a method for the protection of spruce stands againstips typographus by the use of barriers of...

8/12/2019 A Method for the Protection of Spruce Stands AgainstIps Typographus by the Use of Barriers of Pheromone Traps i

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152 R. JAKU~,A me thod for the pro tecti on of spruce stands against Ips typographus

Anz. Sch~idlingskde.,Pflanzenschutz, Um weltsch utz 71, 152-158 (1998)9 1998, Blackwell Wissenschafts-V erlag, BerlinISSN 0340-7330Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SlovakiaA method for the protection of spruce stands against ps ypog raphus by the useof barriers of pheromone traps in north eastern SlovakiaBy R. JAKU~

A b s t r a c tA method and layout of various systems of barriers of

p h eromon e traps is described. The rationale of the metho d isbased on th e stress of spruce and the chemical comm unicationof Ips typographus. Various systems of pheromone t rap bar-tiers were used according to the required level of protection.The method was used in two areas affected by air pol lut ionand bark beetle outbreak. The first area was in an un natu ralspruce monoculture region while the second wa s in a Na-tional Park.The described metho d led to a significant reduction of ba rkbeetle attacks on trees along fore st edges and subse quently tothe stopping of movement of the zone of attacked trees dueto ba rk beetle damage. In the case of forest stands with n o re-duced canopy closure, the r eduction of attacks led to a dra-matic decline of bark beetle outbreak. O n the oth er hand, thismethod was not able to reduce the level of bark beetle attackin the interior of forest stands with a decreased level of ca-nopy closure. This method, as part of differentiated pest m a nagement measures in one fores t district, was successful wit h-out any other protect ion measures in the condit ion of naturalreserves in a spruce vegetation zone.

1 I n t r o d u c t i o nSe ve ral au th or s (ZtnaR, 1987; VIT~, 1989; B^KKE, 1989)have shown the posi t ive effects of mass t rapping as parto f an in tegra ted pes t manag ement o f Ips typographus L.On the other hand, other authors (DIMI~i et al . , 1992;WESUEN, 1992; PFErFrR and SKUrtRAV~, 1995) h av e re po r-ted the ineffectiveness of this method. SCrtVCENKE 1996)

in tegra ted recen t knowledge abou t s t ress o f sp ruce andbark bee t l e eco logy , and sugges ted a bark bee t le con t ro lsystem based o n the use of salvage cut t ing and the use ofpheromone t raps .Nor th - eas tern Slovak ia i s severe ly damaged by a i r po l -lut ion and b y recent bark b eet le outbreaks, especial ly thereg ion o f Spig. A metho d of p ro tec t ing spruce s t ands Pi-cea abies [L.] Karst.) against Ips typographus wi th the useof bar r ie rs o f pheromo ne t raps was t es ted in two separa tefo re st dis tri cts (JAKUg, 1996, 1997; JAIiUg an d SLIVINStiY,1997). The outbreaks of bark beet le in natural reservesare a great problem . The u se of classical meth ods of pestmanagem ent connected wi th the cu t t ing o f t rees in na tu -

ral reserves leads to a decrease in their value from thepo in t o f v iew of na tu re p ro tec t ion (NP Sumava, CzechRepubl i c ) . Leav ing na tu ra l reserves wi thou t any barkbeetl e con t ro l measures cou ld l ead to vas t ou tb reaks andgreat publ ic pressure for classic protect ion measures inna tu ra l reserves (eg. NP Bayer i scher Wald , Germ any) .The ef fec tive use o f pherom one t raps as par t o f an in te -

g ra ted IPM sys tem and app l i ca t ion o f var ious IPM mea-sures accord ing to the l evel o f na tu ra l p ro tec t ion des i redcould solve confl icts in natural parks.The a im of th i s paper i s to descr ibe a method us ing

pherom one t raps used a t s tudy to fo rm ef fec t ive bar r i e rsagainst bark beet le spread as an effect ive part of IPM ofIps typographus.2 M e t h o d s a n d m a t e r i a l2.1 The principle of the use of barriers of phe romo ne trapsfigure 1)

The method is based on principles described by SCHWENKr(1996). There are several types of bark beetle infestation ofi ~ I i i i ~.-...-.-.- ...-.....-... -'7

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windL e g e n d :' ~ unstressedree

stressed tree(sourceof primary attractants)- fresh stump(source of primaryattractants)

~ old stump[ ] - pheromone rap

(source of primaryand secondaryattractants)- pherom one plume

. . . . - isoline of equalconcentrationsof primaryattractantsFig. 1. The principle of the method of barriers of pheromonetraps

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R. JAKU~,A metho d fo r the p ro tec t ion o f sp ruce s tands aga ins t Ips typograpbus 1 5 3

