a mini review of drug-metal compounds in cancer treatment

Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3)

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www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 13545

A Mini Review of Drug-Metal Compounds in Cancer Treatment

[1]P. Arthi1,

[2] K.S. Yoganand,

[3] R. Kavipriya,

[4] Helen P Kavitha,

[5] Mahendiran

Dharmasivam

[1][2][3][4] Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,

Ramapuram,Chennai- 600 089, India

[5] School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane,

Queensland, Australia

[5] Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane,

Queensland, Australia

[5] Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug

Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

ABSTRACT

This analysis reflects on recent advances of metal complexes in a number of areas.

Builds with progress metal buildings have gotten a great deal of interest because of

their engaging physicochemical properties and wide scope of uses in different fields

of science. Metals play important roles in biological processes. Metals are gradually

being recognized as being active in cellular and sub cellular functions. The genuine

job of inorganic salts in living frameworks can be found by utilizing current and

progressed gadgets to contemplate natural and biochemical frameworks. Inorganic

science isn't the "Dead Chemistry" that others might believe it to be. Metals, including

natural particles, are presently acknowledged as fundamental segments of life. This

study, should fill in as a rule for analysts keen on working in this field and ought to

empower more exploration in this intriguing space of metal-buildings.

Keywords: Drug-Metal Complexes;Anti-proleferative.

INTRODUCTION

'Metal particles' importance to the fundamental cycles of living organic entities, and in

this manner to their endurance and prosperity, has as of late become more obvious 1.

Therefore, the since quite a while ago neglected field of "bioinorganic science" is

quickly advancing. The focal point of the exploration is on the union, adjustment,

advancement, construction, and reactivity of organic metal particle containing

mixtures of low and high atomic weight.Metal particle digestion and transport are

being examined, and new models for assorted regular frameworks and cycles are

being created and tried. The connection between the science of metal particles and

their situation in life is the focal point of our advantage2 .

Late examinations have zeroed in on the communication of metal particles with

fenamates, including the portrayal of the edifices, their plausible natural


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(antimicrobial, anticancer, cell reinforcement) work, and the connection of these

buildings with bimolecular, for example, nucleic acids and serum egg whites proteins

to explore their method of restricting and likely organic importance3. Metal-based

products are very important in medicine. Compounds containing antimony, bismuth,

copper, iron, silver, and platinum are common examples of metal-based medicines

used to cure a variety of diseases4. Notwithstanding their broad use, the created cell

obstruction, incidental effects, and helpless solvency of these metalloid therapeutics

brief examination into growing new and safe prescriptions5.

Metal ions are currently found in diabetes, anti-inflammatory, rheumatoid arthritis,

neurological, and anti-ulcer treatments, with vanadium, copper, zinc, gold, lithium,

and bismuth compounds being used in each case6. In addition to an assessment of

chelation therapy, uses of environmental studies, and the human health consequences

of metal ion deficiency for many elements-magnesium, calcium, zinc, and iron7.

2. Drug-Metal Compounds in Cancer Treatment

NSAIDs, which are among the most oftentimes endorsed drugs in current medication,

have displayed chemo protection and hostile to tumorigenic action by lessening the

number and size of cancer-causing agent incited colon tumors and showing a

synergistic job in the movement of certain antitumor medications8. The NSAIDs, for

example, meclofenamic corrosive, diclofenac, naproxen, fenoprofen, phenylbutazone,

flufenamic corrosive, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen and ketoprofen have fundamentally

diminished the chemotherapy opposition by restraint of individuals from the ATP

restricting tape group of medication carriers9. Notwithstanding the counter tumor

action of NSAIDs as single specialists, there is interest in the impacts of a

consolidated treatment of chemotherapy with NSAIDs.8. The cisplatin alone just

somewhat decreased the colon tumors vaccinated into mice, though the mix of

cisplatin with NSAIDs showed critical impacts10.

What's more, Non-steroidal mitigating drugs (NSAIDs) containing metal edifices

have shown preferable enemy of proliferative movement over free drugs. Metal

particles and metal mixtures have for some time been perceived as fundamental

segments of nucleic corrosive science, both in quality articulation guideline and as

possible helpful specialists. Seeing how metal buildings cooperate with DNA has

been a functioning examination region at the crossing point of science, sub-atomic

science, and medication. In this investigation, we have endeavored to incorporate

themes that cover the broadness of this immense space of exploration11- 14.

