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A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SPELL WORDS IN J. K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

WENY NATALIA

Student Number: 054214048

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2009

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A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SPELL WORDS IN J. K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

WENY NATALIA

Student Number: 054214048

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2009

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“Verily I say unto you: that this generation

shall not pass, till all these things be done.”

(Mark 13: 30)

“God helps those who help themselves.”

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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated

with great love to

Bapak

Mama’

Dek Hendy

Dek Vonny (Nyunyun)

All Dearest Friends

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to those who have given their support,

assistance, care, love, and prayers in finishing this thesis. First of all, I would like

to thank My Lord Jesus Christ. Without His blessings and love, I would have

not been able to go through and survive until the end of the thesis. Most of time I

have spent with my laziness and other temptations from friends and surrounding

situation, but He encourages my willing to finish it now.

I would like to honor and thank my lecturers and all staffs of English Letters

Department for their support, patience, and assistence in reading, correcting, and

giving contributions to my thesis writing. I am very grateful especially to

Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M. Pd., M. A. who has given his guidance, suggestion

correction, and patience in the process of my thesis writing. I am sorry for the

delay in finishing my thesis “this month”. From June – October, you keep saying

it over and over again until I got bored and decided to finish it right now, this

month. Besides, I would like to thank also to Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. who

has been very careful correcting my grammar and thesis content. You are very

helpful.

I would like to especially thank my beloved parents, Drs. F. Zoana Djais

and Eka Veronika, for their holy and invaluable love, prayers, advice, and fund.

Thanks also for my younger brother Hendy and my younger sister Nyunyun

(Vonny) for being my motivation to be a good model as a sister and always give

the best for you. Without their presence, I must be still egoist and hopeless.

My great thanks are dedicated to my someone special (Satrian), my best

friend and brother (Lerry), and my senior sisters (Lavina Carp and Dee-Dee

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Reena); not having reflexion to your spirit in finishing your study before, I must

be stuck in my own place. Thanks for “barking” me all the time.

My great gratitude is also extended to all of friends in English Letters

Department 2005 of Sanata Dharma University, especially Tetty, Priska, Nani,

Agathon, Nana, Pero, Putri, Estu, Lori, “The Ernest Crew”, KKN USD 2009 in

Karang Asem (especially for Dek Nancy), for our time, togetherness, sharing, and

“chemistry”. I thank all of the sisters in Syantikara Female Dormitory (Kak ‘Ncis,

Icha, Ophy, Tasya, Putri, Elis, Windy, etc) and my beloved guardian Sister

Benedicte, CB (Suster Ben) for their support and cheerfulness that motivated me

in finishing this thesis. You are my second home in this land away from my first

home, West Borneo. Without your helps and supports I would not be able to finish

this study and this thesis.

Weny Natalia

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ..................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ............................................................................... iii MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................ iv DEDICATION PAGE ................................................................................. v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI.................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. ix ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. x ABSTRAK .................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study .......................................................... 1 B. Problems Formulation .............................................................. 3 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................ 3 D. Definition of Terms ................................................................. 4

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .............................................. 6

A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................ 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...................................................... 8

1. Theories of Word and Morphology ...................................... 8 2. Theory of Etymology ............................................................ 15 3. Theory of Magic .................................................................... 16 4. Information of Harry Potter ................................................. 18

a. About the Novel ............................................................. 18 b. About Spell Words .......................................................... 19

5. British Religion and Beliefs ................................................. 20 C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................. 22

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................ 24

A. Object of the Study .................................................................... 24 B. Approach of the Study ............................................................... 26 C. Method of the Study ................................................................... 27

1. Data Collection ...................................................................... 27 2. Data Analysis ........................................................................ 27

CHAPTER IV: RESULT OF ANALYSIS ................................................. 30

A. The Spell Words in the Novel Harry Potter ............................. 30 B. The Function of Each Spell Words ........................................... 71 C. The Morphological Process ....................................................... 88

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................... 116 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 118

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ABSTRACT

WENY NATALIA. A Morphological Study of Spell Words in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2009.

Besides based on the story of real life, a literary work can also be made of imagination, such as done by J. K. Rowling, the author of the famous novel Harry Potter. The novel talks about a boy named Harry Potter and the magical phenomena that happen around him. Although based on the imagination, the names of spell words within the novel are actually meaningful. They are derived from some languages and combined in such a way. Because of that, the writer decided to analyze the word formation/ morphological process of the spell words in the novel.

This study has three objectives. The first objective is to see all of the spell words used in the novel Harry Potter along with their meanings. The second objective is to find out the function of those spell words. The last one is to identify the morphological rule of the spell words.

In writing this thesis, first of all the present researcher listed all of the spell words from the seven books of Harry Potter. After that, she classified them into three parts: the spell words with the incantations and vernacular names, the spell words with only the incantation, and the spell words with only vernacular names. The focus was only to the ones having the incantations. Then, she tried to find out the detail informations of the spell words such as the location(s) in the novel (the page number and number of the book), the meaning, the functions and effects, and the etymology. The latter was assisted by using the dictionary of etymology. All the spell words are classified into some general functions. Later, the writer analyzed the morphological process of the spell words based on the mophology theory by comparing the spell words with their etymology. Next, the writer put the similar processes into the same group to draw a conclusion.

Based on the analysis, the writer concluded that there are approximately eighty one spell words in the novel Harry Potter. These spell words have their own functions and effects, whether to help or to disturb men, which can be classified into fourteen universal functions. The processes of forming the spell words can be analyzed morphologically. Almost all of the spell words are loan words from different languages. Some of them are purely taken, while the rest are modified by other morphological processes such as back clipping, back formation, blending, compounding, affixation, modification, and deletion.

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ABSTRAK

WENY NATALIA. A Morphological Study of Spell Words in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2009.

Selain berdasarkan kisah dalam kehidupan nyata, sebuah karya sastra juga dapat disusun berdasarkan khayalan, seperti yang dilakukan oleh J. K. Rowling, pengarang novel Harry Potter yang terkenal itu. Novel tersebut mengisahkan seorang bocah laki-laki bernama Harry Potter dan kejadian-kejadian magis yang terjadi di sekelilingnya. Walaupun hanya berdasarkan khayalan, mantera-mantera yang terdapat di dalam novel tersebut tetap penuh makna. Nama-nama tersebut disadur dari beberapa bahasa dan digabungkan dengan sedemikian rupa. Oleh karena itu, penulis memutuskan untuk mengkaji pembentukan kata/proses morfologi mantera-mantera yang ada di dalam novel.

Studi ini memiliki tiga sasaran. Sasaran pertama adalah untuk mengetahui semua mantera yang ada di dalam novel Harry Potter dan juga artinya. Sasaran kedua ialah untuk mengetahui fungsi mantera-mantera tersebut. Sasaran terakhir yaitu untuk mengenali kaidah pembentukan kata dari mantera-mantera tersebut.

Di dalam menulis skripsi ini, pertama-tama penulis skripsi membuat daftar seluruh mantera dari ketujuh novel Harry Potter. Setelah itu, penulis mengelompokkan mantera-mantera tersebut ke dalam tiga bagian, yakni mantera dengan istilah mantera dan istilah umum atau bahasa sehari-harinya, mantera dengan istilah mantera saja, dan mantera dengan istilah umumnya saja. Yang menjadi inti hanya mantera yang memiliki istilah mantera. Kemudian, penulis mencari penjelasan yang terperinci tentang mantera-mantera tersebut seperti letaknya di dalam novel (nomor halaman dan nomor buku), artinya, kegunaan dan efeknya, dan asal-usul katanya (etimologi). Untuk mengetahui asal-usul katanya, penulis menggunakan kamus etimologi. Seluruh mantra dikelompokkan ke dalam beberapa fungsi yang sama. Selanjutnya, penulis menganalisa proses pembentukan kata mantera-mantera tersebut berdasarkan teori morfologi (pembentukan kata) dengan membandingkan mantera-mantera tersebut dengan kata aslinya dengan asal-usul katanya. Setelah itu, penulis mengelompokkan mantera-mantera yang memiliki proses morfologi yang sama ke dalam satu kelompok untuk membuat kesimpulan.

Berdasarkan analisa, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat kurang lebih delapan puluh satu mantera di dalam novel Harry Potter. Mantera-mantera ini memiliki fungsi dan efeknya masing-masing, baik yang berguna untuk membantu ataupun mengganggu manusia, yang kemudian dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam empat belas fungsi mantera secara umum. Proses-proses pembentukan mantera-mantera tersebut dapat dianalisa secara morfologi. Hampir semua mantera tersebut merupakan kata-kata serapan dari berbagai macam bahasa yang berbeda. Beberapa di antaranya diserap secara murni, sedangkan sisanya diubah oleh proses pembentukan kata lainnya seperti proses pemotongan belakang,

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pembentukan mundur, peluluhan, penggabungan, pembubuhan, pengubahan, dan penghapusan.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

A literary work, similar to any kinds of arts, is mostly the imitation of

realities, according to Plato. Many authors of such fictions take the situations

and conditions of universe and human’s daily lifes to make their story more

alive (Abrams, 1979: 8). However, there are also the authors that use their

imagination to create such amazing story that probably another people could

not think about or do in similar way. The object of the story can be the

unusual animals or artificial creatures, the man’s ability to fly, do magic,

move to the pass or future, and other extraordinary things. They can be the

entertainment to children and the olders.

One of the famous authors of unreality-based story is a Scottish

woman named Joanne Kathleen Rowling, or mostly known as J. K. Rowling

(Shapiro, 2000: 2). Her great novel, Harry Potter, has been one of the

favorite books, not only for children but also adults. Since its first publishing,

Harry Potter was always sold out and even translated in many languages

around the world. It tells a story of a boy named Harry Potter who was an

orphan and chosen to be educated in Hogwart Wizarding Academy. His

parents were also the alumni of that school and had died in their effort to save

Harry from the Voldemort’s brutal murder. Although Harry could escape

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from Voldemort when he was a baby, now he must meet, face, and defeat

Voldemort (Shapiro, 2000).

By seeing the name of the school (Hogwarts Wizarding Academy) the

reader may guess that this novel will talk a lot about wizard, charms, spells,

black magic, and so on. That is one of the Harry Potter’s special ornaments

which is easily remembered. However, if the readers can look at the spells

and charms more carefully, those spells actually are not just the creativity of

the author at all, yet they have fondation or meaning. Let us take the example

of the spell word “protego totalum”. The result of this spell is a complete or

total protection to a place. Here we can suggest that the spell word and the

result are similar in two ways: “protection” and “total”. Besides, there are the

other spell words such as “reparo” which have the same meaning with “to

repair”, “quietus” with “to become quite”, “deletrius” with “to delete”, etc.

Based on the examples above, the purpose of this research is to

analyze and find out the origin of the spells from the point of view of

morphology. So, although there is not any explanation of the spells’ function,

especially if it has already been repeated for several times, the readers of

Harry Potter would still be able to get the meaning by relating it with

particular English vocabularies which are more common in their daily life and

also through the context in the novel.

This topic obviously had been discussed in some books or website

because of its popularity, especially the literary elements and the origin of the

names in the novels. However, in this thesis the writer will analyze it more

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deeply and accurately, from the point of view of morphology or word

formation.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the explanation above, the writer would like to ask some

questions as a guide to the analysis on this paper. The problems are

formulated as follows:

1. What are the spell words used by J.K. Rowling in Harry Potter?

2. What are the functions of each spell words?

3. Morphologically, how are the spell words formed?

C. Objectives of the Study

Having the problem formulation above, the writer will have some

goals. The first goal is to see all of the spell words used in Harry Potter. They

will be used as the objects of the study.

The second goal is to find out the function of those spells. The

function can be found explicitly in the text and also from the context of the

story. By knowing their functions, the readers would not have any difficulties

in getting the meaning of the spells. Although there is not any explanation

about the spells, the reader still could guess the meaning by relate them with

the similar words and find out the characteristic.

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The third goal is to identify the morphological rule of the spells. By

understanding their morphological rule, the readers will have more

knowledge about morphology.

D. Definition of Terms

There are several terms used in this research as in the following:

1. In talking about spells, Arthur C. Lehmann and James E. Myers mentioned

it in their book Magic, Witchcraft, and Religion: An Anthropological Study

of the Supernatural

“Divination, special formulas and incantations, spells and curses, all are considered magical, and all can be used for good and evil. Since these activities are learned, they should be differentiated from witchcraft, which is considered innate and, most believe, uncontrollable.” (1985: 194)

It means that spell words (also charms and curses) are the words used in

magical activities. It can be used for good reasons, such as to assist human

in doing his daily activities, to make human’s work easier, to cure the ill,

to protect human’s life, etc. However, a spell word can also be applied to

do bad things such as to disturb other people, to get something illegaly,

and to do black magic in order to cause others injured, tortured, feel

discomfort, even died.

The ability to say spell words is nurture ability. It is learned and is

not achieved by born. Consequently, spell words can be controlled,

differed from witchcraft which is innate, nature, and uncontrollable.

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2. Morphology is the study of how words are structured and how they are

put together from smaller parts. It attempts to give the rules,

morphological rules, used in forming of the words in a language, including

possible but nonoccuring words (McMannis, 1987: 117).

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

In this chapter, the writer will divide the review into three parts namely

review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. In

the review of related studies, the writer will discuss some studies concerning

novel Harry Potter and the process of word formation. In the review of related

theories, the writer will use some theories such as theories of word and

morphology, theory of etymology, theory of magic, the information of novel

Harry Potter and about the spell words inside, and the knowledge of British

religions and beliefs. Then, in the theoretical framework the writer will show the

significance of the theories, information, and knowledge in answering the

problems of this present study.

A. Review of Related Studies

For this first part, the writer will review some studies done by another

researchers which are related to the present analysis. These studies are taken

from thesis and journal.

The first is a study for undergraduate thesis titled “English Society’s

Belief in the Existence of Magic as Revealed in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter

and the Sorcerer’s Stone” done by Tersi Erdila Valentina. In this study, Tersi

stated that in Harry Potter novel (especially the first edition, Harry Potter

and the Sorcerer’s Stone) there are many things related to magic. These

phenomena not only can be found in the surounding area of Hogwarts, but

also in the life of Muggle society, common people having no inheritance of

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magic, although only some of them admit the existence of magic (Valentina,

2003).

A similar study which also analyzes Harry Potter is done by Filipus

Nano Suharno from English Education in his graduate thesis “A Study of

Rowling’s Personal Life as Reflected in the Main Character of Her Novel

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix”. In his analysis, he shows that

there are some similarities between the real life of J. K. Rowling and her

imaginative character of her novel, Harry Potter, in Harry Potter and the

Order of the Phoenix (Suharno, 2000).

Other studies reviewed in this current thesis are those discussing the

aspect of morphology. First is “A Morphological Study of English Prefixes

Mega-, Macro-, Poly-, Multi-“ described by Olivia Soenantho where she

explained those prefixes from their stems, their combination with words, and

their meanings (Soenantho, 2002). Second is “A Morphological Study of the

English Noun Suffix –ion” done by Dalan Mehuli Perangin-Angin that

explained the form of suffix –ion (with synchronic and diachronic approach),

its meaning, and its application together with morphemes (Perangin-Angin,

1995).

In this present study, the writer will discuss something new. The

analysis will combine both aspect of the morphology and spell words in

Harry Potter, that is the study of spell words from the point of view of

morphology. The spell words are taken from all seven books of Harry Potter.

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The analysis will cover the use of any kind of affixes in spell words that

might be used and especially the process of word formation.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theories of Word and Morphology

According to Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy in his book

An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure, the

words are “the basic units of language” (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002: 4).

When people speak, they use at least one word, and in the arrangement of

phrase or sentence they put down more than one word.

A word actually is not the smallest part of a language. It consists of

some smaller parts that are called morphemes. A morpheme is a linguistic

term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form. It derives from the

Greek word morphe meaning “form” (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams,

1988: 76). The word has two main elements, they are:

a. A free morpheme is a morpheme that can function as an independent

word (Szymanek, 1989: 14). Sometimes, it is also called root.

According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams in their book

An Introduction to Language, a root is “a lexical content morpheme that

cannot be analyzed into smaller parts” (2002: 80). For example, we

have the word “sleep”, “house”, and “flower”, which have meaningful

meaning. Together with one or more affixes, a root builds a stem which

may or may not be a word (eg. act + -ion = action, like + -ly = likely).

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Besides of the root and stem, there is also base which is any item to

which affixes may be added (Bauer, 1988: 12). The roots and stems are

special types of base.

b. A bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot occur in isolation or

being an independent word (Szymanek, 1989: 14). The bound

morpheme is usually called affix and has several types according to

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2002: 78 & 80), they are: prefixes or

the affixes precede other morpheme (ex. un-, pre-, dis-, bi-); suffixes or

the affixes follow other morpheme (ex. –er, -ist, -ly, -ing, -ed);

circumfixes or the affixes that are attached to another morpheme both

initially and finally (ex. un-able, dis-ment).

Besides, there are also additional types stated by Szymanek:

infixes or the affixes which divides the root but is itself not divided

(1989: 65), or in short, it is put in the middle of the morphemes (ex. in

Indonesian: suling and seruling); and transfixes or the discontinuous

affixes that cuts across the root morpheme so that they are both

combined like two interlocking combs (1989: 68). The later can be

applied in the following example: if the series of consonantal letters

k-t-b are combined with different vowels they will produce distinctive

meanings such as: kátab means “write”, kátaba means “clerks”, and

kitáab means “book”.

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From the two elements above, we can arrange bigger and more

complex word which can contain a root and some affixes. Such process of

combining is usualy called the process of word formation.

The study of word formation is morphology. According to Andrew

Carstairs-McCarthy in his book An Introduction to English Morphology:

Words and Their Structure, morphology is taken from Greek word morphe

‘form’ and logos ‘study’ which means a study of “structure of words and

relationships between words involving the morphemes that compose them”

while morpheme is “the smaller part of words” (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002:

16). However, morphology is “not only used for the study of the shapes of

words, but also for the collection of units which are used in changing the

forms of words” (Bauer, 1988: 4).

Another definition of morphology is composed by Francis Katamba

in his book Morphology that mentioning morphology as “a study of the

internal structure of words” (1993: 3). In morphology the focus is how a

word is built as one unit along with its additional member such as affixes.