Table 1 Biolo gical and eco nom ic effectiveness of dispensers used in Javorin a forest dis tric t (* BRUTOVSK~ [1997], ** BRUTOVSK~[1998])P h e r om o n e d is p en s er I T - E C O L U R E I T - E C O L U R E - F P H E R O P R A XAverag e num ber o f bee t le s coug ht in one season ( two d ispen- 8122 4686 7882s e e sSex index (p ro por t ion o f female cought)* 0 .81 0 .76 0 .8Perce ntage of no n- tar get species cou ght 3.21 2.12 ': '* 3.10::Price of one disp enser (in Slova kia 1997, excl. VA T, DM ) 2.80 2.80 13.40Di spen ser costs for catch of 10,000 beetles (DM ) 3.45 5.98 17.00

spruce s tands (JAKu~, 1998) . The ba rr ie rs o f pherom one t raps a reon ly e ffec t ive aga ins t in fes ta t ions on fo res t edges o r a t ba rkbee t le spo ts . The spread ing o f ba rk bee t le in fes ta t ion on fo res tedges is desc r ibed by SCHOPF and KOHLER (1995) . Accord in g tothem, the s tress o f ind iv idua l t rees caused by an abrup t increasein the leve l o f so la r i r rad ia t ion is the main fac to r in f luenc ing thespread ing o f an ou tbreak . The inc rease in the leve l o f so la r i r rad i-a t io n c o u ld b e c a u s ed b y th e c u t t in g , d o w n in g o r d e fo l i a t io n o fne ighbouring t rees . Accord ing to SCHIMITSCHEK nd WIENKE(1966) and SJiDDIN 1992), the s tressed trees are primary attrac-tan t to L typographus and the y show decreased resis tance t obark bee t le a t tack . A not her source o f p r imary a t t rac tan ts a refresh lo ggin g residues (A usTARA et al. , 1986). All these so urcesof a t traetants a t t rac t bee t le s to endang ered a reas. Accor d ing tothe re la t ionsh ip be tween ba rk bee t le popula t ion and t ree v igour ,g reen s tand ing spruces a re a t tacked (MuLOCK and CHRISTIAN-SEN, 1986) . Ne ighb ouri ng t rees a re exposed to s t ress caused b ythe ab rup t inc rease in the leve l o f so la r i r rad ia t ion a f te r sa lvagecu t t ing o f ba rk bee t le co lon ised t rees . Th e p rocess the spread ingof ba rk bee t le damage con t inues . The de fo l ia t ion o f s tand ingtrees causes an increase in the le vel of solar irradiation o f neigh-bouring t rees too . Ho we ver , a f te r a ce r ta in ex tens ion o f sp read-ing , the zone o f s tand ing dead t rees cou ld p ro tec t rem ain ing un-a t tacked t rees f rom the s t ress f rom an abrup t inc rease in so la rirradia tion (ScHOI'F and KOHLE R, 1995).In the case o f the p ro te c t ion o f fo res t stands w ith ba rr ie rs o fpheromone t raps , f ly ing bee t le s shou ld dec ide be tween land ingon stressed trees or on pheromone traps. The s tressed trees are asource o f p r im ary a t t rac tan ts. Phe rom one t raps cou ld be asource o f secondary (PHEROPRAX) or s e c o n d a ry a n d p r ima ry(IT-EcOLURE, Fy top ha rm s .r.o. ; KONE~2,IYet al. , 1985) attrac-tams . Secondary o r a mix ture o f secondary and pr imary a t t rac -tams a re more a t t rac t ive than p r im ary a t tractants (BAKKEet al.,1977) . M os t o f bee tle s choo se phero m one t raps , which a re mo rea t t rac t ive than s t ressed t rees . How eve r , some of the bee t le scou ld miss the phe rom one t rap (BAKKE, 1989). The s tandardc o mm e rc ia l d i s p en s e r s a re fo rmu la t e d to b e c o mp e t i t i v e an d in -sure s t rong a t t rac t ion . S trong a t t rac t ion inc reases the r isk o fbee tle s a t tack ing ne igh bourin g t rees (VITI~, 1989). On e im port -an t po in t is tha t h igh release ra tes o f pherom one red uce the land-ing rate of males (ScHL'CrERet al. , 1987). Thus males could s tartan a t tack on ne ighbouring s t ressed t rees . Also , a na tu ra l sourceof p r imary and secondary a t t rac tan ts is usua l ly mo re a t t rac t ivethan a syn the t ic one .T h e u s e o f p h e ro mo n e t r a p s a n d p h e ro mo n e d i s p e n s e r s inc o mb in a t io n w i th th e ma x im u m p e rc e nta g e o f c a ug h t ma le s isve ry importan t . The damage on ne ighbouring s t ressed t reescou ld be reduced by a combina t ion o f d ispense rs with low andhigh release rates . Ac cor din g to VITI~ 1989), trapp ing tech niqu esin ep idemic a reas would requ ire low dosages o f a t t rac tan ts inmany traps.In the case o f the use o f ba rr ie rs o f pheromone t raps , ba rkbeetle attacks o n s tressed trees at forest edges are reduc ed. Sm al-le r amounts o f co lon ised t rees requ ire a lower in tens i ty o f sa lv -age cu t ting . I t reduces the am ount o f t rees exposed to an abrup t

increase in the level of solar irradiation. Th e trees have mo re tim eto adap t to a h igher leve l o f inso la tion . The leve l o f s t re s s w il t bedecreased. Subsequently, the forest edge becomes s tabilised.