2.1. Cobalt(II) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Cobalt's natural importance stems generally from its essence of nutrient B12 and

different proteins, just as in organically dynamic mixtures. George Psomas arranged

unbiased cobalt(II) buildings with non-steroidal calming drugs diflunisal, flufenamic

corrosive, mefenamic corrosive, and niflumic corrosive (Figure 1a) within the sight of

nitrogen-benefactor heterocyclic ligands (Figure 1a)15. The buildings have a close to

restricting proclivity to BSA and HAS, as displayed by their generally high restricting

constants, which show their limiting to SA and change to their natural targets. The

edifices were more dynamic than the relating free NSAIDs in rummaging in vitro

DPPH, and especially hydroxyl and superoxide revolutionaries15. The new naproxen-

based cobalt(III)- cyclam complex showed specific power against bosom CSC-


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advanced HMLER-shEcad cells over bosom CSC-drained HMLER cells. This is the

primary cobalt-containing compound to show particular power for CSCs over mass

disease cells (Figure 1b). Curiously, this complex restrained the arrangement of three-

dimensional tumor-like mammospheres and diminished their reasonability to a more

prominent degree than clinically utilized bosom malignancy drugs by harming the

DNA and hindering the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)16. Another naproxen-affixed

cobalt(III)– cyclam complex bearing two tolfenamic corrosive moieties, which

showed great enemy of proliferative exercises towards bosom CSCs and mass bosom

malignant growth cells. Additionally, this complex firmly hinders cyclooxygenase-2

(COX-2) articulation in CSCs. The component of this complex is taken up promptly

by bosom CSCs, enters the core, causes DNA harm, and initiates caspase-subordinate

apoptosis17 (Figure 1c).


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Figure 1. Chemical structures of NSAIDs (A) diflunisal (1), flufenamic acid (2),

mefenamic acid (4), niflumic acid (5) and α-diimines 2,2′-bipyridylamine (6), 2,2′-

bipyridine (7) and 1,10-phenanthroline (8); (B) naproxen-based cobalt(III)-cyclam

complex and (C) mechanistic pathway of naproxen-based cobalt(III)-cyclam complex.

2.2. Copper(II) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Copper complexes, along with ruthenium, are thought to be the most promising

cisplatin replacements. Copper, as a bio-essential metal ion, and its complexes are

recognized to play important roles in both natural and pharmaceutical systems.

Copper is involved in biological activities such as electron transfer, oxidation, and

dioxygen transport18. Rahiman described the synthesis, spectral characterization, and

biological assessment of a novel class of heteroleptic mononuclear copper(II)

complexes comprising various terpyridine and naproxen, as well as a theoretical

analysis (Figure 2a). Complexes that bind to DNA prefer the groove form of binding,

and the complexes have also been shown to cause hydrolytic DNA breakage. In

comparison to tolyl and furan substitutents, the pyridine substitutent in complex is

less hard and more reactive. The MTT test was used to investigate the

antiproliferative efficacy of complexes against human breast cancer cells in vitro. The

IC50 values of pyridine and tolyl substituents are lower than those of cisplatin and are

comparable to those of doxorubicin11.

The naproxen containing heterolepticnickel(II) and copper(II) complexes accelerated

cell proliferation of NHDF cells without any toxicity (Figure 2b). Interestingly, these

Cu(II) naproxen complexes undergo reduction to a copper(I) complex in the presence

of ascorbic acid, which enhances its interaction in the cells. Some of the complexes

were showed similar anti-proliferative activity with cisplatin against tested cancer

cells (MCF-7, HepG2, and A549). The induced apoptotic activity was confirmed by

Hoechst 33258 and AO/EB against HepG2 cells, which is further supported by

increasing ROS generation levels, and cellular uptake studies revealed the diffusion

and accumulation of complexes into the cytoplasm of the cell nuclei. Based on the

western blot analysis these complexes killing the cancer cells via mitochondrial

pathway. The complexes significantly interact with the active site of epidermal

growth factor receptor and vascular hydrogen bonding, π-pair (π−π, π−σ, and

π−cation), and hydrophobic interactions19.A novel diclofenac based-copper(II)

mononuclear complex was synthesized without any co ligand (Figure 2c), which

showed more potency against HDF, HaCaT, SW620 and HT29 cancer cells than the

diclofenac and CuSO4 alone, respectively. Interestingly, this diclofenac-Cu complex

bind with albumin in DMEM medium and produce the ROS in biological system. The

programmed cell death mechanisms of this complex was confirmed by Hoechst

staining20.


