A New Industrial AgeA New Industrial Age

Chapter 6Chapter 6

US HistoryUS History

Section 1 Objectives:Section 1 Objectives:• By the end of this By the end of this

lesson, I will be able lesson, I will be able to:to:

• 1. Explain how the 1. Explain how the abundance of natural abundance of natural resources, new recovery resources, new recovery and refining methods, and refining methods, and new uses for them and new uses for them led to intensive led to intensive industrialization.industrialization.

• 2. Identify inventions 2. Identify inventions that changed the way that changed the way people lived and worked.people lived and worked.

Section 1:The Expansion of Section 1:The Expansion of Industry:Industry:

• Main IdeaMain Idea: At the end of : At the end of the 19the 19thth century, natural century, natural resources, creative ideas, resources, creative ideas, and growing markets and growing markets fueled an industrial boom.fueled an industrial boom.

• Why it MattersWhy it Matters Now: Now: Technological Technological developments of the late developments of the late 1919thth century paved the way century paved the way for the continued growth of for the continued growth of American Industry.American Industry.

• Key Terms:Key Terms:• Bessemer ProcessBessemer Process

• Key Names:Key Names:• Edwin L. DrakeEdwin L. Drake• Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison• Christopher SholesChristopher Sholes• Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell

Section 1: Section 1: The Expansion of Industry:The Expansion of Industry:

• As the settlers continued As the settlers continued to push west, America to push west, America was still largely was still largely agricultural – that will all agricultural – that will all changechange

• In this chapter, we will In this chapter, we will see American industry see American industry grow to be the largest in grow to be the largest in the worldthe world• How did it happen?How did it happen?

• 1) Natural Resources 1) Natural Resources • 2) Governmental support2) Governmental support• 3) Urbanization3) Urbanization

Black Gold:Black Gold:

• In 1859, In 1859, Edwin Edwin DrakeDrake used a steam used a steam engine to drill for oil engine to drill for oil

• This breakthrough This breakthrough started an oil boom started an oil boom in the Midwest and in the Midwest and later Texaslater Texas

• Later, the gasoline Later, the gasoline would be used for would be used for carscars

Bessemer Steel Process:Bessemer Steel Process:

• Coal and iron were Coal and iron were plentiful within the plentiful within the U.S.U.S.

• When you removed When you removed the carbon from the carbon from iron, the result was iron, the result was a lighter, more a lighter, more flexible and rust flexible and rust resistant resistant compound – Steel compound – Steel ((Bessemer process)Bessemer process)

BESSEMER CONVERTOR CIRCA 1880

New Uses For Steel:New Uses For Steel:

• The railroads, with The railroads, with thousands of miles of thousands of miles of track, were the track, were the biggest customers for biggest customers for steelsteel

• Other uses emerged: Other uses emerged: barbed wire, farm barbed wire, farm equipment, bridge equipment, bridge construction (Brooklyn construction (Brooklyn Bridge- 1883),and the Bridge- 1883),and the first skyscrapersfirst skyscrapers

Brooklyn Bridge: NYC

New Inventions Spur New Inventions Spur Industry:Industry:

• Can you imagine Can you imagine living in a time when living in a time when the following the following inventions were inventions were created?created?

• 1. 1. ElectricityElectricity (how (how would we live without would we live without it now?)it now?)

• 2. 2. TelephoneTelephone (no (no text messaging yet)text messaging yet)

• 3. 3. TypewriterTypewriter (before this (before this everything was everything was written by hand)written by hand)

Electricity: Thomas EdisonElectricity: Thomas Edison

• Thomas Alva Thomas Alva EdisonEdison perfected perfected the incandescent the incandescent light bulb in 1880light bulb in 1880

• Later he invented Later he invented an entire system an entire system for producing and for producing and distributing distributing electricityelectricity

• Electricity would Electricity would later power later power virtually virtually everythingeverything

“One percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.”

The Typewriter:The Typewriter:

• Christopher SholesChristopher Sholes invented the invented the typewriter in 1867typewriter in 1867

• His invention His invention forever affected forever affected office work and office work and paperworkpaperwork

• It also opened many It also opened many new jobs for women new jobs for women

This is the time period when secretary jobs were primarily held by women….has this changed much?

