a new system of geography 1762

8/2/2019 A New System of Geography 1762

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·0' EO G RAP H Y:I N W HIe HIS G I V EN ,

A General Account of the SIT UAT ION and LIM ITS, the'

MAN N E Rs, HIS T 0 i t y1 and Co N5TIT U T JON, of thefeveral KINGDOMS and STATES in the known World;

And a very particular Defcription ~f their Su6divij ions and Dependencies; theirCities and 'IQ 'lJ In s ,Fo r ts , S t( J- po r ts~ P roduce, Manu fa8u re s and Commerce .

By A. F. BUS CHI N G, D. D.

~. - Profelfor of Philofophy in the U niverfity of G o T T IN G EN, and Member of theLearned Society at D U I S BUR. G.

Carefully Tranllated from the laft Edition of the G E RMAN Original.

Tu the Author's, IntroduCtoryDifcourfe are added three E J f o J S relative to the SubjeCt.

nJuftrated with Thirty-fix Milps , accurately projected on a new Plan.

INS I X VOL U M E S.

VOL U M E the SEC 0 N D.

CON T A I N r N 0,

HUNGARY, TRANSVLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, DA~MATIA,

TURKEY ill EUROPE, PORTUGAL, SPAIN and FRANCE.

LON DON:

..Printed for A. M I I. L A R in the Strand.

M DCCLXIl.

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. _ _ __ _ ~ _ _ - _ ~ , , _ ~ _ _ ~

, 1 3 u l g a r i a . ] "TU R K Erin E U R'O P E.. ..

B o G A.I

f '. • .: ~ t. _ •• ~ : ~ I· , • . t' _ - . ,'. of ..~ I......

§ .' i.THIS ~Q\lmry .nnwates northwards on the Dam4e, eaiwar~on the Black- fea; and ,is bounded to the fouthward by ~unt

Hemus, which feparata it f rom &lIzaRill; and weftward by $er.via. It isfo named from th e BIf/garians, a branch of the &rllZatle~ and w a s formerlycalled th e 1Awer Myfoz. The DalluiJe, w hich runs thrQl.JgQ thi4; countryfQ f th o fpace of eigb;ty miles, receives th e ! / I t ! ' at. .dxiflJ!4lis; T,hAI:.rriver is the Ifch~or !ftha,.~which rifes in Mount H~mus and falls into ~IJ8nu/Je near N i6,po1is. . '

§. 2. At the foot of the mountain which divides Bulgaria from Servi«is a warm bath where the water gufue$ out in a (lream about the \ligne(s

of a man's body; and, but fixty paces from. it, in the fame v all~ y, is afpcing 3S cold ~ $o ice , the , [meU however manif~ that they both ~Qn.t~p

nitro us and (~lphur~Qu~ particles. On, this' mQ\lIl taUt i~a Gt'tek ~or iY.qJ l t

for monks of the order of St. Bajil . In the frontiers of S er yJ ia .l? etw ~ ~ ~mountain of Suba and the river ;Ni j fo' lJff, ~ e fcvqral :warm \laths wbo f ew ~ ters am ~o f ~ fu lphu reo us quality , ~ml .itr~c. f romjhe mO\1nt~~J:>,ing

deeply tinged with the red fan~ and ~Qll~ thereof At the f oo t of mount

Wit~tha .~-fe.. , ~C J6 o n t h W , ., ~ , ~ o p hill, 't~ w a rqs'th c b orde rs o f &tlJ4niaare alfo fo ur w arm bathe qf gt"Clf . t , r~ pu te in· c , chis , coun try; sad t he . ~ o : u n -tain, cxclqivc pf,i,t$ ironmines, j$lcov~,:;4d'\f~th villagFi, C,Qr~l~ds; . , ID*-dows and vJn~yardt., ','j , ,. ' . :

.§. !. The cOllntry' in general; is v!!ry mo untaino u s, bu t th~ l~ve\i~l)~.allies are extremely rich and fruiuul,pr~u~ing wine and. corn evo,rto f\!-per~., The mOQntlins too are a K 9 ' far fro~ belI)8.barren, : afost4 i. , M l~fatj excelleat pafturag~ j c a s th# of Stal !P. ~ 1 i I 1 / I t 1 U I , wl\l~ rcac4~scfPfa r as 1 Y J ' J ; " , b ein g, to w a rd s its fummi~ q ~ t C f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d d,fo"~,~ b \l t, .; P ~middle and lower part extremely fertile.' Among the natural c.tlr~pf

this country are alfo to be reckoned the vail number of large eagles in the

neigbbourhood of the town of Bahlldag;, where the Archer&:all over Cf'r l iey

ami t I 'artary fupply themfelves with fea therafo r ~heirarrows, thougq)tl1~

f 'c ath ers a re ·in ~ u JB ber only twelli~,. a p g thp (e Q n ly in um~~l:,~tl,fo{,~,"

ufes ; the ~oInl)lQI), 'price of tp * f~ the~" aLirJn"!4 ~ lIar., . .' , " I ' , ~

· §~4. 1M ip:habit~, f O ( Q ) . u - l y f~ 'f~QQWJle~ € c p r * b , e i r , m3ftiill acmj~VTaien~s now give. tb.emfelve.s lJ P .t~ , ,"~ieryJ agr~u lt l,U "C : " ~ h .31 l~ r~$ ,Theil' language 19,'8dIlW!ll~/l.,4ilferl~g Q J lJ y ~ lmI~ fJ'9~, the$tryJflPl , I D

f l l tD m m c ia t W n ~ SQJJ)' . Q{, ,~ ~b.i~_,: M " ~ ' , G r . , rM , · ~s.' /kfi:I1Io,.t~1t-

The Greek ch\lt~hhQf~ 1 1 4 8 , a .. ~h,-~~~g~ ~ J )O :w ~ ed ~ . ~b y the o ther p atriarchs ~ and three archbifho ps, - ,

8F'.. ;i' S · s . The

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' . ~ 1 J 6 T U'R ' ,K'E.r in 'E ,U R f) 'P ' E. :[Bulgaria.