The meaning of a word as one constituent is very important, besides its

meaning in a sequel of words in a sentence or its whole context.

The essential types of word formation are analyzed by William

O’Grady, Michael Dobrovolksy, and Mark Aronoff in their book

Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction as follows:

a. Inflection is the process of forming words by modify a word to mark

the grammatical subclass to which it belongs, such as number (singular

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and plural), gender classification (masculine, feminine, and neuter),

tense (past, present, and future), and voice (active and passive). It does

not change the grammatical category of the word to which it applies. It

takes place after all word formation processes, including derivation

(1989: 107-116).

b. Derivation is the process by which a new word is built from a base,

usually through the addition of an affix. It changes the category and/or

the meaning of the base to which it applies (1989: 99). For example, a

verb (eg. drive and jump) added with affix –er becomes noun with the

meaning ‘one who does X’ (driver ‘one who drive’ and jumper ‘one

who jump’).

From the inflectional and derivational process, the word can be

combined by another process such as compounding and reduplication. A

compounding process is the process of combining two already existing

words (with or without accompanying affixes) to form a new word, such

as blackbird, doghouse, seaworthy, bluegreen, etc (O’Grady,

Dobrovolksy, Aronoff, 1989: 99&103).

A reduplication (repetition) is a morphological process by which

the root or step of a word, or only part of it, is repeated (Alip, 2008). Alip

mentions that the reduplication process can be analyzed based on their

morphological and phonological process.

Based on morphology, the reduplication which is meant to create a

new word, has purposes as follows:

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i. to imitate sounds, eg. tick-tock, bow-bow;

ii. to suggest alternating movements, eg. ping-pong, seesaw;

iii. to disparage by suggesting instability, nonsense, insincerity,

vacillation, eg.wishy-washy, hocus-pocus, higgled-piggled;

iv. to intensify, eg. tip-top, teeny-weeny.

Whereas based on phonology, it can be divided into three:

i. Rhyming reduplication, where the rhyme of the first element is

repeated in the second, eg. argy-bargy, hot-pot, arty-farty;

ii. Exact reduplication, where the second element is the full repetition

of the first, eg. bye-bye, bonbon;

iii. Ablaut reduplication, where the vowel sound of the first element is

changed in the second, eg. criss-cross, chit-chat.

Again, William O’Grady, Michael Dobrovolksy, and Mark Aronoff

add another word formations as following (1989: 106-107):

i. Clipping (abbreviation) is the process whereby a new word is

created by shortening a polysyllabic word, such as the shortening

word professor to prof, advertisement to ads, physical education to

phys-ed, etc;

ii. Acronym is formed from the initial sounds or letters of a string of

words, such as the name of an organization or a scientific

expression, such as the acronyms AIDS for Acquired Immune

Deficiency Syndrome, NASA for National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, radar for radio detecting and ranging, etc;

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iii. Blend is created from parts of two already existing lexical items,

such as motel for motor hotel, selectric for select+electric, chortle

for chuckle+snort, telethon for telephone+marathon, permapress

for permanent+press, etc;

iv. Backformation is the process whereby a word whose form is

similar to that of a derived form undergoes a process of

deaffixation. This process change part of speech the new form of

word from its original form. The example are the word resurrrect

(V) from ressurection (N), enthuse (V) from enthusiasm (N), orient

(V) or orientate (V) from orientation (N), edit (V) from editor (N),

swindle (V) from swindler (N), etc;

v. Onomatopoeic is the process whereby a word imitates the sound of

nature, i.e. buzz, hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, etc.

Furthermore, we also have the other processes of word formation as

following:

vi. Eponym is a word derived from proper names and are another of

the many creative ways that the vocabulary of a language expands

(Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2002: 98), such as kleenex for

‘facial tissue’, xerox for ‘photocopy’, watt, curie, fahrenheit, etc;

vii. Clitics are the obligatorily bound morphs which are intermediate

between an affix and a word such as the forms like ‘ve from have,

‘d from had, ‘s from has, ‘ll from will (Bauer, 1988: 99);

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viii. Borrowing is the process whereby a word is taken/borrowed from

another language and adopted to a certain language. The borrowing

words can also being called by the loan word. According to

Andrew Radford and his friends in their book Linguistics: an

Introduction, the process of borrowing word “are very often

assimilated to the phonological and morphological structure of the

new host language” (1999: 256).

In her book Historical Linguistics 2nd edition, Lyle

Campbell mentioned two ways which commonly happen in

borrowing words: adaptation and accommodation. In adaptation,

the non-existing word in foreign language will be replaced with the

nearest and more comfort phonetic equivalent sound in the

receiving language, while in accommodation, the phonological

pattern of the foreign language will be modified by several

processes such as deletion, addition, or recombination. However,

sometimes the foreign word is borrowed purely without any

changes into the receiving language’s vocabulary (2004: 65-67).

The form of borrowing not only in the word by word form,

but also can be in the form of idioms or phrases. For example,

English music (from French "musique"); Spain chófer (from French

"chauffeur"); French gratte-ciel and Spain rasca·cielos ‘both

literally: scrape-sky’ (< E skyscraper).

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2. Theory of Etymology

It is common for one language to take words from another

language and make them part of its own vocabulary. The process is called

borrowing and the words are loanwords. They are borrowed primarily

because of need and prestige. The speakers of a language acquire some

new item or concept from abroad which means they need a new term along

with new acquisition and sometimes with the new concept too. Then,

because the foreign term for some reason is highly esteemed, it is adopted

for prestige reason (Campbell, 2004: 64).

The borrowing process is closely related to etymology or the study

of word’s original meaning. It is derived from Greek word etumon that

means ‘true’ (Campbell, 2004: 5). In the novel Harry Potter we can find

many words that were adopted especially from Latin by Rowling to name

the spell words. In order to understand them better, we must look back at

their etymological meaning by checking them in the etymology

dictionaries.

Actually, etymology is one of the fields studying in historical

linguistics. By linguists, it is also called diachronic linguistics (from Greek

dia- ‘through’ + chronos ‘time’ + -ic), since historical linguistics are

concerned with change in language or languages over time. For example,

the linguists study how Old English differs from Modern English, Old

French from Modern French, etc. It is contrasted with synchronic

linguistics, which deals with a language at a single point in time. For

16

example, the linguists study how the grammar of spoken English is in

some particular speech community (Campbell, 2004: 4). Etymology is not

the primary purpose of historical linguistics, but rather the goal is to

understand language change in general that will lead to the further

explanation of some process such as borrowing, clipping, analogy,

amalgamation, sound change, etc (Campbell, 2004: 6).

3. Theory of Magic

The term of magic although is not very popular and real in human’s

life, but it cannot be totally pushed aside. Some people think magic as

something bad even worst that brings evil’s deed, such as the case of black

magic, voodoo tradition, curse, etc. However, sometimes magic can also

be a good thing such as its use in magic games, healing people, getting the

lost item back, protection from evil power, etc.

In a book titled Magic, Witchcraft, and Religion:

An Anthropological Study of the Supernatural composed by Lehmann and

Myers, it is mentioned that magic itself is divided into three, they are:

a. imitative magic where the desired result could be achieved by

imitation;

b. contagious magic where the material or substance once in contact with

the intended victim is used in the magical attack,

c. symphatetic magic which is associated with or symbolic of the

intended victim are used to identify and carry out the spell.

17

Those three magical abilities are learned. People cannot gain them

genetically. Therefore, magic must be differed from witchcraft which is

“innate and uncontrolable” (Lehmann and Myers, 1985: 194).

Because the researcher cannot find other suitable source(s) for

practices of magic, she uses a free site Wikipedia that defines those

practices as follows (2008: 9):

a. the use of "magic words" said to have the power to command spirits;

b. the use of wands (a straight thin stick that is held by somebody when

performing magic or magic tricks) and other ritual tools (such as

candle, magic powder, animal, blood, etc);

c. the use of a magic circle to defend the magician against the spirits he is

invoking or evoking; and

d. the use of mysterious symbols or sigils thought useful to invoke or

evoke spirits.

It has been said in the first explanation of magic above that one of

the element used in symphatetic magic is the pronounce of spell. It is

strengthened by Lehmann and Myers’ theory that states spell is one of the

activity in doing magic.

“Divination, special formulas and incantations, spells and curses, all are considered magical, and all can be used for good and evil” (1985: 194).

The review also supports that magic can be in the shape of good and bad

actions represented in their effects for human. In the novel Harry Potter,

the author gives some spell words classification, such as charm, spell,

18

curse, and jinx. The curse is very dangerous because it hurts the victim

even makes them died. There is only one jinx and it is also worse although

it is not as dangerous as the curse. The charm and spell are safe enough

and used to help human being, but some spells can also be used for bad

intention although it cannot make the victim dead. Charm is more positive

in practice than spell.

4. Information of Harry Potter

a. About the Novel

Harry Potter is one of the novels written by Joanne Kathleen

Rowling (J. K. Rowling). It tells a story about an orphan named Harry

Potter. His parents died because they were killed by the Prince of Dark,

Voldemort, in their effort to protect baby Harry. Fortunately, Harry was

safe and taken care by his mother’s sister, Aunt Petunia Dursley, and

her family. Harry’s life seemed to be quite miserable in that house until

one day he got a letter telling he was accepted in Hogwarts School of

Witchcraft and Wizardry where his parents also be its alumni. And the

next episode of the novel explaining Harry’s life in his school, his

Aunt’s house at long holiday, and when he has to defeat Voldemort

until he was succeed to kill him (Shapiro, 2000: 2-6).

Harry Potter is very famous throughout the world, for all ages,

sexes, and social states. There are seven series of it: 1 Harry Potter and

the Sorcerer’s Stone (the original title is Harry Potter and the

Philosopher’s Stone), 2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret, 3

19

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, 4 Harry Potter and the

Goblet of Fire, 5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, 6 Harry

Potter and A Half-blooded Prince, and 7 Harry Potter and the Deathly

Hollows. Since its first publication, Harry Potter has always been sold

out and even translated in about 67 languages around the world, such as

American English, Indonesian, Ukrainian, Hindi, Bengali, Welsh,

Afrikaans, Vietnamese, Latin, Ancient Greek, etc (Wikipedia, Maret

7th, 2009).

One of the very explicit characteristics of the novel Harry Potter

is the use of magical terms. It can be seen in the name of spells, charms,

and curses. According to Wikipedia, most of the spell words are

borrowed from Latin, another are taken from English, Greek, Aramaic,

and others. (Maret 7th, 2009). From the first until the last book, there

are approximately eighties spell words in Harry Potter novels, not

included the spell words which are mentioned only in their vernacular

names and the additional spells for the film series.

b. About Spell Words

A special characteristic of J. K. Rowling in creating the famous

novel Harry Potter and differentiates her from other writers is the use

of history’s or folklore’s references inside the novel. According to free

site Wikipedia, spell words in Harry Potter are mostly taken from

Classical language especially Latin because the writer, J. K. Rowling,

studied Latin (and French) in the college (2009: 3). The effects of the

20

spell words in the novel and the original language are almost

completely similar. Some spells have the incantation and vernacular

names in parenthesis (eg. Accio (Summoning Charm)), but some only

have the incantation (eg. Reducio) or only the vernacular one (eg.

(Unbreakable Vow)). The incantation and vernacular name of the spell

words are given by Rowling in the novel, both explicitly and implicitly.

5. British Religion and Beliefs

In many books reviewed and analyzed Harry Potter, such as “J. K.

Rowling: The Wizard Behind Harry Potter” written by Marc Shapiro and

“The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter” by David Colbert, the writers

proved that J. K. Rowling has put some referencies from her study of Latin

language and her understanding of histories of many countries or nations.

We can assumed that it is also possible for her to addopt the tradition of

religions and beliefs in British nation as her nationality which is very close

to her since childhood in enhancing her story of Harry Potter. This

reference also makes us easier to understand the novel. Besides, with the

absence of spell words’ exact word pattern, we might also be assisted by

the clue of both intrinsic or extrinsic elements, in the magic ritual.

Among British people, the existence of magic is closely related to

the beliefs of Celtic or Celts, before the Christianity was professed by the

citizens. Although it is no longer exist in recent lifes, but its story still can

be gained from the folk stories growing within the society or the history

21

books. In a book titled The Great Cultural Traditions volume I:

The Ancient Cities written by Ralph Turner, Ph.d, it is mentioned that

“The chief intellectual element in Celtic culture was a religion characterized by a lively sense of the daimonic universe which peopled every spot and nook with fairies, spirits, and goblins. The colorful folklore of western Europe was derived mainly from this source. This religion was ministered by priests who known as the Druids. They practiced divination.” (1941: 527-528)

The review explains that the Celtics which is leaded by the Druids, used

natural aspects for its practice. It is very often for them to use the elements

of the nature, such as weather, plants, animals, and anything related to

them, whether it is an abstrack or concrete noun. The abstrack noun here

means the characteristics of nature, i.e. strong, fly, hot, hard, etc. For

addition, it is also noted that the story of fairies, spirits, and the other

supranatural power in folk stories inspired by the Celtics ritual.

But, since the coming of Roman, Viking, and Norman Conquest

later who brought Christianity, the tradition of Celtic ritual has been

removed. The groups of Jesus Christ’s believers are divided into several

kinds such as Roman Catholics, the Orthodox, Protestants (the followers of

Martin Luther who was dissapponted with the corruption within Catholic

body and decided to make a new belief of Christian), and Catholic

Anglicans that until present is the official religion of England (Gilley and

Sheils, 1994: 1-9). Thus, Harry Potter is purely a fictive novel, not

reflecting the present social conditions where the author lives in although

she also put some referencies from the past history and traditions.

22

C. Theoretical Framework

In order to make the present study more accurate and well-composed,

the writer had used some theories, related studies, reviews, and other

additional information related to the object of the study.

Theoretically, the writer’s problems can be answered because the

novel Harry Potter talked mostly about the wizard world as been proved by

Tersi Erdila Valentina in her graduate thesis “English Society’s Belief in the

Existence of Magic as Revealed in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the

Sorcerer’s Stone” (Valentina, 2003) and in the information of novel Harry

Potter. Certainly, there are many list of spell words in that novel along with

their descriptions and functions. It is about eighties. So, it is not too difficult

to answer the first problem. The writer just list all the spell words used in the

novel Harry Potter, which are mostly written in italic and implicitly must be

understood from the sentences or paragraph, in order to ensure that the words

are really the spell words. This can be applied too in answering the question

number two that only summarizing the function of spell words that have been

explained in the previous question. Besides, the information of the etymology

of the word that is also very crucial and helpful in answering the last

question, can give the reader better understanding for the whole spell words.

As explained in the beginning, the purpose of this study is to identify

the formation process of the spell words occured in the novel Harry Potter.

Of course, for this study the use of theories of words and morphology as the

study of internal structure of word is very crucial. As there is not any exact

23

pattern of composing spell words, the writer use the knowledge of magic and

British religions and beliefs. By applying these two sources, it is easier to

know the characteristic of magic, what customs are usually employed in the

practice, its elements, etc. Britain as the original place of the author is

certainly giving influences for the author in creating her story. Those theories

are usefull in answering the last question.

24

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter will be divided into three parts namely object of the study,

approach of the study, and method of the study which later will included the data

collection and data analysis.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is the list of spell words taken from the novel

Harry Potter, from the first to the last, written by Joanne Kathleen Rowling

(J. K. Rowling) and is published by Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom in

1997. Since its first publication, Harry Potter has always been sold out and

even translated in about 67 languages around the world, such as American

English, Indonesian, Ukrainian, Hindi, Bengali, Welsh, Afrikaans,

Vietnamese, Latin, Ancient Greek, etc (Wikipedia, Maret 7th, 2009). The

novels are thick enough. In its Indonesia version published by PT. Gramedia

Pustaka Utama in Indonesia in 2000, the total page are as following: 382

pages for the first novel (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone), 424 pages

for the second novel (Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret), 534 pages for

the third novel (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), 882 pages for the

fourth novel (Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire),1200 pages for the fifth

novel (Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix), 816 pages for the sixth

novel (Harry Potter and A Half-blooded Prince), and 999 pages for the

seventh and the last novel (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows).

25

A free site, The Leaky Cauldron, records that since the publication of

the first novel Philosopher's Stone (Sorcerer’s Stone), the series of Harry

Potter have been the recipients of many awards, including Hugo Awards for

Best Novel for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2000), four

Whitaker Platinum Book Awards for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

(2001), three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes (1997–1999), two Scottish Arts

Council Book Awards (1999 and 2001), the inaugural Whitbread children's

book of the year award (1999), and the W. H. Smith book of the year (2006).

The book also received honours including a commendation for the Carnegie

Medal (1997), a short listing for the Guardian Children's Award (1998), and

numerous listings on the notable books, editors' Choices, and best books lists

of the American Library Association, New York Times, Chicago Public

Library, and Publishers Weekly (Maret 7th, 2009).

Harry Potter is praised as "a richly textured novel given lift-off by an

inventive wit" by The Guardian and had "all the makings of a classic"

according to The Scotsman. However, controversions also do not unwill to

speak up for this book. Ron Charles opined in July 2007 in Washington Post

that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books

may represent a "bad case of cultural infantilism", and that the

straightforward "good vs. evil" theme of the series is "childish." He also

argued "through no fault of Rowling's," the cultural and marketing "hysteria"

marked by the publication of the later books "trains children and adults to

expect the roar of the coliseum, a mass-media experience that no other novel

26

can possibly provide." Besides, various religious conservatives also have

claimed that the books promote witchcraft and are therefore unsuitable for

children, while a number of critics have criticized the books for promoting

various political agendas (Wikipedia, Maret 7th, 2009).

Whatever the critics said, Harry Potter has been a favorite book of

children and adults all over the world which challenged a big house film

production Warner Bross to adopt it in moving picture. In addition, Harry and

his friends and enemies have been enchanted to the forms of many

merchandises and the actors in games.

B. Approach of the Study

As said in the beginning, the writer in this paper concerned with

morphological process of word formation of spell words in the novel Harry

Potter. Consequently, the approach should be morphology or the study of

word formation (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002: 16). In addition, to understand

whether the words are really the spell words or not, the reader must know the

context of the sentences. For that matter, the pragmatics or the study of

linguistic forms and the users of those forms, or in short, the study of

language context (Cutting, 2003: 1), will be applied in this research. Besides,

the knowledge of spell words is also important to differentiate the spell words

and the common one, in this novel, J. K. Rowling gave a little bit changing of

the common words to create an extraordinary spell ones. It is also a kind of

idiosyncrasy of the author.