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Figure 2. Chemical structures of (A) terpyridine-based copper naproxen complexes,

(B) thiosemicarbazone-based nickel and copper naproxen complexes and (C)

diclofenac-Cu complex.

2.3.Zinc(II) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The monodentate binding mode of deprotonated niflumic acid carboxylate groups is

revealed by the X-ray structure described by SofarZinc(II) niflumate complexes

associations with human genomic DNA and serum albumin protein21 (Figure 3a).

The synthesized complexes were shown to bind to two forms of human genomic

DNA in an intercalative mode, but complexes 26 and 27 have different binding

strengths to cDNA and aDNA. The reported complexes also show good binding

affinity to HSA protein with relatively high binding constants suggesting ability of

albumin mediated transport through the bloodstream22. The two zinc-NSAID

complexes (zinc(II)-naproxen 28 and zinc(II)-mefenamate29) supported by the 1,10-

phenanthroline-5,6-dione. NSAIDs coordinate with metal ions through donor groups

like carboxylates (Figure 3b). The anti-proliferative effect of phendione is intact in

both complexes, according to a cytotoxic experiment on a human breast cancer cell

line. Both complexes have the ability to destroy cells in a cytotoxic manner. The

complexes have anti-inflammatory properties because they block the cyclooxygenase

pathway. As evidenced by the PGE2 test, NSAIDs' anti-inflammatory effects are

retained in metal complexes. In vitro, the zinc(II)-naproxen complex 28 breaks

intercellular bridges, causing cellular migration to be slowed and EMT-related genes

to be down-regulated. The ternary complexes are more active than cisplatin,

according to the mechanistic investigations, and have the ability to overcome cisplatin

resistance in MDA MB 231 cells23.

Moura presented a two novel zinc(II) ternary complexes (30&31) combining the

NSAIDs diclofenac (Diclof) and ibuprofen (Ibup) and neutral linker (Nic). Diclof and

Ibup which includes carboxylic acid as the major functional group, have a chemical


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affinity for metal ions, such as zinc(II) and copper(II), to create coordination

complexes with variable biological activity, with several studies being published in

recent years. The ternary complexes of Zn-Diclof and Zn-Ibup with Nic as a nitrogen

ligand were created with the goal of developing NSAIDs that might take use of both

ligands' anti-inflammatory properties for the same pharmacological target (Figure 3c).

In both situations, the bulky structures' steric conformation leads to the limited contact

of these molecules with the DNA double helix demonstrated in circular dichroism

tests, where only identical groove contacts can be emphasized for both complexes.

The lack of DNA cleavage activity, together with the findings of the A.Salina acute

toxicity test, indicates that both compounds are tolerated and have the

pharmacological potential to be used as an anti-inflammatory medication with better

properties than parent medicines. As a result, these compounds should be investigated

in vitro or in vivo to determine their efficacy, bioavailability, and toxicity24.

Figure 3. Chemical structures of (A) fenamic acid (25), 14,811-

tetraazacyclotetradecane (26) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (27), (B)

zinc(II) 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione naproxen(28) and mefenamate(29)complexes

and (C) zinc(II) ternary complexes combining the NSAIDs diclofenac (Diclof) (30)

and ibuprofen (Ibup) (31) and neutral linker.

2.4.Ruthenium(II) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Ruthenium-based compounds are chemically stable, have good binding and

fluorescence imaging properties, have redox chemistry, and have slow ligand

exchange kinetics, among other things25, 26. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyls are

primarily intended for usage as DNA intercalators and photo-activated

chemotherapeutic drugs that cause apoptosis via reactive photoproducts or

ROS27.Patra created and characterized two Ru(II) polypyridyl NSAID complexes 32

and 33, in which naproxen is bidentately bound to the ruthenium(II) core through

carboxylate oxygens (Figure 4a). The compounds demonstrated excellent partial

intercalative mode binding to DNA. Both complexes were able to create a covalent


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adduct with 5'-GMP, a shortened version of DNA, suggesting that apoptosis can be

triggered in distinct ways. Ru(II) complexes also react with GSH, releasing naproxen,

which may be able to scavenge ROS and so protect normal cells from carcinogenesis.