5. The country being governed by four Sangiaks is divided of courfe;into four Sangiaklhips. ,

I, The Sangiaklhip of Bidin. .or Widm contains .'. .. .

.W id ;n , W id y na , B id inum , B odon , rodenum , by the ancients called r im; --nacium, a ~ong fortificatio~ on the

Danu6e , and ,a bilhop's fe~.. In

1739,!tbe' J!ungar tans -made a fruitlefs: attempt upon trusiplace. ,. 'DrentJWrltz, Melko 'Wa tz , two little towns. '. , '.\. .,

;Oradi j le , a pretty large town on the borders o f S~it l .Ch ip rawaz , a pretty town and the refidence of a bi fhop .

, K lijfu ra , Zelezna , and Copi /owatz , three pretty good towns, where not

'long fince refided a gr~at number of AI6ania.n merchants of the Rol l lan ·c«.' ' ' t h < ? l i c religion: but in J 700' they were ordered to remove. ,

M,uj lapha-Bafcha-Palanka, a, fortrefs, having ~ rampart and quadruple

wall built of freeftone with eight towers : this place is capable, however,

'O f but little refiflance being commanded by the adjacent mountains.

Schark ioi or Scherkui , a town furrounded on all fides ·with a moraCa;'having a caftle of the fame name' featedon a' mountain, .near which runs

the river Nij j( l#Va, .increafed by two others,' namely , the Duftht i l la and, ·Sredorek rivers. " , , .

L ifto a ; Le fo o v; ta , ;atoyVn on the Lyperi tz .r CoIom6otz or Golom6"tz, a well fortified came feated on a mountain" at

-the foot of which is the {hong pafs of Urania,

, Ca tJ han it z, a fortrefs cOmmill~aiflg th e' pa rs ~n tt>the mountains. .

. :2 . The Sangialdhip -o f ~afdf~ cOOtairls~Sophia , by the' Bulgarians called

. .crf ' t i ldi tza, a 'pretty large adc!rpopulousJfradingto wn, w ell built, but open "~the ftreets alfo narrow, uneven and dirty, being paved only in the foot~

-ways, Every houfe, however, 'has agatden .well planted with trees andfruie-bufhes, The .If tha or ~lJ11e in certain places wafhes the town, anti

' i n Others runs q u i t e thro~gh .it..'Thegrea~ftl part of the ' t raders·here, asin;other places, are Grteks or .A,.menians.' '.It is therefidence of'. Beiglerbeg'a r id was'bUilt by the Emperor,1;g1in;an out of the ruins of the ancient'cityM 'S'tlrtiica ,, " :, '. ;, .' . , I : '

, i 'S l l11 icOV4, a town in the' mountains .

. -The Empe r o r 'rr4jan'sgate ' ftarids among h ills, w here-the fleep ro cks'~ffa:dreadful precipices, R~rt!e'adnii~ ef Imy'~ccefs.' I t - 'was '~reCted by thatlEmper6r : ·inc con1tnem6~ o f ll i5 ma rc ll ing' his al 'my th rough ' this tOun-

try, havi~~ made' himfe1f a road thrOu~h 'places·.'bc{ore. impervious- . Itcon~ of two 1\6ne pif~rs, withah v . l r d l (jftr them,.'~refenting a large

open ·gate7 This- b u ild in g is no w v ety r uin o u s, and, confifts of hewn f t oneand bricks. TI1~curious' in: antiquity have' ~e~ too bufy in .taking, .off. the .

&mes', which"~slgreat1y,def'ce~,this ~tet; mond~t.'~.Jn themouotaiotledng tothie ga~ 'a~ r.~:~ ..ork!(aftk;lr '2'b O i l i n g fp tingJ ., ..: ,', :

._ ,,",.}f(_I.I~ JI' . I_"UII i.. .i i., ·'~:!:';"l·,:;d '.1 » : I

»: .. ' •~ .;. Y 'ernOflUI,

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Bulgaria.J. 7"U R K sr in E U R 0 P E~ 127

>CJ*D'1J(JIWa,'rn~u"" formerly, the capital of /JlIIgaria; a royal 1., and

fortified, though at prefent but a mean place. It was alfo th e refidence of

a patriarch, and has rull an archbifhop, who is ruled archbi1hop of ' IernO'UJIZand all Bu/,garia, and even patriarch.

3 '1 The Sangiaklhip ,of NicOj¥JIi contains ,

, N .;,o po li~ N i ge po li, a large town on the, Danuoe , defended by a caille,

noted.in hiitory for the firll: unfortunate battle fought there betwixt the Chr; . .flians and 'Turks, in 1396. , "

Prefkn», the ancient Marcianopolis, built in honour of Marciana lifter t o ,the Emperor Trojan. Its prefent name fignifies an em in en t C ity .4. The Sangiaklhip of Siliflri«, a town on the Danuoe, large and forti-

fled; being alfo a bifhop 's fee. It ftands but a little way from the remains

of the' wall erected by the, Grecian Emperors againft the jnroads o~ the Bar-c

barous nations. Very few of the inhabitants of this place are 'l 'UrllS. Itsgreat antiquity is manifeCt from the nature of its walls, which have all the'

appearance of R 0 1 1 U 1 n and not '1'urkijh architecture, It was alfo called DfJ -,.eft~/us,.ll.jr-ea., l l . e : ' e " . ll.eir-to.!!_ and l l . f ~ S " e a . , and contains,

D o I J r u c i l l a town built without the Iimirs. of the abovementioned wall.

;·:AxiOpoli, forrnerly a town fituat.c atthe place where t I le,Danuoe'cha~iedits n ~ ~ e , into that of the !fie,.; but npw :harply the name o f the place

remains.,Lrfowa, a little town on th e I f l e r , where it inclines towards its f ou r ce .