2 2 M a t e r i a lT h e c o mme rc ia l c ro ss w in d o w t r a p E C O TR A P (F y to p h a rm,

s.r.o.; ZUMRet a l. , 1983 ) and m anufac tu red PV C fo i l -based t raps(BRUTOVSKs 1990) we re used. Th e dispensers IT-ECOLURE andIT-ECOLURE-F were p redom inan t ly used in t rea tments in thes tudy a reas . A ce r ta in am ount o f PHEROPRAX dispense rs w ereused . The b io log ica l and econ omica l pa ramete rs a re sho wn intab le 1 . The d isp ense rs IT-ECOLURE and IT-ECOLURE-F a reb a i te d w i th e q ua l p ro p o r t io n s o f p h e ro m o n e c o m p o n e n t s (K o -NEdN~ et a l. , 1985). IT-EcoLURE use special a lofan, w ick-b aseddispen ser (VARKONDA, 1996). It is possible t o re gulate th e re-lease rate of this kin d o f dispenser. In th e case of s tandar d usage,th is d ispense r reaches the h ighes t leve l o f a t t rac tion , the maxi-mu m a mo u n t o f ma le s a re c a u g ht a n d ma x im u m e c o n o mic e f f e c-t iveness is ach ieved in comparison with o the r commerc ia l d is -pense rs fo r L typographus available in Slovakia (BRUTOVSK'?,1997) . The d isadvan tage was the re la t ive ly low percen tage o fmales caught . The pe rcen tage o f males cou ld be inc reased by d e -

I l ev e l o f p r o t e c t i o n

ITBar r ier o f pher om one t r aps

0 - 2 5 m

/ Active fores t edge

T T[ ] [ ]

Forest

IL leve l o f protec t ion

-F IT]Barr ier of pher om one t r aps

2 0 2 5 m

\ Active fores t edgeForest

IToF IT[ ] [ ]

Fig 2 Layo ut o f s ingle ba rr ie rs o f phe rom one t raps ( IT = ITECOLORE, IT-F = IT-ECOLURE -F)


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IT IT[ ] [ ]

III level of protection

-25 m

~ e forest edge

IT[ ]

ForestFig 4 Layou t of phero mon e traps in bark beetle spots (Abbrev.like in fig. 2)

IV leve l of protection

12 m~ 12 mT-F

20 - 25 m

Active forest ed e

IT IT[ ] [ ]

IT-F[ ]

Forest ]

Fig 3 Layout of barriers of trianales of pheromone traps (Ab-brev. like in fig. 2)creasing of release rate of dispensers by adjusting the width ofwick for free release of the pheromone mixture. The IT-EGo-LURE-F was a poly ethyle ne bag dispense r with th e m axim umpercentage of males caught.

2 3 Location of barriers of phe rom one trapsThe barriers of pheromon e traps were located on forest edgesin centres of hibernation or emergence, at centres of at traction

and along preferr ed flight passages. Phe rom one traps we re alsolocated in active bark beetle spots. Barriers of pheromone trapswere preferably located on forest edges previously infested bybark beetles, previously damaged by wind felling, on forestedges on fresh clear-cut areas. Individu al traps were located nearto fresh stum ps o r fresh logging residues. The barriers of phero -mone traps or individual traps were preferably located on eastand south east locations at lover elevation or on south east orsouth locations at higher elevation. Northern locations wereavoided if possible. All traps wer e pre ferably installed in placeswher e they were directly exposed to solar irradiation. The dis-pensers were protec ted from direct solar radiation, especially inthe case of the pol yethy lene bag dispensers.

2 4 Layout an d amo unt of barriers of pheromone trapsThe pheromone traps were deployed not closer than 20 m toforest edges or single unattacked spruce. The maximum distance

of pheromone traps from the forest edge was 25 m. The mini-

15 4 R. JAKU,~,A method for the protection of spruce stands against Ips typographus

mum distance between pheromone traps was 12 m. The maxi-mum distance between pherom one traps in barriers was 20 m.Accord ing to the health status of trees and population size ofbark beetles, various layouts of pheromone traps were used(fig. 1, 2). Two methods for the calculation of the amount ofpheromone traps in a single stand were used. In the urban forestof Spi~sk~i Nov;; Ves, the popu lation size of ba rk beetles in th estand was estimated. This calculation was based on relationshipsdescribed by WESLIEN and REGNANDER (1990) and ZUMR(1985). The calculation of the part of the catch representing thespring swarm from the total catch in the vegetation period wascalculated accord ing to ZUMR 1987). On the bases of the averagepherom one catch in the spring swarm in the region and 30 ef-fectiveness of mass trapping (WESLIEN, 1992), the a mou nt ofaverage pheromone traps for a single stand was calculated(JAKU~, 1996a). The num ber of traps with average dispenserswere adjusted for different dispensers according to their relativeeffectiveness (JAKu~, 1996a). The calculated a mo unt was higherthan the available space in the stand in some cases. The numberof traps necessary for the III . o r IV. level of protection was theupper l imit.

The second me thod was used in the forest district Javorina inthe Tatra national park. The a mo unt o f traps were calculated ac-cording to the total length of forest edges at tacked by barkbeetles and the size and num ber of bark beetle spots. Calcula tionwas based on the num ber of traps necessary for the I. or II . levelof protection. In several places with severe bark beetle damage,the calculation was based on the numb er of traps necessary forIII. o r IV. level of protection.

Four levels of protection were used according to the abovecalculation methods for the number of pheromone traps in asingle stand and skills of technical personnel: I. level of protec-tion (fig. 1): A single barrier of pheromone traps provided withone kind o f dispense r is used. The co mm ercial dispensers IT-ECOLUREor PHEROPRAXwere used. This lev el represents the lo-west effective protection of forest stands. II . level of protection(fig. 1): A single barrier of pheromone traps with a combination-of two dispensers with different release rates is used. The stan-dard dispenser with a high release rate was IT-ECOLURE. IT-ECOLURE-F was u sed as a dispen ser w ith a low release rate. I II.level of protection (fig. 2): A barrier of triangles of pheromonetraps provided with one kind of dispenser is used. Commercialdispensers IT-ECOLURE or PHEROPRAX wer e used. IV. level ofprotection (fig. 2): A barrier of triangles of pheromone trapswith a combination of two dispensers with different release ratesare used. The dispenser with the low release rate is used on thetrap on the apex of the triangle nearest to the forest edge. On theoppo site vertices, dispensers w ith high release rates are used. TheIT-ECOLURE was th e d ispenser w ith the h igh release rate. I T--ECOLURE-F were u sed as dispensers with low release rates. This