27

C. Method of the Study

1. Data Collection

The collecting process of data for this research is a population

study, which means that the researcher listed all spell words within the

novel Harry Potter and did not left anything. The procedure done by the

present writer can be divided into two steps. The first procedure is the

writer collected all seven novels Harry Potter. The writer might not miss

one book because the population of this study is all the spell words in the

novels Harry Potter. The second procedure is the writer read the books

one by one carefully. Whenever the writer found the spell words, whether

it contains of incantation and vernacular name or only one of them, she

listed them along with their function and effect.

2. Data Analysis

To answer the problems and purposes of this paper, the writer had

taken some steps. However, the same step cannot be applied for every

problems.

a. Classifying the spell words;

After listing all the spell words, the writer classified them into three

parts: the spell words with the incantations and vernacular names, the

spell words with only the incantation, and the spell words with only

vernacular names. Later, the spell words with only vernacular names

would be removed from the next analysis because the researcher’s focus

was only on the incantations.

28

b. Finding out the location, functions, and effects of each spell words;

To answer this problem, the researcher reread and rechecked the effects

and functions of the spell words in the novel. It was done very carefuly

because sometimes there was not any explanation of the effects or

functions of the spell words especially if they had been repeated many

times in the previous books or pages. Besides, the writer also noted the

location(s) of the spell words in the novel (the page number and number

of the book).

c. Finding out the etymology of the spell words;

In doing this, the writer used the dictionary of etymology and other

related sources to find out the words that might be the original words or

related words of the spell words.

d. Analyzing the morphological process of the spell words based on the

morphology theory;

Here, the writer compared the spell words with their etymology and

analyzed the procesess based on the theory of morphology.

e. Putting the similar processes into the same group;

With so many spell words in the novel and their own morphological

process, it is much easier to put the spell words with similar

morphological process into one group.

29

f. Drawing a conclusion;

After all of the spell words grouped in one similar group based on their

morphological process, the researcher could see the phenomena and

made a conclusion of this whole analysis.

30

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is the part of analysis of the research. The analysis will be

divided into three parts according to the problem formulation previously

mentioned in the Chapter I. There will be three main divisions in this analysis.

The first division will be the list of spell words taken from the novel Harry Potter

along with their meanings. The second division will be the list of their functions

based on the context in the stories. The last one will be the process of the spell

words’ word formation based on the theories that are used in this research.

A. The Spell Words in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter

There are about eighties spell words that will be the objects of next

analysis. They are divided into two big groups. The first group is the spell

words that have their incantations (how they are spoken) and also their

vernaculars (the name of spell words in the more common and easier term in

daily life). Their vernacular can refer to their meaning based on the author’s

intention in the context or story. Generally, the vernaculars are given by

Rowling herself and stated explicitly in the context. The other one is the spell

words with only their incantations. Because they do not have vernaculars, we

have to see the context deeper than the first group to know their exact

meanings.

Some spell words are taken purely from a language, mostly Latin, the

rest are combined from two or more words in one or more languages. It can

be from Latin and Latin, Latin and English, English and English, or any other

31

language(s). When they are combined, it can be followed by some

modification(s) in their word formation but their meaning and function are

still similar literally.

Following is the list of the spell words with their incantation and

vernacular:

1. Accio (Summoning Charm)

"Accio Parchment!" The map flew up into the air, slipped through Snapes

outstretched fingers, and soared down the stairs into Moody’s hand. (#4 : 306)

The word accio is taken from Latin which means “to call or summon”. As

seen in the context, when Moody mentions the word accio followed by the

word “parchment”, a parchment goes to his hand immediately from

somewhere. It is such a calling spell. J. K. Rowling gives this spell word

name summoning charm.

2. Aguamenti (Aguamenti Charm)

"Aguamenti!" he (Harry) shouted, jabbing the goblet with his wand. The goblet filled with clear water; Harry dropped to his knees beside Dumbledore, raised his head, and brought the glass to his lips – ...” (#6 : 729)

From the context above, when “aguamenti” is pronounced, the goblet will

be filled with water. It can be assumed that the spell word is combined

from two words from Latin: aqua and mentio. The word aqua is “water”;

like its related words such as aquarium (a clear glass or plastic container

for fish and other water animals), aquatic (living or growing in water), etc.

32

Whereas, mentio means “mention”. So, aguamenti has meaning

mentioning the water.

3. Avada Kedavra (Killing Curse)

According to Rowling in her book, there are three kinds of the

cruelest spell words. They are classified into curses. One of them is avada

kedavra (the others are crucio and imperio) and is the biggest one. It can

cause death for the victim.

Moody raised his wand, and Harry felt a sudden thrill of foreboding.

"Avada Kedavra!" Moody roared. There was a flash of blinding green light and a rushing sound,

as though a vast, invisible something was soaring through the air - instantaneously the spider rolled over onto its back, unmarked, but unmistakably dead. (#4: 141)

From the context above, after avada kedavra has been mentioned

upon the spider, it dies immediately. This curse is not allowed to be

practised without some authority, for example: The followers of the Dark

Lord, Voldemort, that be named Death Eaters, are not allowed to use the

curse to Harry unless they are commanded to do that although Harry is the

most-wanted person for their leader.

Avada Kedavra seems to have relationship with the word

“abracadabra” that is well known usually used in the magic tricks. It

comes from the phrase abhadda kedhabra that means “let the thing be

destroyed”, belonging to ancient Middle East language (Aramaic) that is

used by ancient witches to heal sickness.

33

4. Confringo (Blasting Curse)

Hermione screamed, "Confringo!" and her spell flew around the room, exploding the wardrobe mirror and ricocheting back at them, bouncing from floor to ceiling; (#7: 177)

Based on the story above, confringo is mentioned to break something into

pieces. By Rowling, confringo is called blasting curse because when it

destroys something it is followed by exploison. The word is taken from

Latin that also means “to break in pieces or to destroy”. It is grouped into

curse because it is very dangerous if it is casted upon human being and can

cause instant death.

5. Confundo (Confundus Charm)

"Ah, Probity Probes," signed Travers theatrically, "so crude--but so effective!"

And he set off up the steps, nodding left and right to the wizards, who raised the golden rods and passed them up and down his body. The Probes, Harry knew, detected spells of concealment and hidden magical objects. Knowing that he had only seconds, Harry pointed Draco's wand at each of the guards in turn and murmured, "Confundo" twice. Unnoticed by Travers, who was looking through the bronze doors at the inner hall, each of the guards gave a little start as the spells hit them.

Hermione's long black hair rippled behind her as she climbed the steps.

"One moment, madam," said the guard, raising his Probe. "But you've just done that!" said Hermione in Bellatrix's

commanding, arrogant voice. Travers looked around, eyebrows raised. The guard was confused. He stared down at the thin golden Probe and then at his companion, who said in a slightly dazed voice,

"Yeah, you've just checked them, Marius." (#7: 277)

As can be seen from the story, confundo makes the two wizards being

confused. They think that they have checked Hermione who is disguising

as Bellatrix. In fact, she has not been checked at all. The word confundo is

34

derived from Latin that means “to confuse or to throw into disorder”. So, it

means confusing.

6. Crucio (Cruciatus Curse)

Moody raised his wand again, pointed it at the spider, and muttered, "Crucio!"

At once, the spider's legs bent in upon its body; it rolled over and began to twitch horribly, rocking from side to side. No sound came from it, but Harry was sure that if it could have given voice, it would have been screaming. Moody did not remove his wand, and the spider started to shudder and jerk more violently -....” (#4: 140)

Crucio is also included in the three cruelest curse but it is in the second

level. It causes torment for the victim as can be seen in the story. The word

crucio is taken from Latin that means “to torture or torment”. So, it means

torment.

7. Defodio (Gouging Spell)

Harry’s eyes were shut tight against the heat and dust: Deafened by the crash of rock and the dragon’s roars, he could only cling to its back, expecting to be shaken off at any moment; then he heard Hermione yelling, “Defodio!”

She was helping the dragon enlarge the passage way, carving out the ceiling as it struggled upward toward the fresher air, away from the shrieking and clanking goblins: Harry and Ron copied her, blasting the ceiling apart with more gouging spells. (#7: 284)

By the spell word defodio, Hermione excavates the ceiling to let the

dragon outs of the room for getting fresher air. Literarily, Rowling called it

as gouging action (to dig something); in the context above, the spell word

“digs” the ceiling to open a bigger way out for the dragon. The spell word

is taken from Latin that means “to dig/excavate”.

35

8. Diffindo (Severing Charm)

Pausing at a distance from them, he (Harry) pulled out his wand, and took careful aim.

"Diffindo!" Cedric's bag split. Parchment, quills, and books spilled out of

it onto the floor. Several bottles of ink smashed. (#4: 221)

The word diffindo is derived from Latin means “to split, cleave, or open”.

Rowling calls the spell word as severing charm. It separates two things. In

the context above, the spell word diffindo causing Cedric’s bag is opened

and lets the contents out. The spell word separates the zipper that closes

the bag’s upper part.

9. Engorgio (Engorgement Charm)

"Needs to be a bit bigger for you to get the idea," he said, pointing his wand at the spider."Engorgio!"

The spider swelled. It was now larger than a tarantula. (#4: 140)

Engorgio makes the victim of its spell to become larger than the previous

size. Rowling calls the spell word as an engorgement charm. The spell

word is originally derived from English word engorge that means “to

cause something to become filled with blood or another liquid and to

swell”. So, it means swelling.

10. Expecto Patronum (Patronus Charm)

Example 1:

He summoned the happiest thought he could, concentrated with all his might on the thought of getting out of the maze and celebrating with Ron and Hermione, raised his wand, and cried, "Expecto Patronum!"

A silver stag erupted from the end of Harry's wand and galloped toward the dementor, which fell back and tripped over

36

the hem of its robes. . . . Harry had never seen a dementor stumble. (#4: 404)

Example 2:

'EXPECTO PATRONUM!' An enormous silver stag erupted from the tip of Harry's

wand; it's antlers caught the Dementor in the place where the heart should have been; it was thrown backwards, weightless as darkness, and as the stag charged, the Dementor swooped away, bat-like and defeated. (#5: 12)

Expecto patronum is called patronus charm. Not different from its original

language, Latin, patronus also means “a protector, defender, or patron”,

while the word expecto might be taken from English word expect. So, we

might suggest that expecto patronum means expecting a protector.

From the two examples above, expecto patronum is used to present

a misty creature to protect the caster from Dementor. As said in the story,

Dementors are scared by many people in magic world and also for

Muggles who have met them because Dementors’ presence takes off the

happines and causes unpleasant and horrible atmosphere around the

victims. Dementors do not have a heart that functions to feel sympathy in

human beings. No wonder that they are very cruel and brutal. To create the

patronum, the speaker must think of something very delightful in his life,

the opponent of Dementors’ lack of feeling.

11. Expelliarmus (Disarming Charm, Disarming Spell)

Example 1:

Harry raised his wand as the spider opened its pincers once more and shouted "Expelliarmus!"

37

It worked - the Disarming Spell made the spider drop him, but that meant that Harry fell twelve feet onto his already injured leg, which crumpled beneath him. (#4: 409)

Example 2:

Mundungus scrambled up and pulled out his wand;

Hermione, however, was too quick for him. “Expelliarmus!” Mundungus’s wand soared into the air, and Hermione

caught it. (#7: 113)

Rowling calls expelliarmus a disarming charm/spell. The word is

composed of two Latin words: expello that has meaning “to drive out,

expel, or thrust away” and arma that means “weapons of war”. The whole

meaning can be to expel the weapon of opponent. As seen in the second

example, when it is pronounced, the opponent of the speaker releases his

wand automatically. He is disarmed by the caster of the spell word.

12. Funnunculus (Funnunculus Curse)

"Funnunculus!" Harry yelled. -----------------------------------------------------------------

Harry's hit Goyle in the face, --- Goyle bellowed and put his hands to his nose, where great ugly boils were springing up, (#4: 194)

As in the context above, due to the word funnunculus Harry causes a

growth of horrible boils in Goyle’s face. It is included in the curse because

the effect is worse. The spell word might be taken from French word

furoncle that means “Furuncle or boil” and has several modification such

as furonculose (Furunculosis and furonculeux (furunculous). In short, we

could assume that the word means growing boil.

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13. Geminio (Gemino Curse)

“I know that, Harry, but if she wakes up and the locket’s gone – I need to duplicate it – Geminio! There… That should fool her….” (#7: 136)

Geminio that almost resemble with Gemini, one of the zodiac which is

symbolized with a twin and indicates two similar things. As seen in the

context, the spell word brings effect to produce the same object from the

original one or to duplicate a thing. The word is borrowed from Latin word

gemino that means “to double” in transitive verb, and can also has

meaning “to join together, strike together, or repeat, or doubled”. Rowling

names this as Gemino Curse.

14. Impedimenta (Impediment Jinx, Impediment Curse)

Example 1:

They all divided up obediently; Harry partnered Neville as usual. The room was soon full of intermittent cries of 'Impedimenta!' People froze for a minute or so, during which their partner would stare aimlessly around the room watching other pairs at work, then would unfreeze and take their turn at the jinx. (#5: 238)

Example 2: "Impedimenta!" yelled Harry. His jinx hit Amycus in the chest: He gave a piglike squeal

of pain, was lifted off his feet and slammed into the opposite wall, slid down it, and fell out of sight behind Ron, Professor McGonagall, and Lupin, each of whom was battling a separate Death Eater. (#6: 760)

The word impedimenta is taken from Latin and is the plural form of word

impedimentum that means ”an impediment or a hindrance”. It is similar to

word data (plural) and datum (singular). A hindrance is a situation that

makes it is difficult or impossible for someone or something to succeed or

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make progress. The spell word make the opponent of the caster is failed to

do something that he is going to do. As seen in the two contexts above,

when someone gets this spell word upon him, he cannot do anything and

can be defeated easily by the opponent.

15. Imperio (Imperius Curse)

He then pointed his wand at it and muttered, "Imperio!" The spider leapt from Moody's hand on a fine thread of silk

and began to swing backward and forward as though on a trapeze. It stretched out its legs rigidly, then did a back flip, breaking the thread and landing on the desk, where it began to cartwheel in circles. Moody jerked his wand, and the spider rose onto two of its hind legs and went into what was unmistakably a tap dance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------

"Total control," said Moody quietly as the spider balled itself up and began to roll over and over. "I could make it jump out of the window, drown itself, throw itself down one of your throats. . ." (139 : #4)

When imperio is spoken out, the victim (can be human or animal) to whom

the curse is purposed will move as the caster aims to. As taken from its

original Latin word imperiosus which means “commanding” or in bad

sense it can be “imperious or tyrannical”, with the word imperio the caster

will have “total control” to the victim. From the three worst curse, imperio

is the lightest one. It does not cause death but it is also dangerous.

16. Impervius (Impervius Charm)

"I've had an idea, Harry! Give me your glasses, quick!" He handed them to her, and as the team watched in

amazement, Hermione tapped them with her wand and said, "Impervius!"

"There!" she said, handing them back to Harry. "They'll repel water!" (#3: 147)

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When Griffindor’s team competes against Hufflepuff on Quidditch match

– a kind of sport that is almost similar to polo and association football style

where the players played up in the air on brooms (The Quidditch

Handbook, 2009) - in a very bad rainy day, it seems very impossible for

Griffindor to win especially because Harry who gets the most important

position in the team to win the game, uses glasses. Because of that,

Hermione offers impervius charm that repels the water so that it cannot

pass through Harry’s glasses. The spell word is originally taken from Latin

that means “impassable”. As seen in the context, the rain cannot pass

into/penetrate Harry’s glasses. So, we could suggest the spell word as an

impenetrable charm.

17. Langlock (Tongue-Tying Curse)

Harry aimed his wand at Peeves and said, "Langlock!" Peeves clutched at his throat, gulped, then swooped from the room making obscene gestures but unable to speak, owing to the fact that his tongue had just glued itself to the roof of his mouth. (#6: 535)

The context explicitly describes the effect of the spell word langlock. It is

said that Peeeves’ tongue glues itself to the roof of his mouth/alveolar so

that it (Peeves is a ghost) cannot speak. It is classified into curse, tongue-

tying curse. The word is combined by two English words: language that

means “a system of spoken sounds or conventional symbols for

communicating thought” and lock means “to fasten”. One of the tools in

human’s speech system which produces sound to communicate is a

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tongue. As seen in the context above, Peeves’ tongue is fastened and glued

to its alveolar so that it cannot speak any word.

18. Locomotor Mortis (Leg-Locker Curse)

Ron and Hermione, meanwhile, had found a place in the stands next to Neville, who couldn't understand why they looked so grim and worried, or why they had both brought their wands to the match. Little did Harry know that Ron and Hermione had been secretly practicing the Leg-Locker Curse. They'd gotten the idea from Malfoy using it on Neville, and were ready to use it on Snape if he showed any sign of wanting to hurt Harry.

"Now, don't forget, it's Locomotor Mortis," Hermione muttered as Ron slipped his wand up his sleeve. (#1: 178)

In the story, it is mentioned clearly that locomotor mortis is a leg-locker

curse. It can be used to deactivate enemy. In the context above, Ron and

Hermione get the idea to use that spell word from the accident of Malfoy

using it upon Nevile and causing “his legs been stuck together” (174). The

spell word is combined by three Latin words: loco that means “to place,

put, or to set”; moto means “to move about”; and mortuus that means “to

die or decay”. The whole meaning can be assumed as to set something into

die movement, to lock the movement, or not be able to move.

19. Morsmordre (Dark Mark)

And then, without warning, the silence was rent by a voice unlike any they had heard in the wood; and it uttered, not a panicked shout, but what sounded like a spell.

"MORSMORDRE!" ------------------------------------------------------------------- For a split second, Harry thought it was another leprechaun

formation. Then he realized that it was a colossal skull, comprised of what looked like emerald stars, with a serpent protruding from its mouth like a tongue. As they watched, it rose higher and higher, blazing in a haze of greenish smoke, etched against the black sky like a new constellation.

