a manual of musalman numismatics - pahar.inpahar.in/mountains/books and articles/central asia/1904...

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VOL. VII.

A MANUAL

OF

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

HY

0. CODRINGTON, M.D., F.S.A.

LONDON :

PUBLISHED RY THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

23, AT.DEfiiAB1.E STREET, W.

1904.

4

IlERTP'Oltl) :

I'IIISTF.1) HT STEI'HES AVHTIS A S I ) SOSS.

PREFACE.

T H I S book is intended for the help of those who, not

being Arabic or Persian scholars, would like to know

something about the Oriental coins which may come in

their way, as well as of others who with a knowledge of

hhese languages find difficulties in the lettering, arrange-

ments, and reading of the legends, which are often so

different in these respects from the plain writing of a MS.

or the print of a book, and in the meanings of marks and

symbols which are to be found on coins.

I t originated in notes, made during several years, in

a copy of that valuable but now scarce book, "Elements

de la Numismatique Musulmane," by F. Soret, Brussels,

1864, a reprint from Remce de la Numismatipe Belge,

ser. IV, tome ii. Considerable correspondence from India

and at home, personal references made to me, and the

remembrance of my own troubles when beginning to work

at Oriental coins some years ago in India without much.

aid from books, haue guided me as to what might be most

usefully included in such a Manual as this.

The book will, I hope, be found useful, as one of ready

reference, to Oriental numismatists generally, in the same

way as Soret's has been to those who had a copy of it.

My thanks are due to Mr. Guy Le Strange and Mr. H. F: Amedroz for information regarding the location of some.

mint towns, and to the latter also for help in Arabic legends.

INDEX .

. . . . . . . . . . . . Abjad Abtas . . . . . . . . . . . . Alamat and Anwan . . . . . . Alphabet . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . Rismillah . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . Christian Era

Chronograms . . . . . . . . . Ciphers . . . . . . . . .

... Classification of Coinages

Counter-marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cycle Years

Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . Denominations of Coins ... Diacritical Marks . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . Eras

Fraehn's Conspectus Classium

Hijra and Christian Years.

Table of . . . . . . . . . Hijra Era . . . . . . . . . Hints for reading Knfic Coins

Honorary Titles . . . . . . Ilahi Era . . . . . . . . . Imams. Twelve . . . . . . Isolated Letters and Wo& ... Kalimah . . . . . . . . . Khalifs. Abbasid . . . . . . Khalifs. Egyptian Abbaaid . . Khalifs. Four . . . . . . Khnlifs. Umayynd . . . . . . Khanian Em . . . . . . . . .

Koranic Senbencea . . . . . . Kufic Coins. Hints for reading

Lakab . . . . . . . . . . . . Languages used . . . . . . Marks of Genuinenesv ... Mint Marks . . . . . . . . . Mint Towns. List of . . . . . . Mint Towns. Titles of ... Mintage. Place and Time of ... Months. Names of . . . . . . Months. Names of. on Mysore

Coinage in Abjad and Abtas

Morphology of Coins ... Names. Proper . . . . . . Names of God . . . . . . Numbers . . . . . . . . . Ornamentation . . . . . . Pious Expressions or Ejaculations

Poetical Legends . . . . . . Proper Names . . . . . . Regal Titles . . . . . . . . . Regnal Yeam . . . . . . . . . Religious Legends . . . . . . Samvat Era . . . . . . . . . Spanish Era . . . . . . . . . Symbols . . . . . . . . . Table of Hijra and Christian

Years . . . . . . . . . Titles of Mint Towns ... Types and Varieties of Coins ...

ERRATA.

Page 12, line 21, for on Coins read of Coins.

,, 17, line 6, for Hafsidi read Hafsid.

j t 31, line 9, for b k \ read blLdr!. ,, 31, last line, for L,!4 read b,!! . , , 39, line 1, for read 4 . ,, 41,line17, f o r ~ ) ~ r e a d ~ > ! .

,, 48, line 25, for Ghaznawi read Ghaznawid.

,, 51, line 19, for Julayhid read Bnlayhid.

,, 54, line 2, for Yaku read Yakub.

,, 57, lines 5 and 15, for -1 read Sk\ . ,, 82, line 24, for ,.y>\ read rF/AJ\. , , 91, line 18, for cjsr)\ read j\sdl . ,, 127, line 22, for 44O 35' read 42' 27'.

,, 127, line 23, for 67O 20' read 68' 10'.

,, 129, line 10, for r;,&Ij\ read &+!,if . ,, 129, last line but 4, for Rodgers read Rogers.

,, 133, after line 27 insert :

Allahabad. In N.W. Provinces, India. wb\ dl - 25O 26'N. ; 81° 55' E. Dehli Emperors.

,, 134, line 6, for Siras read Sivas.

,, 134, last line but 1, for Rodgers,read Rogers.

,, 149, after line 22 insert :

Junaghar. In Kathiawar, India. 21 3 1 ' N. ; - s $ & , ~

70' 36' E. Dehli Emperors. Local -$,? Rajah. &K

, , 157, line 27, for Dieral read Diwal.

,, 160, line IS, for Morocco read Mecca.

ALPHABET.

pi i

3 z E $ 4 - --- b h h

L L L

t t t k i jj i

Ji; c.

dL< J.

d, a J i i J 3 1

r r A

c , u ;

3 3 3

a 't g,,

$ 9 -

J i t

& & ? . .

~ L i i B

PLATE I.

PLATE II.


THE ALPHABET.

ON Plates I and I1 are shown the letters of the Arabic alphabet

in the various forms in which they appear on coins. I n each

column, on the left is the letter as written in Kufic on the coins

of the Umayyad Khalifs, in isolate, initial, medial, or h a 1 form;

and following it to the right are other shapes in which it appears,

more or less in order of time and progress of change.

\ was at first a straight, even, perpendicular line of a height about double that of the ordinary letters. It has not much

changed, except in showing a slight curve at the bofhm and a broadening at the top. It may be joined to its preceding

letter, but not to the one following, and is therefore in only

isolate and final form. In ornamental writing the top of the

letter is often curved over and lengthened into a curl or loop,

and when the legend is arranged in arabesque or fancy pattern

it is often misplaced from its proper position in the word, or

slanting, or even omitted, an \ in another place doing duty

for it also.

u & . The diacritical dots are often omitted (always so in the Kufic) ; there is then nothing to distinguish these letters

from one another, or from c;, and 6 in the initial and medial state. In Persian there is also the letter v, and in Hindu-

stani the &, or, as it is more often written on coins, $ ; it is

so found on some of the coinage of Indian native states

bearing the name of Queen Victoria, kJgj . i and in Persian F. These letters are also to be known

from one another by their dots; they are subject, as will be

1

2 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

seen, to many variations of form, and may sometimes be mistaken for or t L*

d in Kufic are very like p P b b and d, but as a rule the upright limb is shorter than in the d and the body is open

on the left side instead of closed as in the p. On coins of later date the 3 is sometimes so thin as to be almost a J , and

a t other times approaches in fatness to, . j final are sometimes very like u final. In Hindustani there

b is a letter J or I . J; do not present much ditliculty when in this form, but

when the upright limbs or 'teeth' are replaced by the

sweeping curve of Persian talik writing, in the middle of

a word it may be read as u c, or d.

p p b b are troublesome in Kufic, as mentioned above under a. They are subject to a good deal of variation in form.

as initial or h a 1 may be mistaken for r t. & j must not be mistaken for medial or , , nor as initial for

€. The loop in medial is above the line (a) instead of below, as in n .

& has many varieties, and in Kufic is very like 3 and p, as

mentioned above. In Persian and Turkish there is also the letter d or d.

J can almost always be known from \ by the curve to the left at

the bottom, or in K d c a short rectangular turn.

r has many forms. Sometimes it may be confused with & 3 or

Lmedial, or u and initial, or in one form for B or *. u final has many variations ; may easily be mistaken for final,.

a has many forms, but is usually easily made out.

9 is sometimes like d j , at other times like ,+, and more rarely

like a .

d final or isolate is usually distinct, but medial or initial without

dots is not so.

THE ALPHABET. 3

1 is represented in such a variety of forms that an assortment of

them is given on the Plate.

ng and w p are used in Malay-Arabic writing only.

For reading Kufic coins, which have no diacritical dots, the

following hints may be useful. The mint name and the date are

the only parts as a rule which require attention. The mint names

all begin with the preposition + , ' in ' or 'at.' If the second and third letters are both equally about double as tall as the

initial u , they are probably J\ ' the '-there are but two or

three mint towns beginning with 31. I n that case the next letter will be the initial of the name, which, having been made out,

simplifies matters much, as one can then get the help of the ' List

of Mint Towns.' If the second and third letters be not , then the second is of course the initial of the mint name. Two short

upright strokes will probably be u u or ,, with a following j; often the stroke for is a little taller than for the other three

letters. Three short upright strokes in succession are most likely

p $ ; four, y. $ and v o ,, or before or after it-the three strokes of the y. are usually just a little shorter than the one before or after it. Doubts as to Kufic d p b d may often be cleared away by looking at those letters where they occur in

known words in the legends on the same coin, such as wp , \&a,

a+ , &-.+A , and in the same way comparison may be made if needed with the and ). A final ,, can very often be found in

one of the words of the date to clear up a doubt between it andl.

In reading the dates care is needed not to mistake +'\ (one long,

three short strokes), & (one short, one long, one short), and

u (four short). y and should have the fourth stroke

rather taller, y" and the first stroke taller than the

others ; but there is sometimes so little difference that it is hard

to tell which is meant. + and are sometimes much

alike, but if the strokes after the can be counted, that will decide

as to which numeral it is, for in the former there are five and in the latter but three.

Y U S A L W NUMISMATICS.

The dates of striking are almost always given on Musalman

coins, in words or in ciphers. Until the seventh century of the

Hijra we find the former only, but after that ciphers came

gradually into use, so that by the beginning of the ninth century

they were generally adopted. The earliest dates in cipher are on

Urtukid coins, e.g. 1 1 f= on a coin struck at Amid. Sometimes we

find the date given both in words and ciphers, or partly in words

and partly in ciphers ; e.g. on a coin of the Golden Horde,

for A.H. 770. The number is usually expressed in the feminine

form, but sometimes in the masculine. The conjunction , is

almost always used, e.g. & , ) y" , but occasionally

omitted. Reference has already been made to diiliculties in

reading some of the numbers in the Kufic writing. The same

will be found often on coins of a later time, especially with regard

to seven and nine, as sometimes there is no difference between the

height of the u or and the teeth of the w, but then the spacing usually indicates, thus , F . The following

is a list of the numbers.

one

two

three

four

five

six

wven

eight

nine

A=-tmaac. L 5 ~ 1 f m .

&I &&A fm. &tmaec.

L & UL fmn. 2% maso.

*)I fm. &,I -c.

f ~ m . k M 8 C .

w fern. L maac.

fm. L+ masc.

,G fm. &L; maac.

tj fm. ' G L maac.

ten

eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

twenty

twenty-one

thirty

th i i - two

forty

forty-three

fifty fifty-four

sixty

sixty-five

seventy

ip y i+ uL;

i+ tYj

&.+ d+> P - l o r d p )

and eo on to & or 2% &> &I

@J' ) LJ

~ 4, e!l @

seventy-six ->- eighty &G eighty-seven dG> t?'

e- ninety-eight &> & one hundred & or &

4, - ". and so on to

cT' 9, &

J-e

8W"

A?, a@, /I-....t.

two hundred

three hundred

four hundred

five hundred

six hundred

seven hundred

eight hundred

nine hundred

one thousand

Bactione.

one-quarter . . . eJ, ,\? (Hindustani).

one-half . 4 , + (Pers.) ; bd (Hiudustani).

three-quarters . u,b (Hindustani).

one-third . . . . 4. one-and-a-half . 9; (Hindustani). two-and-a-half . . . &y\ (Hindustani).

On some coins of Malay States and Netherlands and English Settlements in the Straits numerals are given in Malay.

1 . . . = L a n d , ,

2 . . . . . . )a 3 . . . . . &

4 . . . & \

: . , ;YLQ 8 . . . . . . &

6 . . . . a . . . &\p.

NUMBER8 AND CIPHERS. 7

The Arabic ciphers, in varying forms in which they appear on Muhammadan coins, are given on Plate 11. They are often ill- formed, and require a practised eye to read them. The 1 may be out of place, slanting one way or the other, or mixed up with neighbouring lettering. r may have its horizontal arm shaky, and so look like r". r" sometimes has its arm so irregularly formed as to be taken for p. f= has more variety of shape than any other cipher, and in one of its forms is the same as one variety of 0. The form is used on Turkish and &can coins. b has many forms too, but usually it is either b or 0 . The b is sometimes too small, and therefore like a figure used for 0. 1 may hare its arm at an acute angle and so be taken for V, or be reversed to r, or have its arm rounded and nearly closed at the top and so be like 9 . V and A are usually pretty distinct, but sometimes they slant a good deal, even to the extent of lying on their sides ; in that case they may be taken to have fallen over to the right, so that < is V and > is A. q may be like a 1 if not closed at the top, and is not rarely reversed, i.e. with its ring to the right. When ten is indicated by . it is not always visible, and when 0 is used there is a doubt sometimes from its size whether 5 or 0 is intended.

Dates expressed in ciphers are read from left to right, except those on the coins of Maisur (Mysore), which, as in Arabic writing, are written from right to left. But sometimes the whole date is by mistake reversed, e.g. PAV for V w on a coin of the Golden Honle, and sometimes with the further error of the ciphers being reversed, e.g. 7 AV for VAr. Sometimes, too, the ciphers are not placed in order in a line, but distributed in the area of the coin,

1 1 10 r e.g. I c gp on coins of Shahs of Persia. Generally, however, in any of these cases there is not much difficulty in discovering the error or in seeing the proper order of the ciphers, as one can tell from other signs what is within a century or so the age of a coin.

MUSALYAN NUMISMATICS.

DIACRITICAL HARKS.

These are, as has been mentioned, almost always omitted on Kufic coins ; on later ones they are found irregularly-generally there were none or only a few until comparatively modern times. When given they often do not help much in the reading of the legend, from being placed not immediately above or below the consonant of which they form part; and on coins which are ornamented, as many are, by dots and groups of dots, it is not easy to tell which are for use and which are for decoration ; a difference in size or shape, will, however, often indicate this. The vowel marks are almost always omitted as in ordinary writing. The two dots indicating the u or 6 are sometimes placed like a colon (:), and the groups of three in 9 A may be arranged t z e in a line (...). On the Kufic coins there are 'points' above or * below certain letters in the legends which seem to be marks of genuineness or engravers' marks, although they are often the correct diacritical ones for the letter near which they are placed.

ISOLATED LETTERS AND WORDS.

ISOLATED LETTERS AND WORDS.

I n the areas of Arabic coins, sometimes above, sometimes below

the legend and not forming a part of it, are often found lefhrs or

words, the signification of some of which has been a good deal discussed. If it be a name, it is in all probability that of

a governor, vizier, or moneyer, but more often it is one of the

words or initials given in the following list, being marks of

genuineness or mint marks, indicating goodness of weight or

heness of metal. The list is compiled from one made by E. Meir,

with a few additions of other writers. It will be seen that

a single letter is in some cases given to denote a word, e.g. y. for

and ? L , o for JY,B for vp, o for r j . These are

very common on the coins of the Abbaside period.

h e a v y . . . . . pure gold . . . ~ 3 \

. . . . well made . +' bestsort . . . . . d' not false . . . . r\ .&I pure . . good . . . . . . . F very good . . . . . f true . . . . . . -2 true weight . J+;! trucby divineweight d\ very excellent . . e 2 tribute. . . . . . z3

good . a!

h e . . . . . . - J3.r complete . . . a-, - current. . jGmjG. warranted . . . . uJk thick . . t? uncertainweight or qualit y a k

excellent . . . . . . . . precious +

regular . . c-'-+ good . . . . . . + fu l l . . ,,,;a

current. . . . . . <\,

10 YUSALMAN NUYISMATICS.

heavy . . . . . J . &dJ richly . . . - y--

complete . . - - pL pure . . . . P -3p

p u r i t y . . . . . ~ 4 % lawful. . . . .lt-+&

. . . right weight lf J extremely good weight &L 3 k beautiful . . . u . 9 just. . ,- s . 3.5 very just weight . &b 23s excellent good weight > J k beautiful, just . Jiw increased, just . . J L)S

.. . . . . . excellent 2

prover (assayer) . . . JL . . . . . superior &L

. . . incomparable +j - 33 fixed . . . . . . 2 -J A i

pure . . . . . . . ;;j sufficient . . . . . . pS

. . . just weight d- & . . . . . mass p - L

. . . . justmass J k L mass of weight . . uj$ 3.a

. . . regular mass ii.,

. . . . excellent 9 ->f rich weight . . . dJb precious . . . . Utr" excellent weight . . &- profitable . . . . &

. . . . . r e h e d . L refined in the fire "y

. . . good weight u je

increased . . . just weight . . . 3 . ujlj

. . . . old weight r _ ~ 3 ~ ; j j

full weight ) -j\, - j b . ~ i \ )

. . . of good augury 2tt

stout . . . . . . u"> . . . . rich weight &kj

full weight . . . @, pure . . . a . ~ . v b

ORIGIN OF TYPES OF COINAGE.

ORIGIN OF TYPES OF COINAGE AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT VARIETIES.

