goes after the edition and volume(s).

Grove is a proper noun; and therefore it is capitalized in the example.

Online dictionary, handbook or encyclopedia reference.

Example reference.

Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.

Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/

Structure.

Authors. (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Names of editors (Ed.), Title (Ed.). (Volume

number and page numbers, if given). Retrieved from web address.Reference (dictionary, handbook or encyclopedia reference) retrieved from a library

collection

Example reference.

Shapka, J. D., Domene, J. F., & Keating, D. P. (2008). Gender, mathematics achievement, and

the educational and occupational aspirations of Canadian youth. In Watt, H. M. G.&

Eccles, J. S., (Eds.), Gender and occupational outcomes: Longitudinal assessments of

individual, social, and cultural influences (pp. 27-54).Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association. Retrieved from PsycBooks database.

Structure.



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Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Names of editors (Ed. or Eds.), Title (ed., if

given). (Volume number and page numbers, if given). Location: Publisher. Retrieved

from Name of collection database.

Review of a book.(APA 7.06:45, p. 209)

Example Reference.

Johnson, J. M. (2009). Learning by rote. [Review of the bookPsychology: An insiders view, by

J. W. Smith & S. P. Douglass]. Science, 248, 148. Retrieved from the Criminal Justice

Periodicals Index.

Structure.

Author (date). Title. [designation of type name of book, author(s) of book].Journal or magazine,

volume, page. Retrieval information.

Brochure

Corporate author

Example Reference.

Research and Training Center for Downs Syndrome Sufficiency. (2003). Guidelines for

household chores (3rd ed.) [Brochure]. Topeka, KS: Author.

Structure.

Name of corporation. (Year of publication). Title of Brochure (ed.). [Designation of type]. Where

published: Who published.

Notes.

This is an example of a reference to a brochure written by a corporate or group

author. The name of the corporation can be shortened, but the reader must be able to tell



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the difference if there is more than one Research and Training Center listed in the

references. Look in the section Citations for further information.

Journal Articles

One Author

Example Reference.

Curry, J. B. (2008). The downfall of our future: Setting up our juveniles for failure.Journal of

Criminology, 41(3), 117-137.

Structure.

Author. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), Inclusive pages.

Note.

Inclusive pages are the first page number of the article, a hyphen, and the last

page number of the article.

Two authors

Example Reference.

Domaratskaya, E., & Curry, J. B. (2007, June 12). The hiring process for organizations.

Business Weekly, 43(6), 111-118.

Structure.

Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue

number), Inclusive pages.

Three to six authors

Example Reference,

Smith, T., Jones, J., Johnson, A., & Cohen, F. (2005). A longitudinal study of delinquent youth

in Great Britain: Ages twelve to seventeen.Journal of Adolescent Behavior,45(8), 114-



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125.

Structure.

Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), Inclusive

pages.

More than six authors

Example Reference.

Sonaike, K., Curry, J. B., Ver Steeg, J., Sheetz, M., Douglas, E., Kasraie, M., et al. (2000). A

cognitive study of children with a chromosome 18 deficiency.Journal of Counseling

and Clinical Psychology,64(9), 113-127.

Structure.

Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), Inclusive

pages.

Note.

List the first six listed authors in the reference, then add the Latin abbreviation et

al. rather than listing all remaining authors. Look in the section Citations for information on

the in-text and parenthetical citation of works with three to six and more than six authors.

Article in an internet only journal

Example reference.

Smith, T., Jones, J., Johnson, A., & Cohen, F. (2005). A longitudinal study of delinquent youth

in Great Britain: Ages twelve to seventeen.Journal of Adolescent Behavior, 45(8), 114-

125. Retrieved from http://www.agric456.edu/vol44is22/html

Structure.



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Author(s). (Date of publication).Title of article. Title of Journal,Volume (Issue), Inclusive pages.

Retrieval information.

Note.

References to web material should provide the exact page address and not the higher

level web site address or that of an index page. If the web page does not provide all information

about the article such as the volume, issue or inclusive pages - the exact web address will lead

readers to the information that is available.

The web address should not be a hyperlink or be clickable. When creating the

references list, cut and paste the web address into the list, then highlight the web address, and

right click the mouse. Youll see a little box with several choices. Select Remove Hyperlink,

and the blue font and underlining in the web address will go away, as well as the link.

Journal articles from library subscription databases

Journal articles can be found using the Find Articles and Books page on the online

campus site, accessed from the campus library portals on the MyCampus portal, and in online

collections in other libraries the world over.

Example reference.

Greenleaf, E., & Winer, R. (2002). Putting the customer back into customer relationship

management (CRM).Advances in Consumer Research, 29(1), 357-360. Retrieved from

Business Source Premier database.

Structure.

Author(s). (Date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number(issue number), page

number(s). Retrieval information name of collection database.

Note.



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List the authors in the order given in the original article, last name first and initials

for first and middle names. The periodical title and volume number are italicized.

Magazine article

(APA 7.01:7, p.200)

Online article.

Example reference.

Perina, K. (2009, August). In defense of jealousy. Psychology Today, 42(4), 5. Retrieved August

1, 2009 from http://www.psychologytoday.com/magazine/archive/2009/08/000099994

Structure.

Author(s). (year, month). Title of article. Title of Journal,Volume (Issue), Inclusive pages.

Retrieval information

Hard copy.

Example reference.

King, S. T., & Squire, C. W. (2009, April). The neuro-functions of the brain. Science Digest,

180, 1117-1128.

Structure:

Author(s). (Year, month). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume, Inclusive pages.

Newspapers articles

With author (by-line)(APA 7.01:10, p. 200)

Example reference.

Johnson, B. L. (2009, April 1). The joy of shopping in outlet stores vs. retail stores. The St.

Petersburg Times, p. A5.

Structure.



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Author. (year, month day). Title of article.Name of Newspaper, p. Section and Page number.

No author listed

Example reference.

The joy of shopping in outlet stores vs. retail stores. (2009, April 1). The St. Petersburg Times, p.

A5.

Structure:

Title of article. (year, month day).Name of Newspaper, p. Section and Page number(s).

Article published on discontinuous pages

Example reference.

The joy of shopping in outlet stores vs. retail stores. (2009, April 1). The St. Petersburg Times, p.

A5, A7, A9.

Structure.

Title of article. (year, month day).Name of Newspaper, p. Section(s) and Page number(s).

Online newspaper article(APA 7.01:11, p.200)

Example reference.