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Suddenly, the wood all around them erupted with screams. Harry didn't understand why, but the only possible cause was the sudden appearance of the skull, which had now risen high enough to illuminate the entire wood like some grisly neon sign. He scanned the darkness for the person who had conjured the skull, but he couldn't see anyone. (#4: 84)

The word morsmordre is composed of two words: Latin mors which

means “death, a corpse, or a cause of death/destruction” and French

mordre that means “to bite”. The dark mark bites people’s peaceful life

with death. In the context above, after the spell has been mentioned by one

of The Death Eaters (Voldemort’s followers), a bright big skull appears in

the dark sky and destroys human peace who see it. It is a sign of

Voldemort, the Lord of the Dark, that means someone has been killed by

Voldemort or his followers. People are really afraid of him because he

once ever been a powerfull and cruelest bad person in magical history.

20. Obliviate (Memory Charm, Memory-Modifying Charm)

At that moment, a wizard in plus-fours appeared out of thin air next to Mr. Roberts's front door.

"Obliviate!" he said sharply, pointing his wand at Mr. Roberts.

Instantly, Mr. Roberts's eyes slid out of focus, his brows unknitted, and a took of dreamy unconcern fell over his face. Harry recognized the symptoms of one who had just had his memory modified. (#4: 51)

By the spell word obliviate, the victim had his memory modified. Rowling

calls it as a memory-modifying charm. The word is derived from Latin

word oblivio that means “forgetfulness/oblivion”. The victim’s memory is

modified so that he cannot remember the past anymore.

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21. Petrificus Totalus (Body-Bind Curse)

"Petrificus Totalus!" she cried, pointing it at Neville. Neville's arms snapped to his sides. His legs sprang

together. His whole body rigid, he swayed where he stood and then fell flat on his face, stiff as a board.

Hermione ran to turn him over. Neville's jaws were jammed together so he couldn't speak. Only his eyes were moving, looking at them in horror. (#1: 219)

Rowling calls petrificus totalus a body-bind curse. As seen in the context,

when having this curse upon him, Neville’s arms and legs as if glued to his

body. His lips and mouth are closed together so that he cannot speak,

although his eyes can still be moved. He is like a human soul in inanimate

thing’s body. The spell word is combined from two words: a French word

pétrifier means “to turn into stone” and a Latin word totus means

“whole/complete/entire”. So, it can be suggested to have meaning to turn

something into stone completely. Rowling uses it to curse body so that the

whole body is like a stone.

22. Point Me (Four-Point Spell)

Harry kept looking behind him. The old feeling that he was being watched was upon him. The maze was growing darker with every passing minute as the sky overhead deepened to navy. He reached a second fork.

"Point Me," he whispered to his wand, holding it flat in his palm.

The wand spun around once and pointed toward his right, into solid hedge. That way was north, and he knew that he needed to go northwest for the center of the maze. The best he could do was to take the left fork and go right again as soon as possible. (#4: 402)

From the context above, we know that the spell word is used by Harry to

know the direction, whether it is north, south, west, or east. It is named

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four-point spell because it only gives four main points of the compass. The

meaning of the spell word is show me the direction that taken from two

English words: point that means “show the way” and me “for the first

person pronoun”.

23. Protego (Shield Charm)

He turned his wand on Harry so fast that Harry reacted instinctively; all thought of nonverbal spells forgotten, he yelled, "Protego!"

His Shield Charm was so strong Snape was knocked off-balance and hit a desk. The whole class had looked around and now watched as Snape righted himself, scowling. (#6: 226)

The word protego is derived from Latin that means “to cover in front or to

cover over/protect”. Rowling calls it a shield charm. A shield has a

function to protect. In the context above, the shield charm protects Harry

from Snape who was going to mention any spell words upon him. As the

result, Snape is repeled and hits the desk.

24. Reducto (Reductor Curse)

Example 1:

....how Parvati Patil had produced such a good Reductor Curse that she had reduced the table carrying all the Sneakoscopes to dust. (#5: 209)

Example 2:

Harry had soon mastered ..., the Reductor Curse, which would enable him to blast solid objects out of his way; ... (#4: 395)

From the two contexts above, the word reducto or the reductor curse

causes something (solid object) to be reduced and became smaller

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continuously until it is destroyed of having no size any longer. The word is

taken from Latin word reductio that means “bringing back or restoration”.

25. Repello Muggletum (Muggle-Repelling Charm)

It is mentioned in the seventh book page 141 but without any

longer explanation, both for meaning and function. But in the other

context, it is called Muggle-Repelling Charm, a charm to refuse Muggle

(people with non-ability of doing magic and many of them do not even

know if there is community of magic around them). The word repello

itself is taken from Latin that means “to drive back/drive away or to

banish/repel”.

26. Rictusempra (Tickling Charm)

-------- wasting no more time, Harry pointed his wand straight at Malfoy and shouted, "Rictusempra!"

A jet of silver light hit Malfoy in the stomach and he doubled up, wheezing.

"I said disarm only!" Lockhart shouted in alarm over the heads of the battling crowd, as Malfoy sank to his knees; Harry had hit him with a Tickling Charm, and he could barely move for laughing. (#2: 163)

The word rictusempra is a combination of two Latin words: rictus means

“the open mouth” and semper means “always or at all times”. In the

context above, Harry gives Malfoy this charm that causes Malfoy to

always open his mouth due to laughing. It is as if somebody is tickling him

non-stop.

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27. Scourgify (Scouring Charm)

Example 1:

'Ah, well,' said Tonks, slamming the trunk's lid shut, 'at least it's all in. That could do with a bit of cleaning, too.' She pointed her wand at Hedwig's cage. 'Scourgify.' A few feathers and droppings vanished. Well, that's a bit better — I've never quite got the hang of these householdy sort of spells.. (#5: 30)

Example 2: Snape let out a stream of mixed swear words and hexes, but

with his wand ten feet away nothing happened. 'Wash out your mouth,' said James coldly. 'Scourgify!' Pink soap bubbles streamed from Snape's mouth at once;

the froth was covering his lips, making him gag, choking him — ' (#5: 336)

The spell word scourgify is originally taken from English word scour

which means “cleaning something very thoroughly by rubbing it with a

rough material”. In the two examples above, the spell word is used to clean

Hedwig’s cage (Harry’s owl) and wash out Snape’s mouth with soap

bubbles very carefully. The author names it a scouring charm. We can

assume that the spell word scourgify means cleaning thoroughly.

28. Silencio (Silencing Charm)

'Silencio!' cried Hermione and the man's voice was extinguished. He continued to mouth through the hole in his mask, but no sound came out. (#5: 411)

The word silencio might be taken from Italian word silenzio that means

“silence”. It is clearly showed by the context that silencio is a silencing

charm that is used to make the victim silent without any voice or sound

coming from his mouth although his mouth keep moving as if talking. It is

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can be imagined as an act of watching news in television with the volume

is in mute mode.

29. Specialis Revelio (Scarpin's Revelaspell)

"Hey!" said Harry indignantly, as she pulled his copy of Advanced Potion-Making out of his bag and raised her wand. "Specialis Revelio!" she said, rapping it smartly on the front cover. Nothing whatsoever happened. The book simply lay there, looking old and dirty and dog-eared.

-------------- ( It did not work for a moment.) ---------- "Good. Then I'll have it back," said Harry, snatching it off

the table, but it slipped from his hand and landed open on the floor. Nobody else was looking. Harry bent low to retrieve the book, and as he did so, he saw something scribbled along the bottom of the back cover in the same small, cramped handwriting as the instructions that had won him his bottle of Felix Felicis, now safely hidden inside a pair of socks in his trunk upstairs.

This book is the property of the Half Blood Prince. (#6: 243-244)

The spell word specialis revelio is formed from two Latin words: specialis

means “special” and revelo that means “to unveil/lay bare”. In the context

above, by the spell word the invisible word in the cover of the book can be

visible at last. Later, the book tells so many surprising news for them. J. K.

Rowling names this spell word a scarpin’s revelaspell. Although the

researcher cannot find the meaning of the word scarpin but she can assume

that revelaspell might be the combination of two words, revelo and spell.

The scarpin’s revelaspell is a spell to reveal something.

30. Stupefy (Stunning Spell, Stupefying Charm, Stunner)

STUPEFY!' screamed Hermione, who had just caught up with them. The jet of red light hit the Death Eater in the middle of his chest: he froze, his arm still raised, his wand fell to the floor with a flatter and he collapsed backwards towards the bell jar. (#5: 410)

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The author of the novel gives the name for the spell word stupefy stunning

spell, stupefying charm, or stunner. It surprises the victim of the spell very

extremely so that he cannot attack back. As it is a stunner, it can also be

assumed to have meaning to make someone unconscious for a short time.

It is derived from Latin word stupefio that means “to make

senseless/benumb/stun”. However, it is not dangerous so that is called

spell or charm, not curse.

31. Wingardium Leviosa (Levitation Charm)

Hermione had sunk to the floor in fright; Ron pulled out his own wand -- not knowing what he was going to do he heard himself cry the first spell that came into his head: "Wingardium Leviosa!"

The club flew suddenly out of the troll's hand, rose high, high up into the air, turned slowly over -- and dropped, with a sickening crack, onto its owner's head. The troll swayed on the spot and then fell flat on its face, with a thud that made the whole room tremble. (#1: 142)

The spell word wingardium leviosa is named levitation charm because it

makes the thing that is aimed by the spell flying as if it has wings due to

magic. It can be proved by the context. By the swing of the wand and the

pronounce of the spell word, the troll’s hand rising and flying and then

along with the lowering of the wand, the levitated object is also put down.

The spell word is combined from three words: English wing means “fly”,

Latin arduus means “high”, and Latin levis means “light”. Because a thing

is light, it can fly high as if having a couple of wings.

The next is a group of spell words only with incantations. Because

they are not given vernacular ones by the author in the novel, the

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informations of their etymology are very important in order to get their

meanings more accurately.

1. Alohomora

"Oh, move over," Hermione snarled. She grabbed Harry's wand, tapped the lock, and whispered, 'Alohomora!"

The lock clicked and the door swung open -- they piled through it, shut it quickly, and pressed their ears against it, listening. (#1: 128)

The context above indicates that the spell word alohomora is used as an

entrance password. To open the closed door/thing or to break the locked

ones, the speaker uses this spell with the assistance of wand. The spell

word is composed of two words: English aloha that means an interjection

used as a greeting or to say goodbye in Hawaii and Latin mora that means

an obstacle or hindrance. In short, it can have meaning to say goodbye to

the hindrance or obstacle. It is suitable for the function of the spell word

alohomora that is used to open the locked door.

2. Anapneo

Unfortunately, Belby had just taken a large mouthful of pheasant; in his haste to answer Slughorn he swallowed too fast, turned purple, and began to choke.

"Anapneo," said Slughorn calmly, pointing his wand at Belby, whose airway seemed to clear at once.

"Not... not much of him, no," gasped Belby, his eyes streaming. (#6: 186)

The word anapneo in the context is used to clear the airway. When Belby

chokes because he swallows the food too fast, the spell helps him clearing

his throat so that the food can continue going ahead to the next cannel. The

spell word is taken from Greek that means “to draw breath or to revive”.

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3. Aparecium

"Oh, Ron, wake up," snapped Hermione. "We know the person who opened the Chamber last time was expelled fifty years ago. We know T. M. Riddle got an award for special services to the school fifty years ago. Well, what if Riddle got his special award for catching the Heir of Slytherin? His diary would probably tell us everything - where the Chamber is, and how to open it, and what sort of creature lives in it - the person who's behind the attacks this time wouldn't want that lying around, would they?"

"That's a brilliant theory, Hermione," said Ron, "with just one tiny little flaw. There's nothing written in his diary."

But Hermione was pulling her wand out of her bag. "It might be invisible ink!" she whispered. She tapped the diary three times and said, "Aparecium!" Nothing happened. (#2: 198-199)

At the earlier context, we are told that Ron, Hermione, and Harry is

discussing a secret that kept inside the diary and invisible for them. Then

Hermione tries to reveal the secret by knocking the diary with her wand

three times although nothing happened then. It shows that it is a revealing

charm. It might be adopted from Latin word aperio that means “to

uncover/lay bare, to reveal, or to open what was shut/open up”.

4. Avis

"Hmm," said Mr. Olhivander, "this is a Gregorovitch creation, unless I'm much mistaken? A fine wand-maker, though the styling is never quite what I. . . however. ."

He lifted the wand and examined it minutely, turning it over and over before his eyes.

"Yes.. . hornbeam and dragon heartstring?" he shot at Krum, who nodded. "Rather thicker than one usually sees. . . quite rigid. . . ten and a quarter inches. . . Avis!"

The hornbeam wand let off a blast hike a gun, and a number of small, twittering birds flew out of the end and through the open window into the watery sunlight. (#4: 201)

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The word avis is taken from Latin means “bird”. Then, it can be easily

assumed that the spell is used to produce bird as seen clearly in the context

“and a number of small, twittering birds flew out of the end and through

the open window into the watery sunlight”. It is a bird-caller spell.

5. Cave Inimicum

“Apparently he didn’t want it back, his lumbago’s so bad,” said Hermione, now performing complicated figure-of-eight movements with her wand. “so Ron’s dad said I could borrow it. Erecto!” she added, pointing her wand at the misshapen canvas, which in one fluid motion rose into the air and settled, fully constructed, onto the ground before Harry, out of whose startled hands a tent peg soared, to land with a final thud at the end of a guy rope.

“Cave Inimicum,” Hermione finished with a skyward flourish. “That’s as much as I can do. At the very least, we should know they’re coming; I can’t guarantee it will keep out Vol –“ (#7: 141)

The spell word is taken from two Latin words: caveo means “to be on

one’s guard” and inimicum means “unfriendly, adverse, or hostile”. The

combination of the two creates a perfect spell word. As seen in the context,

the spell word is aimed to protect a certain place (in the context - the tent)

from strangers and it becomes an unfriendly place for them.

6. Colloportus

Example 1:

'Colloportus!' gasped Hermione and the door sealed itself with an odd squelching noise. (#5: 409)

Example 2:

The three of them tore around the room, sealing the doors as they went; Harry crashed into a table and rolled over the top of it in his haste to reach the next door:

'Colloportus!'

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There were footsteps running along behind the doors, every now and then another heavy body would launch itself against one, so it creaked and shuddered; (#5: 414)

The word colloportus is formed by two words: the Greek kollao means “to

join closely together/bind closely” and Latin porta means “a gate”. From

the two examples above, the spell word is used to lock the door magically.

7. Deletrius

"Deletrius!" Mr. Diggory shouted, and the smoky skull vanished in a wisp of smoke. (#4: 89)

As seen in the context, by the spell word deletrius the smoky skull then

vanishes or dissapears. Its function is similar to English word delete which

is used “to make something do not exist or appear any longer”.

8. Densaugeo

"Densaugeo!" screamed Malfoy. --- Malfoy's hit Hermione. Hermione, whimpering in panic,

was clutching her mouth. "Hermione!" Ron had hurried forward to see what was wrong with her;

Harry turned and saw Ron dragging Hermione's hand away from her face. It wasn't a pretty sight.

Hermione's front teeth - already larger than average - were now growing at an alarming rate; she was looking more and more like a beaver as her teeth elongated, past her bottom lip, toward her chin - panic-stricken, she felt them and let out a terrified cry. (#4: 195)

The word densaugeo is composed of two Latin words dens means “tooth”

and augeo means “to enlarge or increase”. As seen in the context, the spell

word causes Hermione’s front teeth to become larger more and more. Her

rabbit-teethed looks worse than before.

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9. Deprimo

"Deprimo!" She (Hermione) had blasted a hole in the sitting room floor.

They fell like boulders. (#7: 224)

In the context above, as the effect of the spell word deprimo “they”

(Hermione and friends) feel like a large stone because the floor where they

stand on has became a big hole as if it is thrown by a large stone. The word

itself is taken from Latin word means “to press down or depress, and more

specifically has meaning to plant deep in the ground or dig deep”.

10. Descendo

“Descendo,” muttered Ron, pointing his wand at the low ceiling. A hatch opened right over their heads and a ladder slid down to their feet. (#7: 53)

The word descendo is taken from Latin word means “to come

down/descend”. In the context, the word is used by Ron to descend the

ladder from ceiling.

11. Dissendium

"Dissendium!" Harry whispered, tapping the stone witch again.

At once, the statue's hump opened wide enough to admit a fairly thin person. Harry glanced quickly up and down the corridor, then tucked the map away again, hoisted himself into the hole headfirst, and pushed himself forward. (#3: 162)

The word dissendium is derived from Latin word discedo that means “I

swerve”. As seen in the text, this spell causes the statue that covers the

secret passage to Honeydukes (a village) and any other secret

passageways, to be opened up. The original meaning of the spell word and

its application in the novel seem not too similar.

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12. Duro

"Duro!" cried Hermione, pointing her wand at the tapestry, and there were two loud, sickening crunches as the tapestry turned to stone and the Death Eaters pursuing them crumpled against it. (#7: 339)

The word duro is taken from Latin means “to make hard”. One thing is

enchanted to be hard. In the context, Hermione speaks out the word to

make the tapestry as hard as stone.

13. Episkey

Example 1:

"I can fix your nose if you stand still." Harry did not think much of this idea; he had been intending

to visit Madam Pomfrey, the matron, in whom he had a little more confidence when it came to Healing Spells, but it seemed rude to say this, so he stayed stock-still and closed his eyes,

“Episkey" said Tonks. Harry’s nose felt very hot, and then very cold. He raised a

hand and felt gingerly. It seemed to be mended. (#6: 202)

Example 2:

"I can fix that," said Harry, landing beside the two girls, pointing his wand at Demelzas mouth, and saying "Episkey." (#6: 360)

From description of the two context above, episkey is used to mend or to

fix broken nose or mouth as its former normal condition. We can mention

it as a healing spell. The word is taken from Greek word episkeu that

means “to repair”. It repairs a broken part of body.

14. Erecto

“Apparently he didn’t want it back, his lumbago’s so bad,” said Hermione, now performing complicated figure-of-eight movements with her wand. “so Ron’s dad said I could borrow it. Erecto!” she added, pointing her wand at the misshapen canvas,

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which in one fluid motion rose into the air and settled, fully constructed, onto the ground before Harry, out of whose startled hands a tent peg soared, to land with a final thud at the end of a guy rope. (#7: 141)

The word erecto is borrowed from Latin word erectus means

“raised/upright/erect”. As seen in the context, only by moving her wand

and speaking out word erecto, the misshapen canvas moves here and there

and then becoming a tent by itself.

