a matter of equity: preschool in america

8/9/2019 A Matter of Equity: Preschool in America

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U.S. Department of Education

Apri l 2015

A Matter of Equity: Preschool in America



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A Matter of Equity: Preschool in America

“I believe that every single child deserves the opportunity for a strong startin life through high-quality preschool, and expanding those opportunities mustbe part of ESEA [the Elementary and Secondary Education Act].”

U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan January 12, 2015

The Challenge

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Source: National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER). (2013). 2013 State Preschool Yearbook http://nieer.org/sites/nieer/files/yearbook2013.pdf

* Publicly-funded preschool includes state preschool, Head Start, and special education preschool services and does not include privately funded or locally funded

preschool programs.

Access to Preschool Uneven Across States

Table 1. Enrollment in Publicly Funded Preschool* by State (4-year-olds) 2012–2013 9

State Totalnumber of4-year-olds in thestate

Percentage of4-year oldsenrolled instate preschool

Percentage of4-year oldsenrolled infederal HeadStart programs

Percentage of4-year-oldsenrolled inspecialeducationpreschool

Total 4-year-olds notenrolled in apublicly fundedprogram

Totalpercentage of4-year-olds not

enrolled in apublicly fundedprogram

50 states plus D.C. 4,112,347 28% 10% 3% 2,462,740 59%

Alabama 62,483 6% 15% 2% 48,145 77%

Alaska 10,760 3% 13% 6% 8,420 78%Arizona 92,778 3% 11% 5% 75,118 81%

Arkansas 40,173 33% 13% 5% 19,862 49%

California 516,595 15% 11% 3% 368,341 71%

Colorado 69,956 21% 7% 6% 46,103 66%

Connecticut 40,958 13% 7% 5% 30,343 74%

Delaware 11,372 7% 6% 6% 9,223 81%

District of Columbia 6,945 94% 6% 0% 0 0%

Florida 221,842 78% 9% 1% 25,266 11%

Georgia 140,894 58% 7% 1% 47,981 34%

Hawaii 17,536 0% 9% 4% 15,176 87%

Idaho 24,427 0% 8% 4% 21,298 87%

Illinois 167,665 27% 11% 3% 98,124 59%

Indiana 87,734 0% 9% 6% 75,006 85%

Iowa 41,034 60% 8% 2% 12,159 30%

Kansas 41,428 21% 8% 8% 26,440 64%Kentucky 57,379 29% 15% 0% 31,945 56%

Louisiana 64,356 31% 12% 2% 35,050 54%

Maine 14,059 34% 10% 7% 6,775 48%

Maryland 74,758 35% 6% 5% 38,679 52%

Massachusetts 74,901 14% 7% 4% 55,932 75%

Michigan 119,525 21% 15% 0% 77,066 64%

Minnesota 72,464 1% 8% 6% 61,430 85%

Mississippi 43,363 0% 33% 4% 27,339 63%

Missouri 78,544 3% 10% 6% 63,586 81%

Montana 12,568 0% 19% 3% 9,833 78%

Nebraska 26,783 26% 9% 0% 17,527 65%

Nevada 38,407 3% 4% 7% 33,065 86%

New Hampshire 13,853 0% 5% 7% 12,144 88%

New Jersey 109,605 28% 6% 5% 65,952 60%New Mexico 29,614 18% 14% 7% 18,036 61%

New York 231,040 45% 10% 6% 91,147 39%

North Carolina 128,958 23% 9% 3% 84,809 66%

North Dakota 9,256 0% 17% 5% 7,183 78%

Ohio 144,309 2% 12% 5% 116,712 81%

Oklahoma 54,100 74% 13% 0% 6,955 13%

Oregon 48,463 10% 8% 5% 37,307 77%

Pennsylvania 147,710 12% 10% 6% 105,705 72%

Rhode Island 11,607 1% 10% 7% 9,455 81%

South Carolina 61,682 40% 9% 2% 30,261 49%

South Dakota 12,237 0% 18% 6% 9,295 76%

Tennessee 84,178 21% 11% 2% 55,086 65%

Texas 397,272 52% 9% 1% 152,559 38%

Utah 53,014 0% 7% 6% 46,130 87%

Vermont 6,462 71% 8% 0% 1,320 20%Virginia 104,722 17% 7% 3% 76,900 73%

Washington 90,419 8% 8% 4% 72,255 80%

West Virginia 21,469 62% 23% 0% 3,165 15%

Wisconsin 72,488 64% 7% 1% 19,968 28%

Wyoming 8,202 0% 11% 13% 6,216 76%



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* Source: Mulligan, G.M., Hastedt, S., and McCarroll, J.C. (2012). First-Time Kindergartners in 2010-11: First Findings From the Kindergarten

Rounds of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010-11 (ECLS-K:2011) (NCES 2012-049). U.S. Department of

Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch. Retrieved March 29, 2015



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Preschool Development Grants and Early Learning Challenge Grants:Expanding Opportunities for Children