Betwixt the feven branches or mouths through which the Darzu6e or..glnr.~ntersthe Black.fta are a; like, numberof iflands, the four,fouthern-·

mof t of, which belong to Bu/,g ar ia .. ,but :,thetqrc;e! no rthern . o nes to

Be.ffar{l~ia.: .v : , '.; •. ' ' " ', • ,

.Chiujlenge, P ro jliw itza , !firo po lis, a putty good town on the Black-fia,fo rmer ly : a very powerful place.. .'

t iOl l l i jVl!r» , t{omis, once the _capital of Le./ftr-Scythia and .the place. or.'.()ujt/s ~iI" being feateq on. a bay of the. fame name. ' . " .,

Varna, a town on the Bla&k-fea, noted fqr. the defeat there of Yladi/ lausK ing o f Hu,zgl!ry in 144+ , by Murll t /J th~ nrll: Empero r of tile Turks;.

D;onJliopoli, a fmall t own , formerly. capital of Lower M tEJJfI~ ,

Meftftlorip"lying at the f o o t of mount H ( £ 1 I I U S , formerly a.bifhop 's fee.

Obf. The Di~~a: of Door-uti/che extending from.Dorefterq. to the mouth·,

.. the · :PawJ;e .is9~ cC;D~~ plain interfperfed neither by rivers nor woods j.

though at the end of it, not far from Doreflero, is a wood by the ,7. '~ks..oa11c;d:Dt;li Orman, i,e. F.ooJs~woo4.; ,Tho inhabitants, who, derive- their de-

fcent fr~ 'Tprtu;an, emigrants, but are no w called Pjchki{ls, are, noted for

their f i a g l o \ l a r .bQ(piw,lit¥,..~hich.iSrf9 w .eat, that when. a , tr ~ vd.l c; r C ? f any,re-ligion or country, paffes through any ot their vil1ages,,~ th e houfe-.

.}teepers: : 9 . f . 1 > o th ~ .1~~ ~~t-.to f~te_ him,; iAJrRtipg himJn the

. ~~jlQft; ~er, ~-.ta,k~up' bis,~~ IW~~ . tpetD:ti '~d kindly acce~\




11' t : - J J R " J t 1 1 > 1 : \ «»t J , R \ o» it. [ R o m a n i a .,o f w l la 't. G o a }fIasheeh'i:>\ea'kd to beftb'w. The :per'foh whoie invitation

~e :tr:ave1l6raCcepts entertains him and his horfes, ·if they exceed not three,

for the Ipace of three days; and that too with a cordiality and cheerful-

nefs, which can fcarce be paralleled. He fets honey and eggs before him,

'in both of which this co~ntry abounds; and bread baked under the embers,

but of a very fine fort. They raife alfo a little houfe, for the reception of

firang'trs in particular, with couches round the hearth for travellers to ufe

as they think proper.

R M A N I A.

§. 1.TH I S country, 'which is either called Roman ia from the Romans ,or from N e w Ro me (C on JIan tin op le ) the feat of the eaflern part of

the Roman empire, and i ' S known among the 'Turks by the name of Rumili,is 'the ancient Tbrac i« of which fuch frequent mention is made in -the

-Greek and Lat in 'hiftorians. To the North it terminates on mount Hemus,to the Eaf t on the Black- fea, the Hel l eJpOl1 ! and Propont is , or the fea o f

Marmora ; being bounded to the fouthward by the Arch ipe lago , and eafl-

'Ward by Macedon i a and the river Strymon,

§ '. 2. The country is for ilie moll: part level though interfperfed with fome

IJarge and-remarkable mountains, the -mofl confiderable of which is mount

Hemus, .dividing the co.untry to the North from Bulgar ia . The next in Big-

-nefs i~ Rbodope celebra ted by the ancient poets fo r the cataflrophe of Or-pbeus. Mount Pangaus feparates this country'from Macedon ia , and Orbelus

-lies at no great difiance from the river Nej lus . Hamus and Rhodope are

two longridges of mountains, extending from the frontiers of Macedon i a'to the Bldck- fea. The rivers of note 'here are

The'2W'ar! tz , by the ancients-called Hebru s , which takes its rife in mount

Hemu s , and traverfing Roman ia fallsinto the /Egeon [ea.The C ara fu M ejlro , N ejJu s, or N eflu s , receiving its fource in mount

Rhodcpe , from whence it difcharges itfelf into the JEgean"fea ., .THe ' S trymon which rifes in mount Pangaus and runs '<ilfo into the

JEgepn, fea. . -

J§ . 3 . T he territories 31Iiong the 'mountains are cola and barren; but

thofe near the fea pleafant and fertile; producing all kinds of grain with

" o th er n ec ef ia rie s, -p ar tic u la rly rice which grows here in great'~lellty, and is

'remarkably good. • I ~ ••

§ . 4. This c6untty was-ancient ly 8iv,iaed into 1eve{.a l ifldepenClffiv ~4ng.r8or i fs ; the'inhabitants o f ~ bich w~te' the" : iJo ldl lc f , tlie J!)enflle¥~) the Be/ft:

5 the

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Romania.] TURKErinEUROPE.

the BijlfJ1ZeS,the Odomantes, the Cicones, the &Jon;, the Brigi, the fbyni,

the Pieres, the Odryji, the Satri i , the Crohyzi te , the Midi te , the Sapt:ei~and Gelt te .The Tbracian Cherfonefus was a1fo governed by its own Kings. The

prefent inhabitants are Greek, defcendents of the ancient Tbracians, witha mixtu~e oi Turks. The flourifhing flare of the fciences and beaux arts

among the Greeks was chiefly owing to the Tbracians j but at prefent there

is fcarce a perfon of any eminence in literature in all Romania.

§. S. The country is governed by three Sangiaks , and confequently di-

vided into as many Sangiakfhips.

1. The Sangiakfhip of Kirkeli, lies to the North near mount Hemus,and contains the following places.

Jetiman, a large town not far from 'I'rqjan's gate.

Bafar t fcbick , a noted town among the 'I'urks feared on the river Marite,into which, at this place, falls another ftream which runs round the town.