The complexes were shown to be cytotoxic to MCF-7 and PC3 cancer cell lines in

vitro. The cell killing activity of compound 32 containing phenanthroline moiety was

greater than that of complex 3328.

Three new arene ruthenium(II) NSAIDs complexes (Figure 4b)showed strong affinity

toward CT-DNA and proteins, which also shows more potency toward the MCF-7

among the tested other cancer cells (HeLa, A549, and HEK293). The multinucleation,

condensed nuclei, and chromatin fragmentation changes were confirmed by Hoechst

PI staining and these complexes significantly increased the G2/M phase, which

determines that the G2/M phase arrest might have induced the cell death.

Interestingly, the Flufenemic complex significantly increase the caspase 3 and

subsequently degreased the Bcl2 expression level, which confirms the mitochondrial-

dependent pathway29.Ruthenium(II) diclofenac-based complexes (Figure 4c)were

binding with the DNA via minor grooves and protein interactions (binding constants

(Kb) range is from 2.5 × 103–5.5 × 104 M−1) also studied. The cytotoxicity of these

complexes (IC50 values ranging from 0.56 to 15.28 μM) was showed more potent

than free diclofenac and cisplatin against tested cancer cells (A549, MDA-MB-231

and MCF-7). Interestingly, one of the complex exhibit high selectivity toward the

MCF-7 cells compared to the non-tumor breast cell line MCF10-A and induces

changes in cell morphology. Flow cytometry apoptosis was investigated, at 5.7 μM

concentration of complex significantly increased apoptotic cells from 17.9% (control)

to 44.8% , which suggest that complex is able to induce cell death by apoptosis30.

Figure 4. Structures of (A) Ru(II) polypyridyl naproxen complexes (32, 33), (B)

ruthenium(II) Flufenemic complexes (34-36) and (C) Ruthenium(II) diclofenac

complexes (37-40).

2.5. Silver(I) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Due to a synergistic effect, the conjugation of silver metals with particular groups of

drugs, such as NSAIDs (CoMeD's), increases their effectiveness. N.Banti used

silver(I) ions to conjugate diclofenac with dimethyl sulfoxide and triphenylphosphine,


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resulting in two novel molecules(Figure 5a). Complexes were evaluated in vitro

against MCF-7 (hormone dependent) and MDA-MB-231 cells (hormone

independent). Compound 41preferentially inhibits MCF-7 (HD) cells over MDA-MB-

231 (HI) cells, whereas compound 42 inhibits both malignant cell lines. TPP, a

mitochondriotropic drug, enhances the cytotoxicity of both cell lines when it is

present in 42. Both compounds inhibit MCF-7 cancer cells from migrating by

delaying it by 1/2 or 3/4 days compared to control cells. This is a necessary feature of

anti-metastatic drugs31.

Due to their excellent complexing properties, synthetic simplicity, and potential for

use in asymmetric catalysis, the substituted-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine ligands have gotten a

lot of attention(Figure 5b). They're also useful for building in both organic and

inorganic supramolecular chemistry because of their -stacking abilities32. The MTT

assay was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of the complexes against four malignant

cell lines, including human breast adenocarcinoma, cervical, epithelioma, and

hepatoma, as well as one normal human dermal fibroblasts cell line. The complexes

43-45 have been discovered to show greater cytotoxicity than their IC50 values

against the cancer cell lines tested, but are non-toxic to normal cells. The cytotoxicity

of complex 45 is significantly greater than that of the commonly used medication

cisplatin. All of the complexes enhance S phase DNA synthesis while decreasing G0-

G1 and G2/M phase DNA synthesis, suggesting that the growth inhibition mechanism

on HepG2 cells was DNA damage-mediated S phase arrest33. Recently, silver(I)

metallodrugs of thiosemicarbazones and naproxen was reported (Figure 5c) and tested

their biocompatibility, in vitro anti-proliferative activity and in silico interaction

studies with EGFR, VEGFR2 and LOX receptors. These complexes are more stable in

solution and the biocompatibility results indicates these complexes are non-toxic

nature up to 100 ng/ml. These complexes were showed lower anti-proliferative

activity compared to cisplatin for all tested cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and

PANC-1) and the acridine orange/ethidium bromide and Hoechst 33258 staining

methods confirms the apoptosis-inducing ability. All the complexes strongly interact

with the active site of epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth

factor receptor 2 and lipoxygenase receptors via hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and

π-pair interactions34.


