A NEW YORK PONDOWNERS GUIDE TO THE USE OF TRIPLOID GRASS CARP

WHAT IS A GRASS CARP?

The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon ide/fa) is one of the largest members of th~ minnowfamily, commonly reaching weights in excess of 25 pounds. Native to the rivers of easternChina and the Soviet Union, it has been introduced into over 50 countries worldwide due toits uncanny ability to control a wide variety of aquatic plant species. Although grass carp arerelated to both common carp a.nd goldfish, distinct differences exist both in appearance andfeeding habits. Grass carp lack the barbels and spiny dorsal and anal fin rays characteristicof goldfish and common carp, bearing a closer resemblance to a large creek chub or commonshiner. Coloration of the fish ranges from dark grey to golden brown on the back, blending towhite on the belly. Grass carp feed strictly by grazing on aquatic vegetation and do not sharethe bottom feeding habits typical of common carp and goldfish. ,

Although fertile (diploid) grass carp have seen widespread use abroad, the majority ofstates in the U.S. 'presently prohibit the fish due to concerns over the potential impact theymay have on sensitive aquatic habitats should uncqntrolled reproducing populations of the fishbecome established. Use of diploid grass carp is prohibited in New York State!

WHAT IS A TRIPLOID GRASS CARP?

In 1983, U.S. grass carp producers began production of a sterile (triploid) form of grasscarp, mitigating the reproductive concerns associated with the diploid fish. Triploid grass carpare created through shocking grass carp eggs immediately after fertilization with either hotor cold water. This temperature shock results in the retention of an extra chromosome set,rendering the fish incapable of producing viable young. With the exception of this extrachromosome set, triploid grass are identical to their diploid counterparts. Triploid grass carpare the only form of grass carp legal in New York State!

POLICY AND PROCEDURES PERTAINING TO THE USE OFTRIPLOID GRASS CARP IN NEW YORK

STATEMENT OF POLICY

It will be the policy of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation,Division of Fish and Wildlife to approve and issue permits for stocking of up to 1 5 UnitedStates Fish and Wildlife Service certified triploid grass carp per surface acre for aquatic plantmanagement purposes in ponds five (5) acres or less in size which lie wholly within theboundaries of lands privately owned or leased by the individual making or authorizing suchtreatments if:

Aquatic plants targeted for control significantly impair the intendeduse(s) of the pond.

a

b. The subject pond harbors no species of wildlife, fish, shellfish orcrustacea identified by the Department as being endangered, thr~:tenedor special concern or any species of plant identified as beingendangered, threatened or rare.

The subject pond is not contiguous to or part of a New Yor~;t;~t;ate~egulated freshwater wetland. . ' 'c.

d. The subject pond is not an impoundment or natural pond on apermanent stream or a source of a permanent stream as designated bythe most recent United States Geologic Survey (USGS) or New YorkState Department of Transportation (DOT) quadrangle coveril)g the

permit application site.

At least two (2) years have elapsed since the last stocking of triploidgrass carp, unless it can be demonstrated that a significant portion ofthe permitted fish were subject to mortality within the stocked pond.

8.

Permit applications for waters other than those meeting these criteria, including watersgreater than five (5) acres will not be acted upon until evaluated on a site-specific basis inaccordance with the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) and guidelinesestablished by NYSDEC Division of Fish and Wildlife.

NYSDEC DIVISION OF FISH AND WILDLIFETRIPLOID GRASS CARP STOCKING RECOMMENDATIONS

Triploid grass carp are a new and exciting aquatic vegetation control option availableto Ne~ York pond owners. However, as with any method of vegetation control, triploid grasscarp must be used properly to achieve optimal results. The following stockingrecommendations should assist you in getting the most out of the fish you purchase.