It is univerfally well built, the fireets being broad and clean, carries on agreat trade, and is delightfully fituated.

Phi l ippopoN, a pretty large town fianding on two points of land, though

formerly only one mountain, be fides which here are three more. Upon

one of the points flands a quadrangular tower, which was once a fortifica-

tion, but at prefent ferves only as a watch tower. The Marite, which

begins here to be navigable, feparates the town from the lower fuburbs. '

This place is the refidence of a Greek archb i fhop , The town was firft

founded by Philip father of Alexander the Great, from whom it received

alfoits name. In 1360, the Turks made thernfelves mailers of it. The'

neighbouring country abounds remarkably in rue.

Muflapba-Bafcha-Kiupr i , a town, by others called 'l'zg up ri C u prZf! Ji:;takes its name from a very beautiful bridge erected here over the Maritsi,by Mt tfta ph a Bo fc ba . This bridge confifis of twenty arches, all of free-

Ilone, and runs out a confiderable way at each end. It is faid to have coil:

four hundred purfes, or two hundred thoufand rix-dollars. -The foil in

this neighbourhood is fertile.Kirk-Ekklfjie, both a town and a Diflrict, formerly called TEq-(nec£)( .o~ ' fOl.

E)()(A~q-I"I, or forty churches, from the number of Chriftian churches it

contained. This place is twelve leagues from Adrianople, has at prefent

neither walls nor churches, and but very few Chriftian inhabitants, but

great numbers of Jews who removed hither from Podolia, and fpeak a cor-

rupt kind of German. Their chief employment is the making of butter

and cheefe, to which they affix a particular mark whereby the Jews at

Co'! f iant inople, to whom they fend it, know that the whole is clean and

made by 'Jews. -2. The Sangiakfhip of Byzia extends eaflward from the foot of mount

Ramus to the fea of Marmo ra ; and contains the following places

VOl .. II. S Viza,




"30 TU R K Erin E U R 0P E. [Roman i a .. Y iJ kl, Byzi IJ , a mean town, bu t anciently the re fid en ce o f the K ings o f"brace, and fiill· has a Greek bifh o p , ..

Adrianopoli , or Hadr ianopol i , by the '[ 'urks called Edrene , a large city

fituate in a plain on the Maritz , and partly furrounded with hills, on lome

of which the city alCo ftands. It takes its prefent name f h , ; , m the Emperor

Hadr ian , or Adrian , who founded or reftored it; fo r it Wag ancientlycalled Uftuda1l la , and was the capital of the B d J i . In the year 1360, Sul-

tan Amurath firfi took it from the Chrit1iani, from which time it becamethe feat of the 'TurkiJh Emperor till ConfJl1ntinoplew as reduced. It is o f a

circular form, furrounded with a wall and towers; has good houfes, bQt

.narrow and unequal Ilreets . The Emperor fome t imes vifits it, either for

pleafure or when he is not quite fafe at C01IJilmti"oplt . The feraglio ftandsin a moft delightful fituation, havihg a beautiful country on the one fide,and being fepsrated on the other f rom the ~i ty by the river Caradare , or

Artie, which here falls into the Maritz . The objects moft worthy of at-

tention in it ate fome mofques, the roofs of which are covered with copper~

having alfo lofty fteeples, and colonades, with pedeflals and chapiters of cai\:

..brafst beautiful marble gates of exquifite fculpture, delightful fountains,

.ftately porticoes with gilded balls on top, and curious tapeftry; all which

.make a very grand appearance. Its commerce. to which' the river which.

waters the city is of great fervice, has drawn hither people from-all various

nations. It is alfo the feat of a Greek bifhop, and, in the year 175+, fuffered

zreatly by fire. The adjacent country is very fertile, whence the town enjoys.

plenty of all kind of Jleceifaries, and the wine, in particular, is reckoned the

. beft in 'Turkty.H a pfa , H apfa la , a very large haan, or publick ian, where travellers are

.not only lodged but entertained gratis.B urgo s, B erg afo , a celebrated market town, having a haan the fame as

.that of Hap fa .Hozna4er '1ftbij l ick, .in imperial palace, three quarters of a mile from.

COf! Jla ntin op le. Nut it IiCis .

'T au t (D awud) Bafch a , being alfo an imperial palace,. built by the haa-oder, or commiflioner of the Sultan's treafury, and the place where the

Sultan always alights in his way to Arlritmople. This is likewife tbe cuf-tomary rendezvous of the ' Iurkijh army. .

ConjJflntinaple ,by the '['urh called IJ lamho/ , and the refidence of the Otto-1I t tZ1 l Emperor. Its original name was BYZIlII t ium, but D.mjillntine the Great,

the firft Chriftian Emperor, rebuilding it entirely, called it after his ownaame , and, in .the year 33'0 , it was cenfecrated as the (eat of the Roman .Empire. Itcontinued the refidence of the Chriftia.n Emperors in the eaflern

part of the Roman Empire till the year 1453 , . when it was- taken. by the

' - a r m afeer a liege of fifty ...ottt days; ever fince whieh it' has been the fear

and capital of the ic . dominion. II ftands,.. like aetient Rome, on Ieven hills;

and,




Romania.] TU R K Erin E,U R 0 P E.

and, by an exprefs order infcribed on a flone pillar, was therefore calledNew Rome; but fo little of thefe remain at prefent, that Conjiantine would

now Icarce know his own city again. Though ancient Byzantium was

reckoned the moil: delightful, and, at the [arne time, the moil: convenient

, place. for trade in .t~e whole worl?; yet ~f the pre[e.nt Conjlantinople it maybe faid, that nothing can exceed its fituation and neighbourhood. It is of

triangular figure, having the continent on one fide, and on the other

two the fea; namely, to the fouthward the rea of Marmora and the Helle-

JPon!, and eaflward the iflue of the Black fea. To the north lies its har-

bour, which is both convenient and of very large extent, being formed by

an arm of the firait which runs north-weft up into the' country, and is

joined by. a river: the fortifications, however, are too antique and ruinous

to make an~ tolerable refiflance llgainfi: an army. The city makes a grand

appearance from without, riling gradually from the {bore in form of an

. amphitheatre, but is not equal within to the ideas which may be formed of it.