15. Expulso

“Expulso!” bellowed the Death Eater, and the table behind which Harry was standing blew up: The force of the explosion slammed him into the wall and he felt his wand leave his hand as the Cloak slipped off him. (#7: 87)

As seen in the text, the word expulso causes the table blowing up and

exploding. Its original version is word expulsio borrowed from Latin

which meaning is “driving out or expulsion”.

16. Ferula

"Right," said Lupin, suddenly businesslike. "Ron, I can't mend bones nearly as well as Madam Pomfrey, so I think it's best if we just strap your leg up until we can get you to the hospital wing."

He hurried over to Ron, bent down, tapped Ron's leg with his wand, and muttered, "Ferula." Bandages spun up Ron's leg, strapping it tightly to a splint. Lupin helped him to his feet; Ron put his weight gingerly on the leg and didn't wince. (#3: 317)

The word ferula is a Latin word means “a stick or cane”. In the context, as

the effect of the spell word, the bandages spin up Ron’s leg so tight as if

Ron implants stick inside his leg.

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17. Finite Incantatem

Example 1:

"Finite Incantatem!" he shouted; Harry's feet stopped dancing, Malfoy stopped laughing, and they were able to look up. (#2: 163)

Example 2:

“Try Finite Incantatem,” said Hermione at once, “that

should stop the rain if it’s a hex or curse; (#7: 126)

The word finite incantatem is composed of two Latin words: finite means

“within bounds” and incanto means “to enchant”. The whole meaning can

be within bounds of enchantment. The use of the spell word in the two

examples are different. In the first example, the spell is used to stop the

movement of body, while in the second one it is used to stop the rain.

However, the main point from the two is that the spell word is used to stop

something in general situation.

18. Flagrate

'Wait!' said Hermione sharply, as Luna made to close the door of the brain room behind them. 'Flagrate!'

She drew with her wand in midair and a fiery 'X' appeared on the door. No sooner had the door clicked shut behind them than there was a great rumbling, and once again the wall began to revolve very fast, but now there was a great red-gold blur in amongst the faint blue and, when all became still again, the fiery cross still burned, showing the door they had already tried. (#5: 401)

The word flagrate might be derived from Latin word flagro that means “to

blaze/burn/glow/flame”. In the context, after Hermione speaks out the

spell word and points her wand to the door, a glowing ‘X’ appears on it.

The spell creates a glowing letter X on the door’s surface.

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19. Glisseo

Two masked Death Eaters stood there, but even before their wands were fully raised, Hermione shouted "Glisseo!"

The stairs beneath their feet flattened into a chute and she, Harry, and Ron hurtled down it, unable to control their speed but so fast that the Death Eaters' Stunning Spells flew far over their heads. They shot through the concealing tapestry at the bottom and spun onto the floor, hitting the opposite wall. (#7: 339)

The word glisseo is derived from French word glisser that means “slide”.

As seen in the text, Hermione casts the word upon the stairs beneath her

and her friends’ foot so that the stairs become flat as a slide. Then they can

escape from the Death Eaters’ stunning spells that, as the result, only flow

far over their heads.

20. Homenum Revelio

“Before we go any farther, I think we’d better check,” whispered Hermione, and she raised her wand and said, “Homenum revelio.”

Nothing happened. “Well, you’ve just had a big shock,” said Ron kindly.

“What was that supposed to do?” “It did what I meant it to do!” said Hermione rather crossly.

“That was a spell to reveal human presence, and there’s nobody here except us!” (#7: 90)

In the context, it is clearly said that homenum revelio is purposed to

“reveal human presence”. The word homenum might taken from Latin

word homo that means “a human being/ man”, whereas the revelio might

taken from Latin word revelo that means “to unveil or lay bare”. If there is

any human being around the enchanted place, the spell word can detect it.

21. Incarcerous

'Be quiet!' shouted Hermione, but it was too late: Umbridge pointed her wand at Magorian and screamed, 'Incarcerous!'

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Ropes flew out of midair like thick snakes, wrapping themselves tightly around the centaur's torso and trapping his arms: he gave a cry of rage and reared on to his hind legs, attempting to free himself, while the other centaurs charged. (#5: 392)

The word incarcerous is similar to English word incarcerate that means

“to imprison”. The word is originally derived from Latin word carcer that

means “prison or cell that symbolizing the barrier of freedom”. In the

context above, Professor Umbridge aims this spell word to tie up

Magorian’s body and imprisons him by ropes so that he cannot move.

Although Magorian is tied up only by rope and not in the real prison, but

the rope imprisons his freedom to move.

22. Incendio

But Snape parried the curse, knocking Harry backward off his feet before he could complete it; Harry rolled over and scrambled back up again as the huge Death Eater behind him yelled, "Incendio!" Harry heard an explosive bang and a dancing orange light spilled over all of them: Hagrid's house was on fire. (#6: 765-766)

The word incendio is taken from Latin word incendo that means “to set

fire”. As seen in the text above, the huge Death Eater uses this word to set

fire or to burn Hagrid’s house so that it is decorated by a scaring dancing

orange light.

23. Legilimens

'I am about to attempt to break into your mind,' said Snape softly. 'We are going to see how well you resist. I have been told that you have already shown aptitude at resisting the Imperius Curse. You will find that similar powers are needed for this . . . brace yourself, now. Legilimens!'

---------- 'You let me get in too far. You lost control.'

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---------- 'Get up!' said Snape sharply. 'Get up! You are not trying, you are making no effort. You are allowing me access to memories you fear, handing me weapons!' (#5: 279)

The word legilimens is composed of two Latin words legere means “to

read” and mens means “mind”. The whole meaning is to read mind. Snape,

as seen in the context, uses this spell to get into Harry’s mind in order to

know what inside it is. He breaks Harry’s mind and tries to read it. This

exercise is very usefull to help Harry not to let Voldemort knows his mind

and being succesful to defeat him.

24. Levicorpus

Pointing his wand at nothing in particular, he gave it an upward flick and said Levicorpus! inside his head. "Aaaaaaaargh!"

There was a flash of light and the room was full of voices: Everyone had woken up as Ron had let out a yell. Harry sent Advanced Potion-Making flying in panic; Ron was dangling upside down in midair as though an invisible hook had hoisted him up by the ankle. (#6: 300)

The word is composed of two Latin words: levis that means “light” and

corpus that means “body”. The whole meaning is a light body. Because the

body is light, it can be lifted. As seen in the text, when Harry secretly

practises this spell, he can lift Ron’s body so that he is dangled upside-

down by the ankle.

25. Liberacorpus

Praying that this was the counter-jinx, Harry thought Liberacorpus! with all his might. There was another flash of light, and Ron fell in a heap onto his mattress. (#6: 300)

This spell word is a counter-jinx of levicorpus. The word is composed of

two Latin words liberatio means “setting free/release” and corpus means

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“body”. The complete meaning is to release the body or to set it free. As

seen in the context above, the spell word releases Ron’s body from spell

word levicorpus so that he who has been tied can be released and then

“falls in a heap onto his mattress”.

26. Lumos

Harry took out his wand, murmured, "Lumos!" and a tiny light appeared at the end of it, just enough to let them watch the path for signs of spiders. (#2: 231)

In the context above, it is clearly mentioned the effect of spell word lumos.

It produces light from the tip of the wand that is enough to light up the

surrounding purposed place. The word is derived from Latin word

luminosus that means “bright”.

27. Meteolojinx Recanto

“Yes, a lot of offices have been raining lately,” said Mr. Weasley. “Did you try Meterolojinx Recanto? It worked for Bletchley.”

“Meteolojinx Recanto?” whispered Ron. “No, I didn’t. Thanks, D – I mean, thanks, Arthur.” (#7: 132)

The word is composed of three words: Greek meteorologia means

“meteorology”, English jinx means “to bring bad luck to”, and Latin

recanto means “to charm away”. The whole meaning can be concluded as

a spell word to charm away the bad meteorology effect. As seen in the

context, Mr. Weasley suggests Ron to use this spell to manage a raining

room in Ministry of Magic.

28. Mobiliarbus

Somewhere above him, Hermione whispered, Mobiliarbus!" The Christmas tree beside their table rose a few inches off

the ground, drifted sideways, and landed with a soft thump right

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in front of their table, hiding them from view. Staring through the dense lower branches, Harry saw four sets of chair legs move back from the table right beside theirs, then heard the grunts and sighs If the teachers and minister as they sat down. (#3: 167-168)

The word mobiliarbus is constructed from two Latin words mobilito that

means “to set in motion” and arbos that means “a tree”. It is almost similar

to summoning charm but more specific because it is used upon a tree. As

seen in the context, Hermione casts this spell to set a tree to come nearer

and can hide them from the coming people.

29. Mobilicorpus

He (Lupin) muttered, "Mobilicorpus." As though invisible strings were tied to Snape's wrists, neck, and knees, he was pulled into a standing position, head still lolling unpleasantly, like a grotesque puppet. He hung a few inches above the ground, his limp feet dangling. (#3: 316)

The word is composed of two Latin words: mobilito means “to set in

motion” and corpus means “body”. In short, it is a body moving spell. In

the context, Lupin uses this spell to bring Snape’s body gets out of the

cave more easily. He just casts the spell and points the wand to Snape’s

body toward the way out. It is as if brings a balloon with invisible rope.

30. Muffliato

------ perhaps most useful of all, Muffliato, a spell that filled the ears of anyone nearby with an unidentifiable buzzing, so that lengthy conversations could be held in class with out being overheard. The only person who did not find these charms amusing was Hermione, who maintained a rigidly disapproving expression throughout and refused to talk at all if Harry had used the Muffliato spell on anyone in the vicinity. (#6: 299)

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This word is borrowed from English word muffle that means “to make a

sound less loud and clear”. This is used by Harry, Ron, and Hermione

when they want to talk about something secretly and do not want the

others know it too. The others will only hear an unclear little sound of their

conversation.

31. Nox

They reached the dark landing. "Nox," they whispered together, and the lights at the end of

their wands went out. Only one door was open. As they crept toward it, they heard movement from behind it; a low moan, and then a deep, loud purring. They exchanged a last look, a last nod. (#3: 282)

The context above states explicitly that the word nox causes the lights of

the wand go out. It is the opposite of the spell word lumos in the previous

explanation. The word nox is a Latin word which is meaning is “the

night”. Night is closely related to dark or not bright, a situation with no

light.

32. Oppugno

She walked very slowly and erectly toward the door. Harry glanced at Ron, who was looking relieved that nothing worse had happened.

"Oppugno!" came a shriek from the doorway. Harry spun around to see Hermione pointing her wand at

Ron, her expression wild: The little flock of birds was speeding like a hail of fat golden bullets toward Ron, who yelped and covered his face with his hands, but the birds attacked, pecking and clawing at every bit of flesh they could reach. (#6: 381)

The word oppugno is a Latin word means “to attack or assault”. As seen in

the text above, the unknown caster casts this spell word to attack Ron’s

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body by the appearances of many wild birds that attack, peck, and claw his

unprotected body.

33. Orchideous

Mr. Ollivander ran his fingers along the wand, apparently checking for scratches or bumps; then he muttered, "Orchideous!" and a bunch of flowers burst from the wand tip. (#4: 202)

The context mentions that by the spell word orchideous “a bunch of

flowers burst from the wand of the tip”. The spell word can be assumed to

be borrowed from the English word orchid that means “a kind of flowers

with three parts and the middle one being shaped like a lip”, an orchid

flower.

34. Pack

'Don't be stupid, it'll be much quicker if I — pack!' cried Tonks, waving her wand in a long, sweeping movement over the floor.

Books, clothes, telescope and scales all soared into the air and flew pell-mell into the trunk.

'It's not very neat,' said Tonks, walking over to the trunk and looking down at the jumble inside. 'My mum's got this knack of getting stuff to fit itself in neatly — she even gets the socks to fold themselves — but I've never mastered how she does it — it's a kind of flick — ' She flicked her wand hopefully.

One of Harry's socks gave a feeble sort of wiggle and flopped back on top of the mess in the trunk.

'Ah, well,' said Tonks, slamming the trunk's lid shut, 'at least it's all in. That could do with a bit of cleaning, too.' (#5: 30)

The word pack is an English word means “to put things in a bag, case,

etc”. As seen in the context, Tonks uses this spell to make Harry’s room

clean so that they do not leave anything in the room and ready to go. All of

clothes, books, telescope, and scales fly in the air and place the bag

automatically.

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35. Peskipiksi Pesternomi

"Come on now - round them up, round them up, they're only pixies," Lockhart shouted.

He rolled up his sleeves, brandished his wand, and bellowed,

"Peskipiksi Pesternomi!" It had absolutely no effect; one of the pixies seized his wand

and threw it out of the window, too. Lockhart gulped and dived under his own desk, narrowly avoiding being squashed by Neville, who fell a second later as the chandelier gave way.

The bell rang and there was a mad rush toward the exit. In the relative calm that followed, Lockhart straightened up, caught sight of Harry, Ron, and Hermione, who were almost at the door, and said, "Well, I'll ask you three to just nip the rest of them back into their cage." He swept past them and shut the door quickly behind him. (#2: 88)

The spell word is composed of some English words: pesky means

“annoying”; pixie means “an imaginary creature that looks like a very

small human being, has magical powers, and likes to play tricks on

people”; pester means “to annoy”, no “for negative”, and me “for the first

person pronoun”. In short, the meaning of the spell word is “do not disturb

me, annoying magical creature (pixie)!”. As described in the text,

Professor Lockhart tries to use this spell word to get the pixies into the

cage, although it does not work.

36. Portus

Example 1:

Dumbledore was now rummaging in a cupboard behind Harry and Ron. He emerged from it carrying a blackened old kettle, which he placed carefully on his desk. He raised his wand and murmured, 'Portus!' For a moment the kettle trembled, glowing with an odd blue light; then it quivered to rest, as solidly black as ever. (#5: 247)

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Example 2:

He walked away from the pool to the place where the golden wizard's head lay on the floor. He pointed his wand at it and muttered, 'Portus.' The head glowed blue and trembled noisily against the wooden floor for a few seconds, then became still once more.

'Now see here, Dumbledore!' said Fudge, as Dumbledore picked up the head and walked back to Harry carrying it. 'You haven't got authorisation for that Portkey! You can't do things like that right in front of the Minister for Magic, you — you — ' (#5: 424)

The word portus is a Latin word means “a port”. In the novel Harry

Potter, Rowling creates a tools to be used as a vechicle to move from one

place to another. It can be anything, usually the ugliest and worn-out

things, especially in order to not be known by the enemies. It is called

Portkey. By touching it and saying the spell word portus, people will

dissappear from the original place and then appear in another place. It can

be seen from the two examples above. In the first example the Portkey is a

kettle while in the second one is a golden wizard’s head.

37. Protego Totalum

It is mentioned in the seventh book page 141 and 224 when Harry,

Ron, and Hermione would like to build a tent as their shelter. Although

there is not any further information about the meaning and function in the

text, but we can suggest the meaning from its etymology. The spell word

is composed of two Latin words: protego means “to protect” and totus that

means “whole/complete/entire”. So, it can be concluded as a complete

protection in the surrounding area of the tent.

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38. Quietus

At last, when the Irish team had left the box to perform another lap of honor on their brooms (Aidan Lynch on the back of Confolly's, clutching hard around his waist and still grinning in a bemused sort of way), Bagman pointed his wand at his throat and muttered, "Quietus." (#4: 76)

The spell word is a Latin word which meaning is “quiet or calm”. In the

context above, Ludo Bagman casts the word quietus after he uses spell

word sonorus to enchant his voice to be louder so that it can be heard by

all people in the stadium. This quietus spell makes the louded voice to be

back in its normal volume.

39. Reducio

Moody raised his wand. The spider's legs relaxed, but it continued to twitch.

"Reducio," Moody muttered, and the spider shrank back to its proper size. He put it back into the jar. (#4: 140)

In the context above, the enlarged spider is enchanted to return to its

former size by the spell word reducio. The word is borrowed from Latin

word reduco that means “to reduce”.

40. Relashio

Pointing his wand at the thick cuffs chaining the beast to the floor, he yelled, “Relashio!”

The cuffs broken open with loud bangs. (#7: 283)

The spell word relashio is a loosening spell. It is used to loosen something

that tying up. As seen in the context, the word relashio loosens the cuffs

that chaining the beast and releases it. It is adopted from Latin word relaxo

that means “to loosen”.

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41. Rennervate

"No." said Harry, shaking Dumbledore, "no, you're not dead, you said it wasn't poison, wake up, wake up — Rennervate!" he cried, his wand pointing at Dumbledores chest; there was a flash of red light but nothing happened. "Rennervate — sir — please —" (#6: 729)

The word rennervate is formed by English prefix re- that means “again”

and a Latin word nervus that means “strength or energy”. So, it can be

suggested as a energy refill spell. As seen in the text above, Harry

mentions the spell word in order to refill the energy of weaker Dumbledore

although it is not success because he is going to die.

42. Reparo

Ron got to his feet and slammed the sliding compartment door so hard behind them that the glass shattered.

"Ron!" said Hermione reproachfully, and she pulled out her wand, muttered "Reparo!" and the glass shards flew back into a single pane and back into the door. (#4: 110)

The word reparo is a Latin word means “to restore, renew, or make good”.

In the text, Hermione uses this spell to restore or repair the glass that has

been broken into pieces due to Ron’s body.

43. Riddikulus

"The charm that repels a boggart is simple, yet it requires force of mind. You see, the thing that really finishes a boggart is laughter. What you need to do is force it to assume a shape that you find amusing.

"We will practice the charm without wands first. After me, please ... Riddikulus!" (#3: 110)

The word riddikulus is taken from Latin word ridiculus that means

“exciting laughter or absurd”. As described in the text, to defeat and return

a boggart, a scary bad creature that lives in the cupboard, to its home, the

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caster speaks out the spell word riddikulus while thinking of something

“scares you most, and imagine how you might force it to look comical”

(#3: 109); scary and absurd thing. The boggart will change into that shape.

For example, Neville ever imagines Snape (the most strict and killer

teacher in the school) wearing Neville’s grandmother’s favorite flowering

dress. It is so funny and all of students make big laughters. As the result,

boggart is lost and returns to the cupboard (#3: 109-111).