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Figure 5. Chemical structures of (A) diclofenac silver(I) complexes with dimethyl

sulfoxide and triphenylphosphine(41, 42), (B) terpyridine-based silver naproxen

complexes(43-45) and (C) thiosemicarbazone-based silver naproxen complexes(46-

49).

2.6. Tin complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The triphenyltin(VI) complexes of NSAIDs have been reported(Figure 6a), which

showed as potent anticancer agents. The IC50 values of these complexes ranged from

0.2–60 to 0.4–7 μΜ against A-549 and L-929 cancer cell lines respectively and from

0.3–5 to 0.2–27 μΜ against T-24 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines respectively. The

cytotoxic results indicate that coupling of Hdmpa and Hmef with R3Sn(IV) metal

center results in complexes with important biological properties and remarkable

cytotoxic activity, since they display IC50 values in a μΜ range better to that of the

antitumor drug cis-platin35. The organotin flufenamates complexes (Figure 6b)

showed high cytotoxic activity against A549 (non-small cell lung carcinoma)

compared to Flufenamic acid and gold standard drug carboplatin36.

Organotin(IV) complexes of NSAID, ibuprofen complexes (Figure 6c) highlighted the

highly cytotoxic effect of complexes against DU145, HCT-15, Caco-2 and HeLa cell

lines. Some of the complexes showed more potent anti-proliferative activity than

commercially available drug cisplatin. The tetrahedral structure and higher lipophilic

nature of the butyl and phenyl groups were increased the anti-proliferative activities.

The reported organotin(IV) complexes are good alternatives for cisplatin in prostate

cancer because of these complexes remarkably killing the cancer cells, which is

evidenced by the AO/EB staining of the cells, DNA fragmentation assay and flow

cytometry assays37.


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2.7.Antimony complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The clinical usage of antimony(V) as a medicine for the treatment of leishmaniasis is

connected to its pharmacological application. Antimony(III) complexes have recently

been shown to have anti-neoplastic action. Sb(V) formulations are less active than

their Sb(III) rivals, but because of their reduced toxicity, they are utilized as pro-

drugs38. By reacting SaIH2 with Ph3Sb in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the

organoantimony(V) compound was created (Figure 7). MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231

human breast cancer cells were used to test the antitumor activities. The toxicity of

the compound is also tested on MRC-5 cells. The compound is less hazardous than

cisplatin to human lung embryonic fibroblast cells. The complex has similar in vitro

genotoxicity to cisplatin against MRC-5 cells, according to a micronucleus assay39.

Figure 7. Chemical structures of organoantimony(V) complex.

2.8.Platinum complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Dual-action cisplatin-based Pt(IV) complexes containing ketoprofen and naproxen

(Figure 8b)offer better antiproliferative activity against human tumor cell lines,

including a malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) one, a very chemoresistant

tumor40.These complexes (Figure A)revealed remarkable anti-proliferative activity

than commercially available cisplatin drug.These complexes enter intocells via

passive diffusion (the main if not the only mechanism of their cellular uptake) more

efficiently than the single components (synergistic cellular accumulation).

Mechanistically, these complexes might inhibit cell growth through a COX-

independent mechanism (Figure8a).

MTT assays on MCF-7, A549, and Hela cancer cells, as well as normal lung

fibroblasts cells MRC-5, CDDP, and NSAIDs as positive monitors, were used to

assess the cytotoxicity of Pt(IV) prodrugs(Figure 8c).In the cancer cells studied and in

A549/cis cells, the NSAID-Pt(IV) prodrugs, specifically Eto-Pt(IV), significantly

increased DNA damage and cell apoptosis, with a much higher cytotoxicity than

cisplatin at 3h compared to CDDP, and dramatically increased DNA damage and cell

apoptosis, with a much higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin. Because of their labile and

beneficial COX-2 repression of the low-regulation active MMP-2, vimentin protein,

and E-cadherin, Eto-Pt(IV) and car-Pt(IV) showed better activity than Sul-Pt(IV). It

aided in the development of an ideal combination of small molecular targeting

inhibitors and platinum-based chemotherapy drugs for more clinically effective

cancer treatment41.