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R. JAKUk A m ethod fo r the prote ction of spruce stands against Ips typographus 155

level represents the maximum effectiveness of the barriers ofpheromone traps.In the standard treatment of bark beetle spots, two phero-mone traps were used in each bark beetle plot as minimum(fig. 3). If one trap is used, there is a high risk of attack on neigh-bouring trees. Preferably two dispensers with different releaserates were used. The min imu m distance of 10 m from unattackedspruce was used.Special treatm ent was applied i n some areas of urb an forest ofSpigsk~i Nov~i Ves. I'r-ECOLUR Ewith adjusted 1/4 width of wickfor free release were used. The mi nim um distance of 5 m fromthe nea rest living spruce was tested.2.5 The use o f barriers of pheromone traps as part of lPMin the stud y areas2.5.1 Urban forests o f the to wn Spi~skd No wi Ves

The forest area is 7,142 ha. The potential vegetation is beechFagus sylvaticaL.) or mixed Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba Mill.,P. abies) orests. The 67 of area is covered by spruce mon ocu l-tures. The forest area is affected b y air pollution , hone y fungusArmillaria mellea [Vahl ex Fr.] Kumm. s. lato) and by barkbeetle outbre ak (JAKu~, 1998). Un til 1995, classic pest manage-ment methods were used. Trap trees, salvage cutting and unin-tensive pheromone trapping were used.Effective sal')age cutting and barriers of pheromone trapswere the basis of forest pro tecti on tech nology in 1996 and 1997.The effective salvage cutting is rem oving, peeling or spra ying in-secticide on bark beetle-infested trees before beetle emergence.In the cases where beetles emerged, the trees were ignore d insanitary cutting operations or they were cut only in the case ofnecessary concentration of harvesting operations. 2,500 phero-mon e traps w ere used in 19 96 and 2,000 pher omo ne traps we reused in 1997. All wind felled trees were used as trap trees.2.5.2 Forest district Javorina, Tatra N ation al Park

The forest area is 3,632 ha. The potentia l vegetation is spruceforests in the majo rity of the area. Spruce covers 68 of the area.The forests are affected by air polluti on and by bark beetle out-break. U ntil 1995 no pro tecti on methods w ere used. In 1995 and1996, classical pest m anag eme nt methods were used. Trap trees,salvage cutting and unintensive pheromone trapping were ap-plied. The stu dy area has a long borde r with a reserve in the Pol-ish Tatra National Park where noprotection measures against barkbeetle are taken.In 1997, the infested area wasdivided into 4 pest managementzones in agreement with the projectof recovery measures (KoREI1996). In the core area in the na-tional park (natural reserve) twomethods were used. No protectionmeasures were taken on an area ofabout 60 ha (zone I). On ly barriersof pheromone traps were used inthe second zone in the core area(749 ha). N o other protectionmeasures were taken. In almost allother areas, forest protectionmeasures like in the urba n forest ofSpi~sk~ Nov~i Ves w ere unde rtak en(zone III, 834 ha). In several oldstands in the unf inished stage of re -production cutting, trap trees were

used instead of phero mon e traps (zon e IV, 106 ha). 1,315 pher o-mone traps were used in 1997.Results

3.1 Summary of results fro m the urban forest Spi~skdNovel VesT h e a m o u n t o f s a lv a ge c u t t i n g wa s g ra d u a l l y in c re a s i n g

b e fo re t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f b a r r i e r s o f p h e ro m o n e t r a p s(fi~. 5). In 1995, amount of salvage cut t ing was 119,000m . The mo vem ent o f fo res t edges by bark bee t le in fes ta -t i o n a n d s u b s e q u e n t s a lv a ge c u t t i n g wa s a b o u t 5 0 m / y e a rin the mos t damaged s tands in 1995 . Fores t edges andbark bee t le spo ts were in fes ted by I. typographus. I n t e -r io rs o f fo res t s tands w i th a decreased leve l o f canopy c lo -su re were a t t acked by L typographus too .

Af te r the app l ica t ion o f the descr ibed method , theam ou nt o f salvage cut t in g was 54,000 m 3 in 1996. Salvagecu t t ing in 1996 was 54 o f the am ou n t o f sa lvage cu t t ingin 1995 . In 1997, the a mo un t o f sa lvage cu t t ing was o n ap a r w i t h 1 99 6. T h e m o v e m e n t o f fo re s t e d g es b y b a rkbee t le in fes ta t ion and subsequen t sa lvage cu t t ing wass topped in sp r ing 1996 . On l y a few t rees were a t t acked a tfo res t edges . The in fes ta t ion o f fo res t in te r io rs was no ts topped . The p ro tec t ive e f fec t o f bar r ie rs o f phe rom onet raps was ev iden t in the zone abo u t 25 m f rom the fo res tedge. The sp rea d ing o f b igger bark bee t le spo ts p ro tec tedby pheromone t raps was s topped . In the case o f spec ia lt reatment with IT-EcoLLrRr adjusted to only 1 4 wi d t h o fwi c k a n d t h e m i n i m u m d i s t a n c e 5 m f ro m n e a re s t t r ee ,n o t o n e n e i g h b o u r i n g t r ee wa s a t t ac k e d .3.2 Summary of results fro m Javorina district, Tatra N a-tional Park