It is of very uncommon extent, having twenty-two gates, fix of which areon the land fide, and Iixteen towards the fea , but the flreets are narrow'

and Ilippery, running along a declivity, and moft of the houfes low, being

built only of wood and mortar, but crowded with inhabitants. The bet]

houfes ftand in places which. are leaf] fubje(t to any grea~ eoncourfe of peo-

ple, arid where the city is moft thinly inhabited, as the fineft buiJdings are

without the city near the harbour. The feraglio, which, together with its

gardens, lies at the point of the triangle, near the canal and harbour, is ~ ..,

mile and a half round, being rather a collection of palaces and apartments

joined together by the Emperors, as their feveral fancies led them, than one

fingle building. The roof, like all the other palaces of the Grand Seignor, is

covered with lead. The main entrance is of marble, and by the Turks'called Capi. i. e. the porte, or rather gate; and from hence the Ottoman

Empire receives that name. Through this gate we enter the firll: court,

il l which are the mint, the infirmary and other buildings. The fecond

court is called the Divan court, the great council chamber, being there, with

.the kitchin, the treafury and ftables. To the north, adjoining to the Divan,

1 S the feraglio, properly fo called, through which is a narrow pailagelead-ing to the audience-chamber, which is of amazing magnificence, particu-

larly the throne. Thus far Ambafiadors are permitted to come, and this is

the se p lus u ltra of all. foreigners, though not a few travellers have taken upoq

them to fay' that they have penetrated even into the women's apartments.

Betwixt the two mofques of Sultan Solyman and Bajazet is the old [eraslio,

in which are {hut up the wives of the deceafed Sultans. The palaces of

perfens of rank among the Turks make no great appea~ance without, but

the infide never fails of being very Iplendid. Among the rnofques, or

q'urkijh churches, the moft magnificent and celebrated .is that o f .saiqt _Sffl-

S 2 phia>

1 31

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132 ~U R KE rn E U R 0 P·E. [ROll1ania.

ph ia , which fronts the great gate of the feraglio. I t was built by the Em-

peror J u J H n i a T l , and the ' I 'urks hold it in the fame veneration as did theChriflians, the Grand Seignor going there in perfon every Friday , and it is

very feldom that a Chriflian is admitted into it. The pavement, walks and

walls are all covered with marble, exclufive of a vaft number of pillars of por-

phyry, marble and Egypt ian granate. The revenue belonging to it is faid tobe ten thoufand guilders a day, and it contains one hundred thoufand perfons

€onveniently. Round it are feveral chapels, being burial places of the im-

perial family. The other mofques of Sultan Achme t , Sultan Mubammed ,

Sultan Se l im , Sultan So l yman , Sultan Bajaze t , and three more, are alfo very

fine. The Greeks have thirty churches, and the Armen ians a great many.

The Roman Catholics have alfo more than one, and the Swedi jh nation has

been permitted to build a Lutheran church here. Among the feveral curi-

ofities of ConJIant inople is the ancient Hippodr cme by the 7 'urks called .the

A tme idan , not farfrom the mofque of Sultan Achme t , and in which flands a

pyramid ef ' Ib ,ban marble infcribed with hieroglyphics; the coloffus alfo,or pillar confifting of feveral fquare blocks of free-flone , a triangular pillar

ef caft brafs, reprefenting three ferpents folded in each other, but having

the triple bead fallen off; a column in honour of the Emperor Arcadjus ,

ftanding 'on the feventh bill, in the road leading from Adr ianople to the

Hippodr~e ; the flave market, and the building where they are kept, which

is not far from the laft mentioned pillar; and the formidable flate prifon of

the feven towers, to which lately an eighth has been added. It is built of

:fine free-Ilene at the fouth end of the city, and environed by a wall with fe-

veral fmalles towers, fame of which, in the 'year 1754, fell to ruin.

Laftly, the market places, which the ' Iurks call Bezeflens, being fquares,

or exchanges, built on piazzas, where the T urks , Jew s, G reeks and Arme -nians meet for traffick. The Janizaries bave alfo their dwelling within the

imperial palace, and live in one hundred and fixty-two edas .or chambers.

The number of people in Conjl l lnt inople is, by Otter , computed to be

eight hundred thoufand. A th a n a jiu s D o r ofla n us , as cited by Elfner , affirms

that the Greeks alone make feur hundred thoufand, but the Armen ians not

half fa many. The palace of the Greek patriarch here fiands on a bill,

about two hundred paces from the harbour; near the patriarchal church de-

dicated to S e , GefJrgt . Such is the police of this large city, and fo ftrialy is

good order maintained, that a foreigner, taking a Janizary with him, may

walk about any where without the leaft infult ermoleflation, The plague,

which vifits it every year, frequently makes dreadful havock among them,

though this-is in a great meafure owing to the diforderly and filthy manner of

living among the people. The. city has often fuffered by fires, fome of

which have detlroyed from f if ty to feventy thoufand houfes. In the' year

- 1 : 7 S~ it Cuffered. much by.-an earthquake, a fire breaking out at the fame.. time.

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R()n~ia. ] .'I'U R K E r i~.E UR e e s.time. In· 17 S S and J 7 S 6 two other te rr ib le c c nf ia gr atlo n e . h a pp e ne dhere. -

. O n. the weft fide of the city are the . fuburbs of E J u p , or St. J o b . The

_;country along the ftrait into the Black fea is covered with .towns and vil-

. lages, feats, gardens, meadows, vineyards and woods. The chief officers

of the court generally refide there in Ipring, fummer and the beginning ofautumn, both for th e benefit of the .frefh air, and in order to be near the

Emperor, who fpends the f ummer at Bejikta~(cb, which we fh a ll p re fe ntlymake mention of. Next to Conflan t inople , on the oppofite fide of the har-

bour, lies. .' .