At the time of the rise of the power of the early Khalifs, the

coinages of the regions which were brought under their rule were,

speaking generally, the Byzantine in the West and the Persian

Sassanian in the East. At first, following the usual practice of

Oriental conquerors, the new rulers made use of that which was

the currency of the country, altering the coins by degrees

to be indicative of the new ruling power and religion, but

making the changes so gradually as not to give an unfamiliar

appearance to the coins in the eyes of the people, but to preserve

the continuity of the accustomed coinage with only such changes

as were necessary. Thus we see in the earliest gold of the Khalifs

an imitation of the coin of the Byzantine emperor adapted by the

figure of the Khalif with a sword in his hand being substituted for

that of the emperor holding a staff with a cross on it, on the obverse; and on the reverse the cross, standing on four steps,

altered into a column with a ball on its top. The legends on

both sides are changed to Arabic ones in K d c character :

Similarly the silver coins of the last Sassanian king were altered

by the additions of crescents and stars and dl on the margins,

and later by the name of the governor of the province being added in Kufic in the area. So, too, the Byzantine copper of the M variety of Heraclius had small additions of Arabic Musalman

words on them. Others in copper of the same type as the gold above mentioned were also struck.


Then when the Khalif Abd-al-Malik in A.E. 76, in compliance with the rule of the Prophet which prohibits the making of representations of living things and declares that every painter is in hell-fire, established the first purely Musalman coins, he still preserved in them a semblance to the gold Byzantine and silver Sassanian, in size, form, and general appearance. Mr. C. F. Keary, in an article in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1885 and 1886 on 6 6

The Morphology of Coins," shows that the reverse of a coin of Ehusru 11, turned a quarter round, a t a little distance seems almost identical with one of bbd-al-Malik, struck at Basra A.E. 79 ; but, looking closer, one sees that the two figures with a fire altar between them on the former are replaced by three lines of K d c Arabic on the latter, and the marginal Pehlvi legend altered to a Kufic one also. But the marginal circles are preserved almost intact, and the crescents and stars on the one have changed to corresponding annulets in the other.

There was little variation from this type in the coinage of the Vmayyads of Spain, the Abbasid, Buwayhid, Samanid, Hamdanid, Waylid, and other dynasties in Irak and Yaman up to the times of the Mongols, but in Africa the Aghlabis, according to Mr. Keary,

6 6 whose Morphology on Coins" supplies the substance of these paragraphs, founded their currency in both gold and silver on the pattern of the gold coins of the Abbasis. The Fatimis followed the bghlabis with the development of a new variety, i.e. coins which have their inscriptions arranged in a series of concentric circles. Their successors, the Ayyubis, adopted at first the same pattern, but later changed it to a plainer form in straight lines, and this form was continued without much change by the Mamluks. In about the beginning of the sixth century A.H. the enclosing of the area legend in a compartment came into use-squares, star- shapes, circles, ovals; 4,6, and 8 foils, etc. This is noticeable in the Ayyubid, Saljuk, and especially in the Mongol series.

There was a remarkable departure from the Musalman type in some of the coinages of Asia Minor and Syria-Ayyubid, Saljuk,

-. Urtukid, and Zangid-in reverting to imitations of Greek, Seleucid,

ORIGIN OF TYPES OF COINAGE. 13

and Roman coin obverses ; heads and busts, and full and half figures

of men; horsemen, eagle, lion and sun, centaur, etc. This, no

doubt, arose from a desire to adapt the coinage to that current in

the neighbourhood and in use in the trading transactions with

the West.

The coinage of the Mongols of Persia followed much the same

pattern as that of the dynasties which they supplanted, and the

same character was continued up to and throughout the reigns of

Timur and his house.

But in the farther East there was an altogether different initial

type-the Bactrian, from which sprang the coins of more solidity

and thickness developing into the rupee. The two great coinages

of the Muhammadan world of modern times show a marked

difference suggestive of varying original types, more so perhaps

a century ago than now. Compare, for instance, a gold or silver

coin of Xadir Shah of Persia with one of Sultan Mahmud I, his

contemporary in Turkey.


Arabic is the language generally used on Musalman coins, but

Persian is that which is usual on the coinage of the Shahs of

Persia, the kings and emperors of Dehli, native Indian states,

and the East India Company, mixed in the cases of the two last-

named with some Sanskrit or vernacular words, and Malay on

coins of that region. In this book all legends in the Arabic character are taken into

consideration, for although some coins bearing them were not

issued by Musalman rulers, and so should, strictly speaking,

perhaps be excluded, yet all with Arabic lettering upon them were issued for the use of, or to be read by, Muhammadans, by

whom alone that character is used, or were imitations of Musalman

coins. It is convenient to thus arrange Oriental numismatics into Musalman, Chinese, and Hindu.

But there are many bilingual and some trilingual coins which

are specially interesting in an historical way, and should be con-

sidered. As has been said above, the earliest Yusalman coins were copied from Greek-Roman and Sassanian ones, with Arabic

additions ; they are therefore bilingual, having in the former

series Greek and Latin, and in thc latter Pehlvi legends, the

Arabic additions being either pious phrases or translations of the

mint names or some words indicating genuineness. There are also some early African imitations of the Byzantine coinage with

Latin legends, which have been read as " Non est Deus nisi Deus et Alius non est l J and " In nomine h o , Deus Omnipotens" ; these

were followed by others having on them the Kalima in Arabic, at first in part, afterwards entire.

The coins of Tabaristan, a detached province of the Persian Empire, were of a slightly different module to those of the

Sasaanian proper, although of the same type, being smaller and

LANGUAGES. 15

finer with Tabaristan upon them in Pehlvi. After the conquest

of the province by the Arab Musalmans, governors were appointed whose names are to be found upon the coins at the side of the Sassanian king's head, written in fine Kufic : ys, +u , 4, &1B, &I".

Of Northern India at the end of the third century (Hijra), there are coins of the horseman and bull variety, with Sanskrit on one side over the bull and the name of the ~ h a l i f on the other

above the horseman. The same type was used by some of the Ghazni kings, and also later by the early Pathan kings of Dehli.

As early as A.H. 660 a coin of Khubilay Khan was struck at Bukhara with Chinese on one side and Arabic on the other, and there are coins of the time of the Muhammadan rebellion in China in the last century which are also in both these languages.

The Norman kings of Salerno and Sicily, who drove out the Saracen chiefs from those regions in the seventh century (Hijra), issued Arabic coins in imitation of some of the Ayyubid, but with a Christian formula of faith in imperfect lettering which might easily deceive their Muhammadan subjects. In the same way Alphonse VII I of Spain struck coins on which were in Arabic the ascription to the Holy Trinity and the declaration that he was the Amir of the Catholics, and the Pope the Imam of the Church of Messiah.

Georgia, from its ,position, was overrun by invaders from the north and south a t a11 times, and its coinage shows a strange variety, of bilingual character, in consequence : at one time imitation of Sassanian, at another Byzantine with Greek and Georgian, at others Georgian and Arabic, and in the time of the Mongol power, Georgian, Arabic, and Mongolian.

Mongolian writing is also seen intermixed with Arabic on many of the coins of the Mongols of Persia.

Armenia was in much the same position as Georgia with regard to exposure to invasions. Its coinage, with the Christian king on one side and a lion on the other, with Armenian marginal legends, was, during the time of subjection to the Saljuks of Asia

'16 MUSALMbN NUMISMATICS.

%or in the seventh century (Hijra), changed into one having

on one side the figure of the king and Armenian legend, and on

the other side Arabic legends similar to those on the contemporary

Saljuk coins. Also when a little later the Mamluk Sultan Nasir al-Din Muhammad raided Armenia, he ovcrstruck the Armenian

king's coins with his own coin dies : an unusual proceeding for an Oriental king.

In India, some of the later Dehli kings, as well as the earliest

before referred to, used the Devanagari characters on their coins

as well as Arabic, and the last kings of the dynasty had their

names on coins in the same characters as did also kings of Bengal.

M. Drouin quite lately discovered a Sanskrit legend upon a gold

coin of Akbar.

Many native states of India have bilingual coins, partly in

Persian, partly in the vernacular of the state, and sometimes partly

in English. The East India Company issued bilingual, trilingual,

and even multilingual coins using English, Persian, Hindustani,

Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu. In the Straits there are Company

coins with English, Peraian, and Malay legends, and one with

Chinese in addition to these three.

The Netherlands Government issued coinage for their states

with Malay reverses to the obverses of the European pattern.

The Portuguese, although in other ways very ready to imitate

the coinage of their neighbours in India, never used the Arabic character. The French, on the other hand, imitated the Dehli

coinage as closely as did the English.

ORNAMENTATION.

ORNAMEBTATIOB.

The ornamentation of Musalman coins lies chiefly in the

lettering, the arrangement and grouping of the inscriptions, and the shapes and arabesque outlines of the spaces in which parts of the legends are enclosed. This is seen at its best probably on the

Hafsidi and other Moorish, the Persian Mongols (Uljaitu and Abn

Said), and the Safavi of Persia (Ismail I and Tahmasp I ) coinages. On the later Persian and Dehli coins, too, it is fine. The Persian

style of writing lends itself well to this in curves, graceful sweeps of the pen, and prolongation and grouping of the letters. One

very common practice is to prolong the tail ,the full breadth of the coin, and to stretch a u or right across so as to make them as dividing strokes between the lines of the legend. The

word &c, so important in the Shiah formula, is a favourite one for using in this way : for instance, on coins of Tahmasp I of

Persia, in the way which Mr. Poole called the mill-sail pattern,

where it forms the four arms of the sail-wheel with the names of

the eight other Imams two by two between them, the junction

of the four initial letters forming a rosette in the centre. On Dehli coins, too, the names and attributes of the four orthodox

Khaliis are used in somewhat the same way to form the sides of

2


quadrangular areas. The Kufic character also is used to form the

square geometrical pattern in which the Kalimah is arranged on

the pretty bilingual coins of Abu Said, the Persian Mongol. )' Interspersed commonly on the coin areas are dots in groups and

singly, amulets, rosettes, sprigs of flowers, knots, and so on.

There are, however, certain figures called tamghas which seem

meant to be the signs of particular dynasties or persons or

countries. It is hard to describe in words many of them, or to say what they are intended to represent, or in what they originated.

Some, as on the gold coins of Great Saljuks, are at the top of the area ; others, as on the large Urtukid copper coins, are at the side

or bottom. Some suggest an imitation of a monogram on a Greek or Parthian coin ; others, as the fleur de 1gs on the Mamluks and

the thunderbolt on the Great Kaans coins, are recognizable, as is also the double-ended trident of the Golden Horde. The curious

figure in the centre of the area of the Chagatai coins, somewhat

like the Greek letter @, has been thought to be the Tibetan letter

aha inverted, the initial of Chagatai.

The representations of animals are numerous, and made in all

times. They are sometimes indicative of a place, or peculiar to

a person or dynasty, as the double-headed eagle on Urtukid and

Zangid, the lion on the Mamluk, the lion and sun on Saljuk and

Persian Shahs, the fish, birds, and human figures on the Rasulid

coins, and the many varieties on the autonomous copper coinage of

Persia. The coins of the later Moghul Emperors of Dehli and of the

native States, struck in the same pattern, have almost always

a symbol within the loop of a final lettcr on one or both sides.

These are sometimes sutllcientlg peculiar to be indicative of a particular State or mint; such, for example, as the sun-face of

Indorc, and the curiously shaped dagger, like a pair of scissors, of

Kutch ; but more often the symbol is not peculiar to one State or 4 <

mint. Prinsep, in his Indian Antiquities," gires a plate with

some 126 of these symbols on it, and attributes them to some

extent; but there arc many more than he describes, and some of

ORNAMENTATION. 19

those which he attributes to one are also on coins of other States.

These symbols on modern Indian coins being, in many cases, the

only mark by which the currency of one State may be distinguished

from that of another, it has been the endeavour of several Indian

numismatists to reduce them to order and locate their use ; but

it is a very difficult matter, for many of them have been used by

several States, and many States have used several symbols a t

different times, and local knowledge and tradition give but little help. The symbols, moreover, are not always mint-marks, but

seem sometimes to have been used to indicate the issue or the

year ; for example, more than thirty different symbols are to be

found on the coins of the Dehli Emperor Aurangzib, struck at Surat.

Perhaps, of all these Indian symbols, the one which is most

remarked is the J.H.S. on coins of Kashmir. Two or three ex- planations or reasons for the use of this Christian monogram h a ~ e

been given, but no doubt it was expected to be a lucky symbol.*

The Tughra is peculiar to the Othmanli coinage. It is a mono-

g a m consisting of the Sultan's name and that of his father,

of which the composing letters intercross and have their upright

portions prolonged upwards, curled and twisted in such a way as

to make an interlacement difficult to decipher.

* General G. G. Pearse, C.B., R.A., writes as fo1loms:-"TVhilst Lord William Bentinck was Gorernor-General of India, 1828-35, two very remarkable conrersions to Christianity took place; one mas of a celebrated Muhammadan Moulvie, the other of an equally celebrated Brahmin, by name Anund. These men \\-ere great controversialists, and their change of religion caused much ~ t i r and excitement. Anund hed, leaving a son, Anund Messiah, a sharp, intelligent man, good-looking and full of energy, a very stormy petrel of a Christian, never so happy as when launchi~ i~ his Christian controversial arguments at the heads of Hindoos. I n 1850 Anund Messiah mas at the court of Maharaja Goolab Sing, of Cashmere. I n the Spring of 1851, when I wus Assistant-Commissioner of IIazara on the Cashmsre frontier, Anund Messiah, who wna passing through IIazara, came to pay his respects to me. I saw a good deal of lum for a few days. With much delight he showed me the new Cashmere rupees of Goolab Sing, rmth the Roman letters J.H.S. conspicuously in the centre of the coins amidst the Persian. He said he had induced the wily, clever D o p a king to place these letters on his coins, assuring him that thereby he would please the British Indian Government, and would himself be favoured by fortune. Sever was any Muhammadan who had somehow managed to make an unbeliever say the Kalimr omre delighted than was Anund with this little bit of work of his."

YUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS.

Some pious expression or religious phrase or formula is very

general upon all Musalman coine. On the early Khalif ones there was nothing else, except the date and, on the silver, the mint ;

a little later the name of the king or ruler was given ; then titles

and other particulars about the king were added, displacing a good deal of the religious forms; so that when we come to modern times

there is little of them left. On a modern Turkish coin, for instance, there is nothing in this way but a+>, and on a coin of the late

Shah of Persia nothing but the names and titles, with mint-place and date.

These religious legends may be divided into (1) formula?, or

symbols as they are sometimes called ; (2) verses or phrases taken

from the Koran ; and (3) pious expressions or ejaculations.

The formula ' Bismillah' is found very commonly on coins of

earlier times, usually as the beginning of the legend referring to

the striking of the piece : )kd\ l j b up &\? . But it is

often, too, in other parts of the field or marginal legends, sometimes

detached, but more usually prefixed to the Kalimah or other

professions of faith such as are to be seen in the following list,

and in that case the formula v>\ d l dlp is used as it

is at the beginning of all Musalman books and writings. On coins

of one of the Mongol kings of Persia, Arghun, and on some ~f

Syria and Palestine, struck under Christian influences, there is

substituted for it this formula : w 3 9 1 r3$\ d Y I 3 r; &\) d.U " I n the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost, one God." The same formula is lengthened on coins of

Alphonse VIII of Spain into : y,d\ C)]\ , , p! (or W L u&. &) W L &.~ntc!, cr. AS\,!\ "In the

name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost, the one God;

whoso believeth and is baptized shall be saved."

HELIGIOUS LEGENDS. 21

The Kalimah.

The Kalimah (a), literally ' the Word,' called also the

' Muslim Creed,' and in numismatic books generally the Muham-

madan symbol or formula, is found on most of the coins of rulers

holding the orthodox faith (Sunni). The first, or negative part

of it, d\ Y\ dl\ 1, is taken from the 47th surah of the Koran,

verse 21 ; the second part, afimative, &\ JyJ w, is in the 6 6 29th verse of the 48th surah : There is no god but God,

Muhammad is the Apostle of God " (Palmer's translation). The

Kalimah is often followed by one or more of the ' Pious Phrases ' given in the list below, such as the following : , ,& & d\ & d\&,+kb\l\&,(J1&fYl,+L4U\&. Thefirst

part of the Kalimah is followed by other endings than the above: $ 6

e.g., dl d L s ; + Y ih, who has no associate," the formula used

on the early Khalif coins; alf d y f \ , d\, y1 i$f bjJ a\Syy\ - A\ e Y \ + LU_Y\ a114 Yl i + Y a11 a U y Yl , alS \d J.+s "who

gives complete deliverance." The second part is varied as follows:

JrIw- JrJy dJJI + ~ - a l f t JrJ,@Yl*- (J1\ JrJ~-y--J\+kbU1 J y J ~ - b y I L J ~ J J I - On a coin of a Sultan of Dehli the Kalimah is in this form :

dYIy a+\ ,\ a&\, alf\ Yl dl f J A@\ "I testify that

there is no god but God, and I testify that Muhammad is His servant and apostle." On coins of rulers of the Shiah sect the

Kalimah has added to it d-U\ Lsf, & " Ali is the friend (or

fayourite) of God." This constitutes what is referred to in

numismatic books as the Shiite formula.

Other Continuations of the Biemillah and the Xalimah.

,>\,mYI dlY~~!,dI&\,scl.L.+&alf\&

~ 1 ' God bless our lord Muhammad, and your God is one ; there is

no God but He who is the compassionate, the merciful.


LYI ,.L\ j+JI J 1 1 Jy, M LUI Y I J1 Y There is no god but God, Muhammad is the prophet of God,

the Mahdi is the Imam of the nation.

God bless Muhammad and his family, etc. a\ +..I W1 +I dJcJI dl Jr, dl YI *I\ Y s ~ r , all dl,

Praise to God alone, eto.

y J p - - a & d ' & God bless Nuhammad, the seal of the prophets.

cr?P \aJl&IJl,-&dJff & God bless Muhammad and his family, the good, the pure.

w+, J ~ & , . L I C . ~ ~ & ~ & God bless 3luhammad and his family, and peace be with them.

U y j U, k, &\

God is our Lord, Muhammad is our prophet and the Imam.