The a mo un t o f sa lvage cu t t ing was g radual ly increas ingb e fo re t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f b a r r i e r s o f p h e ro m o n e t r a p s(fi~. 5). In 1996, the am ou nt of salvage cut t ing was 27,000m . The m ove me nt o f fo res t edges by bark bee t le in fes ta -t i o n a n d s u b s e q u e n t s a lv a ge c u t t i n g wa s a b o u t 1 0 -1 5m / y e a r i n t h e m o s t d a m a g e d s t a n d s . T h e i n f e s t a t i o n wa sfocused on fo res t edges and bark bee t le spo ts .

t4/t / / o xxx \ |intensive use of barriers ]|

2

/ / Iaeginning of the intensive ~ V2 t/ / lus of cl ssic l metho d I K od ees 997 -->ol r Ioff~ P ~176993 994 995 996 997

yearFig. 5. Inte nsity of salvage cuttin g on stud y areas


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156 R. JAKU~, A met hod for the protection of spruce stands against Ips typographus

Ab out 3,500 m 3 of trees were attacked in 1997 after theapplication of the described method. It is 13% of theamo unt of salvage cutting in 1996. The movem ent of theunattacked forest edges by bark beetle infestation wasstopped. Only individual trees were attacked on forestedges.4 Discussion4.1. Pheromone traps and dispensers

In order to achieve the maximum level of protectionof a forest stand, it is important to use the trap with themaximum trapping efficiency, maximum percentage ofmales caught, and wit h m axim um selectivity. In order tobe able to build effective barriers o f phe rom one traps, lar-ge numbers of traps have to be used. The price of a trapis a very important factor. According to BRtrrovsK'~(1990), the optim um trap for I. typographus is a wind owtrap with a selection net. The selection net allows only thecapture of an insect ofL typographus size o r smaller. Thecommercial cross win dow trap ECOTR~P (Fytop harm,s.r.o.; ZUMR et a l. , 1983) deploye d wit h a selection netrepresents the optimum trap for use in barriers. Similarbiological effectiveness w ith l owe r cost could be achievedby manufacturing PVC foil-based traps (BRtrrovsK?,1990) in the co nditio n of fores t enterprises.The ideal pheromone dispenser should catch a largenum ber of beetles, with an almo st equal percentage of se-xes caught, maximum selectivity and low price. There isno com mercial dispenser to fit all these requirements. T heselection of dispensers is always a comp romise. The com -mercial ph ero mo ne dispen sers IT-ECOLORE and PHERO-PRAX have show n g ood reliability. On the ot her h and, th efoil dispenser IT-ECOLURE-Fwas o t reliable in several ca-ses. Instead dispe nser IT-ECOLUkE-F, com merc ial disp en-ser PH~AGR-IT cou ld b e us ed. T his dispe nser has sim ilarpa ram ete rs to IT-ECOLURE-F (BRtrrOVSKs 1 997 ). A no th erposs ibilit y is to use the dispe nser IT-ECOLUREwith the de-creased release rate by the adjusting of the width of wickfor free release of pheromone.The cost of material and management are a consider-able problem w ith the use pherom one based technologiesin forest protection against I. typographus DIMITRI et al,,1992), especially in th e case o f the traps THrYSOHN andbaits PHEROPR~,X. A cons idera ble red uct ion in cost cou ldbe achieved by the use of economically more effectivetraps and pheromone dispensers (table 1).4.2 Effect on bark beetle population

Results showed that the use of the described method ofbarriers of pheromone traps led to a dramatic reductionof bark beetle attacks on trees along a forest edge andsubsequently to the stopping o f the expansion of the kil-led trees zone at stu dy areas. In the case of forest standswith no reduced canopy closure, the reduction of attacksled to a stark decline in bark beetle outbreak. O n the ot-her hand, this method was not able to reduce the level ofbark beetle attacks in the interior of forest stands with adecreased level of ca nop y closure.The area of dead forest in NP Bayerischer Wald hasconsiderably increased in 1996 and 1997 ZAHRADNIK,1998). There was not any sign of decline in bark beetleoutbreak. The majority of the affected area is situated inthe core zone of NP, where no protection measures are

taken. The outb reak in NP Sumana affected bo th the coreand buffer zones. Intensive m easu rem ent of classical fo-rest protection are taken in the buffer zone. There was adramatic increase in the amou nt of salvage cutting in 1996in NP Sumava. On the other hand, there was about 45%reduc tion o f amo unt of the salvage cutting in 199 7 (ZAH-RADNI~, 1998).There are certain differences in the natural co nditio n ofTatra NP, NP Bayerischer Wald and NP Sumava. How-ever, the reduction of the bark beetle population in theforest district Javorina was more dramatic than in N P Su-maya.A similar abrupt reduction of the level of salvage cut-ting after the use of mass trapping is described by ZUMR(1987), BAI~KE (1989) and DIMITRI et al. (19 92). T he 87 %reduction of number of bark beetle killed trees in oneyear is not described in any paper, as it was achieved in

the forest district Javorina. The po pulatio n dyna mic of Ltypographus is influenced by ma ny factors. The describedmethod influences only several of them. A detailed des-cription o f separate application will be the subject o f fol-lowing papers.WESLIEN (1992) conclu des, t hat mass t rap pin g has n otinfluenced the decline in bark beetle outbreaks. His con-clusion is possibly caused by not considering host stress(abrup t increase in the level of solar irradiation) as an im-portant factor in influencing the population dynamic ofL typographus. Other important factor is that Swedishforesters have used pipe pherom one traps (Borregaard) indifferent way than at study areas in Slovakia. The pipe