. ' G a la t4 , .a fuburb Iu~ounded with walls, towers and moats.· The in-

,habitant~ O f t h i s ' placeare chiefly G reeks, A rm enian s, F ran ks and Jews , who

. choo fe itfo r th eir re tid en ce , for the fake of living more at liberty than il l the< city. The .RPman Catholics have a few churches here, and the Greeks fix.Hue alfo are the warehoufes of the merchants; and near them, clofe to

'th~:harbour, is the d e rf on o , t er Jk a h an n e, or dock. IQ this part alfo is the.placecelled 9_a frm.Ba fcha~ ~nd fomewbat. more totheeaf]; S~. Deme tr io ••_4t no great diflance from It IS . . . .

' .: , '"Pera, which is alfo a handfome fuburb, fl:anding on an eminence, and

the quarter where the Chriflian envoys refide , though inhabited principally

.,by -~ better fort: of Greeks . The air is healthy, and the profpeCl:

· pleafant, Afcendicg from hence we come to,

I. . c r . o p h a n ! l , . fa called from the cannon fo~ndery there,· and which may be

~ ~pon ~ one .of, the fuburbs of C o n J I a n t z n o p / e . It lies directly from-

?iDI:~e,lnlperl~ feraglio -." F.arthq eaflward, . on the ftrait where the Black fea communicates with

the fea ~ M.armora , are the feats of FundukJu ; Be .f ik ta fc h ,an inclofedimperialIp a , l f ' G C . f o r . ' f n ' omen, and the cuftomary fummer refidence of the Emperor;· 0 r l 4 b ! , ; _ . . .n ak lim a na , K u r utfc h ifm e , -A rn an tk oy , and Kajo la r . Next to

. . ,the{e is a .lOng caftle commanding the entrance to Conftan t inop/e from the

Black fea, and oppofite to it is alfo another in Nata l ia . Farther on are the

.. ~ats of Ba ltilim a ni, Em ir kO J, I/Ie in ia , J en ik oy , '1 1 Je ra pia , R i ffe /k oy and Bel-grad; the laft of which is a. Greek village, fituate in a wood, where the

Grand Signior has kioJkes, or fmall pleaiure houfes, which he fometimes

·vi6ts. The foreign. miniflers have alfo their places of retirement here.

·Omitting fome other places, at the i1fue of the Black fea, both on the

. .European and Mat ick fide,fiands a flrong, came; and, not far from it. isDot onJy feen a, lighthoufe for the fafety of mariners, but, on an eminence

,~~ thirty paces from the fea, ftands the remains of Pompey ' s pillar, andJlear it OujJ's tower. Next is

S e /iv re a, S el yb ria , S el ym6 r ia , a celebrated port on the fea of Marmora , withan old ruinous caftle, ftanding on an eminence, formerly very ih'ong, and

~.~ ~e houfes ncar it called th e upper town, In the fuburbs is an imperial

granary, ..




134 T U R K Erin E U R 0 P E. ,[Romania.,

g ra na ry, in to . which the corn of the province is brought. This place is therefidence of a Greek-bilhop.

Heraclea, anciently -Perimbus, on the fea of Marmora , formerly a large

city, but now a mean place. Here are frill to be feen the remains of an am-

phitheatre built in the time of the Emperor Seuerus . It is alfo the refidenceo f a Greek archbifhop. '

RodoJlo , a trading town lying on the fea of M arm ora . ', ,3' The Sangiakfhip of Go/lipoN extends from mount Rhodope to theArchipelago, and is the fouth-weft part of the DiftriCl. To it belongs

The 'I braci an Che r fln if us , a peninfula, environed on the; fouth by the

Archipelago, weftward by a bay into whichfalls the fmal! nver of Mela! ,and towards the eaft by the firait whichthe ancients called the 1tell~(p(}nt ,, and on the north it is'joined to the continent.by a traCt of Iand.the breadth

of which was reckoned by the ancients to be about thirty-rev-en ftadia. It

contained formerly eleven towns, but at prefent the following are the prin-

cipal places of note. . . 'Gallipoli , formerly Callipo/ is; a weft inhabited town, with a fpacious har-

bour, feated on the celebrated firait which divides Europe from .A ja , by, the ancients called the Hel leJpont . This is the firft European town which the

Turks made thernfelves mafters of. '

S tjlo , S e/lo s, once a fortified caflle on the Helli fpont, oppofite :A/Jydos, inNatolia, Farther on to the fouth and the !Egeon fea lie ' ,

The celebrated Dardanel les , or two caft les which command the whole

Ilrait, and are the key to Conjlontinople. One of them ftands on a penin-

fula in Europe, and the other oppofite to .i t in Ajia. 'That in Europe confi l la, only of one round tower with fome outworks, and is likewife of fmaller

importance j c lofe by it Itands a village. Both thefe catlles were built byMahome t the fecond in 1452 . In the: year 1656 the Penetian fleet forcedtheir way through them and drovetbe <rurkijh fleet afhore, 'All fhips eom-

.inp out ~f the Archipelago are fearched he~e. On a rock in ~e' middle of

, thisftralt {lands a . tower, properly confilbng of two, o n which the Parkshave fome fmall cannon. To mariaers it ferves for amark tofleer by, bUt

the 'Turks u fe it as a watch-tower. In the middle of the r o ck is' a frefhfi rin.p -Ca~Jio , a fmallplaceot l t ' } fe -wdt fide of the peninfola ; and, o n the bayinto which runs the river Melos . This place; ' accoroing to Ph'nJ , was ~

called from its being built in form of a heart.:' '. , ,'Cf ' rajanapoli , a fmaH town on the Maritz. ..D emo tic a, D i dymo tic h us , a town on the Mori tz , where Charles the twelfth,

King of Sweden, fpent forne time in the year '7 J 3. ' It is the refidenceo f ,a Greek Bifhop, '. ' .