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS. 23

The following Koranic sentences are also included amongst the

symbols or formulary sentences of numismatic writers.

Kor.cxii, . b \ \ P < d & . $ y d s ~ j ~ . r ] d \ & \ ~ \ d \ God is alone, God is eternal, He begets not and is not begotten,

nor is thcre like unto Him :myone.

This is called the Umayyad symbol.

&Jn &/tkJ '$1 &a, dl! &,I JyJ [-I Kor. ix, 33. ~$9' $ 3> alS Muhammad is the prophet of God sent with guidance and the

religion of truth, to make it prevail over every other

religion, averse although idolaters may be.

This is sometimes called the second symbol.

atfa;! upyJ\ ck L$j + r;t"> JJ o~pYl 41J Kor. xxx, 3, 4.

To God belongs the order before and after; and in that day the believers shall rejoice in the help of God.

The translation of the sentences taken from the Koran are those

of E. H. Palmer, vols. vi and ix of " Sacred Books of the East."

(2) Sentences from the Koran.

Kor. xxxv, 3 1. I)*: bJ U9J\ LC 3d\ "U id\ Praise belongs to God, who has removed from us our grief;

rerily our Lord is forgiving, grateful.

K O ~ . i, I. &JW\ +J a d l Praise belongs to God, the Lord of the Worlds.

@ . r * " + & d.U\ Jy +\) UlSjk Uil Kor. xxii, 40.

Permission is given to those who fight because they have been

wronged, and verily God to help them has the might.

24 MUBALMAN NUMISMATICS.

gar. iv, 62. Jy\ $& y '+' Obey God, and obey the Apostle, and those in authority

amongst you.

&~u. ,\ YI 6% Y H. J c i - 1 u."J' d.i! P' Kor. x, 36. + & L i & p ~ I s then he who guides unto the truth more worthy to be

followed, or he that guides not except he be himself

guided ? What ails you then, how ye judge ?

,\,dl j L A! ,,j Y, is A L L - Y ,..,+\\>I 9 Y1 dl Y 3 1 1

L +. ~! " j YA rJcs +- &dl 1 5 2,YI A 5 '\A \*!R eJr@ ~ j r ~ ~ ~ * ? l + l*>g+J&

Kor. ii, 256.

God, there is no God but He, the living, the self-subsistent. Slumber takes Him not, nor sleep. His is what is in

the heavens and what is in the earth. Who is it that

intercedes with him save by permission? He knows

what is before them and what is behind them, and they

comprehend not aught of His knowledge but what He

pleases.

Kor. ii, 258. & God is the patron of those who beliere.

Kor. ii, 208, and iii, 32. &- J& 'hi # God provides for whom He pleases without count.

Kor. iii, 17. r L Y \ 'dl\ &.z &d\ d\ Verily (the true) religion in God's sight is Islam.

Q1 ,.+J c4 $\$I, &,All & Lc+l d \ J Kor. ix, 112. dl A && Verily, God hath bought of the believers their persons and

their wealth, for the paradise they are to have ; they

shall fight in the way of God.


L p y p d ; I C i ) C C I K L L L i w t l j ( d - l d j l \ ~ J J ~ u ~ Kor. lxi, 4.

Verily, God loves those who fight in His cause in ranks as

though they were a compact building.

L . c j ~ ~ r ~ L * U 1 ~ i P " l ~ ~ s S I L J . J b ~ & Q l p 4.w.) d& *i** ej j b 5

Kor. xlviii, 1-3. kj. '3 du\ Verily we have given thee an obvious victory ! that God may

pardon thee thy former and later sin, and may fulfil His

favour upon thee, and guide thee in a right way, and

that God may help thee with a mighty help.

'fib +&., 4' J.\ p+\ r*^S -4 J1' *j? L+i\ Kor. xxxiii, 33.

God only wishes to take away from you the horrors as people

of His house, and to purify you throughly.

Kor.lxvii,l. ,+G&$&pj3/J-J\ 8% &.dl d,\j Blessed be He in whose hand is the kingdom, for He is mighty

over all.

,.Jfiy\ w j 2 u \ ujbU\ u,+U\ pJ$u\ J,J ,;+ JI, UI 4 ,p~!, -ij&! &,,.YI

Kor. ix, 113. &tAf\>, 'Those who repent, those who worship, those who praise,

those who fast, those who bow down, those who adore,

those who bid what is right and forbid what is wrong, and those who keep the bounds of God, glad tidings to

those that believe.

KO,. xvii, 83. bpj &u\ ul &I?\ +j, sc

Truth has come, and falsehood has vanished ! verily falsehood

is transient.

Kor. ix, 130.

.God is enough for me.

26 MUEIALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Kor. iii, 167. &y (4 dJ' \j, God is enough for us, a good guardian is He.

Kor. vii, 123. bh~,\-\.-I. ti\b,. Oh, our Lord ! pour out upon us patience and cause us to die

Moslems.

Kor. lx, 4. &I &\ 4 5 UJ d& &I. Oh, our Lorcl! on Thee do we rel~., unto Thee we turn, and

unto Thee the journep is.

Kor. xi, 51. &A $W\ The issue is for those who fear.

Kor. xii, 64. ,.-,\ 9, bL + ‘tub, But God is the best of keepers, and He is the most merciful

of the merciful.

Kor. xx, 113. &\ &\ a && Exalted then be God, the King, the Truth.

w' I,&', & +L \)+y ,M\ y. +3j 3.J' 'Sjb Kor. ix, 124. &-dl p-. dl

-

Fight those who are near to you of the misbelievers, and let them find in you sternness ; and know that God is with those who fear.

Kor. ii, 131. $+!!-+Jl9jbjJJICpJ1.1IJr*r, God wi l l suffi~e thee against them,.for He both hears and &s.

'Kor. iii, 66. alfI LSM\ w\ 3 Say, verily the true guidance is the guidance of God.

L a;,&", , &$la i>,.J Y I bTI *Js pLI\ Y Jj Kor. xlii, 22.

Say, I do not ask for it a hire, only the love of my kinsfolk. And he who gains a good action we will increase good for him.

J+ aU\&, \ ;YppU4U\+LY\~~JJj Kor. ix, 51. d p y J t Say, naught shall befall us Eave what God has written down

for us ; He is our Lord, and upon God believers do rely.

FtELIGIOUS LEGENDS. 27

&I c j j ; j ' k i y . & \ ~ ~ & \ & L @ \ ~

/-2]1d+'~;' fl J L , * L ~ ~ j j j " w L j ~ Kor. %, 25.

Say, 0 God, Lord of the kingdom ! Thou givest the kingdom to whomsoever Thou pleasest, and strippest the kingdom from whomsoever Thou pleasest, Thou honourest whom Thou pleasest andabasest whom Thou plcasest ; in Thy hand is good.

~t\~Jy": ,$,J%+j&$*. . I~ 3114dlp& Kor. cxii, . Say, He is God alone, God is eternal, He begets not and is

not begotten, nor is there like unto Him anyone.

Kor. xcix, 7. a/! Ir?j + &k.. Lhu CtAj He who does the weight of an atom of good shall see it.

Kor. xl-iii, 37. There is no power eave in God.

JJ\.F?dpJ\ Lji, J w , LF fly 1\ aU Kor. xxx, 3,4. To God belongs the order before and after; and in that day

the believers shall rejoice in the help of God.

Kor. xl, 16. 9b1d1 A+\ all [,+\I did! Whose is the kingdom ? God's, the One, the Dominant.

Kor. h i , 13. &y+J1 JJ+> +-2 e, &fPj Help from God and victory nigh, so do Thou give glad tidings

unto the believers.

d L. & $ LiJ $ all\31+ u,.-y s \,+\, Kor. ii, 281. W4-k (sa9

Fear the day wherein ye shall return to God ; then shall each soul be paid what it has earned, and they shall not be wronged.

28 MCSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Kor. xl, 47. J l df 29, 1 entrust my affair to God.

Kor. xvii, 106. J> &&, iuji\ ;& 3 In truth have we sent it down, and in truth has it come down.

Y' , . j&~&4&Jfl J ~ & ~ ~ + ~ u U W " , Kor. vi, 114, 115. &#' The perfect words we know are sent down from thy Lord

with truth. Be not thou, then, of those who doubt.

l* U) pp ,++ %,sJ JMl & *\&I h &,a, ;\ '.p F,?, 'i fb blpJ) 'dl\ Y' &*.

Kor. xlviii, 29. 2 4 1

And those who are with him are vehement against the mis-

helievers, eompassionatc amongst themselves ; thou

mayest see them bowing down, adoring, craving grace

from God, and His good-will ; their marks are on their

faces from the effects of adoration.

&.i &I .. . j Y) LA.&, c,,,-$ &.iJh Kor. ix, 34, 35. W?/- r' L' Those who store up gold and silver and expend it not in

God's way ; taste, then, what yc stored up.

j + ~ ~ ~ n l \ l + = , +. lp\ JJI AS,

&) &.a y. 3111 L-1 IrS dJYl K O . x i , 4 . Ll ',A A+ $4) rd &j\ God promises those of you who believe and do right that He

will give them the succession in the earth as He gave

thc succession to those before them, and He will establish

for them their religion which He has chosen for them,

and give them after their fear safety in exchange.

Kor. xlvii, 40. *\A\ p!, &\ dl\ , For God is the rich and you the poor.


Kor. xvi, 55. *U\&k;,.fiL, And whatever favours ye have, they are from God.

Kor. xi, 90. +yit+Jbc=JS~&A41\&,;L, Nor comes my grace through anyone but God ; on Him do

I rely and unto Him I turn.

Kor. vii, 41. d\ L\A~~\!,! d2q.JdLt

For we should not have bcen guided had not God guided us.

Kor. iii, 122.

For victory is but from God, the mighty, the wise.

Kor. iii, 96. \ +b>~\~"~*14..-..~ "

But whoso takes tight hold on God, hc is guided into the right way.

$ ~ j . \ j p , ~ J - + , & & ~ ~ L j . l > $ ~ . ~ ,

Kor. iii, 79. &+-+' d\ Whosoever craves other than Islam for a religion, it shall

surely not be accepted for him, and he shall be in the next world of those who lose.

c ~ * Y I ; I ; : Y + ~ & ~ J ? , ~ I ; " ~ M ( J J ' & . ~ ~ Kor. lxv, 2.

And whosoever fears God, He will make for him a [happy] issue, and will provide for him from whence he reckoneth not.

b U \ k J j y \ $ 4 &+d\&$f i f l r Kor. lxv, 3. 5s ~2 @ And whosoever relies on God, He is sufficient for him; verily

God will attain His purpose ; God has set for everything a period.

Kor. xvii, 99- 4t+ allt W" f l , And whom God guides he is guided indeed.


Kor. xvii, 84. LJY *\k: p L. cJ\$\ J?, And we will send donn of the Koran that which is healing

and a mercy to believers.

Kor. ii, 114. d-df >a da

God's guidance is the guidance.

Kor. ii, 158. ,->\ @)\ p j\ d\ y 2.d) dl\ &\ Your God is one God ; there is no God but He, the merciful,

the compassionate.

Kor. lvii, 3. & '2 & p, &&Jbyu y Y; J)y\ + He is the first and the last, and the outer and the inner;

and He all things doth know.

JS J.S 8 4 ,s..?, &$4 dyl J J ~ p Kor. ix, 33. L Y ! ~ ' b> 39 He it is who is sent with guidance and the religion of truth,

to make it prevail over every other religion, averse

although idolaters may be.

Le!J, h&, %) \Abh dL,\ L\ &\ k) \J Kor. xxxiii, 44.

Oh, thou prophet! verily we have sent thee as a witness and a herald of glad tidings, and a Warner and to call.

p 'dl\ \+\ ) \,!a>) L,+L ) by\ \,b\ &!\ b) Kor. iii, 200. L-

O ye who believe I be patient and vie in being patient, and be

on the alert, and fear God, that haply ye may prosper.

(3) Pious Expressions or Ejaculations.

Nay God prolong his kingdom. A!\ +\ God preserre him. dd\ b&\

Long life to him. a&\


+\ JL; bkl The Most High God preserve the Musalmans.

God protect. &\ wL\ God order him aright. d\ &I

May God prolong his government. iy\ dl ,+! J\

Nay his might endure under God's favour. s;s ,+\a\

God aid and assist him. dl djkf

God make him glorious. &\ p\ - &\ >\ God make him glorious in victory. bb\

God make his victory glorious. k> &\j.c\

May his reward be great. b>\ &\ / God make him illustrious. dl h>\

God is most great ; glorified be His glory. dl

God is enough for us; a good guardian isHe. &+\ y, &\

God is enough for me. d 1

God guard him. &b df

u"' Jl,b &s lCUI The true God, protector of the manifest truth.

Thc eternal God and everlasting Lord. ,?bd\ dl, +\dl dl\ I

LL.\ &A#.+!\ UY) w bJ dJJ\ God is our Lord, JIuhammad our Apostle, the Mahdi our Imam.

LLl ,w\ uy, & kJ &\ God is our Lord, Muhammad our Apostle, the Abbas our Imam.

God is sufficient. dS d\

God is my Lord. dJ &\ 0 God. $1

God ordered faith and justice. Jdr, E34 &\ f.\

"I Y' is.. d,cJlyjI & lip, ',c;.14p\ God ordered faith and justice on piety and reverence. Blessing

from God.

A11 power is of God. 4U I trusted in God. dd4 -1

God make clear his proof. ai Lb/! djJ \ ,\j \

God illuminate his proof. &\B2 dJJ f ,b \

a v j c \ , a,..\ all\ *\. God strengthen his authority and make him glorious in victory.

etc. 1 L *\ , 't.i\hl, +I, 'a,,, *I

God strengthen him and make him happy. a h \ , djJf b+\

The Most High God strengthen him. &i "1 a+\

God strengthen him and his victory. a+ d\ a+\

God strengthen and help him. ajL\ d! A+.\ According to God's ordinances. *Uf ,+L 6

H e seeks guidance in God.

He firmly trusts in God. d 4 Blessings. z3

etc. uydf -&rJ\ - ,fl.Y\ i32

*s &, &,J\ z- Blessing on Musi, the successor under the Muslim covenant.

Blessings from God. df z2 In the name of God. d\ r"

In the name of God the All Bountiful. ,.JJ\ &\ In the name of God the Supreme. @\ d.!\

May the enemies of God be scattered. dJl\ \k l L ; . ' z

Hallowed be the might of God. d\ c,~*& ~ m s t i n g in GO^. & 311 $9

I have put my trust in God. dl & d y

RELICfIOUS LEGENDS. 33

Trust in God; glory be to God. d.! i)\ dl & Glory be to God's protection and majesty. d% d\

His glory is protecting and very great. J& J% & Glory,OGod. d \ b & God protect it. k\J\ @L

God is the preserver of all things. A\ May God protect him. 6U; 9 bp

God guard it. dl\ bp God guard it by His favour. &+ d\ bp

The Most High God guard it. Jk &\ b,r Tho Most High God y a r d and make it safe. bt, Jk a\ kg=-

The Lord is sufficient for me. & - God is sufficient for me. bjJ\ e-

God is sufficient for us. &\ By royal order. (;I$LCB &-

ByorderoftheJustOne. J d 4 el Praise to God alone. s b l al] d\

Praise to ~ o d . 4U d\ (or &U\) "J k\J A.+J\

Praise to God, Lord of all created beings.

Strength and power are God's. d ylCYt) Jd\ - 6U J&I May God perpetuate. d\ k

al,&-&-&L,d,~-&k-&

May He perpetuate. d& & - d L , & l l i - h i L . L - & , a y \

May the Most High God perpetuate. etc. &A Jk dl d A \+\&d\Ak-hillJrJ~1&AalltcJj

May God perpetuate his kingdom for ever.

3

Yay God perpetuate his kingdom, and reward him abundantly.

Yay his kingdom endure. & ~ d i

Yay his khalifat endure. d;jk

May his reign endure for ever. *(L.

w>,~lp\ Jl r ; k , & $3

May his kingdom and rule endure to the end of time's revolutions.

May his khalifat, etc., endure. 6 - atjk -13

d\ dJ3\ +,d ?LB\ L3 The Imam summons (all men) to the profession of the Unity

of the Eternal God. God guiding them. bjJ\ J i i

'Lb +2&L @A!\

Earthly things are transitory, so keep them in subjection to God.

My Lord is God. djJ\ dl Mercy be upon. >d4 I

God reward them. ,+ "U\ u ~ J God reward him. d;c djJf

Peace upon him. && *\ Peace upon him and his ancestors. d44 & FpWI

Praise to God alone. a A=-: djJ $..! \ Thanks be to God. d p \

God bless him and his family. dJ$ &.& bjJf 3, God bless him. & d.!\ &,,

Bless him. ~5 1,

God bless our lord Muhammad. Jhzr. b+ & djJ\ & &+JlpllJ\ dl, & dl &

God blees Muhammad and-his family, all of them pure.

RELIGIOUS IiEGENDS. 36

God bless Muhammad and his family, and save them.

,!$\ '+\, &"fbU\ db1J.C + a\& 'Blessings of God on him and his ancestors, the pure, and his

descendants, the illustrious.