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Pt(II) hybrid complexes of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (Figure

8d)are an attractive strategy for preventing systemic inflammation caused by cancer

metastases, according to K. Patra et al. In the dark, complexes are cytotoxic to Hela

and HepG2 cancer cell lines, with photocytotoxicity increased in Hela cells. They are

less toxic to non-cancer cells. The comet assay revealed the compounds' genotoxicity

by revealing large DNA lesions. This approach can be used to administer synergistic

bioactive drugs while simultaneously delivering dual-threatening chemotherapy Pt(II)

metallodrugs for combination therapy42.

Figure 8. (A) Proposed mechanism of Pt(IV)-NSAID complexes, (B) molecular

structure of Pt(IV)-NSAID complexes (61, 62), (C) Eto-Pt(IV) complex (63) and (D)

naproxen Pt(II) hybrid complexes (64, 65).

2.9.Lanthanum complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Guerra used the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAID) sulindac ((1Z)-5-

fluoro-2-methyl-1-[-(methylsulfinyl)benzylidene]-1H-indene-3-1acetic acid, Sul, 66)

to make Lanthanum(III) and Neodymium(III) complexes(Figure 9a). Sul is an

analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic medication that belongs to one of the

most frequent pharmacological classes. Complexes with sulindac boost cell viability,

which is decreased by sulindac, and do not significantly interfere with sulindac's anti-

inflammatory activities, according to biological research43. The synthesized naproxen

lanthanum complex (Figure 9b)has been showed lower cytotoxicity over to naproxen

alone and interestingly increased the production of pro-inflammatory

metabolites(TNF-α, IL-1β and H2O2). Nevertheless, the compound decreased IL-8,

an important cytokine that interferes in the trafficking of inflammatory cells, and

could be interesting to anti-inflammatory treatments in order to modulate the influx of

leucocytes44.

Figure 9. (A) Molecular structure of La(III)sulindac complexes (66) and (B) La(III)

naproxen complex (67).


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2.10. Other metal complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Mohamed et al. investigated the influence of biological elements including Cr(III),

Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Y(III) on Ten (tenoxicam) efficiency in the

presence of Bipy (2,2'-bipyridine)(68-73) (Figure 10a). The compounds were tested

for antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria and fungi, and the findings

revealed that the Fe(III) complex is more active than all other complexes. All

substances were tested for anticancer activity in cell cultures of HCT-116, HepG2,

and MCF-7. The chemicals created are promising anticancer drug prospects. All study

complexes were deemed soft in relation to the Ten, with values ranging from 11.236

to 16.949 ev and a value of 8.772 ev for the Ten45.

From a chemical, biochemical, medical, and pharmacological standpoint, the study of

drug molecules complexing with different metal ions is an important subject of

research. With aspirin, Refat created a phase diagram of magnesium, calcium,

strontium, and barium(II) ions 28. Both the oxygen atoms of the carboxylate group

and the oxygen atom of the –C=O of the acetyl group in the aspirin ligand have a

tridentate coordination characteristic. Using infrared and X-ray powder diffraction

spectroscopy, the effects of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical parameters of

MgII, CaII, SrII, and BaII powder aspirinate complexes were investigated(Figure

10b). After irradiation, the spectroscopic data of aspirinate complexes remained

intact, resulting in chemical structures that were stable. When a medicine is subjected

to gamma irradiation, metal ions play a vital role in preserving its stability46.

Figure 10. (A) Molecular structure of tenoxicam based-Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II),

Cu(II), and Y(III) with 2,2'-bipyridine complexes (68-73) and (B) aspirin based-MgII,

CaII, SrII, and BaII complexes (74-77).

3. Conclusions

In this mini-review, we have discussed the role of drug-metalinteraction in the

biological system. Our review also offers a better understanding the interaction of

metal-drug and provides new insights for the further research and development of


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these metal-drug complexes. In addition, this short-review extends our understanding

of these drug-metal interactions and provides a foundation for future research and

development in this area.

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a mini review of drug-metal compounds in cancer treatment

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