Schmidt, T. J. (2008, February 3). Does obesity have an effect upon your social status? The New

York Times, pp. A20, A22. Retrieved from http://www.newyorktimes.com/rrrrr/123/stuff

Structure:

Author. (year, month day). Title of article..Name of newspaper, Section and Page numbers if

noted. Retrieval information

Web pages

Author listed



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Example reference.

Jones, M. (2006). Children are fun. Retrieved from http://wwww.childrenrule.org/fun

Structure:

Author(s), (date). Title of paper. Retrieved from

Note.

Do not give the title of the larger website as the name of the author. You may give the

sponsoring body as the group or corporate author in the case of documents with no author listed

posted on a corporation site. When in doubt, however, cite as no listed author.

Note that it is retrieved from the exact web address of the page where the material can be found,

not the web address of the homepage of the larger site, or an index page. Give the full web

address including the prefix http:// There is no period after the web address in a reference.

No author listed

Example reference

Children are fun. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.childrenrule.org/fun

Structure.

Name of paper. (date). Retrieved from

No publication date listed

Example reference.

Children are fun. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.childrenrule.org/fun

Structure.

Title of paper. (no date abbreviation). Retrieved from

Note.

n.d. stands for no date and is not capitalized.

http://wwww/http://wwww/


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Blog posting

Example reference.

Boeninger, C. (2009, February 10). The state of the news media 2008 [Web log message].

Retrieved from http://www.library.ohiou.edu/subjects/businessblog/

Structure.

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog entry [Web log message]. Retrieved from web address

Note.

If the blogger posted under a screen name, use that as the author name. For example, if

the author is AdmiralAckbarRules1981, use that.

Discussion forum posting

Example reference.

Merv123. (2007, August 20). Mail all going to bulk [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from

http://www.library.ohiou.edu/subjects/businessblog/

Structure.

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog entry [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from web

address.

Note.

If the poster posted under a screen name, use that as the author name. For example, if the

author is AdmiralAckbarRules1981, use that.

Audiovisual Media

Motion pictures

Example reference.

Scorsese, M. (Director), & Getchell, R. (Writer). (1975).Alice doesnt live here anymore



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[Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

Structure.

Name of the Producer (or director) and writer and their functions in parentheses.

(Year of release). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Movie

studio.

Note

If the focus of the reference in your work is on the Writer or the Director or even the

Producer, that persons name would be listed first in your reference.

Television Broadcast

Example reference.

Vickers, D. (Executive Producer). (2009, April 13). The Tonight Show with Jay Leno [Television

broadcast]. New York: National Broadcasting Company.

Structure.

Producer name (Producer). (Date of airing-year, month date).Name of show [Television

broadcast]. Where produced: Who produced.

Television Series

Example reference.

Johnson, R. (Producer). (1999). The universe [Television series]. New York: WNET.

Structure.

Producer name.(Producer). (year of the series).Name of the series [Television series]. Where it

was aired: Call letters of the television station which produced/aired the series.

Single episode of a television series(APA 7..07:51, p. 210)



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Example reference.

Hall, B. (Writer), & Bender, J. (Director). (1991). The rules of the game [Television series

episode]. In J. Sander (Producer),Ill fly away. New York: New York Broadcasting

Company.

Structure.

Writer (Writer) & director (Director). (Year of series). The title of the specific episode

[Television series episode]. In Producer of the series (Producer), Title of the series.

Where televised: Name of broadcasting company.

Note.

List the script writer(s) first, followed by the director. Identify their functions in

parentheses. Place the name of the producer of the series where an editor name would typically

be in the reference to a work in an edited anthology.

Streaming video

Example reference.

Kloft, M. (Producer/Director). (2008). Walt Whitman [Video file]. Retrieved from

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/whitman/program/

Structure.

Producer/Director (Producer/director). (Year file uploaded). Title [Video file]. Retrieval

information

Note.


If the video is found on a video sharing site like YouTube, give any information

available. For example, this posting below did not give author or producer information, so the

reference will look like that of a resource with no author:


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Walt Whitman [Video file]. (2008, September 18). Video posted to

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cm-n9wFZMiE

Review of a Video Game (no author or date of publication)

(APA 7.06:47, p.209)

Example.

[Review of the video game ShockWorld, produced by 3KS Games, 2007] (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.whatagame.com/products/arcade/w34wrw

Structure.

Author. (Year of publication). Title of review. [Review ofTitle of Game, producer, year].

Retrieved from web address.

Note.

If the review has no title and no author given, begin the reference with the

bracketed description of the review as shown.

Review of a video(APA 7.07:49, p.209)

Example.

Deadwood: The Complete Series, Seasons 1-3. (2009, August). [Review of the DVDDeadwood:

The Complete Series, Seasons 1-3. Produced by Home Box Office, 2009]. Wild West, 22

(2), 77. Retrieved from the Masterfile Premier database.

Structure.

Author. (Year of publication). Title of review. [Review ofDVD Title of video, producer, year].

Periodical information if needed. Retrieval information if needed.

Music

Example



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Pop, I., & Williamson, J. (1973). Search and destroy. OnRaw Power[CD]. New York:

Columbia Records.

Structure.

Songwriter(s). (Year of copyright). Title of song. On Title of album [CD, mp3, or other file

designation]. Location: Label.

Note.

List the songwriters name first, then the year of copyright, followed by the title of the

song and the recording artist, if the artist is different than the writer. Often the recording artist

is different from the songwriter, in which case each needs to be named, but if they are the same

person, the name does not have to be listed twice.

Artwork

Retrieved from an article or book in a library database

Example.

da Vinci, L. (c. 1500-1507).Mona Lisa. [Painting]. Muse du Louvre, Paris. Retrieved from

Grove Art Online database.

Structure.

Artist. (Year, or range of years, following the abbreviation c., for circa). Title. [Type of artwork,

i.e. Painting, Sculpture]. Museum in which it resides, Museum location. Retrieved from

name of database.

Retrieved from the web

Example.

da Vinci, L. (c. 1500-1507).Mona Lisa. [Painting]. Muse du Louvre, Paris. Retrieved from

http://www.louvre.fr/media/repository/ressources/sources/illustration/atlas/



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x196image_64 477_v2_m56577569830685177.jpg

Structure.

Artist. (Year, or range of years, following the abbreviation c., for circa). Title. [Type of artwork:

Painting, Sculpture]. Museum in which it resides, Museum location. Retrieval

information

Technical, Research and Government Reports

United States Government

Example.