traps are not suitable for catching of males of L typographus (BRtrrovsK?, 1990).SVESTK_~ ( 997) descr ibed fore st pr ote ct ion mea suresagainst L typographus based on the extensive use of trap-ping trees and trap trees treated with pyrethroids withpheromone baits in middle Moravia (Czech Republic).He has an achieved 64% red uction of the amo unt of barkbeetle killed trees in on e year. Bark beetles killed trees inthe zone 20-30 m from the forest edge into the forest in-terior. ~VESKA'Sme tho d was not as effective as the me tho dof barriers of pherom one traps. The cutting of forest ed-ges for trap trees had stressed the remaining trees on theforest edge and subsequently it has enabled bark beetlesto attack the forest edges. Extensive use of pesticidescould possibly damage ecosystems.DIMI~I at al. (1992) showed, tha t on ly mass trappin g isnot able to influence bark beetle attacks on trees in con-ditions of unnatural spruce monoculture in Germany.STOLINA (1970) de scribe d a gre ater nat ural resistance ofspruce stands in the area of their natural distribution thanspruce monocultures located outside this area. This is inagreement with the results from the forest district Javori-na. The barriers of pherom one traps were able to reducebark beetle outbreaks with out salvage cutting in the na-tural reserve.The method of barriers of pheromone traps could berecommended for s topping bark beetle outbreaks, forprotection measures in natural reserves, and for otherspecial events. The best metho d of long ter m bark beetlepopu lation control is the prevention attainable by effec-tive clean manag eme nt (i.e. by forest hyg iene) combined-with preventive use of trap trees.


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R. JAKUg, A me thod for the p rote ctio n of spruce stands against Ips typographus 1 5 7

Conc l u s i o nT h e d e s c r i b e d m e t h o d s o f b a r r i e r s o f p h e r o m o n e t r a p s ,

a s p a r t o f I r M , l e d t o a s t a r k r e d u c t i o n o f b a r k b e e t l e a t -t a c k s o n t r e e s a t fo r e s t e d g e s a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y t o t h es t o p p i n g o f m o v e m e n t t h e o f z o n e o f u n a tt a c k e d t r ee sd u e t o b a r k b e e t l e d a m a g e i n s t u d y a r e as . I n t h e c a se o ff o r e s t s t a n d s w i t h u n r e d u c e d c a n o p y c l o s u r e , t h e r e d u c -t i o n o f a t t a ck s l e d t o a s t a r k d e c l i n e in b a r k b e e t l e o u t b r e -a k s. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h i s m e t h o d w a s n o t a b l e t o r e -d u c e t h e l e v el o f b a r k b e e t le a t t a c k s i n t h e i n t e r i o r o f f o -r e s t s t a n d s w i t h a d e c r e a s e d l e v e l o f c a n o p y c l o s u r e .

T h i s m e t h o d , a s p a r t o f d i f fe r e n t i a t e d p r o t e c t i o n m e a -s u r e s i n o n e f o r e s t d i s t ri c t , w a s s u c c e s s fu l w i t h o u t a n y o t -h e r p r o t e c t i o n m e a s u r e s i n t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f n a t u r a l r e -s e r ve s i n th e s p r u c e v e g e t a t i o n z o n e .A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

The research was suppor ted by Gr an t Ag ency for Science ofSlovak Academy of Sciences (2/2030/97). The author wishes tothank Ing . JAN ~TEFAN:K, or su ppo r t a nd m anagem ent o f thefirst practical applica tion of the desc ribed m ethod , JURAJ To -MA5~O for special trea tm ent of bark beetle spots, to In g.MIKULAg HRABOVSKs Ing. STEFAN LABUDA and all other em -ployees o f the u rb an forest o f Sp igsk~. Nov~. Ves for w ork donein practical opera tions, to Ing. JAN SLIVINSKs for sup por t a ndma nagem ent o f p ractical app l icat ion in Javor ina, to D oc. Ing . JO-LIUS NOV OTN s (Fore st Research Insti tu te), Ing. M IKULAgMI-CHEL(~IK direc tor o f state fo rest of Ta tra nation al Park), Ing. JANFER IENdK , In g. JA N PITOi'qAK, ng. MI LA N KORElCq, CSc., Ing.VLADIMIR VANC'URA director o f T atra nation al park) for sup -po rt, MARCEL TOBIS, VLADIMIR BOBU L'A, MA RTIN STODOLAand other employees in the Javorina forest district for practicalappl icat ion of the method , Dr . J O H N BYERS an d Dr . FREDRIKSCHLYTER (Swedish Agricu l tu re Un ivers i ty , A lnarp) fo r com -ments , and SAUL HUGGINSan d ROLAND PARRY or rev is ion ofthe language.ReferencesAUSTARA,O.; BAKKE,A.; MIDTGAARD,F. , 1986: Response in Ip stypographus to logging waste odours and syn thet ic phero mo -

