a novel control method of dc-dc converters dr.m.nandakumar professor department of electrical...
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1
A NOVEL CONTROL METHOD OF DC-DC CONVERTERS
• Dr.M.Nandakumar• Professor
• Department of Electrical engineering• Govt. Engineering College
• Thrissur
Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 2
Outline• Introduction• DC-DC converter topologies• Buck converter• Closed loop control of buck converter using PI controller• One cycle control• Buck converter using OCC• Boost converter• Boost converter using PI controller• Boost converter using OCC• One Cycle Control of Buck Boost converter• Performance comparison of PI and OCC controller• conclusion
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 3
Introduction• DC-DC converters are subjected to variable input/
variable output conditions
• Regulation of converter operation is an essential requirement
• Closed loop controller is used for the regulation of out put voltage
• 1. Line Regulation• 2. Load regulation
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 4
DC-DC conversion techniques –an introduction
5 V o = 50V dc -dcc onve r te r
10A
V dc = 100V
5 V o = 50V
10A
V dc = 100V
50V+ -
P lo ss= 500W 5 V o = 50V
10A
V dc = 100V
P lo ss= 500W L A & B D - L ine a r A m plif ie r & ba s e dr ive r
L A &B D V r e f
C a s e 1 : V olta ge d iv ide r C a s e 2 : L ine a r s e r ie s re gula tor
V dcV o
C
LS1
2
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DC- DC CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES
• Buck converter or step - down converter• Boost converter or step - up converter• Buck-Boost converter or step-down/up converter• Cuk converter• Full Bridge converter
Only step-down and step-up are the basic converter topologiesBoth buck-boost and cuk converters are combination of these basic topologiesFull bridge converter is derived from step-down converter
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Dept. of EEE, Govt. Engg. College, Thrissur 6
Switch-mode dc-dc converter
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Dept. of EEE, Govt. Engg. College, Thrissur 7
Drawbacks and modifications of the circuit
In practical circuits, load will be inductive (even for resistive load due to stray inductance) leading to dissipate or absorb the inductive energy which may destroy the switch
Output voltage fluctuates between 0 and Vd
Modifications
Problem of stored inductive energy is overcome using freewheeling diode
Output voltage fluctuation are very much diminished using Low pass Filter
Drawbacks
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 8
Buck converter (Step-down converter)
iL
+
_
vd
+
vo=V0
_
Low pass filterio
RC
L
id
+
voi
_
+ vL -
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 9
Sep-down dc-dc converter
iL
+
_
vd
+
vo=V0
_
Low pass filterio
RC
L
id
+
voi
_
+ vL -
1Cut off frequency of low pass filter,
2cf
LC
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 10
Step-down converter circuit states(Continuous Conduction Mode)
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 11
Volt-sec balance(cont.)
Under steady state operation the integral of the inductor voltage vL over one time period must be zero
0 0
0s on s
on
T t T
L L L
t
v dt v dt v dt
0( ) ( )( ) 0d o on s onV V t V T t
o on
d s
V tD
V T
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 12
Buck converter (Step-down converter) in CCM
In Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM), neglecting power losses associated with all circuit elements, the input power Pd is equal to output power Po
d d o oV I V I
o on
d s
V tD
V T
0
1o d
d
I V
I V D
Io is the average output current and Id is the average input current Hence in CCM step – down converter is equivalent to a dc transformer (step down)
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 13
Closed loop control of buck converter
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 14
Closed loop control of Buck Converter(with fixed input)
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 15
Closed loop control of Buck Converter(with fixed input)-output voltage
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 16
Buck converter using PI controller
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 17
Transient performance of PI controller
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 18
Closed loop control of Buck Converterwith input voltage perturbations - line
regulation
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 19
Closed loop control of Buck converterInput (changes form 14 V to 20V) and output voltage wave forms using PI controller
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 20
• In PWM control, the duty ratio is modulated in a direction that reduces the error.
• When the input voltage is perturbed, that must be sensed as an output voltage change and error produced in the output voltage is used to change the duty ratio to keep the output voltage to the reference value.
• This means it has slow dynamic response in regulating the output in response to the change in input voltage.
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 21
One cycle control (OCC)
One cycle control• Non linear control technique.• Uses the concept of control of average value of switching
variable.
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 22
Buck converter using One Cycle control (OCC)
Controls the duty ratio of switch such that the average value of switched variable is equal to or proportional to the control reference in each cycle
The output voltage of the buck converter is the average value of the switched variable vs.
int1
1
1( ) ( )in
f
in
f
v t v t dtRC
Vt
RC
K. M. Smedley, “ Control Art of Switching Converters,”Ph.D. Thesis, California Institute of Technology, 1990.
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 23
Buck converter using One Cycle control (cont.)
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 24
Power Source Perturbation RejectionV
in Vref
VrefV
int
d(t)
t
t
tTs
Here, the input perturbation will immediately cause a change in slope of the integration within one switching period. As a result duty ratio changes and output voltage do not change even if power a source having a disturbance.Ie if input suddenly increases the slope of integrator output (= ) increases and it reaches the reference voltage Vref early and ON period reduces and OFF period increases leading to reduction of duty ratio D
01
1
1( ) ( )in
f
in
f
v t v t dtRC
Vt
RC
1
in
f
V
RC
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 25
Change in Reference VoltageV
ref
VrefV
int
d(t)
t
t
tTs
Vin
When the control reference is perturbed by a large step up, the time taken to reach the new control reference increase (slope of integration remains the same since Vin is not changing)); therefore the duty ratio is larger. When the control reference is lower, the duty ratio is smaller.