If you do not know the department from which it came.

U.S. Government Printing Office. (2007). Climate change research: Agencies have data-sharing

policies but could do more to enhance the availability of data from federally funded

research (Publication no. GAO-07-1172). Washington, DC: Author.

If you do know the department from which it came.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2007). Climate change research: Agencies

have data-sharing policies but could do more to enhance the availability of data from

federally funded research (Publication no. GAO-07-1172). Washington, DC: Author.

Structure.

Specific department or printing office. (Date of publication). Title of report(Publication

number). Where published: Who published.

Note.

If the author and publisher are the same agency, give Author at the end of the

Reference as publisher.



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Nongovernmental publishers

Example.

Jones, S.G. & Libicki, M.C. (2008).How terrorist groups end: Lessons for countering al Qa'ida.

(Publication no. MG-741-RC). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.

Structure.

Authors. (Date of publication). Title of report(Publication number). Where published:

Who published.

PowerPoint presentations

Example

Indiana Department of Corrections. (n.d.).Diversity in the workplace [PowerPoint presentation].

Retrieved from http://www.in.gov/idoc/files/Culture.ppt

Structure.

Author (often a corporation). (Year).Name of presentation [PowerPoint presentation].

Retrieved from

Podcasts(APA 7.07:50, pg 210)

Example reference

Wolbe, D. (Producer). (2009, February 13). Pre-MWC edition [Audio Podcast] Retrieved from

http://podcasts.engadget.com/3w3

Structure.

Producer or writer name. (designation as Producer or Writer). (year, month. day). Title of

podcast[Type of podcast noted]. Retrieved from

Software



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Example

Mazzoni, D. (2009). Audacity (Version 1.2) [Computer software]. Available from

http://audacity.sourceforge.net/download/

Structure.

Author or developer. (Year). Title of Software (version number if applicable) [Designation that it

is computer software]. Retrieval information.

Note.

APA rules stipulate that software such as Microsoft Office, or programming languages

like Java or C++, do not need to be cited. However, if the software is unique and from a smaller

vendor, if you are writing a review of the software itself, or if you used information from the

program in your assignment, it must be cited.

Look for publisher information on the packaging of the software, or go to the software

producers website and look for that information. If the software was downloaded from the web,

follow the same format in creating the reference, but instead of the publisher name and location,

give the web address where the software may be downloaded as shown above.

Non-retrievable Information

Information obtained from interviews, phone conversations, e-mail messages, and so

forth are unpublished and irretrievable, APA rule state that this source cannot be listed in the

References at the end of the paper, but there must be an in-text citation when using information

from irretrievable sources, as in this example:

While speaking to Sgt. T. Johnson (personal communication, March 26, 2009), he stated ....

Structure IN sentence.



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First initial. Last name (phrase personal communication, Month day and year of

communication.), actual communication in quotes

Referencing elements of the AIU Online virtual campus site

Students attending AIU Online have access to sources which are unavailable to anyone

who is not affiliated with the online campus. While online students may use this information in

their coursework, they are not able to cite them in work outside the university, because

technically a References page must list information to which the reader may gain access.

Because these sources are outside of APA referencing rules, we recommend these reference

formats based on APA for the purpose of using this information in Online coursework.

Discussion Board Post

Example.

Jones, J. (2009, January 6). Discussion board posting. Retrieved from AIU Online Virtual

Campus. Understanding the learning process: EDU610-0903A-02 website.

Structure.

Name of posting student (year, month day). Discussion board posting or discussion thread title, if

available. Retrieved from School.Name of course: course number term number and

section number website.

Note.

There are no page numbers on the discussion board posting, so the in-text citation format

for a quote looks the same as that for a paraphrase, but dont forget to place quotation marks

around any direct quote used.



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For most archived information on the virtual campus, a web address may or may not be

displayed at the top of the page, but it rarely will lead a reader back to the source used, so we

recommend leaving it off the reference to such materials.

Chat Posting

Example.

Curry, J. (2008, March 26). Chat posting. Retrieved from AIU Online Virtual Campus. First

week chat-APA.Juvenile Justice: CRJ310-0903A-01 website.

Structure.

Name of Poster. (Year, Month day). Chat posting. Retrieved from school.Name of chat.Name

of course: course number term number and section number website.

Multimedia Course Materials

Example.

AIU Online. (2009). BUS 300: Unit 2:Models of decision making [Multimedia

presentation]. Retrieved from AIU Online Virtual Campus.Decision Making: BUS300-

0903B:04 website.

Structure.

Corporate author. (year). Class number: unit number: Title of presentation [Multimedia

presentation]. Retrieved from school.Name of course: course number term number and

section number website.

Note.

The title is sometimes not given in the presentation. If not, look for it in the text version

of the presentation that is linked in the classroom.

Online text book



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(APA 7.02:19, p. 203)

Example.

Siegel, L. J., Welsh, B. C., & Senna, J. J. (2006).Juvenile delinquency: Theory, practice and

law [Online version]. Retrieved from AIU Online Virtual Campus.Juvenile

Delinquency: CRJ310-0903A:01 website.

Structure.

Author(s). (Date). Title [Online version]. Retrieved from campus.Name of

Course: course number term number and section number website.

Citations (In-text and parenthetical)

In-text citations

Paraphrased information.

According to Johnson (2008), theories constantly change as our society changes.

Quoted information in-text citation.

Johnson (2008, p.43) stated, Although we would like to say that theories are the

basic idea of why we behave in a certain manner, these theories are in a constant flux as

our society adapts to change.

Or:

Johnson (2008) stated, Although we would like to say that theories are the basic

idea of why we behave in a certain manner, these theories are in a constant flux as our

society adapts to change (p. 43).

Parenthetical citations

Paraphrased information.

Theories constantly change as our society changes (Johnson, 2008).



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Quoted information.

Johnson stated, Although we would like to say that theories are the basic idea of why we

behave in a certain manner, these theories are in a constant flux as our society adapts to change

(2008, p. 43).

Or:

Johnson (2008) stated, Although we would like to say that theories are the basic idea of

why we behave in a certain manner, these theories are in a constant flux as our society adapts to

change (p. 43).

Note.

Whether incorporated in text or placed at the end of a quote, the citation is placed in the

text: not in the References list, to which these in-text citations refer, nor in footnotes or endnotes.