The Telephone:The Telephone:

• Alexander Alexander Graham BellGraham Bell and and Thomas Watson Thomas Watson unveiled their unveiled their invention in invention in 18761876

• We are still We are still using their using their invention todayinvention today

Section 2: ObjectivesSection 2: Objectives

• By the end of this lesson, I will be By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:able to:

• 1. Identify the role of the railroads in 1. Identify the role of the railroads in unifying the country.unifying the country.

• 2. List positive and negative effects of 2. List positive and negative effects of railroads on the nation’s economy.railroads on the nation’s economy.

• 3. Summarize reasons for, and 3. Summarize reasons for, and outcomes of, the demand for railroad outcomes of, the demand for railroad reform.reform.

Section 2: The Age of the Section 2: The Age of the Railroads:Railroads:

• Main IdeaMain Idea: The growth : The growth and consolidation of and consolidation of railroads benefited the railroads benefited the nation but also led to nation but also led to corruption and required corruption and required government regulation.government regulation.

• Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now: : Railroads made Railroads made possible the expansion possible the expansion of industry across the of industry across the United States.United States.

• Key Terms:Key Terms:• Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad• Munn vs. IllinoisMunn vs. Illinois• Interstate Commerce ActInterstate Commerce Act

The Age of RailroadsThe Age of Railroads

• As railroad As railroad companies companies continued to grow, continued to grow, their influence over their influence over others became out others became out of controlof control

• New reforms will be New reforms will be needed to keep the needed to keep the railroad companies railroad companies in checkin check

A National Network:A National Network:

• The The transcontinental transcontinental RailroadRailroad - cross - cross country route, country route, connecting many connecting many cities.cities.

• Out-of-work Civil War Out-of-work Civil War vets and immigrants vets and immigrants from China and from China and Ireland provided most Ireland provided most of the difficult labor of the difficult labor

• Many were injured Many were injured and even killed laying and even killed laying tracktrack

Railroad and Time:Railroad and Time:

• Before 1883, each Before 1883, each city still operated city still operated on its own time on its own time

• Professor C.F. Professor C.F. DowdDowd proposed proposed dividing the earth dividing the earth into 24 time zonesinto 24 time zones

• The U.S. would be The U.S. would be divided into 4 divided into 4 zones: the zones: the eastern, Central, eastern, Central, Mountain, and Mountain, and PacificPacific•Can you imagine trying to run Can you imagine trying to run

a business when everyone is a business when everyone is on a different time schedule?on a different time schedule?

THE UNITED STATES IS DIVIDED INTO 4 TIME ZONES

Railroads Spur Other Railroads Spur Other Industries:Industries:

• Railroads led to:Railroads led to:• 1. Rapid growth of 1. Rapid growth of

industry – coal, steel, industry – coal, steel, lumberlumber

• 2. Growth of cities 2. Growth of cities (Chicago, Denver, (Chicago, Denver, etc.)etc.)

• 3. increase of 3. increase of settlement in the settlement in the WestWest

The Grange and the The Grange and the Railroads:Railroads:

• Farmers (with the Farmers (with the help from the Grange) help from the Grange) continued to push for continued to push for fairness in the fairness in the railroad industry – and railroad industry – and they got political!they got political!

• They got the Supreme They got the Supreme Court to pass…..Court to pass…..

• Munn vs. IllinoisMunn vs. Illinois: : States were given States were given regulation control of regulation control of railroads by the railroads by the CourtsCourts

Interstate Commerce Act:Interstate Commerce Act:

• In 1887, the Federal In 1887, the Federal government re-government re-established their established their control over control over railroad activitiesrailroad activities

• Congress passed Congress passed the the Interstate Interstate Commerce Act Commerce Act – – federal government federal government regulation of regulation of railroads (this railroads (this didn’t work right didn’t work right away)away)

Section 3: ObjectivesSection 3: Objectives

• By the end of the lesson, I will be able to:By the end of the lesson, I will be able to:• 1. Identify management and business strategies 1. Identify management and business strategies

that contributed to the success of business tycoons that contributed to the success of business tycoons such as Andrew Carnegie.such as Andrew Carnegie.

• 2. Explain Social Darwinism and its effects on 2. Explain Social Darwinism and its effects on society.society.

• 3. Summarize the emergence and growth of 3. Summarize the emergence and growth of unions.unions.

• 4. Explain the violent reactions of industry and 4. Explain the violent reactions of industry and government to union strikes.government to union strikes.