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 26
Buck converter with one cycle control
Clock frequency =10 kHzOr Clock period = 0.1msecK= 1/Ts = 10000
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 27
Buck converter with one cycle control (cont.)Input voltage and output voltage
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 28
Performance comparison between OCC and PI during input voltage perturbation
• (a)Input voltage perturbation (b) Output voltage using OCC (c) Output voltage using PI controller
b
a
c
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 29
Buck converter using OCC with reference voltage perturbation
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 30Performance comparison between OCC and PI during output voltage reference perturbation
• (a)output reference perturbation (b) Output voltage using OCC (c) Output voltage using PI controller
b
a
c
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 31
Step-up (Boost) Converter
+
_
vd
+
vo=V0
_
io
RC
id
L
+vL -
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 32
Volt-sec balance Boost converter
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 33
Volt-sec balance Boost converter (cont.)
Boost converter circuit while the switch is position 1
Boost converter circuit while the switch is position 2
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 34
Boost Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode
+
_
vd
+
vo=V0
_
io
RC
id
L
+vL -
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 35
Inductor voltage in boost converter
Boost Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 36
Boost Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode(cont.)
In steady state the time integral of the inductor voltage over one time period must be zero
0
0
( ) 0
( )(1 ) 0
1
1
d on d o off
d s d s
d
V t V V t
V DT V V D T
V
V D
Assuming a lossless circuit, Pd = Po
0 0
0 (1 )
d d
d
V I V I
ID
I
Io is the average output current and Id is the average input current Hence in CCM step – up converter is equivalent to a dc transformer (step up)
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 37
Closed Loop Control of Boost Converter
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 39
BOOST converter
• In closed loop, output voltage Vo should be equal to reference voltage Vref,
• Hence equation can be rewritten as
0
0
( ) 0
( )(1 ) 0
1
1
d on d o off
d s d s
d
V t V V t
V DT V V D T
V
V D
𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 −𝑉𝑑=𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 .𝐷 𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 −𝑉𝑑=1𝑇 𝑆
0
𝑇𝑂𝑁
𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 .𝑑𝑡
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 40
Simulation of Boost converter using OCC
0
1
1 ON
do ref
T
ref d ref refs
VV V
D
V V DV V dtT
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 41Performance comparison between OCC and PI during input voltage perturbation
• (a)Input voltage perturbation (b) Output voltage using OCC (c) Output voltage using PI controller
b
a
c
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 42Performance comparison between OCC and PI during output voltage reference perturbation
• (a)output reference perturbation (b) Output voltage using OCC (c) Output voltage using PI controller
b
a
c
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 43
BUCK-BOOST Converter
𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 (1−𝐷)=𝑉𝑖𝑛 .𝐷 𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 =1𝑇 𝑆
0
𝑇𝑂𝑁
(𝑉𝑖𝑛+𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) .𝑑𝑡
( )(1 ) 0
1
d s o s
o
d
V DT V D T
V D
V D
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 44
In closed loop, the output voltage Vo should be equal to reference voltage Vref
Hence by rewriting the equation,
BUCK-BOOST Converter -OCC
0
(1 )
( )
1( )
ON
ref d
ref d ref
T
ref d refs
V D DV
V D V V
V V V dtT
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 45
Closed loop control of Buck boost converter using OCC
0
0
1(1 )
( )
1( )
ON
d ref
ref d
ref d ref
T
ref d refs
DV V V
DV D DV
V D V V
V V V dtT
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 46Performance comparison between OCC and PI during input voltage perturbation
• (a)Input voltage perturbation (b) Output voltage using OCC (c) Output voltage using PI controller
b
a
c
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 47Performance comparison between OCC and PI during output voltage reference perturbation
• (a)output reference perturbation (b) Output voltage using OCC (c) Output voltage using PI controller
b
a
c
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OCC vs. PI OCC PI
Buck converter input voltage variation
Settling time 6ms 35ms
Maximum deviation from steady state
0.8V 4.2V
Buck converter reference voltage variation
Settling time 4ms 40ms
Maximum deviation from steady state
0.5V 0.2V
Boost converter input voltage variation
Settling time 1ms 50ms
Maximum deviation from steady state
0.1V 9V
Boost converter reference voltage variation
Settling time 10ms 25ms
Maximum deviation from steady state
1V 1V
Buck Boost converter input voltage variation
Settling time 6ms 25ms
Maximum deviation from steady state
1V 5V
Buck Boost converter reference voltage variation
Settling time 4ms 25ms
Maximum deviation from steady state
2V 2V
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 49
PI Vs. OCC :-Settling time performance
1:- buck input perturbation 2:- buck output reference perturbation
3:- boost input perturbation 4:- boost output reference perturbation
5:- buck boost input perturbation 6:- buck boost output reference perturbation
1 2 3 4 5 60
10
20
30
40
50
60
OCC
PI
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Conclusion• Compared to PI controller, OCC gives a better transient
performance for DC-DC converter.
• Less settling time
• Less maximum deviation from steady state
• Can find wide applications in drives and renewable energy sources.
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Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 51