Author name Suffixes

Suffixes such asJr. are not included in the citation, but are included in the References

section of the paper.

Same author, same date, two different sources(APA 7.02:19, p. 182)

When listing two or more works by the same author written in the same year in the

References list, add lowercase letters directly following the publication year, starting with a for

the first article, b for the second, c for the third, and so on. Sequence the articles in alphabetical

order by title:

Examples.

Internal Revenue Service. (2009a). Business expenses. Retrieved from

http://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/article/0,,id=109807,00.html



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Internal Revenue Service. (2009b). Small business forms and publications. Retrieved from

http://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/article/0,,id=99200,00.html

This affects the in text citation, because an in-text citation to the first document would be

(Internal Revenue Service, 2009a), while a citation to the second would be (Internal Revenue

Service, 2009b).

Three or more authors of one source

The first text citation to information taken from the document lists all authors full last

names, for example: (Nelson, Phillips, Enfinger, & Steuart, 2004).

All additional citations to this source in the same paragraph are written (Nelson et al). In

following paragraphs, it would be (Nelson et al., 2004) for the first mention, and then (Nelson et

al.) for each text citation to the source in the remainder of the paragraph.

Omit the year from all other subsequent citations within the same paragraph. For

example,

Nelson et al. found....

In subsequent paragraphs, you will need to list the year again the first time you cite

information from this source.

More than six authors of one listed source

List all authors in the reference, but in citations, give only the last name of the first author

followed by et al. in the text.

Ten or more authors of one listed source

Both the reference and the in-text citation would only list the first authors name and then

et al. after that for every in-text citation to the work. For example,

Example citation.



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(Nelson et al., 2004).

In text citations to source with no author listed

Give the works title in the text, or give the first few words of the works title in the in-

text citation and include the year of publication. In the parenthetical citation, the first few words

of the titles of articles and chapters should be enclosed in quotation marks. The first few words

of the titles of books and reports should be italicized, and the in-text citation should retain the

capitalization of the original title, unlike the references list, where only the first word of the title,

subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.

Example parenthetical citation to an unauthored article.

Suitable sites for renewable energy facilities often exist in areas where those in the

community are eager to see the land reused (Producing Renewable Energy, 2008).

Example parenthetical citation to an unauthored book.

Suitable sites for renewable energy facilities often exist in areas where those in the

community are eager to see the land reused (Producing Renewable Energy, 2008).

Two or more unauthored sources which also have the same first few words in the titles

If a source from which you quote has no author listed, use a shortened version of the title

as part of the in text citation as noted above.

If one wants to cite both of the following unauthored documents in one paper:

Children Are Fun in New York, But Boring in Vermont

Children Are Fun in Florida, But Sunburned

The references would have to indicate which is which with a subscript lowercase letter

after the date, with the first listed article being the one that comes first alphabetically:

Children are fun in Florida, but sunburned. (2006a). Retrieved from



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http://www/children/Florida/sunburn/3432html

Children are fun in New York, but boring in Vermont. (2006b). Retrieved from

http://www.children/fun/NewYork/Vermont/23424html

Example citations of the above.

` Similarly, the in-text title must go out to the first word that differs between the titles.

(Children Are Fun in Florida, 2006a)

(Children Are Fun in New, 2006b)

Block quotations

If the quotation incorporated in text is more than 40 words long, you mustuse a block

quotation. This is a block quotation, which has no quotation marks around it, but is tabbed

in five spaces from the documents own left margin. If this block quotation comprised

another paragraph from the original source, that new paragraph would again be tabbed in

five spaces from the left margin of the block quotation. In a block quotation, you should

not use any quotation marks at all unless they are single quote marks to indicate a quotation

within the original text. Note also that the end period is before, and not after, the in-text

citation. (Citation here)

Secondary or indirect citations

Some sources refer to information written or research performed by people other than the

author(s) of the source. APA refers to this type of information as indirect or secondary

information. If you cite information from a source that was cited in the source you read, give the

original source (the source your source cited) in your parenthetical or in-text citation. List the

secondary source (the work you actually read) in the references list.

http://www/http://www/


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Example citations.

Marr, Nofsinger, and Trimble (1993) argue that the private pension system is threatened

by those who specifically seek out economically targeted investments (as cited in Watson, 1994).

Watson (1994) refers to Marr, Nofsinger, and Trimbles 1993 research, which argues that

the private pension system is threatened by those who specifically seek out economically

targeted investments.

The study by Jones (2003), as cited in Birzer & Roberson (2007), was both valid and

replicable.

General Information

Plagiarism and self plagiarism

Researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit

where credit is due (APA Ethics Code Standard 8:11, Plagiarism). Quotation marks

should be used to indicate the exact words of another. Each time you paraphrase another

author (i.e. summarize a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence and change some of

the words), you need to credit the source in the text. (American Psychological

Association, 2010, p. 15)

The key element of this principle is that authors do not present the work of

another as if it were their own work. This can extend to ideas as well as written words (APA,

2010, p.16).

Citation of an article implies that you have personally read the cited work. In addition to

crediting the ideas of others that you used to build your thesis, provide documentation for

all facts and figures that are not common knowledge. (APA, 2010, p. 169)



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When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, you are

encouragedto provide a page or paragraph number, especially when it would help an interested

reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text (APA, 2010, p. 171). The

requirement that the paragraph or page number be included when citing paraphrased material is

at the discretion of your instructor: who may or may not require it.

Does Self Plagiarism apply to student work?

Self plagiarism usually has an effect on researchers who publish their work and then

they publish in a different journal but use some of their own words. They must credit

themselves (American Psychological Association, 2010).

When feasible, all of the authors own words that are cited should be located in a single

paragraph or a few paragraphs, with a citation at the end of each. Opening each

paragraph with a phrase like as I have previously discussed will also alert readers to the

status of the upcoming material (APA, 2010). In other words, when you quote your

own previously written works, put your prior words in one or two paragraphs and make

those paragraphs a block quotation, (assuming the quoted material is over forty words

long). (APA, 2010)

Paraphrasing(APA 6.04, p.171)

When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, you are

encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number [in the in-text citation], especially when it

would help an interested reader locate the relevant passage (APA, 2010, p.171).

Basic guidelines for formatting in-text citations and parenthetical citations

The citation should be enclosed in parentheses.



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Citations should not be italicized, except for the short version of a book title used in an in

text citation to a source with no author.