nes. J. A ppl. E nt. 101, 194-198.BAKKE,A .; FROYEN , P.; SKATTEBOL,L., 1977: Field respon se to an ew p h ero mo n a l co mp o u n d i so l a t ed f ro m Ips typographus.Naturwiss. 64, 98.BAKKt:, A. , 1985: De plo ing pherom one-b ai ted t raps fo r mo ni to -r ing Ips typographus pop ulatio ns. Z. eng. Ent. 99, 33-39.BAKKE,A. , 1989: The recen t Ips typographus o u t br e a k i n N o r w a y- exper iences f rom c ont ro l p rogram. Holarct ic eco logy . 12 ,515-519.BRUTOVSKs D., 1990: Eva luatio n of pher om one traps for ba rkbeetles. Vedeck6 pr~ice V~ skum n6ho fistavu lesn6ho h osp o-d~.rstva vo Zvo lene. 229-249. (in Slovak).BRUTOVSKs D., 1997: The results of field eva luation of pher om o-ne disp ensors an d insecticides against ba rk beetles in year 1996.In: VARINSK3;, . (editor): Aktu~.lne probl6my v ochrane lese'97, Zbor nfk refer~tov z celoslovensk6ho semin~ira kto rf sakon al 7.-8. aprfla 1997 v Banskej gtiavnici , LVO Zv olen , LO S,Slovensk~i esnfcka spo lo4n ost ' ZSVTS pod z~ t i to u Lesnfckejsekcie M inisterstv a p6dch ospo& irstva SR. 65-74. (in Slovak).BRUTOVSK'/',D. , 1998: The resu l t s o f the evaluat ion of the deve-lopm ent o f pherom one d ispensers against bark beet les in 1997.In: VARINSKs J. (editor): Aktu~.lne prob l6m y v oc hrane lese'98, Zbo rnfk refer~itov z celoslovensk6ho semin~ira kto rf sakon al 16.-17. aprfla 1997 v Banskej Stiavnici , LW U Zvole n,

LOS, Pro Silva Scientiae, n. f . , Slovensk~. lesnfcka spo lo~ nos t 'ZSVTS pod z ~t i tou Lesn lckej sekcie Min is ters tva p6do hosp o-&irstva SR. 65-74. (in Slovak).DIMITRY, L.; GEBAUER ,U. ; LOSERKRUG,L.; VAUPEL, O ., 1992:In f l u en ce o f mass t r ap p in g o n t h e p o p u l a t i o n d y n am ic an ddamage-effect of bar k beetles. J. Ap pl. En t. 1 14, 103-109.JAKU~, R. , 1996a: Pro ject o f in tegrated pest ma nagem ent againstbark beetles in the u rb an fore st o f Spi~skll Nov~. Ves i n 1996.(practical instru ctio n of IPM m easures fo r foresters), 75 pp. (inSlovak).JAKU~, R., 1997: Proje ct o f integrated p est m ana gem ent againstbark beetles in the u rb an fore st of Spigskii Novfi . Ves in 1997.(practical instru ctio n of IPM me asures for foresters), 107 pp.(in Slovak).JAKU~, R., 1998: Ty pes of b ark beetle (Cole optera: Scolitydae)in festat ion in spruce forest s tands af fected by ai r po l lu t ion ,bark beet le ou tbreak and honey fungus Arm il laria m el lea ) .Anz . Sch~id l ingskde. , Pf lanzensch utz, Um we hschu tz. 71(3) ,41-49.JAKU~, R.; SUV:NSKY, ., 1997: Ad diti on to proje ct o f rec over ymeasures in decl in ing forest s tands in the Javor ina fo rest d i -strict for 1997. (practical instr ucti on of IPM measures fo rforesters), 10 pp. (in Slovak).KOREfl et a l ., 1996: Pro ject o f rec overy measures in decl in ingforest s tande in the Javor ina fo rest d is t r ic t . (p ro ject o f recoverymeasures for foresters). Research station of State forest of Tatranatio nal park. (in Slovak).KONE~N~, K.; KR I~IN, A.; RO MA ~K , M .; VARKONDA, S.;VRKOC, J . , 1985: Czechoslovak Au tho r 's Cer ti ficate A O244985. (in Slovak).MULOCK,P.; CHRISTIANSEN,E., 1986: Th e thr esho ld of successfula t tack b y Ips typographus o n Picea ab ies: a field experiment.Fore st Ecol. and Managem . 14, 123-132.PFEFFER, A .; SKUHKAV~,V. , 1995: De r Buc hdrucke r [p s t yp o -graphus L.) (Col. , Sco ly tidae) und seine Prob lem at ik in derTschechischen Rep ublik. A nz. Sch:idlingskde., Pfla nze n-schutz, Um we l tschutz 68 , 151-152 .SCHIMITSCHEK,E.; WIENKE,E. , 1966: Un tersu chu nge n f iber d ieBefallsbereitschaft vo n B aum arten fi ir Sekund:irsch:idlinge. I I .Tel l Unte rsuc hun gen iber d ie Befal lsberei tschaf t der europ~ii -schen Fichte. Z . ang. En t. 57, 73-139.SCHLYTER, F.; BYERS,J. A.; LOFQUIST,J . , 19 87: At t rac t ion topher om one sources o f d i f feren t quan t i ty , qual i ty and spacing :Densi ty Regulat ion Mechanisms in Bark Beet le Ips typo-graphus. J. Chem. Ecol., 13, 6, 1503-1523.SCHOPF, R. ; KOHLER, U. , 1995: Un tersu chun gen z ur Popula -t i o n sd y n am ik d e r F i ch t e n b o rk e n k ~e r im Nat io n a lp a rk Bay e-risch er W ald. In: BIBELRIETHERet . a l. , 25 Jahre auf dem W egzum Na turwa ld , Passavia Druckerei Gm bH , Passau , 88-111.SCHVc-ENKE,W., 1996: Gru ndzi ige des Massenwechsets un d derBek~.mpfung des Groflen Fichtenborkenk~.fers, Ips typo-graphus (L.) (Col., Scolytidae). Ariz. Sch/idlingskde., Pfl anz en-schutz, Um wel tsc hutz. 69 , 11-15 .SJODIN K. 1992: Volati le wo od const i tuen ts in insect -p lan t in -teract ion . Chemical s tud ies on Scots p ine Pinus sylvestr is L.)a n d N o r w a y s p ru c e Picea ab ies [L.] Karst .). D issertation . Ro y.Inst . Techn . , Dep . o f Org . Chem ist ry , S tockholm.STOLINA, M., 1970: O n the p rob lem of ind i f ference of Ips typo-graphus. Zb orn fk vedeckych pr~ic Lesnfckej fakulty vo Zv ole-he, 12 , 3 , 61-76 . ( in S lovak wi th an E ngl ish summ ary) .SVESTKA M. 1997: Perse veran t against the bark beetle. (It ispossib le to suppress bark beetle ou tbre ak in one year .) L esn ik-k~i pr~ice, 76, 3, 94-96. (in Czec h).VARKONDA ~. 1996: Phe rom one d ispenser , Indust r ia l pat tern-5720, Off ice o f indust r ia l own ersh ip of The Czec h Republ ic .