AQUATIC PLANT PREFERENCES OF TRIPLOID GRASS CARP

Triploid grass carp have distinct feeding preferences, preferring tender, succulent plantspecies over those that are tough and fibrous. Triploid grass carp will not control emergentspecies such as cattail or bulrush or floating leaved species such as water shield or water lily.Even among preferred submergent plant species, selectivity and consumption rate variesw;df:~Y according to a vast array of factors including water temperature, dissolved oxygen andpresence or absence of attached algae.

- -TRIPLOID GRASS CARP STOCKING RATES

Triploid grass carp are extremely potent plant consumers, capable of eradicating allplants from a pond for periods exceeding 10 years if overstocked. Besides the obvious impactsuch complete plant removal will have: on vegetation dependant fish and wildlife, totaldevegetation can also result in the development of severe algae blooms, foul smells and anoverall decline in water-clarity in a pond. To minimize or prevent these adverse impacts, plantpopulations should be maintained at approximately 20-30% of the pond's surface area.

Due to various factors that impact triploid grass carp feeding, it is impossible toprecisely predict the exact number of fish to stock in anyone situation to achieve the 20-30%plant coverage target. The only way to prevent:excessive plant control is through use of anincremental approach. This approach involves the stocking of triploid grass carp at thestocking rates suggested below, a two year waiting period for the fish to achieve maximalcontrol, and subsequent additions of fish.in small increments at two year intervals until plantpopulations are reduced to the 20-30% threshold. Remember, be patient, plant control withtriploid grass carp is a slow process, but once control is achieved, .it will last a number ofyears. If more rapid control is desired, other plant control methods such as mechanicalharvesting or chemical applications can be integrated with triploid grass carp use.

Recommended Initial Triploid Grass Carp Stocking Rates

Averaqe Plant Density Stockinq Rate (Number Per Acre)

LowMediumHigh

51015

TIME OF STOCKING

Plant control with triploid grass carp is most successful when the fish are stocked justas plants begin growing in the pond (late spring). Stocking of fish during the late summer Iwhen the pond is already clogged with vegetation often leads' to unsatisfactory results. Thelate summer conditions of high water temperature and low dissolved oxygen typical in weedyponds during this period can result in a substantial loss of grass carp.

PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING A PERMIT TO STOCK TRIPLOID GRASS CARP

Individuals desiring to stock triploid grass carp in New York must first obtain a triploidgrass carp stocking permit from the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC).Stocking permit applications can be obtained at any Regional Bureau of Fisheries office.Procedures for obtaining a stocking permit in waters either meeting the listed criteria orapproved after SEORA review are as follows:

Applicant or representative of applicant should completely fill out the permitapplication and return it to the Regional Fisheries Manager covering the regionin which the stocking will occur.

1.

Regional Division of Rsh and Wildlife staff will review the application and verifythat it meets the stocking criteria listed above.

2

Approved applicants 'will receive three copies of a stocking permit along witha listing of approved triploid grass carp suppliers. Permit conditions will belisted on or attached to the permit.

3.

Permit will authorize the purchase and stocking of up to 1 5 triploid'..'grass C3rpper pond acre. Triploid gr3ss carp .m3Y only by purchased frolJ1'~pprovedsl,jppliers possessing a valid permit to import and sell triploid grass"ta'(p in NewYork state. '.. "

4

At the time of purchase, the permit holder must provide all three c'6pies of thestocking permit to the selected approved triploid grass carp supplier. Thesupplier will fill in the appropriate infom]ation on the bottom of the permit, keepone copy for his records, send one copy to the DEC office listed on the permit,and provide the buyer with a copy of the permit.

5.

Stocking permits will expire on November 30 'of the calendar year df:1ss~e.6.

If a stocking permit is not approved, the applicant will receive a letter describingthe reason(s) for permit denial.

"7

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LAWOF

THE STATE OF NEW YORK

Section 11-0507(1)

Fish or fish eggs shall not be placed in any water of the state unless a permit is firstobtained from the department; but no permit shall be required to place fish or fish eggs in an

aqu~rium.