Give the authors last name and publication date for the in-text citation of paraphrased

material. For a citation to quoted material, add a page number or (in the case of material from a

source with no page numbers given) a paragraph number, if listed.

Do not give thefull first and last name orjustfirst and last initials of the author in the

citation.

If the article is a PDF file (.pdf) with stable page numbers, use the page number in any in-

text citation to a direct quote, as when quoting a print source.

In the citation of direct quotations from sources which provide page numbers, make sure

to include the abbreviation p. or pp. before the page numbers.

Place a period after the final parentheses of the in-text citation unless the citation

concludes a block quote.

Never give only a web address as an in-text citation. The only instance in which you may

give a web address in text is if you are writing a critique of a website or making some kind of

recommendation, as in the following example.

Example citation.

The APA Style website links to a blog of updates, downloadable video tutorials

on the sixth edition, and more (http://www.apastyle.org/).

The abbreviation for the word edition is ed., not Ed. The uppercase E is used for the

word editor.

Lets say that you read several articles or web pages and they give the same information.



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If you use more than one source to come up with a kind of summary, in the in-text citation, you

list all of the sources within the parentheses alphabetically by author last name or first element,

separated by semi-colons.

Example citation.

Experts agree that any direct lift of more than three consecutive words needs to be in

quotation marks (Applegate, 2002; Folderol, 2000; Stephens, 2004).

Basic guidelines for direct quotations of online material without pagination (Note: thefollowing is reprinted from the APAManual, pages 171-12)

Many websites do not provide page numbers. If paragraph numbers are visible, use them

in place of page numbers. Use the abbreviationpara.

Example citation.

Beau and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new intellectual

framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspace (para. 4).

If the document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible,

[give] the heading and the number of the paragraph following it [in the in-text citation] to direct

the reader to the location of the quoted material.

Example citation.

In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found that the level of perceived

disability in patients with fibromyalgia seemed best explained by their mental health condition

and less by their physical condition (Discussion section, para. 1).

In some cases in which no page or paragraph numbers are visible, headings may be too

[lengthy] to cite in full. Instead, use a short version of the heading enclosed in quotation marks

for the parenthetical citation.



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Empirical studies have found mixed results on the efficacy of labels in educating

consumers and changing consumption behavior (Golan, Kuchler & Krissol, 2007, Mandatory

Labeling Has Targeted, para. 4).

(the above taken from American Psychological Association, 2010, pp. 171-172).

Basic guidelines for formatting the paper and References page

Black Times New Roman 12 point font is the only font accepted in APA style writing.

APA formatting rules require that there be two spaces after each sentence and before the

next.

The page header gives a running head flush left and the page number flush right (This

document is an example). The running head is a shortened version of the paper title, up to fifty

characters, all in upper case letters, which appears at the top of every page in the header.

References are listed in alphabetical order and are not numbered or grouped by type.

Each entry is formatted with a hanging indent. The first line of each reference is flush

with the left margin and then each line after the first is indented.

Each element (title, year, etc) of a reference should be separated by a period or a comma.

This will depend upon the type of reference. (Look at the examples in this guide).

Do not give the full names of authors in the reference. Use only the last name(s) and

first initial(s) of authors and editors.

If there is no publication year given, use (n.d.), which stands for no date, in the in-text

citations and in the references.

When there is no author listed, begin the reference (or citation) with the title of the

book or the article.



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In an article, or book title, capitalize the first title word, proper nouns, and the first word

after a dash or colon.

Do not place quotation marks around any title in the References list.

Never include a source of information in your references that you do not cite at least once

in the text. The purpose of the References list is to indicate what sources the author has

incorporated as sources of information discussed or included in the document.

References to web pages should provide exact web addresses, and not the higher

level web site address or that of an index page. If the web page does not provide all information

about the article such as the volume, issue or inclusive pages the exact web address will lead

readers to the information that is available.

The web address should not be a hyperlink or be clickable. When creating the

references list, cut and paste the web address into the list, then highlight the web address, and

right click. Youll see a little box with several choices. Select Remove Hyperlink, and the blue

font and underlining in the web address will go away, as will the link.

There is no period after the web address in a reference.

Abbreviations

chap. Chapter

ed. edition

Rev. ed. Revised edition2nd ed. 2nd, 3rd, 4th and so forth

Ed. (Eds.). Editor, Editors

Trans. Translator(s)

n.d. no datep. (pp.) page (pages)

Vol. Volume (as in Vol.4)

vols. Volumes (as in 4 vols)No. Number

Pt. Part



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Tech.Rep. Technical ReportSuppl. Supplement

Para .graph

Publishers Locations

The following locations can be listed in a reference without providing a state abbreviation or

country.

In the United States: Outside the States:

Baltimore AmsterdamBoston Jerusalem

Chicago London

Los Angeles Milan

New York MoscowPhiladelphia Paris

San Francisco RomeStockholm

Tokyo

Vienna

Numbers in the text

At beginning of sentence

According to the Publication Manual, use words to express any number that begins a

sentence, title, or text heading. Whenever possible, reword [the sentence] to avoid beginning the

sentence with a number (APA, 2009b).

Examples.

Fifteen librarians jumped in the lake.

Seventy nine percent of teens surveyed reported daily use; 2% report no history

of use.

Common fractions

Examples.



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one third of the subjects

two-thirds majority

Common phrases

Examples.

The Ten Commandments

Seven Deadly Sins

Use numerals in the text for numbers 10 and greater.

Use numerals in text if representing dates, times, ages, game scores, or sums of money.

Lists in text

Numbered list

A numbered series or list can be used to list conclusions or steps in a procedure. For

these, separate paragraphs should be preceded by a numeral followed by a period. Capitalize the

first word of the list item, and end the item/sentence/paragraph with a period.

Example.

1. Select the treatment carefully.2. Randomize the control group.3. Run a regression analysis.

Bulleted list

If list items are notarranged in order of size, importance, or steps in a series, a bulleted

list may be used.

Example.

Great Britain



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China

United States

List in a sentence

Within a sentence, a list or series of items can be set off with lowercase letters in

parentheses.

Example.

The primary consumers of wheat on a global scale are (a) the United States (b)

China and (c) Belarus.

Bulleted list in sentence

Finally, a list within a sentence can also be treated as a bulleted list. Capitalize and

punctuate the list as though it was a separate sentence.

Example.