God increase his majesty. d k \ d\ &Ld

by&\ &A&$, dYI\ ell\ -4,.. God increase his majesty and further good fortune, and make '-.

it victorious. God illuminate them. d\ \g;Ld

It is God who gains the victory. dJJ! pjllif\ Safety lies in scrupulous piety. 6p..J\ &iW\

May his future life be prosperous. 3b+ G k May his future life be praiseworthy. 3- G k

The Abbasi is our Imam. \jrL\ &&a!\

May his victory be glorious. a+>

Perpetual glory to the eternal Lord. +b!\ u>\ + \ d \ 9 \ Glory is from God. d,d\

God glorify his victory. afaj d\ 3 The glory is a proof of God. dl ++,dl

Glory and apostleship are of God. dr3\, d i,d\ Glory be to God. d s)\

Majesty is God's. d w\ In the name of God. 311 ?\ &

In God is my trust. L& J j a y \ c)r My reliance is on Him. d J &

- Peace be with him. rlWI kL God prolong his life. d \ by

Peace and piety are of G~~.F&I J ,+8~Yl dl W

With God. d!\ &-

Help, O God. d?? L_ At' I am seeking protection, 0 God. A L_ SF

H e has conquered. 4 LF d\ &\ 31 dy~ 4 9

I h a ~ e committed my cause to God, with whom is my reckoning.

a-3 dl e s Jk dl\ J\ &y\ ~4 I have committed my canse to God the Most High, with Him

alone is my reckoning. I n the way of God. &?J1 d

God is powcr. c3! 5~2 \

The K o m is the word of God. d!\ % w\&i! \

Power is with God. d) i,d\

Strength is wholly God's. d i,d \

May he be happy. d$2 $J J God guard him. &\ t& All is from God. d! &

d4Y1 a j V dJ dials\ Y AU power is of God. No strength but from God.

All government is God's. YI r*, Y

There i no powcr or strength but from God. d4 11 iyY3 3,- !!

No service but of Islam. L1\? y \ i~ \ t ; Y

NO crown but by justice. J J4 Y1 iiF Y

There is no victor but God. Y1 d b 3

No strength but from God. d4 y\ i$ Y

To God. all

To God be the power. yl'\ C&

1tE:LIGIOUS LEGENDS. 37

"fl,&@fY\(JJ To God be the power, as in old time so henceforth.

Praised be God. d\ alf Praised be God, and to Him be the power. d ( W \ d ) d\ djJ

To God be the glory. i9f &

&I &lpb + JJ X t is God's justice that prevails-the manifest justice.

To God be the power. :)&id\ (3J

Praise be to God. a\ d To God and by Him. &, alf

@\ ;r.(\ '$+ y \ + \ J\ 41 JJ Glory to God for ever and ever. Amen, Amen, Amen.

(Christian.) As God pleases. &\ 'L;L

How near is the consolation of God. &\ j uj\ \r The blessing of the Most High be upon him. & Jk dJb

May God strengthen him with victory. $1 a+

The Faith be to God. djJ &!\

Maledictions on the enemies. d.&!\ fl up!w Cursed be those who darken counsel. c,em u+

J141 &\,I\ dl &I The kingdom be to the one God, the Compeller.

The kingdom be to God. d '1

,L ;u l l$JJ I all &I The kingdom be to God the Bountiful, whose aid is begged.

The sovereignty and justice are twins. c,L\y Jd\, &\

The dominion and glory be to God. dl 341, &\

The dominion and grandeur be to God. alf &I

The praise be to God. d.! d\

The Madhi is the Khalif of God. &\ &k &&+d\

i ~ L d $ ) /.OljG By the victory and the triumph and the felicity and the

prosperity.

Victory but by the goodness of God. d!4 y\&\

Help of God is near. +-> df :+ A4 Yl itj3 dt ofaj

Victory from God, and no power but by God.

0 most excellent Lord God. d\ +I\ yj 0 most excellent the able God. )2b!\ yzi

0 most excellent victory from God. &\ 0 ,d\ rJ" LAG) b b , L L * &t @! t y LJ) + +%

+, LA+? 'Uy

We glory in the Cross of our Lord Jesus the Messiah, by whom we have our safety and our life and our resur-

rection, and by whom we are delivered and pardoned.

He is generous. &P

He is the defender. pu\ ,.m

Oh ! protecting God. d.!\

Oh! Imam Ja'far the true. &.a!\+ pLl

J L L ~ & = - + & J ~ ~ L ~ & - ~ & . - ) ~ Oh! compassionate one, oh ! ever yearning one, oh! eyer

bestowing one, oh! requiter of good and evil, oh!

Shahan, oh ! Sultan. Oh ! Lord of thc age. &I\ -\,

'4' 0 ct! & 4. Oh ! Ali, son of Musa, with whom God is re11 pleased.


&&LJ ~ k L ~ ~ d b 4 Oh ! judge of necessities, oh! sufficient in ditliculties.

Oh ! Lord. ?,A& 4_

Oh ! aider. cf"

etc..----$>-.11'J,&-&-;?.k

He trusts in God. (J1b & , d\ &. He glories in great qualities. & J+

He seeks help of God. (JJk e- Fate works for him. b p J d \ d p-

Holding the rope of God. &\ r";""

YUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

NABlES OF OOD.

Instead of dl, or in addition to it, God is sometimes mentioned on coins by one or more of His other names or attributes. These

names are d e d in the words of the Koran (u, 7) :

&" d\ 'u\ dj 9 j\ dl 9 6U1 " God, there is no god but He ! His

are the excellent names " (Palmer). By tradition there are ninety and nine ' excellent names' or 'comely names,' but there seems to be no certainty as to what those 99 are, as different writers give different lists. Mr. Redhouse, in an article in the Royal Asiatic Society's Journal, 1880, on "The most Comely Names," gives as many as 552, which he had obtained from various sources ; from these have been gathered, in the following list, those which are the most often used, according to authors (Hottinger, Herklot, Meninski, Rogers Bey, Vratislas, T. P. Hughes), and usually found on talismans and amulets, for they are much used in that way.

One . . . . . . AS\ I The Repenter (of wrath) -\y\ T h e G o d . . . . . cJJI The Worshipped One . The Last . . . . . j t Y f The First . . . . . J;jl The Maker . . . dJU\ The Outstretcher . . Lu\ The Interior (hidden) One >gf The Sender Forth . .'-cCf\ The Enduring One . . >U\ The Contriver . . y-Jil\ The Good . . . . . ;-" The All Seeing . . . A\

The Uniter . . . LA The All Compeller . . The Awe Inspiring One

The Guardian . . . & b j \

The Judge. . . . . The Reckoner . . +\

The All Preserving One L d \ I TheTruth . . . . c;s.\

The Arbitrator . . . (rLrl\ TheAllmiae. . . .&I The Ever Slow to Anger @\ TheAll PraiseworthyOne dl

NAMES OF GOD. 41

The Ever Yearning One dd\ ~h~ shg one . $1 The Abaeer . . . vd3 The Creator . . . . ~ d \ The AU C o g n i ~ n t One . A\ me E~~~ creating one

r!$J\, JW :a Possessor of Majesty and Honour

Longsdering . . J$\,i Possessor of Strength iJd\ ,i The Upraiser . . . . $y\ Lord . . . . . . The Compassionate One ,-)I The Most Merciful One

The Ever Providing One

The Right Guider . . ) The Watcher. . . ++;I\ The Most Indulgent One A;$)\ The Swift One . . The All Hearing One &\ The Safety . . . pu\ 'The Thankful One . . The Very Strenuous One +A\ The Grateful One . . The Witness . . . . J&\

The True One . . ;aW\ u The Longsuffering One

The Eternal One. . . d l

The Hurtful One . . \

pll;f\ The Externally Evident One

The Just One . . . J A d \ The Most Mighty one . The Most supreme one

The Ever Pardoning One jpJ! The Most High . . . The All Knowing . . , & ! I The Pardoner. . . . /j\iJ\ The Ever Forgiving One )u\ The Most Forgiving One

The Independent One . &A!\

The Ever Opener . . The Grasper . . . The Acceptor. . . . ,4U\ The Able One . . . The Compeller . . . pb!l The Existent One . . ik!\ The Most Holy One.

The Almighty . . . +d\

The All Previous One . $41 The Very Near One . **$\ The Very Strong One . ,@\ The Al l Compelling One Jw! TheEver Self-EristentOneP$\ The SuBcient One . . &!\

The Very Great One . 4 1 Tho All Bountiful One . &I\

The Most Pleasant One d21&\

The Glorious One . *u\ &I 4 L .

Owner of tho Kingdom.

The Hinderer . . t j W \ The Originator . . j+J\ The Manifest One . . bd\

J\-.;JI - JU\ L

Tho High Esalted One

The Proud One . . J . .m\ The Very Firm One . &\

-+=+I The Favourably Answering One

\ The Xost Glorious One A&'\

Tho Teller or Kumbe~er &&\

The Comprehending One hd\ The T'irificr . . c.. 241 TheAbaser . . . .jd\ The Remover. . . .

cl bdI The One whose Aid is invoked

The Shaper . . . The Raiser to Honour . 3 1

The Giver. . . . uul The Returner. . . . d\ The Aider. . . . . &\

The Naker Independent

The Able One . . Jd\ The Ncter Out . . .

The Putter Forward . The Just Distributor h i d \

TheGircrof DailpBread G+L!\

TheKing . . . . &\

TheDeath Causing One &\

The Erer Bestowing One @'L*j\

Tho Taker of Vengeance P;*J\ 4% + o-.

mho hath not been begotten

The Postponer . . $$\

The Believer . . . &yd\

The Confiding One . 4 1

The Advantageous One e\;!\ The Good Patron . J$\ ,&

The Good Aider . .&I pj

TheLipht. . . . . A *);I\ The Percei~er . . . wyl The Sole One. . . . -131 The Inheritor . . u,!+\

The Ample One . . . The Adjoining One . . 3\3\ The Most Affectionate One 393 1 The Comprehensive One &\

The Guardian . . . &J\ . 33'

Tho Very Noxt Adjoining One

The AllBestower . 4 4 1 The Road Guido . .

THE FOUR KHALIFS.

THE FOUR KHALIFS.

The four orthodox Khalifs, Imams, or immediate successors of

the Prophet, are &, &%c ,,u ,$J 9\ . Their names appear

very commonly on coins, often arranged around the central legend

or obverse area. Sometimes their +-id or title is also added. What

these titles are will be seen from the following coin legends.

csi"i. c4 &..3,4 c ; , b j).+ '2L )*12)\ Abu Bakr the faithful witness, Umar the timid, Uthman the

father of two lights, Ali the chosen.

The same, with the definitive J\ prcfixed to the titles. On

the Dehli coins the J\ is prefixed to the titles rery

irregularly, one or two haying it, tho others not.

&",A\ L&c &k.S +GJ\,+.= *.*d\$J 9\ L

Abu Bakr the faithful witness, Umar the eloquent, Uthman

the defender, Ali the chosen.

~ J , A \ j i ~ ~ LC A!.!\ &J2yJLF LC L~L\,L 9\ 'c.s dUI >,, &"jJ\ JS h;S: rtll\

Abu Bakr the faithful witness, God reward him, Umar the timid, God reward him, Ut.hman the lord of two lights,

God reward him, Ali the chosen, God reward him.

Abu Bakr, Umar,Uthman, Haidar (i.e. Ali). &&cFf; 9\

J = + I J ~ ~ ~ ~ J W J J ~ \ ~ + By the truth of Abu Bakr, by the justice of Umar, by the

modesty of Uthman, by tho wisdom of Ali.

& + j L I ~ r l j j 4 j ~ J~ryi; 31 j ~ r ! By the truth of Abu Bakr, the justice of Umar, the modesty

of Tithman, and wisdom of Ali.

,b + Uwl- +321.5 JYJ-I,?'s.LO~~ By the truth of Abu Bakr, justice of Umar, meekness of

Uthman, wisdom of Ali.

NUSALXAN NUYISMATICB.

THE TWELVE IMAMS.

The Shiahs claim as the only legitimate Khalifs or successors of the Prophet, his son-in-law Ali, husband of Fatima, and their descendants to the number of twelve, the last of whom is to reappear as the Nahdi or Director before the end of the world.

I . &c Abu Talib L+"In Chosen.

1~9 Lion of God.

dl Ad\ ,, 2. A l i *Ld, Pleasing.

3. -2. Ali Abu Abdallah @\ The Martyr.

& f; Prince by birth.

4. LSlf Husain Abu Muhammad J ~ J W \ & Lord of the u..

servants of God. cr!,+W\ dj Ornament of the

servants of God. a@\ ThcWorshipper.

5. w Ali Zain Abu ~a ' fa r j u \ The Great. al-Abidin.

6. ,- Muhammad Abu Abdallah ~ J W \ The Just. al-Bakir

7. py Ja'far Abul Hasan $u\ The Silent. Abu Ibrahim Abu Abdallah

8. & Nusa Abul Hasan sb>\ The Pleasing.

The Chosen.

9. w Ali ar-Raza Bakir &\ The Pious.

Abu Ja'far Sani a\&\ Tho Liberal.

THE TWELVE IMAXS.

2& or +i! or N a n . SON OF PATRONYMIC. TITLE.

10. Muhammad Abul Hasan &\ The Pure.

al-Taki ~ J U \ The Director.

d - 1 The Soldier.

J$\ The Virtuous.

11. Ali al-Naki Abu The Soldier.

Huhammad &L!I The Pure.

12. Hasan al- Abul Kasim d& Coming.

Askari

Hajjat c f ~ Good. L

~ A V Nahdi

Their names and attributes are on coins of Shiah kings, notably

on some of Uljaitu, Mongol of Persia, and other more recent

Persian kings.

, J . * h . Y L I b & ' , L I I - d ~ > & , ~ L Z S d ~ @ ~ J.*h.,&'Y &,-a,L2-9L5~:*

The blessing of God be on Muhammad and Ali, and Hasan

and Husain, etc.

the proof,' after The same legend with the addition of &I '

the name of the last Imam.

b]'l p , J$ &, &' &+2+ L& J-Q (4 +>>U\S^L') &+'-J'dj &L) J ~ J \ ~ ,

JS ) 314l AAsn, b>\ &) +la1 &,a, j d U 1

& @I -) p P , &dWl God bless Muhammad the Chosen, and Ali the Friend, and

Hasan [the Pleasing], and Husain the Martyr, and Ali the Ornament of the Servants of God, and Muhammad

the Great, and ~ a ' f a r the True, and Musa the Silent, and Ali the Pleasing, and Muhammad the Liberal, and Ali

the Director, and Hasan the Soldier, and Muhammad the Coming Proof.

46 MUSALMAN NUXISMATICS.

.God bless the Prophet, and the Friend, and the Virgin, and

the two Gentle Ones, and the Worshipper, and the Great

One, and the Just, and the Silent, and the Pleasing, and the Pious, and the Chaste, and the Pure, and the Yahdi.

Fatimi, the daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali, is here referred to under the title of the Virgin ; the two Gentle Ones are

Hasan and Husain.

Ali is the favourite of God. bU\ 3) & + >j j , -41 c * ! ' &

Ali is the most excellent of the Commissioners [of Godj, and.

the Wazir of the best of the messengers (S. Lane Poole).

Ali is the best of God's elect. d\ i , . L F &s

CLASSIFICATION OF COINAGES.

CLASSIFICATION OF COINAGES.

In the introduction to the first volume of the British Museum

,Oriental CoinsCatalogue it is said," These [Yohammadan dynasties]

mil l be arranged in the order proposed and adopted by Fraehn,"

and in other books on Oriental numismatics reference is made to such and such a class. But Fraehn's arrangement is not to be

easily found, although so spoken of as if it were generally known. 6 6 It is here given in the original form as published in the Nova

Supplementan of that author, ed. B. Dorn, 1855 ; and alongside

each class is added the name of it as used in this book and in

modern books generally, and the volume of the Catalogue of

Oriental Coins of the British Museum in which the class is

described. It will be seen that many coinages are not included in Fraehn's

list, notably the Kings of Dehli and the Muhammadan States of

India. He himself made some appendices, and Dorn, Soret, and others did the same. a. Stanley Lane Poole, however, in his 44 Nohammadan Dynasties," a book of the highest value to the

student of Oriental numismatics, adopts an arrangement of the

dynasties, after the Khalifs of Baghdad, in geographical order from

west to east, i.e. from Spain to India, with certain mod%cations arising from historical sequence ; and that arrangement is one

which, probably, will now be generally followed.

This table of classification will also, it is hoped, remove some

difficulties as to names or synonyms used by writers ; for instance,

Chulaguidse and Hulaguidi for the Ilkhans or Mongols of Persia,

Dschutschidse, Dschudschidse, and Jujidse for the Khans of the

Golden Horde, Ileki and Eelik for the Khans of Turkistan, Patani for Pathan Kings of Dehli, Sebaktiginidse for the Ghaznawi or

E n g s of Ghazni, and Babaridse for the Moghul Emperors of Dehli.

FBAEHIP'B CONSPECTUS CLASSIUI.

Cllwbis.

I. Chalifz Umaijadse. 11. Chalifa: Abbasidse.

111. Chalifrc Umaijsdm in Hispania.

Reguli Yurciz et Valenciz.

Reguli Hispanise : Dhu'l Kun.

Imami Edriside in

Mauritania. Emiri A ghlebidse.

IV. Emiri Tahiridm. V. Soffaridm.

VI. Emiri Samanids. Reges Bulgharorum

Wolganorum. Emirus Scheddadides.

VII. Chani Turkistanise s.

Ileki.

VIII . Sultani Ghasnewida: s. Sibuktiginidse.

VIIIa. Ghuridse. IX. Choresmischahi.

X. Emiri Buweihidse. Hamdanidrc. Principes Sijaridz.

XI. Emiri Okeilidse. Emiri Merwanidse.

CLASSES as GIVEN IN THIS BOOK. TTol. of

B.M. cat-

Umayyad. 1

Abbasid. 7 1

. . Spanish Umayyad. 11

Hammudid, Abbadid, Zayrid, Jahwarid, Amirid, Hudid. I ,

Kings of Denia and Murcia. ,, Nunid, R'asrid. 1 9

Aghlabid, Tulunid, Ikhshidid. , 7

Tahirid. ) ?

Saff arid. 11

Samanid, Sajid, Dulafid. ,, Khan of Wolga-Bulghan. ,,

Khans of Turkistan. 7 ,

Ghaznawi. 3 ,

Ghurid. Shahs of Khwarizm. Buwayhid. Hamdanid.