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VITs J. P., 1989: The Eu rop ean struggle to control Ips typo-graphus - past, present and f uture . Holarctic ecology 12, 520-525.WESLIEN, J., REGNANDER, J., 1990: Colonization densities andoffspring production in the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) instanding spruce trees. J. App l. En t. 109, 358-366.WESLIEN, J., 1992: Effects of mas s trap ping on Ips typographus(L.) populations. J. A ppl. E nt. 114, 228-232.Z/i~HRADNIK,D., 1998: Experien ces from the so lving of barkbeetle outbreaks in national park gumava. In: VARINSKs J.(editor): Aktu~ilne probl6my v ochrane lese '98, Zbomfk refe-r~itov z celoslovensk4ho semin;ira ktor f sa konal 16 .-17. aprfla1997 v Banskej gtiavnici, LV IJ Zvolen~ LOS , Pro Silva Scien-tiae, n. f., Slovensk~i esnfcka spolo~nost' ZSVT S pod z~i~titouLesnfckej sekcie Ministerstva p6d ohospo&irstva SR, 141-150.(in Czech).

ZUMR, V., 1985:The Biologyand ecolog y ofthe spruce ba rk beetle(Ips typographus) and p rotec tion against him., Studie CSAV,17, Prague, Academia, 124 pp. (in C zech w ith an Eng lish sum-mary).ZUMR, V., 1987: The reduction of m ass outbre aks o f spruc e barkbeetle, Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), by phe-rom one traps. Lesnictv~33, 1, 49-64. (in Czech w ith an engliehsummary).ZUMR, V.; VARKONDA, S.; KRIg r~N, A.; BENDA, F.; KURUC, L.;KONECNs V.; MUgKA,L.; BRUTOVSK~,D., 1983: CzechoslovakAuthor's Certificate AO 244959 (in Slovak).

Author s address: Ing. RASTISLAVJAKU~, Ph .D . Institute ofForest Ecology , Slovak Acade my of Sciences, Stfirova 2, 960 53Zvolen , Slovakia

E r i c h R u t s c h k eildgiinseL e b e n s w e i s e S c h u t z N u t z u n g

1 9 9 7. 2 6 0 S e i t e n m i t 1 0 0 A b b i l d u n g e n , d a v o n 8 3 in F a r b e . 1 4 ,5 x 2 1 ,5 c m . G e b u n d e n .D M 5 8 , - / 6 S 4 2 3 , - / s F r 5 3 ,5 0 I S B N 3 - 8 2 6 3 -8 4 7 8 - 4K a u m e i n e a n d e r e T i e r g r u p p e i s t i n d e n l e t z t e n J a h r e n s o s t a r k i n d a s B l i c kf e l d d e r0 f f e n t l i c h k e i t g e r a t e n w i e d ie W il dg ~i ns e. U r s a c h e n d a f ii r s i n d d ie B e s t a n d s z u -n a h m e n b ei e i n i ge n A r t e n, d e r d a r a u s e n t s t e h e n d e K o n f li k t m i t d e r L a n d w i r t s c h a f tu n d d i e F o r d e r u n g e n n a c h e i n e r v e rs t ~ ir k t e n B e j a g u n g . D a d i e M e h r z a h l d e r W i ld -g ~in se z u d e n w a n d e r n d e n T i e r a r t e n g e h 6 r t, s i n d K o n fl i k t e m i t d e n I n t e r e s s e n d e sN a t u r s c h u t z e s n i c h t a u s g e s c h l o s s e n , d e n n v i el e B r u t g e b i e t e b e f i n d e n s i c h in s e ns i -b l e n 0 k o s y s t e m e n .D a s B u c h e n th ~ il t e i n e D a r s t e l l u n g d e r L e b e n s w e i s e , d e s S o z i a l v e r h a l t e n s , d e rH e r b s t - U nd F r f i h j a h r s z t i g e u n d d e r S c h u t z m a B n a h m e n . E i n B u c h f a r Z o ol o g en ,O r n i t h o l o g e n , L a n d w i r t e , J ~i ge r, N a t u r s c h f i t z e r u n d a l l e N a t u r f r e u n d e .

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