44. Salvio Hexia

It is mentioned in the seventh book page 141 and 224 when Harry,

Ron, and Hermione would like to build a tent as their shelter. There is not

any further information about the meaning and function in the text.

However, similar to the spell word protego totalum that has been

mentioned previously, we can yet suggest the meaning of salvio hexia

from its etymology. The spell word is composed of two words: Latin

salvus means “safe” and English hex that means “a magic spell”. Shortly,

it can be concluded as a safety magical spell for protection in the

surrounding area of the tent.

45. Sectumsempra

"SECTUMSEMPRA!" bellowed Harry from the floor, waving his wand wildly.

Blood spurted from Malfoy's face and chest as though he had been slashed with an invisible sword. He staggered backward and collapsed onto the waterlogged floor with a great splash, his wand falling from his limp right hand. (#6: 662)

The word sectumsempra is composed of two Latin words sectura means

”cutting” and semper means “always or at all times”. In short, it has

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meaning a cutting at all times or cut continously. As seen in the first

sentence of the second paragraph, after has the spell word sectumsempra

upon him, Malfoy’s body is full of blood as if he has been stabbed

roughly.

46. Serpensortia

Malfoy raised his wand quickly and bellowed, "Serpensortia!"

The end of his wand exploded. Harry watched, aghast, as a long black snake shot out of it, fell heavily onto the floor between them, and raised itself, ready to strike. (#2: 165)

The word serpensortia is composed of two Latin words: serpens that

means “a snake or serpent” and sortio that means “to cast lots”. So, it can

be assumed as a casting serpent spell. In the text above, after Malfoy casts

the word, from the tip of his wand, a long black serpent comes out and is

ready to strike.

47. Sonorus

Ludo whipped out his wand, directed it at his own throat, and said "Sonorus!" and then spoke over the roar of sound that was now filling the packed stadium; his voice echoed over them, booming into every corner of the stands. (#4: 67)

The word sonorus is a Latin word which means “sounding, resonant, or

loud”. In the context, it is described that after he has enchanted his throat

with the word sonorus, Ludo’s voice is so loud that all of the stadium can

hear it. The spell word makes his voice louder.

48. Tarantallegra

'Tarantallegra!' he shouted, his wand pointing at Neville, whose legs went immediately into a kind of frenzied tap-dance, unbalancing him and causing him to fall to the floor again. (#5: 416)

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The context above clearly explains the meaning and effect of the spell

word tarantallegra. It makes the victim’s leg moving so fast and

uncontrollable as if doing a tap-dance. The word is formed by two words:

English tarantella that means “a fast Italian dance” and Italian allegro

means “cheerful”.

49. Tergeo

"You're covered in blood!" said Hermione. "Come here —" She raised her wand, said "Tergeo!" and siphoned off the

dried blood. "Thanks," said Harry, feeling his now clean face. (#6: 207)

The word tergeo is taken from Latin which means “to wipe/scour/clean”.

Hermione, in the text above, cleans Harry’s full-of-blood face with this

word by siphons it. To siphon is an action of cleaning something in the

shape of liquid; as seen in the text, it is blood.

50. Waddiwasi

He (Lupin) raised the wand to shoulder height, said, "Waddiwasi! " and pointed it at Peeves.

With the force of a bullet, the wad of chewing gum shot out of the keyhole and straight down Peeves's left nostril; he whirled upright and zoomed away, cursing. (#3: 107)

The word waddiwasi is composed of two words: English wad means “a

thick pile of pieces of paper or thin material” and Latin vado means “to

go”. It launchs a small objects through the air. As seen in the text, Lupin

casts the spell word to launch a wad of chewing gum from the keyhole to

Peeves’ nostril as the punishment of its annoyance.

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B. The Function of Each Spell Words in The Novel Harry Potter

To know the function of each spell words in the novel, the researcher

must consult the context in the novel. However, it has been done completely

in the first problem. As the consequence, in this part of analysis, the

researcher will only summarize the function of each spell word with a simple

example. Besides, in this part too, all the spell words will not be grouped into

two as in the previous part.

1. Accio (Summoning Charm) is used to call something.

Example: The spell word Accio Parchment is used by Moody to call a

parchment and it then comes immediately to his hand. (#4: 306)

2. Aguamenti (Aguamenti Charm) is used to mention water.

Example: The spell word is used by Harry to fill a goblet with water

when he is helping Dumbledore who is going to die. (#6: 729)

3. Alohomora is used an entrance password to open the closed door/thing or

to broke the locked ones with the assistance of wand.

Example: Hermione uses this spell word to open a locked secret room in

Hogwarts school. ((#1: 128)

4. Anapneo is used to clear throat because of choke.

Example: Because of swallowing the food too fast, Beiby chokes when

answering Slughorn’s question. Slughorn helps clearing his throat with

the spell word anapneo. (#6: 186)

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5. Aparecium is used to reveal the secret.

Example: Hermione casts this spell word while knocking her wand to a

diary in order to reveal the secret that might be written in invisible ink.

(#2: 199)

6. Avada Kedavra (Killing Curse) is used to kill someone or other living

creature crudely.

Example: The spell word is used by Proffessor Moody Mad Eye in one

of his class where he causes a spider that being the victim dies

immediately. (#4: 141)

7. Avis is used to call bird.

Example: Mr. Olivander calls bird by mentioning the spell word avis.

(#4: 201)

8. Cave Inimicum is used to protect a certain place from strangers.

Example: Hermione and friends casts their tent that is built in open area

in order to protect it from strangers that might come. (#7: 141)

9. Colloportus is used to lock the door magically.

Example: In order to hide their hiding place from enemies, Harry and

friends lock the door magically after they enter another room. (#5: 414)

10. Confringo (Blasting Curse) is used to break something into pieces.

Example: Hermione makes a wardrobe mirror is destroyed into pieces

when her confringo spell word hits the room. (#7: 177)

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11. Confundo (Confundus Charm) is used to make someone get confused.

Example: The spell word confundo is used by Harry upon two guards in

order to help Hermione who is disguising as Bellatrix Lestrange, entering

a room in Ministry of Magic. As the result of the spell word, the guards

get confused, think that they have checked her, and let her in. In fact,

they have not done it yet. (#7: 277)

12. Crucio (Cruciatus Curse) is used to torture someone or other living

creature.

Example: The word crucio is used by Professor Moody in front of the

class when he is torturing a spider as an example of how to use this curse

and what the effect is. (#4: 140)

13. Defodio (Gouging Spell) is used to dig/excavate something.

Example: The spell word defodio is used by Hermione to dig the ceiling

and release a dragon getting out of the room. (#7: 284)

14. Deletrius is used to make something does not exist or appear any longer.

Example: Mr. Diggory deletes a smoky skull in the sky with the spell

word deletrius. (#4: 89)

15. Densaugeo is used to enlarge the tooth size.

Example: Malfoy casts this spell toward Hermione and causes her teeth

to become larger and make her rabbit-teethed looks more terrible.

(#4: 195)

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16. Deprimo is used to press something so hard that it has a hole.

Example: To escape from enemies that casing them, Hermione casts the

spell word deprimo that makes the floor they are standing on being a hole

so that they can run away. (#7: 224)

17. Descendo is used to descend the ladder from the ceiling.

Example: Ron mentions the spell word descendo to descend a ladder

from ceiling so that he and Harry can climb up to the upstair where he

hides his weird pet and would like to show it to Harry. (#7: 53)

18. Diffindo (Severing Charm) is used to open something.

Example: The spell word diffindo is used by Harry to open Cedric’s bag

so that all of the contents spill out of it. (#4: 221)

19. Dissendium is used to open up the secret passageways.

Example: Harry opens a secret passageway from Hogwarts to Honey

Ducks when he finds it is safe to pass that way by himself. (#3: 162)

20. Duro is used to make something hard.

Example: Hermione traps two Death Eaters in a tapestry by making it

hard with the spell word duro.(#7: 339)

21. Engorgio (Engorgement Charm) is used to make someone or other

living creature swell.

Example: The spell word engorgio causes a spider to swell and become

larger than its previous size. (#4: 140)

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22. Episkey is used to repair broken part of body.

Example: Tonks uses this spell word to repair Harry’s broken nose due

to Malfoy’s done. (#6: 202)

23. Erecto is used to make something in upright position.

Example: Hermione casts this spell word toward a misshapen canvas so

that it stands levitatedly and creates a tent. (#7: 141)

24. Expecto Patronum (Patronus Charm) is used to create a protector in

the shape of misty animal creature to defeat Dementors back.

Example: Harry uses this spell word to create a patronus such a misty

creature in the shape of an animal – to protect himself from Dementors.

Harry’s patronus is a deer. (#4: 404)

25. Expelliarmus (Disarming Charm, Disarming Spell) is used to disarm

the opponent so that he does not hold his weapon anymore.

Example: Harry uses the spell word expelliarmus to disarm Pettigrew

when Harry and friends would like to make him confess who he is

exactly. (#3: 321)

26. Expulso is used to make something explode.

Example: In order to catch Harry, one of the Death Eaters casts the spell

word expulso and causing a table blows up but then he is not succeed to

catch Harry. (#7: 87)

27. Ferula is used to make something as hard and upright as a stick.

Example: To repair Ron’s broken leg temporarily until he is bought to

hospital, Lupin enchants bandages with the spell word ferula so that they

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wraps up Ron’s leg so tight as if it is implanted with a stick and Ron can

walk again. (#3: 317)

28. Finite Incantatem is used to stop something.

Example: This spell word can be used to stop anything. It can be used to

stop Malfoy’s legs that are enchanted to doing tap-dancing (#2: 163) or

stop the enchanted rain (#7: 126)

29. Flagrate is used to create something glowing.

Example: To mark the room that has been entered, Hermione write a

glowing X on the door by the spell word flagrate.(#5: 401)

30. Funnunculus (Funnunculus Curse) is used to grow boils.

Example: Harry uses this curse upon Goyle and causes so many boils

grow heavily in his face. It makes Goyle feels so terrified. (#4: 194)

31. Geminio (Gemino Curse) is used to duplicate a thing.

Example: In order to deceive Mrs. Cattermole, Herminone duplicates the

locket that has been thought as Voldemort’s horcrux by the gemino

curse. She takes the original locket and leaves the imitation one.

(#7: 136)

32. Glisseo is used to change something as a slide.

Example: To avoid the stunning spells from The Death Eaters, Hermione

enchants the stairs beneath them as flat as a slide so that she and her

friends can escape from the enemies. (#7: 339)

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33. Homenum Revelio is used to reveal human presence.

Example: Hermione uses this spell word to detect the presence of any

human being around her and friends when they come back to Sirius’

house, because of being afraid that there is an enemy there. (#7: 90)

34. Impedimenta (Impediment Jinx, Impediment Curse) is used to make

someone else fail to do something.

Example: The students that join in Dumbledore’s army use this spell

word in practices to make their opponent fail when trying to cast a spell.

(#5: 238)

35. Imperio (Imperius Curse) is used to command total control to the victim

(somebody or other living creature).

Example: Moody controls the spider’s movement and makes it tap-

dancing when he shows the effect of the imperius curse in his class.

(#4: 139)

36. Impervius (Impervius Charm) is used to make water or other thing

cannot penetrate something else.

Example: Although playing on Quidditch match in the rainy day, Harry

keep able to see the snitch clearly because the spell word impervius that

casted by Hermione causing his glass to repel the water. (#3: 147)

37. Incarcerous is used to tie something by rope.

Example: The spell word incarcerous that is casted by Hermione makes

Umbridge is tied by magical rope that flows out of midair. (#5: 392)

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38. Incendio is used to set fire or burn something.

Example: Snape casts this spell word to burn Hagrid’s house magically.

(#6: 765)

39. Langlock (Tongue-Tying Curse) is used to lock the tongue to the

alveolar position so that the victim cannot say a word.

Example: Harry uses this curse to stop the annoying school ghost,

Peeves, intervening his bussiness. It locks its tongue so that it cannot talk.

(#6: 535)

40. Legilimens is used to read someone’s mind.

Example: As the command of Dumbledore, Snape teaches Harry to close

his mind so that the opponent cannot read it. Snape casts this spell word

in order to get into Harry’s mind. This practises is very usefull to close

Harry’s mind from Voldemort. (#5: 279)

41. Levicorpus is used to make someone’s body so light that it can be lifted

magically.

Example: Harry makes Ron is hanged with his head below as if an

invisible rope is hanging his feet. (#6: 300)

42. Liberacorpus is used to release someone from the spell word levicorpus;

it is a counter-jinx of levicorpus.

Example: Harry releases Ron from the spell word levicorpus by its

counter-jinx, liberacorpus. (#6: 300)

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43. Locomotor Mortis (Leg-Locker Curse) is used to stuck both legs

together.

Example: Malfoy casts this curse upon Neville so that his legs are stuck

together. (#1: 178)

44. Lumos is used to make a certain place bright by producing light from the

tip of wand.

Example: When entering a dark place, Harry casts the spell word lumos

to produce a light from the tip of his wand so that he can see the way

clearly. (#2: 231)

45. Meteolojinx Recanto is used to charm away the bad meteorology effect.

Example: Mr. Weasley suggests Ron to use Meteolojinx Recanto to

handle the bad weather effect due to magic. (#7: 132)

46. Mobiliarbus is used to move a tree.

Example: Hermione casts the spell word mobiliarbus to call out a tree

that can hide her and Harry from the enemies’ vision. (#3: 167)

47. Mobilicorpus is used to move a body.

Example: In order to bring Snape’s body out of the cave easier, Lupin

casts this spell word to Snape. His body flies as the movement of Lupin’s

wand as if they are connected with an invisible rope. (#3: 316)

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48. Morsmordre (Dark Mark) is used by the Death Eaters to give sign that

someone has been killed by them or their leader, The Dark Lord

Voldemort, by the appearence of a bright big skull in the air.

Example: The Death Eaters always cast this mark whenever a murder

happens for the sake of The Dark Lord Voldemort’s will. One of them is

in the national Quidditch match. Automatically then all of people begin

to be panick. (#4: 84)

49. Muffliato is used to make a sound less loud and clear.

Example: Hermione, Ron, and Harry like to discuss a secret thing about

Voldemort. To not let the other classmates know it, they cast this spell

word so that the three voices will be heard only as a bee sound, unclear

and buzzing. (#6: 299)

50. Nox is used to make a certain place becomes dark.

Example: To make them invisible in the dark, Harry casts the spell word

nox that makes the light from the tip of his wand goes out.(#3: 282)

51. Obliviate (Memory Charm, Memory-Modifying Charm) is used to

modify someone’s memory so that he cannot remember the past.

Example: Mr. Weasley modified Mr. Roberts’ memory with the spell

word obliviate. (#4: 51)

52. Oppugno is used to attack someone.

Example: Being jealous of seeing Ron dates with Lavender Brown,

Hermione casts the spell word oppugno so that Ron is attacked by many

birds. (#6: 381)

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53. Orchideous is used to produce a bunch of orchid flowers.

Example: Mr. Ollivander produces a bunch of flowers from the tip of his

wand with the assistance of the spell word orchideous. (#4: 202)

54. Pack is used to set thing(s) in a bag, case, etc automatically.

Example: When they are going to leave the house in order to save Harry

from Voldemort’s followers, Tonks levitates Harry’s properties with this

spell word so that all of clothes, shocks, books, etc are packed

automatically to his bag. (#5: 30)

55. Peskipiksi Pesternomi is used to get the annoying animals named pixies

into the cage.

Example: Professor Lockhart uses this spell word to call the pixies back

to their cage. (#2: 88)

56. Petrificus Totalus (Body-Bind Curse) is used to change whole body

except eyes into stone.

Example: Hermione changes Neville’s body into stone after she casts the

spell word petrificus totalus toward him and only leaves his two eye balls

moving. (#1: 219)

57. Point Me (Four-Point Spell) is used to show the four main directions in

the compass.

Example: Harry uses this spell when he joins The Wizard Turnament so

that he will not get lost in the maze and can arrive at the final destination

as soon as possible. (#4: 402)

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58. Portus is used to move from one place to another by an ugly and worn-

out thing as a Portkey.

Example: Before moving from a certain place to another with a portkey,

Dumbledore speaks out the spell word portus first. (#5: 247)

59. Protego (Shield Charm) is used to protect something.

Example: In the battle, this charm is used very often as a protection from

the opponent’s attacks. One of the examples is when Harry protects

himself from Snape’s spell word. (#6: 226)

60. Protego Totalum is used as a complete protection in a certain place.

Example: Hermione mentions this spell word when she and her friends

building a tent in the open space to protect themselves from strangers and

wild animals thoroughly. (#7: 141)

61. Quietus is used to quite a loud voice by spell word sonorus.

Example: Ludo Bagman casts the word quietus after he uses spell word

sonorus to enchant his voice to be louder so that it can be heard by all

people in the stadium. (#4: 76)

62. Reducio is used to reduce the size of something enlarged.

Example: After enlarge the size of a spider, Moody reduces its size to its

previous size with the spell word reducio. (#4: 140)

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63. Reducto (Reductor Curse) is used to reduce the size of an object until it

is destroyed of having no shape anymore.

Example: Parvati Pavil causes Sneakoscopes falling from a table

because her spell word reducto hits the table so that it becomes dust.

(#5: 209)

64. Relashio is used to loosen something tied up.

Example: Harry releases the beast from cuff that chains it with the spell

word relashio.(#7: 283)

65. Rennervate is used to refill someone’s decreasing energy.

Example: When Dumbledore is going to die because of drinking the

poisoned water, Harry casts this spell several times in the hope that his

favorite teacher will get his energy again. (#6: 729)

66. Reparo is used to repair broken thing.

Example: Hermione repairs the broken glass that is slammed by Ron.

(#4: 110)

67. Repello Muggletum (Muggle-Repelling Charm) is used to repel or

refuse the existence of Muggle (a community of people that do not know

about magic at all).

Example: Hermione casts this spell word to protect her and friends’ tent

from muggle’s vision. Muggle will be repelled by this charm. (#7: 141)

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68. Rictusempra (Tickling Charm) is used to tickle someone so that he/she

cannot stop laughing.

Example: When Harry and Malfoy are in duel, Harry casts this charm

and causes Malfoy to have a heavy laugh as if someone is tickling him.