Over the 11-year span from 1930-1940

the Dust Bowl region saw 15% to 25% less precipitation than normal;

some years only had less than half of the normal annual precipitation;

and

there was an aggressive reform movement by the federal government.

Formatting the document and citing sources in PowerPoint Presentations

PowerPoint files cannot be analyzed by the plagiarism detection software Turnitin,

therefore some instructors may request a Microsoft Word document containing the text on the

slides and notes to be submitted along with the ppt file, to be submitted to Turnitin.

Because APA format does not give any specific rules as to the look of a PowerPoint

presentation, instructors can ask for any slide format they wish.



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APA also has no specific rules for the format of citations and references given in a

PowerPoint presentation, although it can be assumed that they are mandatory as they are in any

document. Thus, the instructor may ask that the last slide serve as a References list, or he or she

may ask for the references to be in the Notes field on the last slide, and the same will be true of

the in-text citations. This is the instructors judgment call.

Undergraduate Student research paper considerations

Every research paper should include a title page, an abstract, the body of the paper, and

the references. Appendices, tables or figures, if used, are included after the references.

Not every discipline or paper type includes every one of these sections. Therefore, it is

up to the instructor to dictate what he or she requires.

Third person voice

Do not use first person (I, me, or my) in the paper, except in the conclusion section of an

undergraduate paper, where personal opinions or reflections are given. (APA, 3.09, p. 69)

Abstract

An abstract summarizes the finding of the paper. It is a block paragraph of 120 to 150

words. It is given on a separate page, with the heading Abstract.

Masters level research paper considerations

Masters students are expected to follow the same outline as undergraduates except in

courses in which the students do primary research, where the papers may contain different

sections or elements.

The third person voice is used throughout. First person voice is not used except in the

Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research section of a research paper. In this



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section, as in the undergraduate Conclusion section; the use of I, me, or my may be used when

discussing conclusions and recommendations.

Sources

Monograph as part of a journal issue.(APA 7.01:13, p.201)

Example.

Johnson, T. W, Keepers, L. A., Smythe, L. S., & VanHorn, A. J. (2000). The changes of capital

punishment in the United States [Monograph].Journal of Social Psychology, 73, 294-

304.

Structure.

Author(s). (date). Title of monograph [Monograph]. Title of Journal, volume, inclusive page

numbers.

Note.

Retrieval information from a database or a website should be added as needed.

Abstract as original source(APA 7.01:16, p.202)

Example

Moffett, S & McAdam, R. (2009). Knowledge management: A factor analysis of sector effects.

Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(3), 44-59. Abstract retrieved from

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=

1E90E006FDA4CE919F4419740FE7CD94?contentType=Article&contentId=1793712

Structure.

Author(s). (date). Title of article.Journal title, volume number(issue if there is one), inclusive

pages. Retrieval information



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Note.

Although it is preferable to cite information from the full published article, information

about a research article may be cited from an abstract describing it.

Conference paper retrieved online

Example

Gierl, M.J., Jodoin, M.G. & Ackerman, T.A. (2000, April). Performance of Mantel-Haenszel,

Simultaneous Item Bias Test, and logistic regression when the proportion of DIF items is

large. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research

Association (AERA), New Orleans, LA, USA. Retrieved from

http://www.education.ualberta.ca/educ/psych/crame/files/matching.pdf

Structure.

Author last name, first initial. (Year, Month of conference). Title of paper. Paper presented at

Title of conference, location of conference. Retrieved from web address

Notes.

References to conference papers or posters from published proceedings follow the format

for the reference to a chapter in an edited book.

References to papers included in regularly published proceedings follow the format for

the reference to an article in a periodical.

Figures

Any illustration included in a paper, such as a chart, graph, photo or clip art, is a figure.

Every figure should convey information that (a) cannot be easily given in text form, and (b) is

discussed or referenced in the text. APA rules ask that you consider carefully the information

value of a figure: if the information is given in text form already, if the information is not



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discussed in the text, or if the information duplicates another section of the paper, the figure

should not be included.

Each figure in the text should be titled and numbered above the figure, in the order that it

appears in the text (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.). Refer to the figure in the text by number (e.g.,

"As shown in Figure 1") and point out to the reader what to look for in the figure.

Each figure should also include a caption below the figure. The caption describes the

figure and gives any information about where the figure was found, a reference to the source of

the figure, information about permission given to use the figure, or an indication if the figure was

adapted from another figure. If the figure was created by the author using a source or sources of

published information, that too should be noted in the caption.

Personal photographs as figures.

You can use photos you take for the purpose of inclusion in your work. If the photo is

discussed in the paper, it would be labeled as a figure and include a caption, as in the example

below.

Example.

Figure 1. Phyllis Cook Family



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Figure 1. 2009 by Jennie Ver Steeg.

Citing photos from outside sources.

The decision to use photographs found on the web or through photo services will need

more thought. Most websites do in fact hold the copyright for the photo, and would expect that

you either purchase, license, or otherwise ask for permission to use the photo. For unpublished

student work, it is unlikely that the copyright holder of a given photo would find that paper and

sue the author or AIU; its also true that there is such a thing as free educational use -- but its

better to err on the side of caution and not use any work you are unsure about, or ask for written

permission to use it.

Example.



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Figure 1. Phyllis Cook family.

From: 1950s families are scary by J. Jones, 2000,Journal of Popular Iowans, 87(9),

34-67. Retrieved from http://www.famousiowans/Jennie_family/50s.htm Reprinted with

permission.

Citing other image types

Clip art as figures.

Some students use clip art, such as the school logo, a logo for a company discussed in the

paper, etc, in their work, simply to dress the papers up. This is permissible with PowerPoint

presentations, but discouraged in individual projects and group projects, due to the emphasis on

the concept of information value. The clip art must convey important information discussed or

http://www.famousiowans/Jennie_family/50s.htmhttp://www.famousiowans/Jennie_family/50s.htm


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referred to in the paper. If the clip art is found in the clip art gallery in Microsoft PowerPoint,

number and title the image as a figure, and use a caption if explanation of the figure is needed.

However, the caption will not need to give the source or indicate permission to use the clipart, as

its use is permitted in the software license.

If the clip art used is from another source, such as a public clip art site like

http://www.clipart.com, read the terms of use for the clip art site. Many clip art sites say they are

royalty free, but that does not mean that the images can be used by anyone, for any purpose, or

that they can be altered, or used without attribution. For example, the terms of use for clipart.com

state, among other stipulations:

JUPITERIMAGES requests the copyright notice " [insert current year]

Jupiterimages Corporation" appear adjacent to the Image(s) or on a credit page.

