a new dictionary of khmer pronunciation(final)
TRANSCRIPT
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A New Dictionary of Khmer
Pronunciation
Royal University of Phnom Penh
M.A of Linguistics
Chem Vatho
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Standard Khmer and Phnom Penh Dialect
• Standard Khmer can be more or less assimilated to the Phnom Penh dialect.
• The Phnom Penh population can’t be seen as stable as people who are living in Phnom Penh Nowadays are, for most of them, coming from the countryside.
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• Khuon, Sokhumpu , 1970.
• A system of Khmer Phonetics.
• A section of Linguistics approach at the faculty of Human science of Royal University of Phnom Penh.
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Vowels
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Diphthongs
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Central Vowels
• Khuon Sokhampu uses the following symbols *ɘ+*ɜ+*ɸ+*œ+ to transcribe Khmer central vowels
• These symbols are in fact Front labialized French vowels that are different from the Khmer central vowels *ɨ+ *ɘ+ *ɜ]
• This simply amounts to say that Khuon Sokhampu had a vision of Khmer Phonetics that was strongly influence by the description of French language
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Henderson, E.J.A. 1952. “The Main Features of Cambodian Pronunciation”.
BSOAS, Vol. XIV: Part 1: 151-174.
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Vowels
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• Huffman, F.E. 1967. An Outline of Cambodian Grammar . Cornell University, PhD.
• Huffman, F.E. 1970-a. Modern Spoken Cambodian. Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program.
• Huffman, F.E. 1970-b. Cambodian Writing System and Beginning Reader. New haven, Yale University Press.
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Frankline Huffman
• Frankline Huffman did not use International Phonetics Alphabets(IPA) but a mixture of IPA and Traditional American Phonetics Transcription.
• Another interesting point is Huffman’s treatment of velar consonants [k] and *ŋ+: his transcription relies more on the script than on the real pronunciation as he doesn’t consider their palatalization after the front vowels and open diphthongs.
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Consonants
Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d c k ʔ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Trill r
Fricative s h
Approximant β j
Lateral
Approximant l
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Vowels Front Mid Back
i(i) ɨ (ɨ ) u (u) Close
eː e ɘːɘ oː o Close mid
ɛː ɛ ɜ ɔː ɔ Open mid
aː a ɑː ɑ Open
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Aperture oppositions
• /iː/ ~ /eː/: ទ place ទេ negative word /tiː/ ~ /teː/
• /eː/ ~ /ɛː/: ទេឃ sky មេក branch /meːc/ ~ /mɛːc/
• /ɛː/ ~ /aː/: មែេ edge កាេ desire /kɛːm/ ~ /kaːm/
• /ɨː/ ~ /ɘː/: ឈ sick ទឈើ wood /chɨː/ ~ /chɘː/
• /uː/ ~ /oː/: ែ pair ទោ cow /kuː/ ~ /koː/
• /oː/ ~ /ɔː/: ទោ cow ែ deaf /koː/ ~ /kɔː/
• /ɔː/ ~ /ɒː/: ែ dumb ក neck /kɔː/ ~ /kɒː/
• /e/ ~ /ɛ/: ទែច to escape កចច task /kec/ ~ /kɛc/
• /ɛ/ ~ /a/: ទចញ to leave ចាញ to lose /cɛɲ/ ~ /caɲ/
• /ɘ/ ~ /ɜ/: ជត near ចតត mind /cɘt/ ~ /cɜt/
• /o/ ~ /ɔ/: េក to put ត table /tok/ ~ /tɔk/
• /ɔ/ ~ /ɒ/: កដ Monastery កត to note /kɔt/ ~ /kɒt/
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Long Diphthongs Front Mid Back
i ɨ u Close
e ɘ o Close Mid
ɛ ɜ ɔ Open mid
a ɑ Open
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Long Diphthongs
1. /iɜ/: ទា /tiɜ/ duck
2. /ɨɜ/: ទ ឿន /lɨɜn/ to be fast
3. /uɜ/: ែរ /kuɜ/ to be polite
4. /aɛ/: មត /taɛ/ but / tea
5. /aɜ/: ទ ើ /baɜ/ If
6. /aɔ/: ទោ /taɔ/ Lion
7. /oa/: ោត /koat/ He/him
8. /ɛe/: ទករ /kɛe/ heritage
9. /oʊ/: ដរ /doʊ/ Change
10. /ɜɘ/: េន /mɜɘn/ A number (10,000 )
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Short Diphthongs
front mid back
i ɨ u close
e ɘ o close mid
ɛ ɜ ɔ open mid
a ɑ open
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Short Diphthongs
• ពាកយ /piɜʔ/ word
• ពក /puɜʔ/ them
• ពាក; /pɛaʔ/ to wear / to put on
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The 3 types of consonant clusters in Standard Khmer
• The first type of consonant clusters in Standard Khmer
C1+ C2 = C1C2
C1= p t c k + C2= r h or C1 = s + C2 = p t k m n ɲ ŋ β l r
• The second type of consonant clusters in Standard Khmer Cʰ1 + C2 = Cʰ1C2
C1 = p t c k + C2 = p t c k m n ɲ β j s
• The third type of consonant clusters in Standard Khmer
Cɘ1 + C2 = Cɘ
1C2
Cɘ1= m l +C2=………… Cɘ
1 = …… + C2= b d ʔ
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Three types of consonant clusters
• C1 + C2 = C1C2
Ex. សមា ន [smaːn] to estimate
• C ʰ1 + C2 = Cʰ1C2
Ex. ថា [tʰaː+ to say
• C ɘ1 + C2 = Cɘ1C2
Ex. ត [pɘdaj] Husband
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A breathy voice register
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Examples from the dictionary
• kéRm kamrai
/kɑmraj/ [kɒmrai] [kɘmrai]
[kɘmeaj]
• kmøa kamlü
/kɑmlaː/ [kɒmlaː] [kɘmlaː]
• kmøac kamlüc
/ kɑmlaːc/ [kɒmlaːc] [kɘmlaːc]
• kemøac kamloc
/ kɑmlaɔc/ [kɒmlaɔc] [kɘmlaɔc] [kɘlaɔc]
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• kemøA kamlau
/ kɑmlaβ/
[kɒmlaɨ] [kɘmlaɨ]
• kmøaMg kamlüê¨
/kɑmlaŋ/
[kɒmlaŋ] [kɘmlaŋ] [kɘlaŋ]
• kmSt; kamsat’
/ kɑmsɑt/
[kɒmsɑt] [kɘmsɑt] [kɘsɑt]
• kmSanþ kamsünt
• / kɑmsaːn/
• [kɑmsaːn] [kɘmsaːn]
• [kɘsaːn]
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Thank you for your attention
Q&A