Section 11-1703(6)

No person shall import, export, own, possess, acquire or dispose of live piranha fish(Serrasalmus, Rooseveltiella or Pyrocentrus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon ide/fa) or hybridgrass carp within the state without a .license or permit issued at the discretion of thedepartment for scientific, biological or exhibition purposes.

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Application for a Permit to Stock Triploid Grass CarpINSTRUCTJONS

STAnJTORY Atm!ORrTY: E!\vironmental Conss(Vation L1w Section 11--0507 (1) and 11-1703 (G).

I

The Department of E..,vironmental Conservatlon!(t)et'.);~YeiS$as'-:)!fi!fjploid.-G~~ Stocking Permit pursuant to E..,vironmentalConsarvatlon Law Section 11-0507 (') and "-1703 (6). This permit may authorize the stocking of triploid grass carp purchased from asupplier approved by the New York State DEC and possassing a valid permit to import and sell triploid graS-? carp In New York.

The following instructions correspond numerically with the numbers on the Application for a Permit to Stock Triploid Grass Carp. Whencompletln9 this application, pleasa provide sufficient detail to fully anS"Ner the questIons. The aI1swers you provide are the criteria forapproving or denying your permit. Incomplete or vague applications will be returned to the applicant.

,. Name and mailing address of the appllC3nt.

2. Date at birth, home telephone and busIness telephone number of the applicant.

3. Indicate whether the pond lies wholly within the boundaries of lands privately owned or leased by you.

4. Indicate whether triploid grass carp have been stocked In the pond in the past. It yes. provide the date ot the stocking and the numb

stocked.

5. If thi.5'1gm is being filled out by someone other than the pondowner (ie. a pond management consultant) provide your name, mailingadd!~, business name and telephone number.

6. Provide the name and location of the pond. Attach a portion at the latest USGS or NYDOT topographic mapshowing the pond location.

7. Indicate whether the pond Is natural or manmade and how it is being supplied with water.

8. Provide the surface area ot the pond. If you do not know the surf.ca area at the pond it can be calculated by the following procedurE

a. Take width measurements at several evenly spaced Intervals along the entire pond.b. Total the width measurements and divide by the number at measurements taken to get the average width ot the pond.c. Use the same process to calculate the average length ot the pond.d. Multiply average width x average length and divide by 43,560 to get the pond surface area in acres.

9. Provide the maximum and average depth of the pond. To calculate aver.ge depth, measure the depth at every intersection at thelength and width measurements taken during the surface acreage determination. Total these values and divide by the number at

measurements taken to get the average depth.

, O. Indicate whether the pond has an outlet. If the pond has an outlet, indicate where the water flows to.

11. Describe the principal use(s) ot the pond.

12. Ust the fish species tound In the pond. .

13. Briefly describe the plant problem in the pond and provide an ~imate of the total acreage of plant coverage.

14. Provide a liSt of the dominal1t plant species In the pond, the percentage ot the total vegetated acreage that they encompass and the

density of each.

Density Classincatlon Descrlotlon

Low Plants scattered, small patches at densa growth may occur. A flshl~g lure C3neasily be retrieved without being fouled. .

Medium Intermediate between low and high

High Densa mats. usually obvious on surface ot pond. Impossible to retrieve a fishing

lure without it being fouled.

15.

16.

Briefly describe other aquatic plant or algae control methods that have been attempted in the pond.

Please read the narrative and sign and date the application.