Unless you are very sure that unlimited free use is permitted by a provider of clip art, ask

for permission from the copyright or license holder to use the image, and keep the permission on

file. The clip art would then have a caption indicating the copyright holder and permission. The

following is a captioned clip art as figure:

Example.

Figure 2. Example Twentieth Century catalog card.

http://www.clipart.com/http://www.clipart.com/


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Figure 2. Sample card catalog card. From Jeffahrens photostream (2009). Retrieved from

http://www.flickr.com/photos/jeffahrens/3435346745/ Copyright Jeff Ahrens. Used by

permission.

Figures taken from an outside source

Example.

Figure 4. Provincial Share of Exports to U.S., 1999.

Figure 4. Percent share by province of exports from Canada to the United States in 1999.

Adapted from Haggart, B. (2003, April 3). Canada and the United States: Trade, investment and

integration (PRB Publication No. PRB 01-3E). Retrieved from http://dsp-

psd.tpsgc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/prb013-e.htm#a. Regional%20Trade%20Patterns

Created by the student from sources

http://www.flickr.com/photos/jeffahrens/3435346745/http://www.flickr.com/photos/jeffahrens/3435346745/


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A student may create his or her own figure synthesizing several information sources. In

this case, the in-text citation to those sources listed in the references list will serve as caption.

Example.

Figure 4. Provincial Share of Exports to U.S., 1999.

Figure 4. Percent share by province of exports from Canada to the United States in 1999

(Anderson, 2001; Jones, 2004).

Citing works of art discussed in text

Citing works of art is unusual, because no matter what the copyright date on the page, or

who the sponsoring site may be, da VincisMona Lisa was painted by him (so he is the author)

in 1507!



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If the paper discusses the painting, and describes it in the text, the source where the

artwork was viewed would be included in the list of References and the artwork would also be

cited in text as a numbered, titled and captioned figure.

Figure taken from an article or book from a library database

If you retrieve a work of art from a library database, such as Oxford Art Online, the

figure caption would be:

Figure 1.Mona Lisa


Figure 1.Mona Lisa, panel, 600470 mm. da Vinci, L. (c. 1500-1507).Mona Lisa.

[Painting]. Muse du Louvre, Paris. Retrieved from Grove Art Online database.

Figure for same artwork, found on the web

Figure 1.Mona Lisa, panel, 600470 mm. da Vinci, L. (c. 1500-1507).Mona Lisa.

[Painting]. Muse du Louvre, Paris. Retrieved from

http://www.louvre.fr/media/repository/resources/sources/illustration/atlas/x196image_64

477_v2_m56577569830685177.jpg


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Headings

Headings indicate the sections of your paper. There are five levels of headings possible in

APA style.

Level 1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and lower caseLevel 2 Flush left, Boldface, Uppercase and lower case

Level 3 Indented, Boldface, Lowercase paragraph heading ending with a

periodLevel 4 Indented, Boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending

with a periodLevel 5 Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period

Level One

Level Two

Level Three.Level four.It would start here and the paragraph would follow these words on the same

line.Level five. It would start here and the paragraph would follow these words on the same

line.

Headings do not necessarily identify each section of the paper. Do not use a heading to

identify the introduction, body, or conclusion. Rather, headings identify a topic or subtopic

within the body of the paper. Commonly used headings are: Methods, Results, Principle

Findings, Rationale, Discussion, etc.

Choice of headings is dictated by the organization of the paper and number of sections

and subsections. Undergraduates would not be expected to use more than the first three heading

levels: Masters students may choose to use more to enhance organization.

Appendixes

Appendixes (orAppendices) are sections of the paper which are appended at the end of

the paper, after the References list. They consist of documents that would aid the reader in



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understanding the material, but are not a part of the larger paper. The text of the paper may refer

to the information in an appendix, in a sentence such as:

See Appendix A for the full text of the survey used.

Typical information included in an appendix would be a consent form created for the

research project, the text of a survey or other instrument used in the research being presented in

the paper, or the raw data the paper analyzes. Each Appendix begins on a separate page. If there

is only one appendix, the word Appendix is centered on the first line below the page header. If

there is more than one appendix, title the first one Appendix A, the second Appendix B, and so

on. Double space and type the appendix title (centered, in uppercase and lowercase letters) on

the next line, after the word Appendix. Note that the word Appendix and the title of the

appendix are not bold or italicized.

Legal References

The following section is taken from the APA Publication Manual, pages 217-224.

Please note: To type a section symbol (), hold down the Alt key and type the numerals

0167 to make this symbol. (You may also find it in MS Word 2007 as follows: ClickInsertat

the top of the page. Look for the Symbols section and click on it. You have a choice of symbol

or equation; choose Symbol. Click onMore Symbols. Finally, choose iLatin-1 Supplement. The

symbol is in there.). These references below are formatted as though the legal documents were

retrieved in paper format from a law library. If the same materials were retrieved from the web;

the retrieval information would be included in the reference as needed.

Court decisions (Bluebook rule 10)

Case entry (Bluebook rule 10).(APA, A7.03:1, p. 217)



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Example.

Lassard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972)

Explanation.

This decision was rendered by the federal district court for the Eastern District of

Wisconsin in 1972. It appears in volume 349 of the Federal Supplement and starts on

page 1078 of that volume. The in text citation would be (Lassard v. Schmidt, 1972).

Appealed Case (Bluebook rule 10).(APA, A7.03:2 p. 218)

Example.

Durfinger v. Artiles, 563 F. Supp. 322 (D Kan. 1981) affd 727 F 2d 888 (10th Cir 1984).

Explanation.

This decision was rendered by the federal district court for the District of Kansas

in 1981. On appeal, the decision was affirmed by the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals in

1984. Therefore, both dates would be used in the citation like this: In an in-text citation:

Durlssinger v. Artiles (1981/1984), or a parenthetical citation (Durlssinger v. Artiles,

1981, 1984).

State trial court opinion (Bluebook rule 10).(APA, A7.03:4 pp. 218, 219)

Example.

Casey v. Pennsylvania-American Water Co. 12 Pa. D. & C.4 th 168 (C.P. Washington County

1981).

Explanation.