Ziyarid. Governors of Sijistan.

Kakwayhid. Ukaylid.

Marwanid, Mirdasid.

CLASSIFICATION OF COINAGES. 49

CIadsis.

XII. Sultani Seldschukidre A. In Persia.

B. In Asia Minore.

XIII. Ortokidse. A. Reges Maredini. B. Reges Keifse.

XIV. Atabeki. A. Mosulensis. B. Helebensis. C. Sindscharensis. D. In Dschesiret

ibn Oman. DD. Aserbeidscha-

nensis.

XIVa. Chalifse Fatimidse.

XIVb. Muwahhidoc.

XV. Sultani Aijnbidre. A. In Bgypto et

Syria. B. I n Haleb.

BB. In Hama. C. In Meyafarekin.

Vol. of B.X. cat.

Great Saljuks. ... 111

Saljuks of Karman, of Tokharistan, of Irak. ,,

Of al-Rum, of Arzarum. ,, Burid, Saldukid, Danish-

mandid. 17

Urtukid of Maridin. 17

Urtukid of Kayfa. 1 T

Zangid. 1 T

,, of Mosil. t t

,, of Halab. 1 ,

,, of Sinjar. l?

,, of Jazhah. S t

Atabegs of Azarbaijan. ,, Salgharid of Faris, Kings

of Ah=. 1 T

Bnktiginid. ,T

Fatimid. iv

Mnwahhid. 9 r

Hafsid, Ziyanid, Hndid, Marinid. V P

Ayyubid. iv Of Egypt, Damascus,

Aleppo, Mesopotamia, Hamah, Hims, and Arabia.


Faam's CONSPECTUS C L A S ~ .

Cla8sis.

XVI. Sultani Yamluki. A. Bahritse. B. Tscherkessi.

X W . Yuszafferidse.

XVIII. Chani Chulaguidse.

XIX. Chani Dschelairidse.

XX. Chani Dschutschidse.

XXI. Chani Krimensis.

XXII. ChaniDschaghataidse. Timuridse.

XXIII. Chani Scheibanida. B. Dschanidse,

Bocharenses. C. Chokandenses. D. Chiwenses.

XXIV. ImperatoresBaberidae

Tipu Sultan Meisur- ensis.

Cananore, Atschin. N.N. Nepalenses,

Assamenses, Ceylonenses.

XXV. A. Kara-Kojunli. B. Ak-Kojunli. C. Schirwanschahi.

CLASSES as GIVEN IN THIS BOOK. 701. of

B.M. Cat.

Mamluk. iv Bahri. 9 )

Burji. , 9

Yuzaffarid. vi Great Kaans. 1 2

Nongols of Persia. 9 t

Jalair. , t Khans of the GoldenHorde. ,,

Khans of the S m . ,, Sarbadarid, Karts, Mahmud Inchu.

Chagatai. Timurid.

Shaybanid. , , Janid of Astrakhan, Yangit of Bukhara. 71

Khans of Khokand. 9 7

Khans of Khiva, Amir

of Kashghar. 9 7

Amirs of Budlis. 9 3

Dehli Empcmrs (Ez:s. Mysore Sultan. None.

South India, Achin. 9 )

Nepal, Assam, Ceylon (not Musalman). , ,

Kara-Kuyunlid. . . . V l l l

Ak-Kuyunlid. 1 , Shirwan Shahs. vii

CLASSIFICATION OF COINAGES. 5 1

FEAEHN'S C O N S P E ~ S CLASSIUP. CLASSES AS GIVEN IN THIS BOOK. voz. of

CZassM. B.M. Cat.

XXV. Sefidsc, Omeisidse. Safavid, Afghan, Efscharidoe, Sendidx. Afsharid, Zand,

Persia. Katscharidoe. Kajar.

A. Chani Caucasici. a. Chanatus Derben-

densis. b. Chanatus 1

Schirwanensis. ... Amirs of Asia Minor. vlll

c. Chanatus Schekiensis.

d. Chanatus Karabaghensis. I

YSVI. Sultani Osmanidse. Othmanli. $ 7

SXVII . Schcrifi Mauritanise. Sharifs of Morocco, Hasani, and Filili. v

A. Abd-ul-Kadir. Abd al-Gdir. 9 9

B. Imami Arabix Julayhid, Zurayid, bsul id , Felicis. Rassid, Imams of Sana. ,,

XXVIII. Afghani. Durrani, Barakzai. Hone. N.N. Asim Central Asian. , 9

Centralis.

Appendix I. a.A. Rcgcs Kings of Spain. 9 9

Hispmisc. A. Xorrnanni Norman Kings of Sicily. ,,

Reges Sicilia?.

a.B. RcgesGeorgia 1 Antiquiorcs. 1

B. Reges I Kings of Georgia. 7 ,

Paptidsc. ( NN. Georg. a Russis

cusi. J

52 ACUSALACAN NUMISMATICS.

FB~E~R's Coxepms C L ~ .

Ckrrris.

C. Empseorum in India Orientali Collegia Mercatoria. Num. Lusit.

Appendix 11. N.N. Muhamma- dani Incerti.

CLASSES AS QIVB~ IN THIS BOOK. Yol. of

B.N. Cot.

E.1. Company Emperon. Moghul

and

Malay Settlements. Kone.

Pathan Kings of Dehli. K ~ l i ~ f

Governors and Kings of Bengal.

Governors of Sind. Kings of Kashmir. Eings of Jaunpur. Eings of Malwah and

Gujarat. Bahmani Kings.

COUNTER-MARKS.

Counter-marking is not very common on Mnsalman coins except

in a few classes. It was used to adapt for a Sultan or ruler the

coin of a predecessor in the State, or to stamp the coin as genuine

o r as current in another district than that in which it was at first issued.

On coins of Khusru 11, Sassanian, the words>\ly, current, and

d\ are stamped in the margin, and across an Armenian coin

; these were, no doubt, made to indicate currency amongst the

Musalmans.

On large copper coins of Husain al-Din Timurtash, bearing

on the obverse a head copied from a coin of Antiochus VII, is

stamped on the neck (in one specimen on the nose) F, that

is, the name of his successor, in whose time, no doubt, the counter-

mark was made. On coins of a similar pattern &.d\ plC is upon

the neck, evidently not a counter-strike, but engraved on the die ;

these are taken to belong to Najm al-Din himself, from his own

die of the pattern of his father Timurtash. On other coins of Najm

al-Din we find A43 & &d\ plC counter-struck over the

&d\ just mentioned; this was probably, Mr. 8. Lane Poole says, to commemorate an accession to his territory. The name of

Kamal al-Din Mahmud 3 F &,d\ J\AS is counter-stamped

upon the figure of Christ upon a coin of Byzantine pattern of one

of the Zanjid Atabegs.

On Timurid coins there are many counter-marks :-

,J& t1 a h - a k ,a& On Timur's coins.

- c ) k J- &- ,+ &,#-JJs uu b\ uCS,!,L - dL J& - 3 9 + (it is good). On Shah Rnkh's.

54 XUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

,L J A= 3~ (a governor), I LSjL +-4 ,L J 35

Baysunkur Ak-Kuyunlid. 1 j\+ JAZ ,L utjiUtjiU Yaku

Ak-Kuyunlid. On Ahmad Shah's.

wL1 e, ,wlkL Rustam (a governor) - & - 9 . ip J9 + On Abu Said's.

- JU &L -I ,'$fi- jjIi J- J J ~ ,UJ,

- 9.r LSjL/;-?L ,uJ, Js, - 9 1 1 b e aYp ur~

&+s4,@ wlkL 33s On coins of Husain Baikara (governor).

Note.-The meaning of 3yp is still doubtful.

The following counter-marks are on Shaybanid coins :-

-&,L +Ti - \,\+ +p- JJS - a ~ y 3~ - 2 2 JJ--$ JY +ip ~ J s - ~ ~ n r ~ h - ~ ~ a r ~ ~

- 4 JJ. -,aJ\ &\a f J J ~ - j\+ J J ~ urj

6 9 JJLE -y - jj? - J I J ~ J* Most of the places mentioned here will be found in the list of

mint towns, but others are uncertain ; they are given chiefly on the authority of Tiesenhausen.

A coin of Pir Budak and Yusuf Nuyan, Kara-Kuyunlid, is

counter-marked At' t' c ~ j b ; the date is probably an error for

A 1 1 . Rustam, Ak-Kuyunlid, counter-marked coins of his pre-

decessor, Yakub wk ,lkL J Y . On a coin of Ala al-Din, Karaman Amir, is a counter-strike djl ;

and one of Muhammad Artin, Amir of Mantasha, is counter-struck with a Solomon's seal, a mark used by the Othmanlis.

,b& is counter-struck on a coin of Ghazan Mahmud, Mongol

of Persia, and $ on Jalair coins. One of Shaykh Hasan Buzurg

and many of Shaykh Oways bear counter-marks, - - &\

COUNTER-MARKS. 55

-J& -ul,.4 - +u -uL,L -&,> -d+ , u\14, some having on them both one of the mint-names and also

e d ' .

These counter-marks are of various shapes, round, oval, multi-

foil, etc., having usually within double lines the words in small

letters arranged in a pattern, and are often hard to decipher.

The coins of the Native States of India often bear marks of

stamping with punches of various shapes, known in that country

as shrof-marks; they are made by money-changers, db, sarraf, commonly called shrof, in the bazaars as private marks for

currency purposes, and also to see whether the coin is really all

silver or gold or a baser metal coated over, and they correspond pretty much to the chop-marks made on dollars in Chins. Counter-

marks are not common on them, but occasionally * or some other

Nagari letter or two may be seen.

The names of Musalmans are not easy to understand, and are

often a difficulty to the student. The following, taken mainly from an article on " The Proper Names of the Mohammadans,"

by Sir T. E. Colebrooke (Royal Asiatic Society's Journal, 1879),

will explain the eystem.

The different classes of proper names are seven :-

1. The @, Alam, is the proper name of the individual. Among

the Mnsalmsns there are no family names as in Europe,

and the Alam corresponds nearly with the Christian name,

as it is given soon after birth or at circnmcieion, and is that by which he is familiarly known.

2. The G, Kmyat, is the name of relationship, aswhen a person

is described as the father, son, mother, or daughter of some other person or object.

3. The d, Lakab, includes titles of honour, religious and

political, and terms of reproach, descending even to personal

defects. 4. *L)\, al-Ansab, or y\, Ism-i-nisbat, name of

relations as to origin, kindred, land of birth or adoption,

religion, trade or business, personal or other peculiarities,

etc. 5. Lu\, al-Alamat, certain titles borne by princes which are not

reckoned among the personal appellations, but appear in

diplomas or in the heading of State documents.

6. The u\p, Anwan, titles of honour applied to others than

princes. 7. The &, Makhalas, or a. Takhallas, the name of

fancy assumed by poets.

The Alam are arranged under three heads, viz. :-(1) Names

borne by Muhammad's own family or his companions, including

the name of the Prophet himself in its threefold form (-4

PROPER NAMES. 57

the praised, LLV~ the most praised, and dr*5" the praised),

;i$L - &s, the first four Khalifs and the twelve Imams.

(2) Names of patriarchs and prophets mentioned in the Koran, such

as p f Adam, L& Seth, Enoch, =3 Noah, ,+L Shem,

?>\ Abraham, &\ Ishmael, ++\ Isaac, u+" Jacob,

&% Joseph, . .. Jethro, kP Moses, @)b Aaron, +$\ Job, yjfi Jonah, !=2) Lot, ~,.!b Saul, David, ww Solomon, %jj Zechariah,).> Ezra, vq\ Elias, + Jesus,

& John, d p Hud, c,ff'\ Imran. (3) +, servant of God,

and its synonyms, i.e. servant of God under any other of His

names, e.g. uujf + - ,+$\ 145 - ]~ldf -;+$I A+-

Some of these are also included under Lakab.

The Kunyat might be translated as the surname or cognomen ;

it is made up generally of 9\ father, or son, with the name of

the father or son, as -\ 9\ - &\ , or with some other

word making a sort of character name, sobriquet, or nickname,

such as + father of a young lion, 9 f father of victory.

Under this class come such surnames as Babar, Arghun, Aghlib,

Arslan, Timur, and others.

The Lakab, or honorary title, is applied either in the form of a compound, of which those expressive of zeal for the faith or of

political importance are the most common, or by a single word or

epithet, like the Augustus, Pius, or Felix of the Romans. The

Lakab is largely used upon coins: and ruling princes are more

known by it than by their Alam or Kunyat. A list of those found on Xusalman coins is given below, and as a help in attributing

coins the class or dynasty in which the particular title was used

is added.

Thc al-Ansab and thc Takhallas need not be considered with

regard to coin-legends, but the al-Alamat and the Anwan are of much interest in numismatics, as the kingly titles are in many

cases characteristic or peculiar to the dynasty; a list of them is

therefore given of a similar kind to that of the Lakab.


HONORARY TITLES (Lakab).

Gujarat. Brother. e! Choosing the Country and Religion. A!\ ,b\

Bengal.

Lion of the State. a,d\ &\

Shaybanid. Alexander B h

Dehli Kings. Of the Age. uL$\ ,,

Good Fortune of the State. d,d\ J Kings of Denia and Idajorca.

Abbasid. The Trusty.

Dehli King. Amir of the Faithful. e y J f P 1 ,, Ghaznawid. Of the Faith. ul ,,

Atabegs. Zangid. Mamluk. &.d\, did\ Full Moon.

Zangid. Ghaznawid. Palembang Raja. ,, Georgia. Of the Messiah. d\ ,,

L"

Slave. a&+.

Of the Shah of the Willayat, i.e. Ali. +>, ,, Shah of Persia.

Dehli King (Iduhammad b. Taghlak). Dependent. ,,

Hudid. Ghurid. &.A!\, L; A!\ Splendour.

Buwayhid. Marwanid. Hudid. Ceuta Kings. 9 ,

Ukaylid. Chief of Batika. Turkistan.

Samanid. Ghurid. &J]\ 1,

HONOFLARY TITLES. 59

Dehli Kings. Bahmani. &A)\, Lid\ Crown. Eb

Hudid. Ghaznawid. King of Saragossa. ajJ\ 9 ,

Governor of Sijistan. &\ 9,.

Sultan of Achin. Of the World. $W\ ,, Buwayhid. d-J\ 9 ,

Sitting on the Throne. & d Rajgarh State (of Queen Victoria).

Ayyubid. Pious in the Faith. dd cPj

Muwahhid. The Constant. uyW\ Seeker. J B ~

Marinid. Muwahhid. In the way of God. d.!\ & $ ,,

&d\, \t?jd\ Glory. & Golden Horde. Dehc Kings. Bengal. Georgia.

Shah of Nisabur. Saljuk. Ghaznawid. Midasid. d,d\ ,, Golden Horde. Jalair. Bengal. &\ ,,

Dehli Emperor. Kashmir. Khwarizm.

Dehli Queen Rizia. d- d\ J Qd\ d b

Shah Inchu Abu Ishak. &d\, \jd\ Beauty. Jk Burid. Mamluk.

Ghaznawid. a9d\ 9 ,

Achin. $u\ 9,

Ghaznawid. i.u\ ,, Waylid. d,d\ Hand. cb

Dehli Emperor. Conqueror of the World. &?rlt;r

Fatimid. (JJ\ Guardian. bG

Ghaznawid. Of the mark of God. d.!\ tk ,,

60 YUSALBIAN NUYIBMATICS.

Ayyubid. Yamluk. Dehli King. d.& Judge.

Fatimid. +J? 9,

Dehli Kings and Emperors. E.I. Co. Defender. ,)= Indian States.

Bahmani. 9 ,

Mamluk. Malwah. &dl, &dl , sword. ,.L-.

Samanid. Ckaylid. King of Toledo. ,,

Urtukid. Mamluk. &JJ\ ,, Georgia. +I 9,

Nasrid. Idrisid. Zairid.

Moorish.

Beauty. ~ r y p

,, C

Mongols of Persia. Slave of God. b + \ ~

Dehli Emperor. Just Ruler. $)\a

Najahid. One who invokes (God). LC\3

Imam of Sana. ,, Tabaristan. To thc truth. &I J\ ,,

Abbasid. Holder of two offices. &+k!)\ ,A Hudid. Of two dominions. &"&dl ,A Abbasid. Of two swords. ,> Spanish King of Teifa. of two glories. &+I ,i Abbasid. Dulafid. Of two vizicrates. &]\jj\ jS Abbasid. Tahirid. Of two right hands. &\ ,i

Dehli Emperor. Asylum of the Faith. ak ;?.a

$$' tJ' L) &jf Dchli King. Hoper for the mercy of God the bountiful.

HONORABY TITLES. 61

Saljuk (Abbasid Khalif). d4 Orthodox. &\/j\

Abbasid. Samanid. Buwayhid. Rasid. &\! Content. >y\ Abbasid. Marinid. Muwahhid. a114 The Guider. +A>\

Spanish Abbasid. Mirdasid. d,dl ,,

Abbasid (Ali). The Pleasing. b)\

Dehli Queen Rizia. ,.j.d\ , dl Accepted. GI. Of eminent degree. &)dl - ~\ ; i - ) J j \ &

Dehli Emperor. Indian State Saronj (of Queen Victoria).

Dehli Emperor. ~ , J J I ,, Saljuk. ,.LYl Pillar. &, Saljuk. Mamluk. &dl, bdl ,,

Turkistan. Dehli Kings. Bengal.

Saljuk. Ziyarid. Buwayhid. ajJJ1 ,, Urtukid. Zangid. Amul Prince.

Saljuk. Urtukid. Khwarizm. Achin. &t?JI\ ,,

Waylid. Leader of the State. d2d\ pj

Achin Queen. Pure in the Faith. &.d\ dj

Of the servants of God. &>W\ Ornament. ,&.j

Kashmir. Filili Sharifs.