Please return this application to:

New York State DECFisheries Office185 E. Union Street, Suite 3Allegany, NY 14706-1328

PLEASE All.OW APPROX1MATE. Y :30 WORKJNG DAYS FOR REVIEW OF 11--IIS APPUCA"nON

NEW YORK STATE DE? ARTMENT OF e4V1RQNMENT AL CONSERV A 1100

DIVISION OF ASH AND ~LDUFE - BUREAU OF ASHERIES

APPUCATION FOR A PEf1MITTO STOCKTRJPLOID GRASS CARP

""UN R.,., fO ffl. In«nlcti"",. ""'!~. n."'N Si~. ~{or. C.Jmpl.ting' 11Ii. Appli~ti""'. (Pfu.. Print CW" r~)

'GENERAL INFORMATION-~~FOR OFFiC~ us.; ONL Y

APPROVE.USTNAME

-NAME I Molo

l AC1l0N:. DENY

I PERMIT NUM8ffi-I CITi'/TOWN . 'STATE IZJP cooe I

ITELEPHO~E(8USINESSI II

)lL Y WITHIN THE ~QUNOAAIES OF VCUR PROPE.~T'Y7

I ~ECi1VE DA TE.-:':: .

. " :. :':"'::;." .:.:

1E<PIRATlON CATE-. ",( ":' . .', .:.:::i,.:~: :,..:': .', ',.., ,.:. ".'y . ',' -

"~ ION: ' .,," :, : ',-:..,~"..".r=u" .. .,.',', .":.:"':'<:::.

,.. . "":N7 I ~UMBER STOCKED

%. CATE OF alRTH I TELEPHONE (HOME)

I I3.ISTHISPONC-~ATEDWH{ ' ' ' '--

V88- No-

4. HAVE TRIPLOID GRASS CARP BEEN STOCKED IN THIS POND IN THE PAST? I 'F YES. WHL .

V8~ No- f f

5 . N ~ IE 0 po CO NT ..4C T PSSI:) N (1 po 01 FFCR EHT rn AN ABC \r'CJUST NAME 'FIRST N~E ".4.1. IN~EOF aUSJNESS

STREET AQORESS I isiAYe IZJPCOOE ITE!.E?HONE~

, I()- -

I POND LOCA 1100 AND..s. NAME OF PONO I LOCATION (P~E AlTACHA SKETCH MAPOUTUNING OtAECTIONSTO THE PONO)

CITYfTOWN I

I I TOWN ICOUNT't

I

7. TYP!: OF POND WATE.q SUPPLY F~E).P.EA OF POND (~"ES)

MANMADE- NATURAL- RUNOFF- WEl.L- SPRING- OTHER8. MAXJMUM DEPTH (FTl AVE.~GE CE.~TH (FTl 1 10. OOESPOND HAVE AN OUTLET? IF YES. WHAT DOES IT CRAIN INTO?

YES- NO-11. PRINCIPAL USE OF POND (FISHING. BOATING. SWIMMING. AQUACULTURE. EiC.)

/12. UST FISH SPECIES FaUNO IN PONO

~

TlON ~ ..,..,y .,.. ,".h...:;:h'V..~:. ':..":.."':"",:'._,:. . .."~::::,,AQUATIC VEGETA ."..,."" ""... """"""::;;.;~ '.:;;.h'~. .'.~::X'~'::"~V.~"'h"':Y;"".--~ ,..-~:':""'..:::'.V""'h."":VV..-"".,:::.-"".«...h.:."'~:::: :.;.

I ITOTAL.AGRESOF PlAHTCOVERAGE

MED LOW11J.. PlANT SPECIES ~ COVERAGE OENSlrf: HIGH

!15. HAS ANY OTHEM METHCO OF AQUATIC PLANT OR ALGAE CONTROL BEEN E.'.IPLOY@ IN THE PAST? .-

- ~

18. I ha 'ecej~ and 'Md the ~Iowino: 1.) s.ctionl 11-0.507 (1) and 11-170:3 (e) otthe N- Y~ Sf.ale EJ1~ra1m..,w Con--aoo Law (ECU: 2..' POUCY AND

PROCEDURES PERTAINING TO THE USE OF TRIPloro GRASS CARP IN NEW YORK STATE. I underKand that a ';18 ~8t by OEC p«.x1nel m.y be neclsaal

Ind th.( pur8U~( 10 ECI. s.ctloo 3-0:301 (2XO), f.J"-lemenCi m.de CX1 thil ~pllcadCX1 .,8 puni8h.ble pur8U~( 10 s.ctIm 210.46 01 the N- Y<Wt ~I ~A

L--.