(#2: 163)

69. Riddikulus is used to make boggart (a scary creature that lives in the

cupboard) changes based on the caster’s imagination that will be appear

scary and at the same time comical, funny, and absurd, until it returns to

its home.

Example: In the first of Lupin class, he teaches the students how to

manage a boggart. They just need to cast this spell while thinking of

something scary and also comical at the same time. The boggart will

change into those shapes and finally come back to the cupboard when it

is laughed by the caster due to its funny appearance. (#3: 109-111)

70. Salvio Hexia is used as a safety magical spell for protection in the

surrounding area of a certain place.

Example: Hermione casts this spell word to protect their tent from any

kinds of bad magic that might harm them. (#7: 141)

71. Scourgify (Scouring Charm) is used to clean something thoroughly.

Example: Tonks cleans Hedwig’s cage from feathers, droppings, and

dust with the scouring charm. (#5: 30)

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72. Sectumsempra is used to make someone’s body is full of blood

continously as if he has been stabbed roughly.

Example: Unintentionally, Harry causes a heavy flow of blood from

inside of Malfoy’s body as if he has been stabbed by someone when

Harry is trying this spell word in their duel. (#6: 662)

73. Serpensortia is used to cast a serpent or snake.

Example: Malfoy creates a black long snake from the tip of his wand

after he casts the spell word serpensortia. (#2: 165)

74. Silencio (Silencing Charm) is used to mute voice or sound.

Example: Hermione casts this charm upon a man and makes his voice is

mute although his lips mouth keep moving up and down. (#5: 411)

75. Sonorus is used to make voice/sound louder.

Example: Ludo Bagman uses this spell word to enchant his voice to be

louder so that it can be heard by all people in the stadium. (#4: 67)

76. Specialis Revelio (Scarpin's Revelaspell) is used the reveal something

hidden.

Example: Hermione tries to find the secret of Harry’s Advanced Potion-

Making book by the spell word specialis revelio although she does not

succeed. (#6: 243)

77. Stupefy (Stunning Spell, Stupefying Charm, Stunner) is used to make

the victim senseless/benumb/stun.

Example: Hermione makes one of The Death Eaters be unconscious or

stunned for a moment with this spell. (#5: 410)

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78. Tarantallegra is used to make someone’s legs moving so fast and

uncontrollable as if doing a tap-dance.

Example: Dolohov forces Neville to move very quickly as if dancing a

tap-dance after he casts the spell word tarantallegra.(#5: 416)

79. Tergeo is used to clean liquid from a surface.

Example: Hermione uses this spell word to clean blood that covers

Harry’s face. (#6: 207)

80. Waddiwasi is used to launch a small objects through the air.

Example: Lupin casts the spell word waddiwasi to launch a wad of

chewing gum from the keyhole to Peeves’ nostril as the punishment of its

annoyance. (#3: 107)

81. Wingardium Leviosa (Levitation Charm) is used to make something

fly.

Example: In the first class of first semester, all of students are taught to

use this spell word to lift a thing with their wand. (#1: 136)

As told in the theory of magic previously reviewed in Chapter II, it is

said that the practices of magic can be defined through magic words, use of

wand (a stick that is used by magician, witch, or wizard to cast a spell), and

mysterious thought (Wikipedia, 2008: 9). In the novel, it is very often for the

caster to cast the spell words with the assistance of wand and sometimes they

also speak out the spell within their mind or through mysterious thought. The

function of the spell words can be to make a job easier to be done, to make a

joke, or to play trick to friend, as the function of any kind of charms, spells,

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and jinxs. On the other side, some spell words also can be aimed to bring bad

luck or pain or even death to others as the function of the curses.

Shortly, those spell words can be grouped into some smaller group as

being listed in the following table:

No. Function Example(s)

1. Calling Accio, avis, descendo, serpensortia

2. Creating Aguamenti, expecto patronum, funnunculus,

geminio, morsmordre, flagrate, incendio, lumos,

orchideous

3. Attacking Avada kedavra, crucio, expelliarmus,

impedimenta, rictusempra, stupefy, oppugno,

sectumsempra

4. Destroying Confringo, defodio, obliviate, reducto, deprimo,

expulso

5. Causing/changing Confundo, engorgio, densaugeo, duro, erecto,

ferula, glisseo, muffliato, nox, sonorus

6. Opening/revealing Diffindo, specialis revelio, alohomora, anapneo,

aparecium, dissendium, homenum revelio,

legilimens, relashio

7. Controlling Imperio, wingardium leviosa, levicorpus,

mobiliarbus, mobilicorpus, pack, peskipiksi

pesternomi, portus, riddikulus, tarantallegra,

waddiwasi

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8. Protecting Impervius, protego, repello muggletum, cave

inimicum, protego totalum, salvio hexia

9. Locking/tying Langlock, locomotor mortis, petrificus totalus,

colloportus, incarcerous

10. Showing direction Point me

11. Cleaning Scourgify, deletrius, tergeo

12. Closing Silencio

13. Repairing/healing Episkey, reducio, rennervate, reparo

14. Stopping/releasing Finite incantatem, liberacorpus, meteolojinx

recanto, quietus

C. How The Spell Words in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter are

Morphologically Formed

After we analyze the meaning and the function of each spell words,

we will move to the process of word formation or how the spell words are

made up morphologically. This is the main study of this research. The

researcher will use the information of the etymology of all spell words to give

readers the background knowledge to the next analysis. The researcher will

check and find out the original word of each spell words or the similar ones in

the dictionaries of some languages. The words choosen are adjusted with the

effects of the spell words in the novel. The dictionaries that is used as the

references are Collins Concise Dictionary & Thesaurus, Cassell’s French

Dictionary: French-English, English-French, Oxford Advanced Learner’s

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Dictionary of Current English 7th Edition, Longman Dictionary of

Contemporary English, 3rd Edition with New Words Supplemen, Living

Language Italian Dictionary: Italian-English, English-Italian; Revised &

Updated, Cassell’s New Compact Latin Dictionary: Latin-English; English-

Latin, and A Lexicon, Abridged from Liddell & Scott’s Greek-English

Lexicon. By comparing the spell words and their original words, the

formation processes can be analyzed. Then, those processes will be put in the

form of word formulas to make it easier to be understood.

The analysis of the processes can produce some results. It can change

the elements of the original words such as can be seen in the process of

consonant or vowel modification, complex modification (modifying both

vowel and consonant letter), affixation or even affix changing (included

suffixation, infixation, and their modification), deletion (deleting some part of

the word), blending (modifying certain part of one from two compounded

words while the other is kept as its original form), etc. However, some

processes keep the originality of the words such as the process of borrowing

(taking word from other language(s)) and compounding (putting the words

into one word together without changing).

In order to see and understand them deeper and in more detail, we will

discuss them one by one. The pronunciation of each spell words will be

attached in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). However, the analysis will

focus only in their forming process.

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(1) Accio (Summoning Charm) (IPA: /'ɑkkio/ or /'ɑksio/ or /'æsio/)

The word accio is taken from Latin word accio.

(Latin) accio = accio

Borrowing

(2) Aguamenti (Aguamenti Charm) (IPA: /a.gwə.'mɛn.ti/)

The word aguamenti is derived from two Latin words: aqua and mentio.

(Latin) aqua + (Latin) mentio → a(q→g)ua + menti(o)

Borrowing Consonant Modification Deletion

→ agua + menti = aguamenti

Compounding

(3) Alohomora (IPA: /ə'lo.hə�mo.ɹə/)

The word alohomora is composed of two words: English aloha and Latin

mora.

(English) aloha + (Latin) mora → aloh(a→o) + mora

Borrowing Vowel Modification

→ aloho + mora = alohomora

Compounding

(4) Anapneo (IPA: /ə.'næp.ni.əʊ/)

The word anapneo is taken from Greek word anapneo.

(Greek) anapneo = anapneo

Borrowing

91

(5) Aparecium (IPA: /æ.pə'ɹi.si.ʌm/)

The word aparecium is taken from Latin word aperio.

(Latin) aperio → ap(e→a)r(io→e) → apare + (-cium) = aparecium

Borrowing Vowel End Suffixation Modification Changing

(6) Avada Kedavra (Killing Curse) (IPA: /ə.'væ.də kə.'dæv.ɹə/)

The word avada kedavra is borrowed from an ancient Middle East

language (Aramaic) phrase.

(Aramaic) abhadda kedhabra

→ a(bh→v)a(dd→d)a ke(dh→d)a(b→v)ra = avada kedavra

Consonant Modification

(7) Avis (IPA: /a'vɪs/)

The word avis is taken from Latin word avis.

(Latin) avis = avis

Borrowing

(8) Cave Inimicum (IPA: /�kæ.ve ɪ.�nɪ.mɪ.kʌm/)

The word cave inimicum is composed of two Latin words: caveo and

inimicum.

(Latin) caveo → cave(o) = cave

Borrowing Deletion

(Latin) inimicum = inimicum

Borrowing

cave & inimicum = cave inimicum

92

Compounding

(9) Colloportus (IPA: /kɔ.lo.�pɔ�.təs/)

The word colloportus is derived from a Greek word kollao and a Latin

word porta.

(Greek) kollao + (Latin) porta → (k→c)oll(a)o + port(a→us)

Borrowing Spelling Deletion End Modification Changing

→ collo + portus = colloportus

Compounding

Most of letter C in initial position is read like letter K. Rowling might

change letter K in its original word, Greek, with C to make it more

English-liked word. In Latin grammar, ending of a word (as seen in the

example above: porta becomes portus) changes based on its position in

the sentence.

(10) Confringo (Blasting Curse) (IPA: /kʌn.�fɹɪŋ.gəʊ/ or

/kʌn.�fɹɪn.dʒəʊ/)

The word confringo is taken from Latin word confringo.

(Latin) confringo = confringo

Borrowing

(11) Confundo (Confundus Charm) (IPA: /kʌn.�fʌn.dəʊ/)

The word confundo is derived from Latin word confundo.

(Latin) confundo = confundo

Borrowing

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(12) Crucio (Cruciatus Curse) (IPA: /�kɹu.si.əʊ/)

The word crucio is taken from Latin word crucio.

(Latin) crucio = crucio

Borrowing

(13) Defodio (Gouging Spell) (IPA: dɛ.�fəʊ.di.əʊ/)

The word defodio is derived from Latin word defodio.

(Latin) defodio = defodio

Borrowing

(14) Deletrius (IPA: /də.'li.tɹi.əs/)

The word deletrius is taken from English word delete.

(English) delete → delet(e) → delet + (-rius) = deletrius

Deletion Suffixation

(15) Densaugeo (IPA: /dɛn.'sɔ.dʒi.əʊ/)

The word densaugeo is composed of two Latin words: dens and augeo.

(Latin) dens + (Latin) augeo → dens + augeo = densaugeo

Borrowing Compounding

(16) Deprimo (IPA: / 'dɛ.pri.məʊ/)

The word deprimo is derived from Latin word deprimo.

(Latin) deprimo = deprimo

Borrowing

(17) Descendo (IPA: /dɛ.�sɛn.dəʊ/)

The word descendo is taken from Latin word descendo.

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(Latin) descendo = descendo

Borrowing

(18) Diffindo (Severing Charm) (IPA: /dɪ.'fɪn.dəʊ/)

The word diffindo is derived from Latin word diffindo.

(Latin) diffindo = diffindo

Borrowing

(19) Dissendium (IPA: /dɪ.'sɛn.di.əm/)

The word dissendium is modified from Latin word discedo.

(Latin) discedo → dis(c→s)e(n)d(o→ium) = dissendium

Borrowing Consonant Infixation End Changing Modification

(20) Duro (IPA: /'du:rəʊ/)

The word duro is taken from Latin word duro.

(Latin) duro = duro

Borrowing

(21) Engorgio (Engorgement Charm) (IPA: /ɪn.'gɔ�.dʒi.əʊ/)

The word engorgio is originally from English word engorge.

(English) engorge → engorg(e→io) = engorgio

Vowel Modification

(22) Episkey (IPA: /ɛpɪ'ski/)

The word episkey is derived from Greek word episkeu.

(Greek) episkeu → episke(u→y) = episkey

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(23) Erecto (IPA: /ɪ.�ɹɛk.təʊ/ or /ə.�ɹɛk.təʊ/)

The word erecto is borrowed from Latin word erectus.

(Latin) erectus → erect(us→o) = erecto

Borrowing End Changing

(24) Expecto Patronum (Patronus Charm) (IPA: /ɛks'pɛk.təʊ pæ'trəʊ.nm/)

The word expecto patronum is composed of English word expect and

Latin word patronus.

(English) expect → expect(o) = expecto

Suffixation

(Latin) patronus → patronu(s→m) = patronum

Borrowing Consonant Modification

expecto & patronum = expecto patronum

Compounding

(25) Expelliarmus (Disarming Charm, Disarming Spell)

(IPA: /ɛks.�pɛ.li.'a�.mɪs/)

The word expelliarmus is created from two Latin words: expello and

arma.

(Latin) expello + (Latin) arma → expell (o→i) + arm (a→us)


→ expelli + armus = expelliarmus

Compounding

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The ending of the original words are changed based on their positions in

the sentence.

(26) Expulso (IPA: /ɛks.�pʊl.səʊ/)

The word expulso is borrowed from Latin word expulsio.

(Latin) expulsio → expuls(i)o = expulso

Borrowing Deletion

(27) Ferula (IPA: /fɛ.'ɹu.lə/)

The word ferula is taken from Latin word ferula.

(Latin) ferula = ferula

Borrowing

(28) Finite Incantatem (IPA: /fɪ.'ni.teɪ ɪn.kn.'tæ.dm/)

The word finite incantatem is composed of two Latin words: finite and

incanto.

(Latin) finite = finite

Borrowing

(Latin) incanto → incant(o → atem) = incantatem


finite & incantatem = finite incantatem

Compounding

(29) Flagrate (Flagrante Curse) (IPA: /flə.�ɡɹæ.te/)

The word flagrate is taken from Latin word flagro.

(Latin) flagro → flagr(o→ate) = flagrate


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(30) Funnunculus (Funnunculus Curse) (IPA: /fə'nən.kju.ls/)

The word funnunculus is taken from French word furoncle.

(French) furoncle → fu(r→nn)(o→u)nc(u)l(e→us) = funnunculus

Borrowing Complex Modification Insertion

(31) Geminio (Gemino Curse) (IPA: /dʒə.�mɪ.ni.əʊ/ or /ɡə.�mɪ.ni.əʊ/)

The word geminio is taken from Latin word gemino.

(Latin) gemino → gemin(i)o = geminio

Borrowing Insertion

(32) Glisseo (IPA: /�ɡlɪs.si.əʊ/ or /ɡlɪs.�se.əʊ/)

The word glisseo is borrowed from French word glisser.

(French) glisser → glisse(r→o) = glisseo


(33) Homenum Revelio(IPA: /�hɔ.mɛ.nʌm ɹə.�vɛ.li.əʊ/)

The word homenum revelio is composed of two Latin words: homo and

revelo.

(Latin) homo → hom(o→enum) = homenum


(Latin) revelo → revel(i)o = revelio

Borrowing Insertion

homenum & revelio = homenum revelio

Compounding

(34) Impedimenta (Impediment Jinx, Impediment Curse)

(IPA: /ɪm.�pɛ.dɪ.'mɛn.ta/)

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The word impedimenta is borrowed from Latin word impedimenta.

(Latin) impedimenta = impedimenta

Borrowing

(35) Imperio (Imperius Curse) (IPA: /ɪm.'pi.ɹi.�əʊ/ or /im.�pɛɾ.i.ɔ/)

The word imperio is derived from Latin word imperiosus

(Latin) imperiosus → imperio(sus) = imperio

Clipping

(36) Impervius (Impervius Charm) (IPA: /ɪm.'pɝ.vi.�ɛs/)

The word impervius is taken from Latin word impervius.

(Latin) impervius = impervius

Borrowing

(37) Incarcerous (IPA: /ɪn.'kaɹ.sɝ.�ɪs/)

The word incarcerous is derived from English word incarcerate.

(English) incarcerate → incarcer(ate→ous) = incarcerous

End Changing

(38) Incendio(IPA: /ɪn.'sɛn.di.�əʊ/)

The word incendio is taken from Latin word incendo.

(Latin) incendo → incend(i)o = incendio

Borrowing Insertion

(39) Langlock (Tongue-Tying Curse) (IPA: /'leɪŋ.lɔk/)

The word langlock is composed of two English words: language and

lock.

99

(English) language + (English) lock → lang(uage) + lock = langlock

Blending

(40) Legilimens (IPA: /lɛ.'dʒɪl.ɪ.�mɛnz/)

The word legilimens is composed of two Latin words: legere means and

mens.

(Latin) legere + (Latin) mens → leg(ere → ili) + mens

Borrowing Complex Modification

→ legili + mens = legilimens

Compounding

(41) Levicorpus (IPA: /lɛvɪ.'kɔɹ.pɪs/)

The word levicorpus is created from two Latin words: levis and corpus.

(Latin) levis + (Latin) corpus → levi(s) + corpus = levicorpus

Borrowing Blending

(42) Liberacorpus (IPA: /lɪ�b.ɛ.ɹæ.'kɔɹ.pɪs/)

The word liberacorpus is composed of two Latin words: liberatio and

corpus.

(Latin) liberatio+(Latin) corpus → libera(tio) + corpus = liberacorpus

Borrowing Blending

(43) Locomotor Mortis (Leg-Locker Curse) (IPA: /�lo.ko.�mo.tɚ

�mo�.tɪs/)

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The word locomotor mortis is combined by three Latin words: loco,

moto, and mortuus.

(Latin)loco+(Latin)moto → loco+moto(r) → loco+motor = locomotor

Borrowing Suffixation Compounding

(Latin) mortuus → mort(uu→i)s = mortis


locomotor & mortis = locomotor mortis

Compounding

(44) Lumos (IPA: /'lu.məʊs/)

The word lumos is borrowed from Latin word luminosus.

(Latin) luminosus →lum(in)os(us) = lumos

Borrowing Clipping

(45) Meteolojinx Recanto (IPA: /mi.tɪə'lɔ.ʒɪŋks�ri'kæn.təʊ/)

The word meteolojinx recanto is composed of: a Greek word

meteorologia, an English word jinx, and a Latin word recanto.