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The decision was rendered by the Court of Common Pleas in Washington County,

Pennsylvania, in 1991. (The court of Common Pleas is the name of the trial-level courts

in Pennsylvania. In other states, the trial-level courts are called superior courts or

supreme courts). The citation would be (Casey v. Pennsylvania-American Water Co.,

1981).

Federal district court opinion (Bluebook rule 10).(APA, A 7.03:5 p. 219)

Example.

Davis v. Monsanto Co., 627 F Supp. 418 (D.S. W. Va. 1986).

Explanation.

The opinion was rendered in the federal district court for the Southern District of West

Virginia and was decided in 1986. It appears in volume 627 of the Federal Supplement and

starts on page 418 of the volume. The in text citation would be (Davis v. Monsanto Co., 1986).

Case appeal to state supreme court (Bluebook rule 10).(APA, A7.03:6 p. 219)

Example.

Compton v. Commonwealth, 239 Va. 3122 389 S.E.2nd 460 (1990).

Explanation.

This opinion was written by the Virginia Supreme Court in 1990. It can be found

in volume 239 of the Virginia Reports, which publishes the states Supreme Court

decisions, starting on page 312. There is a parallel citation to volume 389 of the South

Eastern Reporter, Second Series, starting on page 460. A reporter prints cases; the South

Eastern Reporteris a regional reporter containing cases from several states in the



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southeastern section of the country. The citation would be (Compton v. Commonwealth,

1990).

Case appealed to state court of appeals (Bluebook rule 10).

(APA, A7.03:7 p. 219)

Example.

Texas v. Morales, 826 S.W.2d 201 (Tex. Ct. App. 1992).

Explanation.

This opinion was rendered by the Texas Court of Appeals in 1992 and can be

found in volume 826 of the South Western Reporter, Second Series, starting on page 201.

The citation would be (Texas v. Morales, 1992).

Case decided by U.S. Supreme Court (Bluebook rule 10).(APA, A7.03:8 p. 219)

Example.

Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

Maryland v. Craig, 110 S. Ct. 3160 (1990).

Explanation.

Each of these cases was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. The first reference

(in law schools these are called citations) is to the United States Reports. Such a

reference is given when the appropriate volume of the United States Reports is available.

The second reference is to the Supreme Court Reporter. Use this source when the

volume of the United States Reports in which the case will appear has not yet been

published. The APA citations used in the paper would be (Brown v. Board of Educa.,

1954) and (Maryland v. Craig, 1990).



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Statutes (Bluebook rule 12)

Statute in a state code (Bluebook rule 12).(APA, A7.04:10, p. 220)

Example.

Mental Care and Treatment Act, 4 Kan. Stat. Ann 59-2901-29410(1983 & Supp. 1992).

Explanation.

This Kansas act can be found in codified version between sections 2901 and 2941

in Chapter 59 of volume 4 of the 1983 edition ofKansas Statutes Annotated. Two

amendments in the act and additional references are provided in the 1992 supplement for

the Kansas Statutes Annotated. If you are discussing a particular provision of the law,

cite the particular section in which the provision appeared (e.g., 59-2903). Ann. stands

for Annotated, which refers to the version of the Kansas statutory compilation containing

summarized cases interpreting particular sections of the statute (American Psychological

Association, 2010, p.220; Association of Legal Writing Directors (ALWD), 2005;

Bouchoux, 2005). The citation would be (Mental Care and Treatment Act, 1992).

Statute in a federal code (Bluebook rule 12)(APA, A7.04:11, pp. 220, 221)

Example.

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C.A. 12101 et seq. (West 1993).

Explanation.

This act can be located beginning at section 12101 of title 42 of the United States

Code Annotated, which is the unofficial version of the United States Code. Et Seq. is a

Latin phrase meaning and following and is a shorthand way of showing that the act



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covers not just the initial sections cited, but also others that follow the initial section. The

text in parentheses indicates that the United States Code Annotated is published by West

Publishing and that 1993 is the publication date of the volume in which the cited sections

can be found. The in text citation for this would be (Americans with Disabilities Act of

1990, 1993).

Legislative Materials (Bluebook rule 13)

Full Federal Hearing (Bluebook rule 13).(APA, A 7.05:13, pp. 221, 222)

Example.

Urban Americas need for social services to strengthen families: Hearing before the

Subcommittee on Human Resources of the Committee on Ways and Means, House

of Representatives, 102d Cong. 1 (1992).

Explanation.

The hearing was held in 1992 in the U.S. House of Representatives during the

102nd Congress. The hearing begins on page 1 of the official pamphlet that was prepared

after the hearing. The in text citation uses a shortened version of the title. (Urban

Americas need for, 1992).

Enacted federal bills and resolution (Bluebook rule 13).(APA, A7.05, pp.222)

Example.

S. Res. 107, 103d Cong. Rec. 5826 (1993) (enacted).

Explanation.

This resolution by the Senate is numbered 107 and is reported in volume 139 of

the CongressionalRecordon page 5826. This citation would be (Senate



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Resolution, 1993).

Administrative and Executive Materials (Bluebook rule 14)

Federal Regulations (Bluebook rule 14).(APA, A7.06, p.223)

Example.

FDA Prescription Drug Advertising Rule, 21 C.F.R 202.1 (2006).

Explanation.

This rule was codified in 2006 in volume 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations

as section 202.01. The citation in APA would be (FDA Prescription Drug Advertising

Rule, 2006).

Executive Order (Bluebook rule 14).(APA, A7.06, pp. 223,224)

Example.

Exec. Order No. 11,609, 3 C.F.R. 586 (1971-1975) reprintedin 3 U.S.C. 301 app. At 404-07

(1994).

Explanation.

Executive orders are reported in Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations; this

one appears on page 586. Provide a parallel citation to the United States Code (U.S.C.)

or, if U.S.C. in unavailable, to the United States Code Services (U.S.C.S.). The citation

would be (Executive Order No. 11,609, 1994).



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References

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2009a). What is APA style? Can you send it to

me? My paper is due, and it must be in APA style, especially references. Retrieved from

http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-apa-style.aspx

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2009b). When are numbers expressed in words?

Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/numbers-as-words.aspx

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2010) Publication manual of the American

Psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Association of Legal Writing Directors (ALWD) (2005).ALWD citation manual: A professional

system of citation (3rd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers.

Bouchoux, D. E. (2005).Aspen handbook for legal writers: A practical reference. New York:

Aspen Publishers.

a pa combined

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