Mamluk. &dl, QdI ,, Buktiginid. Mamluk. ,, Ghaznawid. ‘2.A ,,

Shadow of Divine Favour. dl &d eL Dehli Emperor (Shah Alam) . Ghaznawid. Abbadid. $dl Lamp. dY Dehli Emperor (~ahadur Shah). ,,


Hamdanid. a,d1 Felicity. h

Marinid. Yamluk. The Fortunate. 4 1

Dehli King. The Second. >W\ Alexander. )& Dehli Emperor Murad Bakhsh. Bengal. Yalwah.

Bengal. Joudhpur. &>\ t,

Buwayhid. Kakwayhid. d,d\ Eminence. 'L

Bahmani. Worthy to be called the & L& friend of the Compassionate.

Kakwayhid.

Kakwayhid. Ghaznamid.

d,d\ Light.

'aJ1 2,

Ukaylid. a,d\ Spear. &\j

. Samanid. L$\ Prop. cr;,

Ayyubid. Burid. Rasulid. r LY\ Sword.

.Ghaznawid. ,,

K h g of Sana. Paman. PLY\ U;,, Danishmandid. Dehli King. @&rJ 3 ,

Yamluk. Dehli Kings. Jaunpur. &.A\, kdl 9 ,

Bengal. Sind.

Samanid. Ghaznawid. Hamdanid. Zangid. a3d\ J , Zairid. Hudid. Turkistan.

Urtukid. Fatimid. Ayyubid. Zangid. 9 ,

Dehli King. d3-J ,, King of Tortosa. t,

Mirdasid. d,d\ Whelp. &A

HONORARY TlTIiE8. 63

,Ghaznawid. Glory. &> Spanish Umayyad. Buwayhid. Zairid. Toledo. djd\ ,,

Ukaylid. Turkistan.

A yyubid. &\ ,,

Danishmandid. Atabeg. DehliKing. &A!\, k d \ Sun. + Bengal. Gujarat. Bahmani. Jaunpur.

Buwayhid. Atabeg. Turkistan. Budlis. +!\ ,, Urtukid. Atabeg. Budlis. Rasulid. Kashmir. &"d\ ,,

Dehli Kings and Emperors.

Buwayhid. Saljuk. a A \ ,, Ziyarid. Eminence. dw\ ,, Burid. d.1 ,,

Dehli Kings. Bengal. &dl, &id\ Bright Star. ub Dehli Emperor (Jahangir).

Ohaznawid. Turkistan. +J\ ,,

Dehli Emperor (Shah Jahan). Kashmir. ,, Burid. Mamluk.

Tunis. Just. j&

Aypbid. Mamluk. Hadramaut. Good. 2L Nasrid. Little. &

Queen of Achin. &.d\ Brightness. CL&Q

Zangid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Rectitude. cL Ayyubid. Mamluk. Buktiginid. Rasulid. k d \ ,, Ayyubid. Mamluk. Rasulid. Achin. n,

Buwayhid. Mirdasid. ajdI Keen Sword. fL

Rasulid. &.A!\ Lion. ?Ljd

64 MUBAJXAN NUMISMATICS.

Budlis. &A!\ Light. &.G

Buwayhid. Marwanid. Ukaylid. Batiha. ut ,, Barakzai (Abd al-Rahman) d 3 a\ ,, Abbasid. Buwayhid. & Obedient. $%

Samanid. Ziyarid. Sijistan.

Abbasid. Idrisid. Encertain Moorish. Conqueror. j b-

Abbasid. Ayyubid. Fatimid. &I,& 99

Idrisid. A t ,,

Abbasid. Saljuk. &tyb Manifest. yk Ayyubid. Mamluk. Dehli King.

Fatimid. dJt &dj>Y 9,

Dehli King. Shadow. &- Saljuk. Malay. Achin. $w\ 2 &\ ,, Saljuk. &Jut 2 dl ,, Shah of Persia (Abbas 111). Lucknow. + JP

Ghaznawid. Ziyarid. Kakwayhid. d3d\ Supporter. A Kashmir. Dehli Emperor. 99

Georgia.

Ghaznawid.

Ayyubid. &A!\ &+ The Just. JdWt Aypbid. 99

Idrisid. d\; Excellent.

Very commonly used. &\ Slave. A+

Fatimid. Of God and his Waliyat. (i,, , &\ ,, Shaybanid. fly\ ,,

HONORARY TITLES. 65

Abbasid. Fatimid. Othmanli. &\ +c

Dehli King (Muhammad b. Taghlak). The Asker. fiy\ ,, Spanish Umayyad. Ziyanid. Filili Sharif. ,,

Afghanistan. Sind. Fatimid. ,Y->\ 9 9

Ghaznawid. 9 ,

Dehli King. Abbas. wW\ ,7

Umayyad. Hafsid. Marinid. King of Mercia. ~JJ\ ,, Othmanli. Kashghar.

Sharif of Morocco. p\ ,?

Abbasid. $fir 97

Shaybanid. &\ ,?

Fatiiid. Othmanli. 9 ,

Bahmani. The Adored One. 3~ ,, Umayyad. Abbasid. Spanish Umayyad. ,,

Samanid. Valencia. Sharifs of Morocco.

Marinid. Muwahhid. Shaybanid. ,t

Muwahhid. J+\ ,,

Abbasid. Shaybanid. Little Slave. + Abbasid. Buktiginid. &d\, &id\ Disposition. b"b

Zangid. Ertukid. Ayyubid. Ghaznawid. Hamdanid. +I ,,

Salj uk. 9 ,

Saljuk. Zangid. Dehli Kings. &dl, &d\ Glory. j f Bengal.

Shirwan Shah. &d\) s 13 Buwayhid. Ghaznawid. a3d! ,, Ghaznawid. Zangid. Saldukid. Danishmandid. &J 1,

Mamluk. Bnwayhid. kL+Jl ,,


Fatimid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Golden Horde. Excellent. j?jc

Fatimid. A& -149

Dehli Emperor (Ahmad Shah). E.I. Co. &I ,,

Bengal Kings. &\ && Arm. A.&

Buwayhid. Spanish Abbasid. Spanish Kings. '2,351 ,, Ghaznawid. Saljuk. Zangid. Siyarid.

Nisabur. ,,

Ghaznawid. Kakwayhid. Saljuk. Sijistan. '.&\ 2,

Kakwayhid. Urtukid. d Glory. n.c

Saljuk. Khwarizm. Nisabin. Mamluk. Yongols of Persia. Karaman. Dehli Kings. Yalwah. Bengal. Bahmani.

Kakwayhid. Ghaznawid. Malwah. ?,dl ,,

Ghaznawid. Khwarizm. Karaman. Kashmir. ,, Bahmani. Malwah. Achin.

Bengal. & I , '$1 ,,

Waylid. Knowing. + Buwayhid. Urtugid. c. ?dl3 L;J.!\ Pillar. dLcf

Zangid. Ayyubid. Mamluk.

Hudid. Saragossa. Denia. Buwayhid. \ ,, Ghaznawid. Saljuk.

Buwayhid. Urtukid. Zangid. < ,, Danishmandid. Mamluk. Saljuk.

Saljuk. Pillar or Support. b ~ ~ t

Abbasid. d,d\ ~hief:or Safety. +nr.

Marwanid. Of the Amirs. >y\ Bridle. uL

Danishmandid. d,d\ Eye.

Xhokand. dl Champion. &jL

HONOFL4RY TITLES. 67

Nasrid. Marwanid. Ghaznawid. d4 Overcoming. d L

Nasrid. db Ilich. & Bengal. +I, ,+lLYI Defender. -$

Buwayhid. Ly' Assister. d& Saljuk. Mongols of Persia. &dl3 kJJ1 ,,

Shahs of Persia. Zangid. Ghurid. Othmanli. Dehli Kings. Bengal. South India. Gujarat. Bahmani.

Golden Horde. kJJ\, ,, Saljuk. Urtukid. Ghurid. Golden Horde. ' ,,

Khwarizm. Ayyubid. Malwah. Gujarat.

Fatimid. dlfi Overcomer. >b

Durrani.

Bengal.

War. 4 Victory. + &dl, & b J l ,,

Shah of Persia. & ,,

Ghaznawid.

Bengal.

Buwayhid. Saljuk.

Ly\ Glory. 2 &.JJl, kJJl ,,

X!>JJl ,, Ghaznamid. Urtukid. Danishmandid. Namluk. ,, Saljuk. d,U\ ,,

Dehli King (Shir Shah). d.A!\,LA!\ Pearl. + t

Abbasid.

Hamdanid.

Excellence. JA

,, Basrid. Preceptor. +.G

Buwayhid.

Ziyarid.

Ly \ Orbit or Ship. d High Xatters. JM\ ,,

bb- Buwqhib Ghaznarid L'+ PoredrrL 2'5 J

& b y h i d %rwaniL T m t i s Toledo. B d A d T& l-alencia.

A b U Wj& L', Conqueror. 3'3

&ngaL Ofthe Enemies of M G o b 3 ,, GhmlaKid 0 I I? -;- 7,

bbbad. G h d B u r a + L Saljnt. Stcdht. 3 . 5 I

TnrLi3tan. Fatimid 'Ctsylid

Fatimid. Ayy-ubid. d'$ ,?

AbbhSid Yuviahhid Ghanurvid Saljuk &\lAk ., Kakwarhid. TnrLtan. Fatimid. Uamlnt.

Hat-id. TT.uani Sharifs. Mumbitid.

(ihaznad. By the Decree of God. d!! 4 ,, Haml& BengaL i. ~ , d ! ~ ' - Companion.

L - (fhaznawid. 1 L+,++' LC: "

Zangid. Dehli King. ,.&!,'&8 PoleStar. Cinjarat. South India.

Turlii.tan. Z3d\ ,, Buktighd. Crtukid Zangid. Saljuk ,J,J ,,

Khwalizm. Dehli Kings. Gujarat. khmir.

Ghaznaairt Xamanid. L d \ ,,

Z,d1 Support. Py ,,

I:rtnkid. Zangid. Buktiginid. Ambid . Perfect. L.& Xamluk.

HONORABY TITLES. 69

Zangid.

Ghaznawid.

Perfection. JL*S u\ 9 ,

Buwayhid. Kurdish Chief. Ly\ Asylum. LI$

Hamdanid. u\ Bounty.

Spanish Abbasid. King of Keifa. Preserved. wyL Nunid. Muwahhid.

Dehli King.

Hamudid.

&dl L; d\ Warrior. j,k

d4 Strengthened. +%

Abbasid. Samanid. Ikhshidid. d Pious. jil, Burnayhid. Hamdanid. Sijistan.

Nasrid. && Holding fast. A -

Abbasid. Tahirid. d\ &c Trusting in God. $9 Inchu. Sana. Marinid. Hafsid. Sp. Umayyad. Cordova. Hudid. Badajoz. Ziyadid. Bahmani.

Rasulid. Denia. Ayyubid. Warrior. UJ+J Qujarat. +J\ ,, Hudid. &\ ,,

In the Path of God. &\ $ ,, Dehli King. Bengal.

Buwayhid. Ukaylid. Badajoz. d,d\ Grandeur. &? Kakwayhid. Cordova. Kurdish Chief.

Drtukid. ,J

Burid. &,d\ Protector. ,+ Urtukid. Ghaznawid. Ayyubid. d,d\ Reviver. &+ Mamluk. &\t_zr\ djd\ ,, Baljuk. Dehli Emperor (Aurangzib). ,<d\ ,J

Brtukid. ,,

Bengal. Distingnished by the u-& d e Grace of the Compassionate One.

Yuwahhid. Nasrid. Rejected. tw Muwahhid. Sp. Umayyad. Yajorca. Chosen.

Buwayhid. Guardian of Frontier. wbjF

Timurid. \ Guide. J r .

Dehli Emperor (Yurad Bakhsh). ,&!\ Wedded to. c;,'

Abbasid. d4 One who seeks direction. Ghaznawid. Saljuk. Atabeg.

Abbasid. Nisabur. d.!tPb Seeker of Light. cu Urtukid. Zangid. Atabeg. Ayyubid.

Abbasid. Ghaznawid. Who implores help. &LA Sp. Umayyad. Saljuk. Burid.

Abbasid. Saljuk. d\ Who takes fast hold. ?*W

Urtukid. Zangid. Atabeg. Ayyubid. Yamluk. Dehli Kings. Rasulid. Gujarat. Bahmani.

'iJW\ i&&G".

Belonging to al-~ust'asim, belonging to al-Salih. Yamluk Queen Shajar al-Durr.

Fatimid. Hamudid. Idrisid. d4 Most High.

Abbasid. Who seeks assistance. Sp. Umayyad. Hudid. Nasrid. Niebla. Mamluk.

Abbasid. d\, Who puts his whole trust. Sp. Umayyad. Samanid. Wolga Bulghar. Tuzun. Yaman. Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Sijistan. Dehli Kings. Bengal.

HONORARY TITLES. 71

Abbasid. Urtukid. 41)4 Who implores help. Zangid.

a154 Who seeks aid.

On many varieties of coins of between A.H. 623 and 640.

Also Yuwahhid. Fatimid. Hafsid. Hammudid. Marinid. Sp. Umayyad. Dehli Kings. Sind.

-JU I,U\ ,@r d4 &;fiw Established by God the Shield, the

Bahmani. Ever Bestowing, the Overcoming.

Buwayhid. d,d\ Exalted. d;;3wr

Abbasid. Ikshidid. Samanid. dJf Obedient. &a

Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Ziyarid. Sijistan. Yaman Governors. Amul Prince.

Abbasid. Ayyubid. Badajoz. Conqueror. ,L Rasulid. Tuzun. Amirid. Mamluk. Zayrid. Turkistan. Valencia. Gujarat.

Buktiginid. &\, &d\ ,, Buktiginid. ft? d\ > t 'a A!\ ,, Buktiginid. Yangit. Salgharid. Yaman. &\ ,,

Abbasid. Who is made illustrious. King of Saragossa and of Sicily.

Abbasid. Hudid. Valencia. d b Who relies on. Yuwahhid. Rasulid. Bahmani.

Gujarat. &--\ djJ4 9 ,

Abbasid. Mumahhid. Samanid. djJk Petitioner. cLd;M

Dulafid. Tulunid. Muzaffarid. Abbadid.

Dehli Eings. Of God the Gracious. &u\ d.!\! ,, Bahmani.

Dehli Kings. Of God the Protector. djJ4 ,,


Hammudid. &\J Lion.

Abbasid. Tulnnid. A\ & Who relies upon. JA;M

Sdarid. Dawudid. Abbadid. Dulafid.

Ukaylid. ,,

Sp. Umayyad. d4 Arranged. &w

Fatimid. Mamluk. Zayrid. Who honours.

Saljuk. Atabeg. Mazandaran. & I > Ljd\ ,, Dehli King.

Kings of Denia, Tortosa, and Saragosss. +Jl 9,

Buwayhid. Ghaznawid. Saljuk. Yirdaeid.

Saljnk. Fatimid. Zangid. Dehli Emperors. &\ 9,

Maldive.

Fatimid. Ayyubid. dl1 &ad 9,

Ertukid. &,dfl\ Fixed. &- Urt~kid. ,, Urtukid. d3d\ ,, Saljuk. Timurid. Dehli Emperors. , I ,,

Buwayhid. Ly\ Giving aid to. L.+

Saljuk. Atabeg. Bengal. & \ y k d \ ,,

Othmanli. &-A!\ Conqueror. C

Abbasid. Committed to the care of God. 'dl\ 31 Pjkr Tulnnid.

Sdarid. Samanid. Sijistan. d.!& Powerful. ,a Hudid. Sajid. Yaman Governor.

Abbasid. 4 ,,

Abbasid. Follower of the order of God. A\ 4 &&

Ghaznawid. Saljuk.

HONORARY TITLES. 73

The order of God. idJlyl! Who follows. + Abbasid. Ghaznawid. Saljuk. Mazandaran. Murcia.

Abbasid. Tulunid. Saffarid. d.!4 Content. & Sammid.

Marwanid. ajd! Who lays the foundation.

Rasulid. &dl 2 ,

Abbasid. Hafsid. d\! Conqueror.

Of the Race of the Divine Prophet. a\J1 jyJ Jf ,, -5amanid.

The Expected for the Command of God. alfI Fatimid interregnum.

JJI &.JJ dI l b l fl ,.p;;. Avenger of God's Enemies for the sake of God's Religion.

Abbasid (Kahir).

Abbasid. Ayyubid. Fatimid. Protected. J+.A

Rasid. Samanid. Ghaznawid. Mamluk. Najahid. Sp. Umayyad. Muwahhid. Kings of Valencia, Ceuta, Badajoz, and Cordova. Hasani Sharifs.

Kings of Sicily. Fatimid. Ayyubid. a4 ,P

Hafsid. &J ,, Bahmani. ,,

Kashmir. Illuminating. ~t;'

Hudid. Curator. fir

Abbasid. Samanid. Hammudid. d4 Favoured. dy Idrisid. Dulafid. Denia. Majorca. Badajoz.

Muwahhid. Faithful. fly

t31unmaB8snlid. Strengthener or Strengthened. .Gp A m b i d . Uamluk.

Sp. Tmanad Hndid. Tortosa. al?'? ,, Vale& Cent&

Bell@- By the help of the Uercifnl +-I;) ,, Gnjarat. Jaunpnr. Bahmani

Bnwa+i . Bawandid. a ! ,, f3amald. d!\ ,,it ,, Tmkistan. cj*'d1 ,,

,* Abbadid Narinid Bahrnani. ' ,,

Directing by the order of God. &\y4 u-~b King of Sicily.

Abbasid. d!& Guided aright.

fJp. Urnanad. Hammudid. d!! Presented. &+

Fatimid. Ra-~id. Idrisid. Abbadid. Sana.