. P o l j j h 7 D l

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.

Macedonia.] :r U R K Erin ! ? - U R 0 P E . . . . 1;35.Pd J y jJ .il o, 4 / P fr o ja , A j lr iz ztl , a inean place on the Arch ipe l ago anciently

called .,A.l;t ierd,and one of the. mofl: celebrated cities.ef rh rflte ., It was notedformerly (or its gold and filver mines. . \ . '

Ob! The following .parts of 'litrk.eJ in &rop t belong to Gree c e . J wasextremely dsfirous of defcribing them according to the political divifionfounded on the fyftem of the Ot toman Porte, but the want of the necef-fary helps and vouchers rendered that impracticable, fo that, with othergeographers, I mufi:retain the divilion and appellation of the feveral,coun-tries made ufe of among the G re eks : though of their ancient fine I fhallonly fpeak curforily, this work being intended not for all ancient, but amodern, geography.

MAC ·E ON:lA.

TO the north it is bounded by the river N~l f u s or Ne j l u s , eaflward bythe Arch ipe l ago ; fouthward it joins ' Ihe jJaly and Epirus, and to the

weft A lban ia . The figure of it is very irregular, but. the fituation advan-tageous and the air clear, {harp and wholefome. The foil is for the moil: .part fertile, and the maritime coafis, in particular, abound in corn,. wine,oil, and every thing that can be delired for ufe or pleafure. In the inland'

parts are feveral uninhabited wafles. It had mines formerly of alrnofl an. kinds of metal, but particularly of gold. Among the many large moun-tains in this country is the chain of the Scardi, which traverfes the northernpart of it. Pangieus was formerly noted for very rich filver and goldmines. The mountain of Hamus joins the Scardi fepara:tirig this countryfrom Roman i a . Mount . A t has is one of the moft celebrated mountains inthe whole world, and {ball be particularly defcribed in the fequel.. Of.'woods, and all kinds of timber, here is a proper plenty , and themany fine bays in this country are a great convenience to trade. The moil:remarkable of thefe are the Gol f o di C on teJ !a (jinu s S try mo nicu s) G o!fo d t

M o n te S an to (fin usjin gitic us) and the G o !fo d i Salonicbi , ( j inus ' rhe rmceus . )

The principal rivers are, The P la t amone (A i i acmon) which runs into thebay of S alon icb i , the J 7ijtr iz a ( Er ig io n ) which mingles with, the follow-ing; v iz . the Va rd ar ( A xt'u s) the greatefl: river in all Macedon ia , taking its, rife in the Scardian mountains and falling into the bay of Salonicbi ,

The Strymon rifes in Romania , or Thra( 'e , and difcharges itfelf into the~~~~ .

Be t i des




· 136 TU R K Erin' E U R 0 P E. [M a cedon ia •.

Befides the bays formed by the Part lar and S t r ymon , there are Comeothers

of note, as tho{e near .A cbrM a . (Ly ch nidu s, P refpa) with another between "\the bays o f Sa lon ich i and d i C on td fa .· .. .

Macedon i a having been formerly inhabited by fcveral nations had a great

number of towns. The mo1\: remarkable places in it at preimt are the'

followingH era clea , H e rac le« S in tica , anciently Sinf ia , a fmall town on the river

S trym on . ' . , ~

Phi l ippi , a village having but few houfes; ftands near the ruins of the an- .

cient celebrated town of that name. Its inhabitants confift only of a few

poor Greeks , yet is it the refidence of a Grec ian bifhop, who ftyles himfelf:

Metropolitan of Phi l ippi and Drama , and has feven bifhops under him.

The city of Phi l ippi ftood on a hill betwixt the rivers Nej fus and S t r ymon

on the borders of Tbrace , to which, in its moft ancient times it belonged •.

It was at firft called Crmides , or fpring-town, from the many fprings iffuing

out of the hill on which it ftood; afterwards Datbas, or'Thofus, from thec : f h a j t J who built it, and laftly Phi l ippi , from Phi l ip of Macedon , who, after re-

ducing it, rebuilt it with confiderable improvements j and from that time

it belonged to Macethn ia . Near this place C4J i u s and Brutus were de-

feated by 08av;us and M ark A ntony . Under 'Julius Cafar and Auguj lus"i twas a Roman colony. At prefent it lies wafte, though ftill boafting (orne

curious remains of antiquity, particularly an amphitheatre. The Apoftle

Pau l has written an epiftle to the Chriftians of this place,

ConteJ fo , a fmall place giving name to the bay into which the river S t r ymon

.runs.

Em bo li, A m ph ip olis , C h rijlip olis , now a defolate place on the river Stry-

mon , but formerly famous as an Athen ian colony. The fecond name is themofl ancient; the third it received from the Chriftians, and the firf] has been

befrowed upon it by the 'lu rks. ,

Mount Athos , commonly called M o nte Sa nto , lies on a peninfula running'

out into the lEgum fea, and is, indeed, a chain of mountains extending the

whole length of the peninfula, being feven Turki jh miles long and three in

breadth; but it is only one fingle mountain which is properly called Athos . Its

uncommon height appears from the accounts of Plutarch and Pliny , who'

affirm that when the fun is at the fummer Iolflice, probably a little before its

fetting, the mountain cafts its Ihadow as far as the market-place of Myrrh ind

in the ifland of Lemnos , which, in the bell: maps, is fifty-five I talian miles

4iftant; whence the height of mount Atho s maybe inferred to be about

eleven fiadia. On it are twenty-two convents, befides a great number of

cells and grottos, with the habitations of no lefs than fix thoufand monks _

and hermits; though the proper hermits, who live in grottos, are not above

twenty: the other monks are anchorites or fuch as live in cells. It is evi.