; New YorkStatec Depatt:m'.ent of En~ironmental Conservation

PO ND SPILL WAY TYPES John P. Cahill

Commissioner

If the pond has an outlet, please.c.ir..ck the spillway that most closely resembles your pond.

VERTICAL SPILLWAYA.

",,"-.:;-

B. SURFACE PIPE SPILLWAY

DROP INLET PIPE SPILLWAYc.

The outlet is an earthen depression, ditch or channel which does not flow all year.D.

. If the other requirements for a pemllt are met, modifications (screening) can be done to the

spillway to prevent fish from escaping. A permit will not be issued until these modificationsare made.

*/fthe outlet drains into a ditch thatflows allyear, a tributary, or stream, aphotograph of the screened outlet is required *

Grass Carp What the Textbooks Say:Grass carp is a fish that eats certain varieties of vegetation and can reduce the levels of nuisance vegetation in lakes.

PRINCIPLE:Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, or white amur) physically remove vegetation from lakes. Beyond

removing the nutrients entrapped within the plant, the grass carp does not reduce nutrient levels, or afford anycontrol of the source of these nutrients.

Grass carp are an exotic species and are seldom permitted iri New York State; originally, they wereimported to Arkansas and Alabama from Malaysia in 1963. The carp, less than one half a pound in weight and8' to I I " in length (although less than one foot may be preyed upon by largemouth bass), are stocked at a rate

of about 15-40 per acre of surface area. They can grow up to 6 pounds per year, and may ultimately consume20-100 % of their body weight each day in vegetation. Grass carp have been reported weighing over 100pounds in intensive culture operations in Europe. However, the largest fish ever reported in the United Stateshas been closer to 50 pounds.

The fish will selectively feed on particular types of plants; although the carp are reported to have par-ticular favorites among the plant,species~ ~these preferences may be a function ofspecific,1ake conditions,: andeating habits may not be reproduciblefrom:.1ake tolake;'!In,general~most grass carp prefer species ofHydrilla,Potamogeton, Ceratophyllum, Najas, Elodea and some filamentous algae, while some specific plants, such asMyriophyllum spicatum: andPotarnogeton,natans, are consideredless:palatable.,However. inmany-cases,thegrass carp willconsumethese1esscdes~redplant species in~be absence of their favorites:

APPLICABILITY:As of 1987, 22 states allow triploid ( sterile) carp only, with three states (including New York) allowing

triploid carp on an experimental basis only. Five states allow either triploid or diploid (non-sterile) Carp, and 23states have banned the use of sterile and non-sterile carp for any purpose.

Grass carp have the potential to eradicate all vegetation in lakes, and can .escape downstream to otherwaterbodies and induce unwant~d vegetation control \ or' eradication. Grass carp 4ave a strong tendency to fol-

low flowing water, and can reproduce in inlet and outlet streams. Unless these streams are adequatelyscreened, the fish are likely iomove out of the lake; Not only is the investment in fish'lost, but the nuisanceweeds remain in the lake, and the carp may destroy desirable aquatic plants in the streams.

In states which allow their'use, grass carp'are restricted tb Jakes with no sustainable outflow, to reducethe possibility of escape,and to maximize the 'control. of vegetation within,;theftarget1ake.'However;'fish can-not be expected to control weeds at a specific part of a lake, such as a beach or an individual dock. Since fishhave access to the entire lake, grass carp treatment is necessarily a full-lake treatment.

Vegetation control with grass carp is necessarily slow, but could be effective over a long period of time.If only sterile carp are used, the time required for the carp to effectively control vege,tation will depend on thedensity of vegetation, stocking rate, and growth rate of the carp.

POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS:Grass carp do not meet any of the criteria for an "ideal" candidate for introduction to an aquatic system

(Li and Moyle, 1981): they do not co adapt with other aquatic species, do not have a narrow niche, are not eas-ily controlled after escape, and are not free from exotic diseases and parasites. These claims, however, can bedisputed in experiments conducted in New York State, where it has been found that properly stocked grasscarp may coexist with other fish species and have not been shown to carry any diseases or parasites problem-atic to native fish populations. Continued on page five

continued from page tllree

The most significant drawback of using grass carp is the potential for complete eradication of vegeta-tion. A complete removal of all types of vegetation may occur after the grass carp have exhausted the supplyof target plants, and would have severe detrimental effects on the plant community and entire ecosystem. Atthe other extreme, understocking or insufficient consumption of vegetation may result in the control oreradication of non-target plants, since the eating habits of grass carp are not completely predictable. In theabsence of competitive native species, this could allow the exotic target plants to dominate the plant com-munity. Destruction of either native or exotic species could also have significant effects on the aquatic ani-mals whose habitat (niche) is based on these plants. Altering fish habitats could have severe effects on zoo-plankton and phytoplankton populations.

Eutrophic conditions could be enhanced through a number of mechanisms. More than 50 % of theingested plant -material could be reintroduced through excretion by the carp, primarily as particulate organicmatter and urinary nitrogen. This nutrient recycling could stimulate algae blooms and oxygen depletion. Al-gae blooms may also result from the actual removal of rooted plants, since these plants may compete withalgae for available nutrients. Even if the nutrient levels re~ain constant, algae populations may be enhanceddue to the greater availability of these nutrients.

As an exotic, non-native fish species, grass carp may also introduce exotic diseas~s'cor parasites to alake. Cestodes, a type of parasitic tapeworm, or flatwonn, has been found in lakes in which grass carp wereintroduced. With the use of praziquantel (C1~24N2Ov, a compound used to treat par~sit~c wonns in bothaquatic and terrestrial animals, infestation can be minimized. However, since cestodes (also carried bygolden shiners and mosquito fish) have not been reported to cause any problems for native fish species inNew York, praziquantel has not been used outside of fish hatcheries. It is unclear what affect praziquantelmay have on humans or other aquatic animals or organisms if either the small carp are consumed by preda-tory fish or humans, or if any byproducts of the praziquantel are excreted.

Grass carp offer one of the least expensive lake management techniques for controlling nuisanceaquatic vegetation. Costs are a function of vegetation density and stocking rate, and usually run from $50 to$100 per acre. These costs can be amortized over several years, since the grass carp,application requiresonly capital expenses. '

"

WHAT ELSE THERE .IS TO KNOW:As discussed in Chapter 1, Diet for a Small Lake, physical control techniques, for the most part, can

be considered Type A systems, designed by humans and following man-made laws. The ultimate fate of theecosystem is determined by the effect the technique has on the ecosystem, and the operation of the controltechnique and, to a certain extent, the effect of the technique can be easily predicted.

Chemical control methods can be considered Type B systems, designed by humans and conformingto natural law. Although the chemical and, therefore, its characteristics are man-made, the fate of the chemi-cals, and the resulting ecosystem changes, cannot be controlled by man. '

Biological control techniques are most like Type C systems, neither designed by, nor conforming to,man-made laws. Once grass carp are introduced into a lake, the fate of the <f.Slrp, the target vegetation, andthe entire ecosystem are outside the influence of man; By and large, Type C systems are much more difficultto understand and control than Type B systems, which are more difficult to control than Type A systems.

Physical methods for controlling nuisance vegetation, such as harvesting, are fairly well understood.For the most part, effectiveness and side effects are well known and can be predicted for many different ap-plications. Chemical control methods, such as herbicide treatment,. are less well understood, but have beeninvestigated extensively for many years: While there may not be a complete understanding of the long-termeffects of chemical treatments. cause-and-effect relationships can be predicted in many circumstances.