Bawayhid. Jlarwanid. Zjd\ Sincere. +& L o r d of the Amir of the Faithfnl. ey!\ p\ i'

Dehli Queen Ezia.

Zangid. Talencia. Sans. Hammudid. Defender. Jp\j A y p b i d JIamlnk. Rssnlid. Spanish.

h s a L Y - . L ,, Urtnkid. Dehli King. Bengal. ' ,, Turkistan. dt ,, Crtukid. Zangid. Ayyubid. L- sd\: &dl ,,

JTamluk. Dehli Kings. Sind. Bengal. Ginjarat.

J&m&nid. Samanid. Xajorca. Bawandid. 4 ' ,, Very commonly used. (1111 dJJ\ and ddt ,,

HONORARY TITLES. 75-

Bfamluk. &dl a+.& Of the Nazarenes (Christians). &F\ - ,,

Norman Kings of Sicily.

Ayyubid. &dl, \jd\ Star. @

Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. &.dl 1 ,

Marwanid.

Kashmir.

Buwayhid.

a,d\ Helping. Jrd, ,, ,,

Dehli Queen Rizia. *,.dJF\ Defence. a/p, King of Ahar. &d\ 1 7

Urtukid. Danishmandid. &,.d\?\ Defender. ,+;

Urtukid. tLY1 1 ,

Cfhaznawid. a,~!\ ,?

Ghaznawid. Kashmir. Lucknow. &t?J]\ ,, Ghaznawid. ‘Ll\ f r

Afghanistan. Of the World. uk Light.

Zangid. Rasulid. Bengal. &dl, 1 ,

Turkistan. ,, Urtuliid. Ghaznawid. Mamluk. &dl ,,

Dehli Emperor Jahangir. Durrani.

Achin Queen. p\ 9 ,

Inchu. Marinid. Jalair. Confiding. &b Abbasid. Hudid. Muwahhid. Hafsid. d4 1 ,

Hasani Sharifs. Dehli &gs. Gujarat.

Gujarat. c;,LJ\ dub ,*

Dehli Kings. Bengal. Bahmani. +& 19

Bahmani. &\a& ,P


In the help of the Almighty. J G ~ &ib Dehli King Firnz 11.

Wwarizm. 4 6 9 ,

Yalwah. The Eternal, the Firm. &"A\ d b ,, Inchu. Doubtful. 32;! o r j e ,, Malwah. The King the Protector. &\ &\ ,, Jalair. The King, the Country. ,id\ &\ ,, Dehli Kings. &I,+ ,,

Yamluk. Queen Mother. &\ gJf\)

~Ghaznawid. &d\ Weigher. d-j)

Son of the Prince of the Apostles. &.I + A, Bengal (Husain).

Umayyad. Hasani Sharif. Son. 4, Abbasid.

Rasid.

Sana.

Guide.

..A\ )\ ,, 0 L

, I

Bengal. @yJIF\ Right Hand. &" Dehli King. Malwah. ‘ad\ ,, Bengal. dl\ '&k ,, Ghaznamid. aj4\ ,,

REGAL TITLES.

REGAL TITLES (Alamat and Anwan).

Imam. Religious Chief. ?L1'

Chagatai. Of Arnirs. 95'1 ,, Muwahhid. Hudid. Of the People. ,, Hasani Sharif s. Of the Imams. ,, Chagatai. Dehli &gs. The Great. eY\ ,,

Bengal Kings.

Of the Church of the Messiah. &&\ &A\ ,, K h g of Cordova. (Of the Pope of Rome.)

Ahbasid. Zand of Persia. Of the Truth. or &\ ,, Of the Age and the Khalifat. &&- L;rL.jf\ ,,

Shaybanid.

Ay yubid.. The manifest. ,hbi!\ ,, &W\ JS all\ +?- alJIFb 2UI I &+JI ,,

The directed Imam, the Overseer by the Command of God, the Evidence of God against the

Creation. (S. Lane Poole.)

Fatimid (interregnum).

Saljuk. &cY\ &ki Zangid. Lord Father. &k\ 1

Golden Horde. King of the Horde. & :aJy\

Amir. Prince.

Samanid. Ghaznawid. ~ o s t ~llustrious. &I\ ,, Hafsid. Saljuk. Turkistan.

Buwayhid. Timurid. The Greatest. $ s y \ ,,

78 MUSAbHAN NUMISMATICS.

Buwayhid. Ghaznawid. Kakwayhid. Of Amirs. tPY\ F\ Of the Amirs, the Directors. &;@>\ bj\ ,,

Nuwahhid. Hafsid. Marinid. Ziyanid.

Samanid. Turkistan. Illnstrious. ,!A\ ,, Dehli King. Protector of the Faith. ,, Buwayhid. Ghaznawid. Yirdasid. Lord. 4 1 ,, Dehli Kings. Of the East and the West. u$\ ) 941 ,, Turkistan. Buwayhid. ~ u s t . Jaw\ ,, King of Niebla. Of the West. +/J\ ,, Alphonso VII I of Spain. Of the Catholics. dpd\ ,, Xurabit. Marwanid. Of the Moslems. ,,

Hudid. Nasrid. Cordova.

Yaman King.

Timurid.

Conqueror. ,, Eminent. ,&d\ ,,

King of Mercia. Our Lord. byy ,,

Very commonly used. Of the Faithful. &d\ ,, Hamdanid. Strengthened. ' +rf\ ,, Nongols of Persia. Ilkhan.

Xongols of Persia. Salgharid. e\JI ,I Xongols of Persia. 9 ,

King Alphonso VIII. King of Cordova. Pope. &b Xongols of Persia. Of Islam. ?UII\ ,, King of Cordova. Of Rome. ,,

Xangit. Padshah. b k d ~ , aka)

Nongols of Persia. F\J' ,,

ejd)l+J' ,, Excellent King of the Surfncc of the Earth.

Atabeg. Zangid.

REGAL TITLES. 79

Dehli Emperor Of Sea and Land. 2 ,=< a&&

(Farukh Siyar).

Dehli Emperor. Bhopal. Begum. Queen. ,,

Dehli Emperor (Jahandar). Of the World. c ; ,k ,, Dehli Emperor. Lucknow. Of the Age. uLj ,,

Golden Horde. '!JW~ ,, Mongols of Persia. Sdgharid. Of the World. (Jk ,,

Othmanli. Dehli Emperors. Kashmir. j 3,

Durrani. Native States of India. E.I. Co.

Dehli Emperor (Azam Shah). Of Realms. d!L ,,

Othmanli. Pashah. a&&

Saljuk. Princes. &b Achin King. Regent.

Bengal King. Prince. c;,b2

Jiongols of Persia. prince. d+ - 4 Very commonly used. I

Samanid. Kings of Saragossa, Chamberlain. -z\p Cordova, and Denia.

Dehli Emperors. His Majesty. b k :,+ Mongols of Yeraia. Shahs of Persia. Emperor. u b k

Dehli Emperors. Astrakan. Turkistan.

Turkistan. Timurid. Shaybanid. p , Y ,, Chagatai. Krim. Mongols of Persia.

Shahs of Persia. Greatest. & Y \ ,, Shaybanid. Krim. Most Noble. d!!\ ,, Othmanli. Of the TWO Seas. ,,

Shahs of Persia. Son of the Emperor. &b@\

Timurid. Shaybanid. Chagatai. 3 3 W I ,, Shaybanid. Dehli Emperor. Koble. ! ,,

Khokand. GoldenHode. Erim. Khan. &L

Shaybanid. Othmanli. Kara and Ak-Kupdid.

Turkistan. & Y t ,, Great Khans. +dl ,, Afghanistan. Afghan. ,, Indian Native States. 9 1

Golden Horde. Shaybanid. 33W.- ')d\ ,, Great Khans.

E v a . j ,, Turkistan. +yJ\ ,,

Atabeg of Nosil. Zangid. Lord of the World. (JL &,\~j

In very common use.

Abbasid. Nuwahhid.

Abbasid. Ghaznawid. Dehli &gs.

Dehli Kings. Jaunpur. Malwah.

Shay banid. Yalay . Dehli King.

Nasrid. Hudid.

King of Sicily.

Khalif. &k

9 ,

9,

&,J'y' ,, &=-I\ ,7

J ,, Abbaside. &u!\ ,,

Duke. &,a

Indian Native States. Raja. k b . 1 1 1 1 Raja of Rajas. cbd d$

Lord. u2

Muwahhid. Marinid. Of the Worlds. ,, Hafsid. Hudid. Zayad. Kings of Mercia. Dehli Kings. Ziyanid. Morocco Sharifs.

Shahs of Persia. Of the Easts. vJI Lucknow. Possessed of Many Claims. &1 ,i ,,

Sultan. crL

Waylid. try\ I,

Shahs of Persia. Othmanli. Dehli Kings. uL J 1,

Bengal. Malwah.

Bahmani. E c e e t ,, Atabegs of Mosil. Ghaznawid. r L Y l ,I

Mamluk. Ayyubid. &l,pul ,, Very commonly used. , ,

Othmanli. 1 ,, Bengal. M d c e n t . J3U1 ,,

Othmanli. Of the Two Continents. f l

Among the Sultans of the World. & &#3) ,, Shah of Persia (Nadir).

Otlunanli. Nallive ~ i n g . yd\,jJ\ 9 1

Af ghanistan. ~k I, Malwah. The Gracious. #I ,,

4 1 &I '41 a h & jj>l (&J\ ,, The Gracious, the Generous, Kind to the Servants

of God, the Rich, the Protector. Bahmani.

Buwayhid. Ghaznawid.

Bahmani.

Afghanistan.

Dehli King.

Bengal. Malwah.

O t h d . U J L- &L uL &-j' J& (;U ,,

Bahmani. Resembling the Friend of the Merciful One.

Ghaznawid. Dehli King. Of the East. ' ,, Mamluk. Dehli King. The Witness. ,, Very commonly used. 3~~01, Jdt , JoW~ ,, Mongola of Persia. Othmsnli. Bengal. $ul 9 ,

Ayyubid. ,, Bahmani. Of the Epoch and Age. & J \ 41 ,, Saljuk. Shahs of Persia. Shaybanid. djul 9,

Kara Kuyunlid. Othmanli. Dehli Kings.

Atabeg. Saljuk. ,, Bengal. Conqueror. pLd\ ,, Bahrnani. ,, Saljuk. f"u\ ,, Bahmani. Powerful in Islam. ,+ L f t ,, Mongol of Persia (Abu Said).

Malwah. 69' Ayyubid. *' Muzaffarid Obedient and Obeyed. $ad\ &ad\

(Shah Shuja).

Very commonly used.

Mamluk. Timurid. Othmanli. &\ Golden Horde (Aziz Shaykh). Deceased. pJJ' Nysore (Tipu). 9" Mongols of Persia (Abu Said).

Mongols of Persia 33'

The Directing. jd\ (Abu Said).

Mongol of Persia (Sati Beg). dd.4 &ud

REGAL TITLES. 83

Samanid. Buwayhid. Mangit. Khokand. Prince. &A

Khiva. Astrakhan.

Samanid. ,, King of Denia. a#\ ,,

Bengal. +\ 9 ,

TheChief. &\3\ ,, The Princes, Chiefs. %,/\ a"dU\

Sayyid Chiefs of Karmati.

Ghaznawid. Dehli Emperor (Humayun). &u\ ,, Fatimid. Bengal. Of the Apostles. &A\ ,,

Mongols of Persia. Shahs of Persia. Shah. a& Dehli. Bengal. Kashmir. Indian States.

Ayyubid. Of Armenia. eJ\ ,, Dehli Emperors. u k 9 ,

Kings of Denia and Tortosa. q c J \ ,, Urtukid. Of Diarbakr. J1Jb3 ,, Dehli Emperor. Asylum of the Faith. ak ,, L U C ~ ~ O W . &j J P

Dehli Emperor. E.I. Co. Indian States. p 2,

Achin.

Partabgarh State, Rajputana. Of London. ud ,, Buwayhid. King of Kings. a k l t ! & - akibk

Saljuk. Kakwayhid.

Marwanid. Shahs of Persia. Dehli Emperors.

8aljuk. ,, Mongols of Persia. +J 9 ,

Bengal. Generous. J i b ,, Dehli Emperor (Rafi al-Darjat). 2 9 ,

Dehli Emperor (Jahangir). 0 ) L.. xkdbb

Shah of Persia (Nadir). Of Kinge. &ah ,, Shah of Persia (Muhammad). Of the Prophets. u\ ,, Sharifs of Morocco. ;d\ and &I Sharif. -*+ Mongols of Persia. Mamlnk. Shaikh.

Hasani Sharif.

Lord. WL

Afghanistan. uv\ Shahs of Persia. uL.j ,,. Othmanli. Jaw\ ,,

,y\ CjlfOlJ\ ,$I ,, Othmanli. Of Night and Victory by land and sea.

Of the Happy Conjunction. c,\j; ,,. Shah of Persia (Nadir). Dehli Emperors.

Second Lord of the Happy Conjunction. j G ,, Dehli Emperors. Indian States.

Abbasid. py\ Officer. &L

Abbasid. Kings of Majorca. Ayyubid. dl\ Slave. A+

~ a t i k d . Of God and his Wali. 4, , dU\ , , Dehli K ~ L I ~ (Muhammad b. Taghlak). Hoper. cjry ,, Spanish Umayyad. d3-J ,, Bahmani. a%- ,,

Abbasid. d,d\ Officer. ;~sr

Shah of Persia (Tahmasp I). Slave of Ali. &.c ,+b Indian State.

Mongols of Persia. Salgharid. Atabegs. K5n c,\L - Ob>

REGAL TITLES. 85

Zangid. Mongols of Persia. (Ad - + a d \ & Golden Horde. Nongols of Peraia. ~ J W \ 11

Csesar Augustus. Gj\ - G, - d\+ King of Sicily. Kutch and other Indian States, Kaiser i Hind. ~4

applied to Queen Victoria.

Dog. +s Of the threshold of the Pleasing One. b, crL\ ,,

Shah of Persia (Shah Rukh).

Of the threshold of Ali. & u ~ \ ,, Shah of Persia (Husain).

Of the Amir of the Faithful &4tp\ ,, Shah of Persia (Husain).

Of the Sultan of Khurasan. u L k u& ,, shah of Persia (Shah Rukh).

Shah of Persia (Abbas 11). Of Ali. & ? ,

Kings of Sicily. Count. d\ Victoria. Queen. cf?$

England or Inglistan. c;,& \ - d d ~ \ Indian States. A, & 4,' dk.Jfj\ bJ$, , ,

Queen Victoria adorning the throne of Inglistan and Hind.

King. d L . - La.-&\ Saljuk. Ghaznawid. rLYl Saljuk. Zangid. Ayyubid. Yamluk. &.+! ,, Atabeg. Ghaznawid. Fj\ ,, Urtnkid. Excellent. &\ ,, Urtukid. Atabeg. Danishmandid. Zangid. Ahar. \/'1\ ,, Buwayhid. L.4 ,,

'\ \ \ &I +9J', a,-- J. Zangid. Of Amirs of the East and the West.

Urtnldd Of Honoured bmirs. &# lpt ,, Aypbi i . h ) Y \ & ~aljdc. d l j $ \ 9 .

& , \ , &J$ Y,

Of the two Continents and two Seas.

Sadit. Sharif.

, ) , . > r

Of the two Continents and two Seas and Syria and the two Iraks.

Othmanli (Murad III).

Urtukid. Diarbakr. $Jh3 ,, Bengal Kings. ,, Zangid. ,Y

Of the necks of the Nations. @\ *bJ d k Mongol of Pel* (Uljaitu).

Of the necks of Christians. dJk u b J ,, King of Sicily.

Urtukid. Mamluk. Ghurid. &\ 9 ,

Ghurid. D h d i d . +\ 9 ,

Zangid. Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. >GI C

Y,

Urtukid. Ayyubid. Namluk. J @ J ~ \ 1 ,

Urtukid. Danhhmaudid. Atabeg. $u\ Y ?

Buwayhid. Urtukid. Zangid. J ~ \ - J J W \ ,?

Fatimid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Dehli Kings.

Of the Arabs and foreigners. 41; J 1 ,, King of Aden.

Zangid. Ayyubid. 391 ,,

REGAL TITLE&

Fatimid. Ayyubid. djb & saljuk. 2u \ ,, Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Shaybanid. ,, Daniahmandid. Powerful. #f ,, Urtukid. Prosperous. 3 4 1 ,, Samanid (Manaur b. Nuh). Strengthened. 32uLdI ,, Commonly used. ,, Ghaznawid. King of Sicily. w\ ,, Dehli Emperor (Jahangir) . &I d!b

Buwayhid. Kakwayhid; Georgia. d@\ ,, Georgia. Of Kings and Queens. c;.u\ ) d91 , , Samanid. Ghaznawid. Zangid. Urtukid.

Saljuk. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Raeulid. >+'A

Samanid. Favoured. &$\ ,, Samanid. Mamluk. Hasani Sharifs. Rasulid. 44! ,, Urtnkid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. ,, Kings of Sicily. Christians. dfi - LSlb ,, Raja of Cannanore (according to Soret) 33' 1,

&I, +yJ\ &+ *,\ The Unique of the Kings of the Age,

Zurayid. King of the Arabs and of the Yamin.

Zurayid. dl) U/J\ 4.. &jJi.jlt L1&

Dehli Queen (Rizia). Queen. &

Mamlnk. &I\ 9 ,

Georgia. Indian States. cirrlhrc*j\ ,, Georgia. Of Queens. ,, Georgia. I > d-1 ,, Dehli King (Taj al-Din Yildiz). Slave. $

Mongols of Persia. Prince. Jr Abbasid. Tahirid. Samanid. ' 9 ,

Amir al-Umm.

Ghaznawid. &Ul 9 ,

Abbasid. o f ~ a m u n . ,yW1 ,,

Indian States. Haharaja. &>b - bbb Indian States. Yaharao. j\b

The Mahdi.