dent from IElian that anciently the mountain in general, and particularly the

fummit,




Macedonia.] T U R K E r in.E U R 0 2 It. 'l.J1fummit, was accounted very healthy and conducive to long life ~ dencethe inhabitants were called Macrobi i , or long lived. We are further in..formed by Pbilof lratus, in the life of .Apollonius, that numbers of philofo-.phers ufed to retire to this mountain for the' better contemplation of theheavens and nature; and, after their example, it unqueftionably was, thatthe monks built their ~ e O ~ 1 1 ' ~ e I f J l ' ,r celJs. The monks called i Y ' O e , T l % l , or-rIOfIITlIU, i,e . inhabitants of the holy mountain, are fo far from being a fet ofllothful people, that, befides their daily offices of religion, they perform allmanner of work, cultivate the olive and vineyards, are carpenters, mafons,hone-cutters, cloth-workers, taylors, e r c . They live alfo a very auflerelife, their utual food, inftead of flefh, being vegetables, dried olives, figs,onions, fruit, cheefe, and, on certain days and Lent excepted, fifh, Theirfafts are many and fevere, which, with the healthfulnefs of the air, renderslongevity fo common there, that many of them live above a hundredyears. In every convent are two or three ftudying monks, who are exempted

from labour, but ufe exemplary diligence among the many writings to befound in their libraries. Here it is the Greeks properly and chiefly learntheir divinity. The monks are in high efteem for the orthodoxy of theirdoctrine and the fanCtityof their lives. Thefe convents and churches havebells, which are no where elfe allowed the Greeks ; and are alfo environedwith high and ftrong walls planted with cannon, again11:any furprize fromCorfairs. Befides churches and convents, the mountain has alfo a towncalled Kareis , inhabited alfo by monks, and the refidence of the 'I'urkijh

Aga, who commands here in the name of the Boftangi Bafcha, to defendthe place againft the Corfairs. In this town a market is held every Saturday.

among the monks and anchorites, which laft bring hither knives and little

images, with what money they thus earn purchafing themfelves bread; butthe monks ca r ry them about every where and receive alms for them. Themountain is under the protection of the Boftangi Bafcha, to whom it annu-

al1ypays twelve thoufand dollars, and almoft a larger fum is further to bepaid at Salonicbi to the ufe of the Sultan himfelf. This heavy tribute isdifcharged by alms and the liberal contributions of R u . J f t a and the Princes ofWalachia and Moldav i« . No fowls or cattle are kept upon this mountain,though, on paying a confideration, graziers are allowed to fatten their cat-tle here. On this chain of hills formerly ftood five cities, 'Viz •

.A iomama , a mean place, noted only for the bay to which it givesname ,.' .S a lo nic h i, 'I h eJ fa lo n ic o, a celebrated trading city .the end of the bay ofSalo-

nlcbi , and, at prefent, the moft confiderable place in Macedonia . This city wasformerly called Halia and Tberma, but Caf fonder building it anew, gave itthe name of his fpoufe ' Ih4falonica, who was fifter to A le xande r the Great. ~To its admirable fituation for trade is probably owing all the regard whichthe feveral conquerors of Macedonia have fhewn it. The advantages de-

. V O L . II.' T rived




\ I J . 8 'T U R K Erin E U RO P E. [Macedonia.

rivedirom it are fuch as are fcarce to be met with elfewhere , and as it at-tracted the encomiums of the ancients, fo it has the admiration of the

moderns. Nor is it diftinguiilied only by the greatnefs of its traffick, but isalfo very remarkable for the ftately remains of its ancient grandeur, fuch as

triumphal arches (of which there is one here almoft entire, erected in he;

1l0ur of the Emperor Antoninus) churches of an extraordinary beauty andftatelinefs, now converted into 'Iurkijh mofques, particularly that of St.

Demetr ius , which confi f ls of one church built over another, and having in

it above a thoufand pillars of jafper, porphyry, &c. In this and other

'Churches are the monuments of f evera l celebrated perfonages ; and without

the city are great numbers of antique fragments with infcriptions. Numbers

of coins too are alfo frequently found here. It is the ref idence of a c:furkijh

Bafha, and likewife of a Catholick and Greek archbifhop, who has eight fuf-

fragans under him. In the year 13 r 3 the city was fold to the Fenet ians ,

who were difpo1fe1fed of it about eight years afterwards by Amura th the

fecond. The Chriflians here were formerly fo confiderable that St. Paulhas addref led them in two epiftles,

Jenizza, anciently Buno nu s, B u nom ie , Pella, at the mouth of the riverYardar , or Axius , a town now in ruins, but noted for being the birth-

place of Philip and his fon Alexander . In its neighbourhood formerly f l o odthe monument of Euripides the celebrated tragedian.

Cb itr o, S itr on , Pydna , on the bay of Selonicbi , noted for being the place

where the mother, fpoufe and fon of Alexander the Great were murdered b yCajfonder , and for the victory obtained in its neighbourhood by P au lu s IEm i-

/ius, the Roman Conful, over Perfeus King of Macedon ia .

Y er i'll, B er oe a, a place mentioned in the ACts of the Apofi:les.

Alij fone, a town with a Greek convent.Saroitea, a town £landing partly qn a mountain and partly on a plain,

with a caftle on a high rock being a fl.rong pafs. .. S arijio le , a place of no confideration.

lEdd[a, lEgeea, fituate on the river PiJlriza, or ErigonitJs, anciently thecapital of the Kingdom of Macedon ia ; and, till the time of Phi l ip , the

retidence and burial-place of its Monarchs.

Ocbrith , A ch rida , G iujJend il, anciently Lychnidus and Lychnidia , 'a Jarge

trading town on the bay of the fame name, and the feat of a Greek

arch bifh op.E cc ifo W erh en i, famed for its mineral waters. .

Pirl ipe, a place fituate tmong high mountains of the fame name, which

glitter like filver, and bef ides talc abound alfo in good metals and minerals ..K rupu lik, i. e. Bridge- town, feated on the river Pjinia.

Kap lan ik , or 'Tiger-town.

Colfl l)nll 'Va, a town having a Greek sonven t near it.

ALBANIA..

a new system of geography 1762

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