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TRANSCRIPT
A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR
NUCLEAR POWER DEPLOYMENT
Maurizio Martellini, Secretary General
Thomas Shea, Senior Scientist
Landau Network – Centro Volta
2010 MOSCOW NONPROLIFERATION CONFERENCEMarch 4-6, 2010
SECTION 5: Nuclear Energy “Renaissance”: Opportunities and Challenges
Existing Arrangements
Increased deployment of nuclear power
could helping to meet growing energy
demand and in furthering the shift to less
carbon-intense energy sources. If nuclear
power is to to expand significantly into new
states, the key problems of safety,
safeguards and security must be
addressed in a manner that will enable the
developing areas of the world to benefit.
Equitable Access to Nuclear
Technology
Emerging nuclear states may have
difficulty in acting as informed consumers
of nuclear technology due to lack of
experience, inability to finance the high
capital costs of nuclear power, and the
leverage of suppliers. This leads to slower
deployment of nuclear power, to
compromises in quality, and to potentially
to the selection of inappropriate
technologies.
Safe and Secure Nuclear Power
Operations
Emerging nuclear states may lack the
experience and resources to mange
nuclear power safely and securely. This is
a concern both for its own sake (accidents,
radiation exposure, malicious acts in the
host state) and for the adverse effect any
nuclear incident could have on nuclear
energy development worldwide.
Proliferation
The expansion of nuclear power could increase the risk of proliferation, especially through:– development of indigenous enrichment and/or
reprocessing (ENR), which could be used for a nuclear weapons program;
– accumulation of spent fuel, which could be a source of plutonium for nuclear weapons;
– inadequate safeguards, security, and/or export control which could enable the misuse of civilian nuclear material or technology.
Problem Cases
The first three problems apply generally to states seeking to develop nuclear power programs.
In addition, there are a few States whose nuclear programs raise significant proliferation concerns.
Failure to address them could adversely affect the global expansion of nuclear power.
A Proposed
Convention on Nuclear Power
A Convention on Nuclear Power could establish a new framework for international nuclear commerce with the aim of facilitating the global expansion of nuclear power while enhancing safety, security, and nonproliferation.
To succeed, it would have to meet the legitimate needs of the developing world, the nuclear industry, and the international community.
Role of the Convention
The proposed Convention on Nuclear Power would constitute a “grand bargain” among supplier states and user states for international nuclear commerce, facilitating the global expansion of nuclear power while enhancing safety, security, and nonproliferation.
Optional elements of the Convention could address assured fresh fuel supply, spent fuel disposition, quality assurance of reactor design and operation, financing of nuclear power, and extraterritorial siting of selected nuclear facilities.
The Convention could be implemented by the Parties, the nuclear industry, a nuclear power deployment commission, and the IAEA.
Supply of Goods and
ServicesPotential suppliers would advise the Nuclear Power Deployment Commission of the goods & services they are prepared to provide. Potential recipients would apply to the NPDC for the goods & services they seek.
The NPDC would match vetted suppliers with vetted recipients.
Recipients could request the NPDC to: a. facilitate the negotiation of a supply contract between the recipient
and the user, or
b. purchase the goods and services itself and provide them to the recipient on an assured basis backed by all Parties
NPDC would carry out independent quality assurance activities to ensure that all supply provisions are completed in accordance with the provisions of the relevant contracts.
Stringent safety, security, and nonproliferation requirements would apply to the supply of nuclear goods and services under the Convention.
Finance
The Convention could establish a Nuclear Power Deployment Fund (Fund) to receive monetary and in-kind disbursements from several sources, perhaps including a surcharge on nuclear power generation.
Spent Fuel Disposition
Under the Convention, Contracting Partiescould establish and operate a Spent Fuel Disposition System consisting of:a. a network of International Spent Fuel Reception
Centers to provide transitional (interim) storage
b. a network of International Spent Fuel Recycle Centers, and
c. a network of international Nuclear Waste Repositories.
These facilities could be located on extraterritorial sites administered by the IAEA.
Extraterritorial Agreements
The Convention could authorize the IAEA to conclude extraterritorial agreements for nuclear facilities and activities on territory to be administered by the IAEA.
Such arrangements could accelerate the introduction of nuclear power or nuclear fuel cycle facilities into regions otherwise not able to support such activities, to facilitate the creation of installations needed by the international community, or to resolve problem situations.
Extra-territorial arrangements could potentially include uranium mining and milling, enrichment and fuel fabrication, nuclear reactors, spent fuel storage sites and waste repositories.
The facilities could operated by competent industrial organizations and regulated by the host State, the vendor state, or a combination as agreed.
Next Steps
• Convene a Work Shop in Como with ca. 15 experts to review and modify the existing 19-page draft Convention.
• In cooperation with the IAEA, convene a meeting in Vienna inviting all IAEA Member State delegations, perhaps in the margins of the 2010 IAEA General Conference.
• See sponsors for convening a diplomatic conference leading to the conclusion of the Convention.
• Securing participation.
A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR
NUCLEAR POWER DEPLOYMENT
Maurizio Martellini, Secretary General
Thomas Shea, Senior Scientist
Landau Network – Centro Volta
2010 MOSCOW NONPROLIFERATION CONFERENCEMarch 4-6, 2010
SECTION 5: Nuclear Energy “Renaissance”: Opportunities and Challenges