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Table 2. States that applied for Preschool Development Grants, but were not fundedState 4-year-olds not

enrolled inpublic

preschoolprograms

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Additional 4-year-oldchildren served in the

first year

Additional 4-year-oldchildren served over

four years

18 non-funded states 1,331,278 59,796 284,631

California 368,341 3,757 15,028Colorado 46,103 1,301 6,554

Delaware 9,223 824 3,296

Georgia 47,981 2,458 12,586

Kentucky 31,945 3,289 14,008

Minnesota 61,430 1,143 5,634

Mississippi 27,339 2,425 15,298

Missouri 63,586 1,976 7,904

New Hampshire 12,144 582 5,282

New Mexico 18,036 1,773 7,092

North Carolina 84,809 19,969 79,876

Ohio 116,712 3,409 13,636

Oregon 37,307 865 4,525

Pennsylvania 105,705 8,725 34,900

Puerto Rico 45,542 496 2,000

South Carolina 30,261 621 2,848

Texas 152,559 2,683 11,914

Washington 72,255 3,500 42,250

Source: Preschool Development Grants Web site http://www2.ed.gov/programs/preschooldevelopmentgrants/awards.html



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Notes1 Yoshikawa, H., Weiland, C., Brooks-Gunn, J., Burchinal, M., Espinosa, L., Gormley, W., … Zaslow, M. J. (2013).Investing in our future: The evidence

base for preschool education. Policy brief, Society for Research in Child Development and the Foundation for Child Development. Retrieved

from the Foundation for Child Development website: fcd-us.org/sites/default/files/Evidence Base on Preschool Education FINAL.pdf

2 Kuhl, P. K. (2011). Early Language Learning and Literacy: Neuroscience Implications for Education. Mind, Brain, and Education, 5(3), 128-142.

3 Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development. From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood De-

velopment. (2000). Jack P. Shonkoff and Deborah A. Phillips, eds. Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Commission on Behavioral and Social

Sciences and Education. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.4 See, e.g., Yoshikawa, et.al., Investing in Our Future: The Evidence Base on Preschool Education, 2013.

5 Center for Public Education. (2008). The Research on Pre-K . Alexandria, VA.

6 White House Council of Economic Advisors. The Economics of Early Childhood Investments, https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/

docs/early_childhood_report1.pdf

7 National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER). (2013). 2013 State Preschool Yearbook

8 Nores, M., & Barnett, W.S. (2014). Access to High Quality Early Care and Education: Readiness and Opportunity Gaps in America (CEELO Policy

Report). New Brunswick, NJ: Center on Enhancing Early Learning Outcomes.

9 National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER). 2013 State Preschool Yearbook. (2013). http://nieer.org/sites/nieer/files/yearbook2013.

pdf Retrieved March 29, 2014

10 Cascio, E.U., Whitmore Schanzenbach, D. Expanding Preschool Access for Disadvantaged Children http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/re-

search/files/papers/2014/06/19_hamilton_policies_addressing_poverty/expand_preschool_access_cascio_schanzebach.pdf Retrieved March

29, 201411 Barnett, W.S., Carolan, M.E, Squires, J.H., and Clarke-Brown, K, (2014). State of Preschool 2013: First Look (NCES 2014-078). U.S. Department of

Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 1, 2015 from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch.

12 Head Start Program Facts Fiscal Year 2014. http://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc/data/factsheets/docs/hs-program-fact-sheet-2014.pdf Retrieved

March 29, 2015

13 Bureau of the Census, “Current Population Survey” (2012) , Table 3, available at https://www.census.gov/hhes/school/data/cps/2012/tables.

html

14 Ibid.

15 Center for American Progress. Why We Need a Federal Preschool Investment in 6 Charts. December 9, 2014. https://www.americanprogress.org/

issues/early-childhood/news/2014/12/09/102737/why-we-need-a-federal-preschool-investment-in-6-charts/ Retrieved March 29, 2014

16 Total funding for State-funded preschool was $2.8 billion in FY 2004-2005 and $6.3 in FY 2014-2015. NIEER and ECS

17 https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/10/fact-sheet-invest-us-white-house-summit-early-childhood-education

18

Education Commission of the States ( January, 2015). State Pre-K Funding: 2014-15 fiscal year http://www.ecs.org/clearing-house/01/16/97/11697.pdf Retieved March 29, 2015

19 Office of Head Start Web site http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ohs

20 “Inputs in the production of early childhood human capital: Evidence from Head Start.” Walters, C., 2014 Working Paper: http://eml.berkeley.

edu/~crwalters/papers/HS_2_2014.pdf.

21 Race to the Top – Early Learning Challenge Web site http://www2.ed.gov/programs/racetothetop-earlylearningchallenge/index.html

22 Preschool Development Grants web site http://www2.ed.gov/programs/preschooldevelopmentgrants/index.html?src=rotator

23 Department of Education, School Readiness Fiscal Year 2016 Request (Feb. 2, 2015), available: http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/

budget16/justifications/b-schoolreadiness.pdf

24 Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Overview, available: https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/overview

25 Retrieved April 1, 2015 https://investinus.org/assets/Invest-in-Us-Commitments_webfinal1.pdf

26 Results are based on telephone interviews with –1,013– national adults, aged 18+, conducted August 25-26, 2014. For results based on the

total sample of National Adults, the margin of error is ±4 percentage points at the 95% confidence level.

a matter of equity: preschool in america

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