(Greek) meteorologia + (English) jinx → meteo(ro)lo(gia) + jinx

Borrowing Clipping

→ meteolo + jinx = meteolojinx

Compounding

(Latin) recanto = recanto

Borrowing

meteolojinx & recanto = meteolojinx recanto

Compounding

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(46) Mobiliarbus (IPA: /məʊ.�bɪl.i.'aɹ.bɪs/)

The word mobiliarbus is created from two Latin words: mobilito and

arbos.

(Latin) mobilito + (Latin) arbos → mobilito + arb(o→u)s


→ mobili(to) + arbus = mobiliarbus

Blending

(47) Mobilicorpus (IPA: /mo.�bɪl.i.�ko�.pɪs/)

The word mobilicorpus is derived from two Latin words: mobilito and

corpus.

(Latin)mobilito + (Latin)corpus → mobili(to)+corpus = mobilicorpus

Borrowing Blending

(48) Morsmordre (Dark Mark) (IPA: /mo�z.�mo�.dɹʌ/ or

/mo�z.�mo�.dɹe/)

The word morsmordre is derived from a Latin words mors and a French

word mordre.

(Latin) mors + (French) mordre → mors + mordre = morsmordre


(49) Muffliato (IPA: /mə.fli.'a.təʊ/)

The word muffliato is taken from English word muffle.

(English) muffle → muffl(e→iato) = muffliato

Vowel Modification

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(50) Nox (IPA: /'naks/)

The word nox is borrowed from Latin word nox.

(Latin) nox = nox

Borrowing

(51) Obliviate (Memory Charm, Memory-Modifying Charm)

(IPA: /əʊ.'blɪ.vi.�eɪt/)

The word obliviate is borrowed from Latin word oblivio.

(Latin) oblivio → oblivi(o→ate) = obliviate


(52) Oppugno (IPA: /ə.�pʊg.no/)

The word oppugno is derived from Latin word oppugno.

(Latin) oppugno = oppugno

Borrowing

(53) Orchideous (IPA: /o�.�kɪ.di.əs/)

The word orchideous is derived from English word orchid.

(English) orchid → orchid(eous) = orchideous

Suffixation

(54) Pack IPA: /pæk/)

The word pack is taken from English word pack.

(English) pack = pack

(55) Peskipiksi Pesternomi (IPA: /'pɛs.ki 'pɪk.si 'pɛs.təɹ. 'nəʊ.mi/)

The word peskipiksi pesternomi is composed of some English words:

pesky, pixie, pester, no, and me.

103

(English)pesky + (English)pixie → pesk(y→i) + pi(x→ks)(ie→i)

Spelling Adoptation

→ peski + piksi = peskipiksi

Compounding

(English)pester + (English)no + (English)me→ pester+no+m(e→i)

Spelling Adoptation

→ pester + no + mi = pesternomi

Compounding

peskipiksi & pesternomi = peskipiksi pesternomi

Compounding

(56) Petrificus Totalus (Body-Bind Curse) (IPA: /pə.�trɪ.fə.kəs �toʊ.tl.əs/)

The word petrificus totalus is created from a French word pétrifier and a

Latin word totus.

(French) pétrifier → petrifi(er→cus) = petrificus

Borrowing Complex Modification

(Latin) totus → tot(al)us = totalus

Borrowing Insertion

petrificus & totalus = petrificus totalus

Compounding

(57) Point Me (Four-Point Spell) (IPA: /'pɔɪnt 'mi/)

The word point me is composed of two English words: point and me.

(English) point & (English) me → point & me = point me

104

Compounding

(58) Portus (IPA: /'pɔɹ.tɪs/)

The word portus is taken from Latin word portus.

(Latin) portus = portus

Borrowing

(59) Protego (Shield Charm) (IPA: /pɹəʊ.'teɪ.gəʊ/)

The word protego is derived from Latin word protego.

(Latin) protego = protego

Borrowing

(60) Protego Totalum (IPA: /pɹəʊ.'teɪ.gəʊ toʊ.�tæ.lm/)

The word protego totalum is composed of two Latin words: protego and

totus.

(Latin) protego = protego

Borrowing

(Latin) totus → tot(al)u(s→m) = totalum

Borrowing Insertion Consonant Modification

protego & totalum = protego totalum

Compounding

(61) Quietus (IPA: /'kwi.eɪ.tɪs/)

The word quietus is taken from Latin word quietus.

(Latin) quietus = quietus

Borrowing

(62) Reducio (IPA: /ɹɛ.'du.si.�əʊ/)

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The word reducio is borrowed from Latin word reduco.

(Latin) reduco → reduc(i)o = reducio

Borrowing Insertion

(63) Reducto (Reductor Curse) (IPA: /ɹɛ.'dʌk.təʊ/)

The word reducto is taken from Latin word reductio.

(Latin) reductio → reduct(i)o = reducto

Borrowing Deletion

(64) Relashio (IPA: /ɹɛ.'læ.ʃi.�əʊ/)

The word relashio is derived from Latin word relaxo.

(Latin) relaxo → rela(x→sh)(i)o = relashio

Borrowing Consonant Modification Insertion

(65) Rennervate (IPA: /ɹi.nɚɹ'.veɪt/)

The word rennervate is composed of an English prefix re- and a Latin

word nervus.

(English) re- + (Latin) nervus → re- + nerv(us→ate) → re- + nervate

Borrowing End Changing Compounding

→ renervate → re(n)nervate = rennervate

Infixation

(66) Reparo (IPA: /ɹɛ.'pa.ɹəʊ/)

The word reparo is derived from Latin word reparo.

(Latin) reparo = reparo

Borrowing

106

(67) Repello Muggletum (Muggle-Repelling Charm)

(IPA: /ɹə.�pɛl.əʊ �mʊ.ɡl.�tʌm/ or /�mʊ.ɡlə.tʌm/ or /mʊ.�ɡli.tʌm/)

The word repello muggletum is composed of two word: a Latin word

repello and Muggle, a word created by J. K. Rowling.

(Latin) repello = repello

Borrowing

(Rowling) muggle → muggle(tum) = muggletum

Suffixation

repello & muggletum = repello muggletum

Compounding

(68) Rictusempra (Tickling Charm) (IPA: /rɪk.tə.'sɛm.præ/)

The word rictusempra is composed of two Latin words: rictus and

semper.

(Latin)rictus+(Latin)semper → rictus + semp(e)r(a) → rictus+sempra

Borrowing Deletion Suffixation

= rictussempra→ rictu(s)sempra = rictusempra

Deletion

(69) Riddikulus (IPA: /ri.'di.kə.ls/)

The word riddikulus is borrowed from Latin word ridiculus.

(Latin) ridiculus → ri(d→dd)i(c→k)ulus = riddikulus

Borrowing Consonant Modification Spelling Adaptation

(70) Salvio Hexia (IPA: /'sæl.vɪ.ə 'hɛk.si.a/)

107

The word salvio hexia is composed of a Latin word salvus and an English

word hex.

(Latin) salvus → salv(us→io) = salvio


(English) hex → hex(ia) = hexia

Suffixation

salvio & hexia = salvio hexia

Compounding

(71) Scourgify (Scouring Charm) (IPA: /skoʊɹ.dʒi.faɪ/)

The word scourgify is taken from English word scour.

(English) scour → scour(gify) = scourgify

Suffixation

(72) Sectumsempra (IPA: /�sɛktəm'sɛmpɹa/)

The word sectumsempra is created from two Latin words: sectura and

semper.

(Latin) sectura + (Latin) semper → sectu(r→m)(a) + semp(e)r(a)

Borrowing Consonant Modification Deletion Suffixation

→ sectum + sempra = sectumsempra

Compounding

(73) Serpensortia (IPA: /�sɛɹpən'sɒɹtʃa/)

The word serpensortia is composed of two Latin words: serpens and

sortio.

108

(Latin) serpens + (Latin) sortio → serpens + sorti(o→a)


→ serpens + sortia → serpen(ss→s)ortia = serpensortia

Blending

(74) Silencio (Silencing Charm) (IPA: /si'lɛnsi�o/)

The word silencio is borrowed from Italian word silenzio.

(Italian) silenzio → silen(z→c)io = silencio


(75) Sonorus (IPA: /so'noɹəs/)

The word sonorus is taken from Latin word sonorus.

(Latin) sonorus = sonorus

Borrowing

(76) Specialis Revelio (Scarpin's Revelaspell) (IPA: /spɛ.'ʃɪə.lɪs rɛ.'vɛ.li.o/)

The word specialis revelio is composed of two Latin words: specialis and

revelo.

(Latin) specialis = specialis

Borrowing

(Latin) revelo → revel(i)o = revelio

Insertion

specialis & revelio = specialis revelio

Compounding

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(77) Stupefy (Stunning Spell, Stupefying Charm, Stunner)

(IPA: /'st(j)u.pi.faɪ/)

The word stupefy is derived from Latin word stupefio.

(Latin) stupefio → stupef(io→y) = stupefy


(78) Tarantallegra (IPA: /tæ.'rɔn.tə.lɛ.græ/)

The word tarantallegra is created from an English word tarantella and

an Italian word allegro. There are some possibilities in morphological

process of this word.

(English) tarantella + (Italian) allegro:

Borrowing

→ tarantella + allegr(o→a) → tarant(ella) + allegra = tarantallegra

Vowel Modification Blending

Or:

→ tarant(e→a)ll(a→e) + (alle)gr(o→a)→tarantalle+gra=tarantallegra

Vowel Modification Deletion Compounding

Or:

→ tarant{ella} + {alle}gr(o→a) → tarant{ella alle}gra

Vowel Modification Blending

→ tarant {(e→a)ll(a→e)} gra → tarant(alle)gra = tarantallegra

(79) Tergeo (IPA: /'tɝ.dʒi.əʊ/)

The word tergeo is taken from Latin word tergeo.

110

(Latin) tergeo = tergeo

Borrowing

(80) Waddiwasi (IPA: /wæ.di.'wæ.si/)

The word waddiwasi is composed of an English word wad and a Latin

word vado.

(English) wad + (Latin) vado → wad + vado → wadvado


→ wad(di)(v→w)a(d→s)(o→i) = waddiwasi

Insertion Complex Modification

(81) Wingardium Leviosa (Levitation Charm)

(IPA: /wɪn.'gaɹ.di.�ʌm lɛ.vi.'əʊ.sa/)

The word wingardium leviosa is created from an English word wing and

two Latin words: arduus and levis.

(English) wing + (Latin) arduus → wing + ard(uus→ium)


→ wing + ardium = wingardium

Compounding

(Latin) levis → levi(o)s(a) = leviosa

Borrowing Insertion Suffixation

wingardium & leviosa = wingardium leviosa

Compounding

111

In order to make the analysis easier, the researcher will group the spell

words based on their similarities. The researcher will use the theories of

morphology process as the reference that has been reviewed in the second

chapter.

Universally, the spell words above can be divided into two big groups.

They are the spell words that only have single morphological process and the

group with some processes. These groups further are classified again into

some more specific groups mentioned as follows:

1. Borrowing

According to Andrew Radford and his friends in their book Linguistics:

An Introduction, borrowing/loan words are “very often assimilated to the

phonological and morphological structure of the new host language ... with

little or no translation” (1999: 256). All of spell words in the novel are

borrowing words especially from Latin and other languages. Some of them

are purely taken from some languages without any modification, such as:

a. Latin, about 21 spell words: accio, confringo, confundo,crucio, defodio,

diffindo, impedimenta, impervius, protego, avis, deprimo, descendo,

duro, ferula, nox, oppugno, portus, quietus, reparo, sonorus, and

tergeo; and

b. Greek, only one spell: anapneo.

112

Whereas, the rest are borrowed from some languages such as Latin, Greek,

Aramaic, French, and Italian, then they are compounded or modified and

form a new word uniquely by the following morphological processes.

2. Compounding

It is a process of combining two words to make a new word without any

changes. This process occurs to some spell words such as morsmordre

(mors+mordre), densaugeo (dens+augeo), and point me (point+me).

Besides the three, a number of spell words is formed by other process

before they are compounded finally. For example, aguamenti that has

processes of consonant modification and deletion first from words aqua

and mentio.

3. Clipping

The spell word that is clipped is shortened by cutting down its certain

syllable, such as imperio that is shortened from the word imperiosus,

lumos from luminosus, and the word meteo in the spell word meteolojinx

recanto from its original word meteorologia.

4. Blending

Blending is a process of creating a new word from two already existing

words, such as langlock (language+lock), liberacorpus (liberatio+corpus),

levicorpus (levis+corpus), and mobilicorpus (mobilito+corpus). Some

other spell words are before blended have some other morphological

process such as mobiliarbus (mobilito+arbos), serpensortia

(serpens+sortio), and tarantallegra (tarantalle+allegra).

113

5. Affixation that can be divided again into some smaller processes:

a. Infixation is a process of putting affix in the middle of the root. It

occurs in the process of making spell word dissendium from word

discedo and spell word rennervate from re- and nervate. Both of them

have infix –n- that is one of nasal infix in Latin and Greek language.

The addition of word –i- in some spell word such as geminio from word

gemino, incendio from incendo, and reducio from reduco, is not a kind

of infixation because it does not occur in Latin word formation. It is

called insertion.

b. Suffixation is a process of putting affix in the end of the root. For

example are scourgify that has suffix –gify from word scour and

orchideous that has suffix –eous from word orchid. A number of spell

words also has this process combined with other morphological process

such as the word muggle that is added with suffix –tum in repello

muggletum, the word moto that is added with suffix –r in locomotor

mortis, etc.

6. Modification that can be divided into some processes:

a. Vowel modication is a process where the modified letter is the vowel,

such as occurs in the spell word episkey (epikeu). This process can also

occurs in the middle of a new spell word along with other process(es)

such as in the spell word aparecium (aperio), mobiliarbus

(mobilito+arbos), and tarantallegra (tarantella+allegro).

114

b. Consonant modification is a process where the modified letter is the

consonant. It occurs in some following spell words: avada kedavra

(abhadda kedhabra), glisseo (glisser), and silencio (silenzio). This

process also can combines with other process(es) such as in the spell

words: protego totalum (protego+totus), relashio (relaxo), riddikulus

(ridiculus), etc.

c. Complex modification is a process where both vowel letter and

consonant are modified. This process makes the original word becomes

much more different from the new one. For example in the spell word

funnunculus that with the assistance of other processes makes its

original word furoncle much more different. Others are the spell word

waddiwasi (wad+vado), legilimens (legere+mens), and petrificus

totalus (petrifier+totus). Besides the modification of vowel and

consonant letter, they are also modified by other morphological

process(es).

7. Deletion is a process of deleting a word or syllable of a word. For

example, in the spell words: reducto (reductio) and expulso (expulsio). It

also can occurs along with other process(es), such as caveo inimicum (cave

& inimicum) that is assisted by borrowing and compounding process.

8. End changing is a process of changing the end of a root, such as the

changing of the word -o to –ate (oblivio-obliviate, flagro-flagrate), -io to

-y (stupefio-stupefy), -us to –o (erectus-erecto), -ate to –ous (incarcerate-

incarcerous), etc. This process is also combined with other process such in

115

the spell words finite incantatem (finite & incanto), salvio hexia (salvus &

hex), petrificus totalus (petrifier & totus), etc. It is a kind of word

formation in Latin language. The words change based on their position or

function in the sentence, whether they are subject, object, verb, plural,

singular, and other criteria.

9. Spelling adaptation is a process of changing certain word, whether vowel

or consonant, based on its similar spelling. It is almost similar to complex

modification process, but in the spelling adaptation the new word that

changes the previous one is similar in their spelling. For example, in the

spell word colloportus (kollao+porta), peskipiksi pesternomi (pesky+pixie

& pester+no+me), and riddikulus (ridiculus) that all of them are also

accompanied by other morphological processes.

J. K. Rowling is not only talented and creative in adopting the spell words

from other languages besides English, especially from Latin that is not longer

in use and being her major in college, but also in combining, mixing, and

even modifying those words into new ones. The effects of those new ones are

not only causing the word easy listening but also producing more magic

sound.

116

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The novel Harry Potter written by J. K. Rowling is full of spell words.

These spell words have functions and meanings that both explicitly stated in the

novel and implicitly explained in the sentences. There are eighty one spell words

in the novel. Those can be classified into three parts: the spell words with the

incantations and vernacular names, the spell words with only the incantation, and

the spell words with only vernacular names. However, the spell words with only

vernacular names were removed from the analysis because the researcher’s focus

was only on the incantations.

The spell words have several functions. Some of them produces a light

effect and can be used to help works or just to do some tricks for fellow. On the

other hand, the others create a great, dangerous, or horrible impact that can used to

hurt or even kill the victim(s). They can be classified into some universal

functions such as the spell word(s) to call (4 spells), to create (9 spells), to attack

(8 spells), to destroy (6 spells), to cause/change (10 spells), to open/reveal (9

spells), to control (11 spells), to protect (6 spells), to lock/tie (5 spells), to show

direction (1 spell), to clean (3 spells), to close (1 spell), to repair/heal (4 spells),

and to stop/release (4 spells).

The creating process of naming the spell words is not fictively taken or put

by Rowling based on her simple imagination but they are created amazingly with

deep consideration. Rowling adopts them from many languages, especially Latin

117

that being her major in college. Some of them are adopted purely from their

original language without any change and modification. The rest are modified to

bring greater effect but keep easy listening. They can be grouped into some

common morphological process such as borrowing, compounding, clipping,

blending, affixation (included infixation and suffixation), modification (included

vowel modication, consonant modification, and complex modification), deletion,

end changing that is a kind of word formation in Latin language, and spelling

adoptation. Among them, borrowing might be the main process. Actually, almost

spell words in the novel are borrowed from Latin especially, Greek, French, or

other languages, then they are compounded or modified by others processes

mentioned in Chapter IV and make a new word uniquely. Only 22 spell words

that are purely taken from some languages: 21 from Latin and 1 from Greek.

In literary works, it is common for the authors to create a new term.

Sometimes the new term is derived from other language(s) besides the language

used in that literary work in general. Not seldom, also, the authors modify certain

word to make the original word sounds more attractive and more effective to

distribute the message or content of the literary work. In the novel Harry Potter,

J.K. Rowling adopts some vocabularies outside English in creating the spell

words name. Two or more words are combined and modified to make more than

one magical effect. Even, some words taken from English - that becomes the

language for the whole content of the novel - sounds more magic than its lexicon

meaning.

118

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