Section 3: Big Business and Section 3: Big Business and LaborLabor

• Main IdeaMain Idea: The expansion : The expansion of industry resulted in the of industry resulted in the growth of big business and growth of big business and prompted laborers to form prompted laborers to form unions to better their lives.unions to better their lives.

• Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now: : Many of the strategies used Many of the strategies used today in industry and in the today in industry and in the labor movement, such as labor movement, such as striking, have their origins striking, have their origins in the late 19in the late 19thth century. century.

• Terms:Terms:• Vertical and horizontal Vertical and horizontal

integrationintegration• Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism• Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust Act• American Federation of Labor American Federation of Labor

(AFL)(AFL)• Industrial Workers of the World Industrial Workers of the World

(IWW)(IWW)

• Names:Names:• Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie• John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller• Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers• Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs• Mary Harris JonesMary Harris Jones

Section 3: Big Business and Section 3: Big Business and LaborLabor

• Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie was one of the first was one of the first industrial tycoonindustrial tycoon

• He entered the He entered the steel industry in steel industry in 1873 after making 1873 after making BIG $ with the BIG $ with the railroad industryrailroad industry

• CarnegieCarnegie attempted to attempted to control as much of control as much of the steel industry the steel industry as possibleas possible

Carnegie Mellon University

Carnegie Business Carnegie Business Practices:Practices:

• CarnegieCarnegie initiated initiated many new business many new business practices such as;practices such as;

• 1. Searching for ways 1. Searching for ways to make to make better better products more products more cheaplycheaply

• 2. Accounting systems 2. Accounting systems to track expensesto track expenses

• 3. Attracting quality 3. Attracting quality people by offering people by offering them stock & benefitsthem stock & benefits

ANDREW CARNEGIE

1835 -1919

Carnegie’s Smart Plan:Carnegie’s Smart Plan:

• Vertical integrationVertical integration - - buying out his buying out his suppliers coal suppliers coal fields, iron mines, fields, iron mines, ore freighters, and ore freighters, and rail linesrail lines

• Horizontal Horizontal IntegrationIntegration – – buying out buying out companies that companies that produce similar produce similar productsproducts

Business Growth and Business Growth and ConsilidationConsilidation

• These kinds of These kinds of business practices business practices could result in a could result in a monopolymonopoly - complete - complete control over an control over an industryindustry

• ExampleExample: : • In 1870, In 1870, Rockefeller Rockefeller

Standard Oil CompanyStandard Oil Company owned 2% of the owned 2% of the country’s crude oilcountry’s crude oil

• By 1880 – it controlled By 1880 – it controlled 90% of U.S. crude oil90% of U.S. crude oil

• Is this ok?Is this ok?

Robber Barons:Robber Barons:

• As more and more As more and more monopoliesmonopolies formed formed and abused their and abused their power, critics began power, critics began using the term using the term ““Robber Barons”Robber Barons”

• Even though they Even though they made LOTS of $, they made LOTS of $, they still gave back still gave back (schools, hospitals, (schools, hospitals, etc.)etc.)

What’s going on here?

Sherman Anti-Trust Act:Sherman Anti-Trust Act:• The government The government

had to respond – the had to respond – the “robber barons” “robber barons” were getting way to were getting way to powerful.powerful.

• Sherman Anti-Trust Sherman Anti-Trust ActAct made it illegal made it illegal to form a monopoly to form a monopoly (Trust)(Trust)

• This was tough – big This was tough – big companies would companies would just split up into just split up into smaller companiessmaller companies

Labor Unions Emerge:Labor Unions Emerge:• Workers were working Workers were working

6-7 days a week for 6-7 days a week for more than 10 hours a more than 10 hours a dayday

• In 1882, an average of In 1882, an average of 675 workers were killed 675 workers were killed PER WEEKPER WEEK on the jobon the job

• Workers realized they Workers realized they needed to organize to needed to organize to get change to happenget change to happen

• Workers created Workers created UnionsUnions to negotiate wages, to negotiate wages, hours, conditions, hours, conditions, strikingstriking

Striking and Violence:Striking and Violence:• Some strikes, turned Some strikes, turned

deadly – labor leaders deadly – labor leaders and police clashed and police clashed (many times right in (many times right in front of the factories)front of the factories)

• Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs – – labor leader that labor leader that helped to organize helped to organize unionsunions

• OutcomesOutcomes – – • 1. Companies learned 1. Companies learned

to treat their to treat their employees betteremployees better

• 2. Unions became 2. Unions became more powerfulmore powerful