Yuwahhid. Our Imam. LL\ ,, Muwahhid. \ ,, Imam of Sana. &=+'~e\ 9 ,

Hafsid. a\ Lk ,, Viceroy. +Sb

Sulayhid. J+J\ ,, Kashmir. Bahmani. Dehli Kings. &$\Ft ,,

Jaunpur. King of 8 a ~ .

And h a t Khalif. &81 &k ,, Fatimid Wazir (Abu Ali Ahmad).

Shahs of Persia.

Abbasid.

Prophet. c ~ r ~ (e> 'JJ\ ,,

s,

Haidarabad in Deccan. Nizam. pb Tnrkistan. zjd\ 9 ,

Ghaznawid. Danishmandid. Marwanid. ,, Yaman King. 1,

Chief of Makalla. Chief. 4

REGAL ' TITLES.

Indian States. Nawab. v f t j

Shahs of Persia. Governor. 3\41

Dehli Emperor. Humayun. Bahmani. Wali. z&\ - J j

Umayyad. Abbasid. 2 2

Ehallid. d,d\ 1,

Qheznawid. Dehli Kings. &p)+t 8 ,

Atabeg. Hamudid. &\-+ ,, Abbasid. Hudid. Fatimid. ,>

Ghaznawid. Buwayhid. Hamudid. Zangid. iJ+ ,, Saljuk. Yurabitid. Ayyubid. Fatimid. King of Yercia. Bengal.

Timurid. &j 2 4f 11

MUSAJJdAN NUMISMATICS.

LIST OF THE KHbLIFS OF BAGHDAD AND EGYPT.

The names and dates of the kings of the many dynasties who issued Mudman coins will be found in Lane Poole's 6 6

Mohammadan Dynasties" and in the volumes of the British Museum Catalogue. A list of them would be too long to be given here, but as the names of the Khalifs of Baghdad and of the Egyptian Khalifs are upon the coins of many dynasties who acknowledged the authority of the Khalif, more or less, and the name often helps to fix a doubtful date, the following may be useful.

Umayyad Khalifs.

SHORT NAME.

1. Mu'iiwiya I.

2. Yazid I.

3. Mu'%wiya 11.

4. Marwiin I.

5. ' ~ b d al-Malik.

6. al-Walid I.

7. Sulaymfm.

8. %mar.

9. Yazid 11.

10. Hi&%m.

1 1. al-Walid 11.

KHALIFS OF BAGHDAD AND EGYPT. 91

Abbasid Khalifs.

An interval occurred between the death of al-~usta'_Rim in the month Safar, 656, and the succession of the first Egyptian Khalif in 659 A.E.

Abbsaid Khalifn of Egypt.

KEALIFS OF BAGHDAD AND EGYPT. 93

7. al-Mutawakkil I. A A S ~ bjlf +c bjl1 & &41 763

8. al-Mu1ta5im. b j j J14 779

9. al-Mutawakkil I , again. 779

10. al-W%&iq, again.

1 1. al-Mu'tasim, again.

12. al-Mutawakkil I, again.

13. al-Musta'in. w w\ &id\ ?\ b j l k +\ 14. al-Mu't@d 11. J,\J +\ ,\ dl? dl 15. al-Mustakii 11. && 4 dl! &-+J\

16. al-QB'im. i+ @\ 9\ d\F& p\ 1 7. al-Mustanjid. -3 &@I d4.1

18. al-Mutawakkil 11. 3)) +fl 91 & $$I 19. al-Mustamsik. u j i r , rsff 9\ bjl\!

20. al-Mutawakkil 111. AAS- &I & $41 Passed to Othmanli Sultan Selim I.

POETICAL LEemDa

The legends on coins in the Persian language are often in Terse,

called %, couplet, distich. Sometimes they are in a double

couplet. Owing to the way in which the words are armnged to bring the verse within the compass of the area, they are diilicnlt to make out, so a fairly full list of them is gken below, with

translations, the latter being those in R. S. Poole's " Shahs of ' 6

Persia," S. Lsne Poole's Moghnl Emperors," L. White King's " Barakzai," M. Longworth Dames' " 1)nrrani Dynasties," snd

C. J. Rodgers' various writings. The verse begins most often, as is the case too when the legend

is not in verse, at the bottom, and is to be read upwards, as in (a) Persian Shah Sadir Shah No. 2 ; sometimes at the top, as

( I ) Pereian Shah Yahmnd No. 2 ; sometimes at the second line

from the top, as (6) Persian Shah Ashraf No. 2, or lower still, as (d) Ashraf No. 3 : in these two, (c) and (4, it d l be seen the

reading is &st upwards for the fir& rerse and then downffards

for the second. I n all these examples, too, the words or parts of

words are not consecutive in the way given in the couplets as written out and as the metre and rhyme reqnire, but are placed

or divided in a fanciful way. Often on8 verse of the couplet is on the obverse and the other on the reverse of the coin, a s

(c) Jahangir No. 22, which begins at the top of the obverse and bottom of the reverse. ( f) The double distich on the five

mnhr piece of Jahangir No. 7 gives an example of several of these

cZiflicnltiee on one coin.

POETICAL LEGENDB.

(e) Obv. l o r y Rev. a h a(,

J L ~ & l r A' /tj a h

u I\+

+-J jj

Shahs of Persia.

Call upon Ali, the manifestor of miracles ; Thou shalt h d him a help unto thee in adversities. All care and grief shall vanish By thy holiness, 0 Ali, 0 Ali, 0 Ali.

If an Imam there be between the East and West, Ali alone with Ali's house for us is the best.

96 ? & U S A - W NUMISMATICS.

BAS 11. (1) >l+L & jgcrV\ ;+ &i j f dj

Throughout the world imperial money came, Strnck by God's grace in Abbas Sani's name.

(2) j+L a; l LC &l & j ' d V " & + X l ~ & ~ j

Lo ! at thia time throughout the world imperial money came, Strnck by God's grace in Ali's watchdog Abbas Sani's name.

SAPI 11, S a a ~ u a . (1) >\-' wL+ / ej >+b L d j , ~

L

Since Abbas Sani from the world is passed away, Safi (the second's) money has imperial sway.

(2) uk: yj\ d f h 3%

u b WU 3jj+ uI+ ;C For the sake of winning grace of him who men and genii leads, The age's Solomon struck golden money for the people's needs.

(a u b u A t a j ~ b & f l L

wk ++ P+ \AS jl d Since on my soul I struck the stamp of Ali's love, The world obeyed my rule by grace of God (above).

Hwarn. & P I +, &J j\ e t L -b d c G &-+ lp 'duk~d

Money he struck by the grace of the Lord of East and West, the twain

Everywhere, dog of the Prince of the Faithful's shrine, Sultan Bussin.

POETICAL LEGENDS. 97

TAEMASP 11. (1) Similar to the f i s t of Abbas 11, w&

being substituted for w\s in the second line.

(2) jk &KJj> >\; -Q aj p~ \ ,i n\ w j . > ~ \ L.+ 1

Tahmasp the Second struck in purest gold assayed No man but Ali, and no sword but Ali's blade (the Zu al-fakar).

ABBAS III. u k j a &\ &fi aj ~j fi u \ ~ j\; 4 6 &s + 3J j

Throughout the universe by grace divine a golden money came, Struck by God's Shadow, a new Emperor, Abbas the Third by .

name.

SULAIMAX I[. (1) L S j f \ K L 3 - - d j \ a j j l : , L r ; L S JYAA

By grace divine he struck a coin of happy fame, The Sovereign just, who second Solomon became.

Shines as the rising sun and moon upon the earth, Heir of Sulaiman's right, the Shah of saintly birth.

From the east of Iran he struck coin like the solar face, Shah Mahmud, world-conqueror, of the saintly race.

(2) @ ~"j ' i , &2 a,J,j &LC r l ; 3- iC &jj

Below the earth sank down the moon and shining sun,

l h y i ~ g the coin of Shah Mahmud, world-conquering oce., , *

2

7 , >.'A

I 2 1 . * *

NUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

(3) &LC 3y4+kIj 'L.)ly.*

* ~ + ; i ~ l l u r & ~ l ; J ; & * i

Like sun and moon the imperial coin is world-renowned,

For its pure metal by God's grace is free of alloy.

(4) " ~ j ~ ~ > ~ j , j ~ 1 J - ) + ~ ~ a b ;,a a\;+ *J4 &L

For the true faith he prepared coin by God's direction.

Yay Mahmud flourish, the faith-protecting king.

ASHEAP. (1) A+) +w\ t\i,-3 >,A+ *, + L T 2 Lj Li Upon the Ashrafi was wrought the magic of his grace's name ;

Nobility from ~shraf 's name upon the sun there came.

(2) a k > i f db,+ 3 j -3

8 U L ' b LLe" a,+

Ashraf laid hold on majesty with might ;

Let his coin's legend read " Requited be unright."

(3) S i l x k &3 &LLu+,, J I *

By grace of Ashraf Shah, who keeps the right,

The gold of the four friends now sees the light.

I n the exalted name (Ashraf) of sun and moon coin was made

from gold. Gold and the sun of victory by His grace were made bright.

(This is an unsatisfactory couplet, read conjecturally . . . . by Dr. Rieu from a single coin, on which there is . .. .. . . --.. . ... . . . . . .


apparently another dl/;\ or dl+ which he has not included in it.)

NAD~B. (1) &.?)a ?'j Jf;,$/! "I, \ 1 JL &)+) e j u> j

By gold in all the earth his kingship shall be famed, Phoenix (Nadir) of Persia's land, world - conqueror,

sovereign named.

Over Sultans of earth is Sultan, Nadir, Shah of Shahs, Sahibkaran.

The order issued from the Shah of Shahs, Nadir, Sahibkaran, Let coin obtain in Herat from Shah Rukh's name and mark

(or glor~).

Decreed of him who ceases not, a currency there came, The coinage of the sovereignty sent forth in Ali's name.

(2) G j j j d J " ) ) I J b j 3 b d ) ~ e j

~ , p j l c & W u y ? 3 " ~ k

After the fortune of Nadir, Adil had coin on gold ; In the name of the king of the faith, the exalted Lord,

the world was illumined.


- LSdd IBB~HM. (1) d\ &fl Jj

a h p%'jjil u k GJ+ #' By grace divine he struck a coinage of imperial worth, Shah Ibrahirn, his gold sun-like illumining the earth.

(2) I#& G.Atjr', dJ4 C=+> &j

bJ tLl )> && r$J By the Creator's bounty, and by fate's decree, Gold of saintly Riza has its currency.

SHAH RVKH. (1) I, >\+L LL dj e+LA bJ> 'f.1 1 C5,J5!,J ' j d'¶? P -1 uJ!

Whenas Shah Rukh imperial money coined, 't was then A second time Iran renewed herself again.

Throughout the world he struck his coin by grace divine, Shah Rukh, the watchful dog of Ali Riza's shrine.

(3) ul+ b &G13'i u~ j \ J . & j

+ a h tpL u W / i u\kL J< Another emperor has coined, thanks to Nadir's efforts' worth,

. Dog of the king of the East (Khurasan), Shah Rukh, the king of the earth.

Lurr ~ u . ,! LL 13 d y-?&W

Its stamp has golden money won From Lutf Ali, ~a'far's son.


TAHMASP I1 and \J& & J j ) L uLk j\ ABBAS 111. bJ d y & d 3 a b 3h\)0/d, From out of Khurasan a golden coin by grace divine was sent, And aid of Ali Musa's son the kingly saint benevolent.

MUHAXMAD HAWN and b 3j jt L lj! AKA MUHAMMAD.

' J e y d-! & tb A golden coin by happy fate has run In name of peaceful Ali, Musa's son.

K A ~ KHAN and

KA MUEAHHAD.

While gold and silver through the world shall flow, Coin of the Age's Lord (the true Imam) shall go.

GRIM KEAN, Aaa AL-FATJI, Wb ), j 5 L 3 +Lit A 2

SADIX, ALI MURID, and WLljl\ -b ;< ,&\ j\ AKA MUHAMMAD.

Silver and gold through all the world have now become the moon and sun,

Thanks to the true Imam's imprint, the Age's Lord (the rightful one).

As long as Azad on the earth shall stand, The Age's master shall the coin command.

AKA MUHAMICAD. (1) &! ubj 5 v) Jj. b "b u L J \ +-b L

W i l e stamped shall be the gold and silver ore, The coinage of the Age's Master shall endure.

102 MUSALMBN NUMIBWl'N!S.

While stamp shall be on gold and silver ore, The coinage of the Age's Master shall endure.

The order proceeded from the Incomparable Creator to Ahmad the king : " Strike coins in silver and gold from the ascension of Pieces up to the moon."

The world-protecting king Ahmad Shah struck coins in gold by God's grace.

The coin of Taimur Shah got current in the world by the order of God and the Prophet of the people.

- TAIMUR, as king. r \ n , +AI+ j\ #pi, % 31 t ~ z

a k J w " & ~ xKI!dL

The revolution (of the heavens) brings gold and silver from the sun and moon, that it may make on its face the impression of the coinage of Taimur Shah.

ZAMAH SHAH. "1s += db,p ctLj &I" rc;! ~ - b d "*. djJ

The currency of the coin of the realm in the name of Shah Zaman obtained permanency by the order of the Lord of both Worlds.

~ ~ H A ~ U D SHAH. (1) 4 &fi j j f i dj

dL: a,.& C ; , L & ,+ The world-conquering Khusrau Mahmud Shah struck coins

in gold through God's support.

. (2) dl!!' ,e 3 J; 3 4 3 , "*. a r s n u\,kl-.J;_a,/

Sultan Mahmud, the second Khusrau, increased the coinage of the redm in gold and silver.

SHUJA AL-MULK. x L 3 f l C; ,e , j3 ~2 a. J '4.4 r k &LW1 J.a r l J

The religious king, Shuja al-Mulk Shah, struck coins in silver and gold like the sun and moon.

&bISAR SHAH. rk ~j y/r 3 s*. d-J\ @ j\ u+Ja $\

The coinage in gold and silver in the name of Qaisar Shah is current in the world by God's grace.

NUB AL-DIN. &dIj$ 8 L j & '4.4

+ p-LZ. j l

The coinage became bright from King Nur al-Din (Light of the Faith), current from the saint Kutb al-Arih (Pole Star of the Wise).

AYPUB SHAH. (1) b L A+)+ x u u b 1 3

b L S ++-\ ALL LU j l

I n the world the sun and moon were illuminated by the darting forth of the rays of the coinage of Ayyub Shah.

(2)

The coinage of Ayyub Shah in gold and silver came into

existence by the order of the exalted Creator.

DOST M ~ A M X A D . (1) A& xk, & + &tsn F~p

+, yk XYL - . ;-C j,J

No sooner did Dost Muhammad reach dominion and dignity

than the period of the circulation of Payindah Khan's

coinage arrived.

(2) *j~+~,r(-,blJ+yrf, *J skd 2,) 4

The sun and moon give good tidings to silver and gold, for

the period of the circulation of the coins of Payindah

Khan has arrived.

(3) +I +!L* LJL e j 3 3 Jj & ajky~, an ~ ; r * j 3 ~ 1

By the grace of the great Creator, the Amir, Dost Nuhammad,

struck coins a second time in metal.

SULTA~P MUHAMMAD. dL ,,p d+> 8~ ad yLj w,lhL iIy3 iC

The money of the kingdom of the Sovereign of the Age has

engraved on its face the likeness of the sun and heavens.

POETICAL LEGENDS.

SHIB ALI. (1) -I;? r' j f i j - s &j

1 . 1 t as;l&k &+'.".I.. , TJJ

By the favour of the Eternal Creator the money of Amir Shir Ali has found circulation.

(2) + ~ C j ~ , n \ + * J 3 - ' , $ - ~ j ~ & + ~ ~

By the abundant kindness of the Beneficent King of Heaven,

Amir Shir A l i coined money like the bright full moon.

(3) J J + dUl, +L u Lb Je-LxJ fk 'd.4

Through the graces and favours of the Eternal One, money

began to be circulated in the name of Shir Ali.

Amir Shir Ali, a second time, struck coins in the world, like the bright full moon.

~ U H A M ~ I A D AFZAL. && Igj ~ / ; n J jF E$ GI J A l w ,tp Apt

Two armies from the East and West joined in battle, and

separated, and so Muhammad Afzal became the Amir of

the kingdom of Khurasan.

As soon as, by the grace of Heaven's favours, his rights

became established, money began to circulate in Mu-

hammad Azam's name.

106 MUSALNAN NUMISMATICS.

WALI SHIR ALI. J;r $. &ij a21

&+IbJ-;j CS-jb By the grace of the eternal God Shir A l i haa become the

Governor of Kandahar.

MUHAMMAD JAN, J+ k$ r y f i &LJ rebel. 3'lt.'~&-L'J$&~j>*I-r

I make madness till on my head a tumult falls. Coin I strike

on metal, till its master is found.

Moghul Emperors.

AKBAH. (1) ~ d f ~j (;<I &,,<I xurCw I .LbejL- W ' J $ ~ ~ + ~ / . I C J 3

The sun of the seal of Shah Akbar is the glory of this gold,

Whilst earth and sky are illumined by the shining sun.

(2) 2jj a k ~ i / l ~ j\ w J j

J+ L5,+ + Jj JJ? By the seal of Akbar Padishah gold becomes bright.

On this gold tbe Shah's name is " light upon light."

Like the golden orb of sun and moon, may ever pass

In the world's West and East the stamp of Allahabad. '

The lord of the realm struck money of gold,

Shah Sultan Salim, Akbar Shah's (son).


Made the face of gold to shine like the sun and moon, Shah Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

Money struck in the city of Agra, the Csesar, refuge of the world,

Shah Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

(4) The same with &t' substituted for a$\ in the first line.

The Shah, refuge of the faith, put this stamp on gold at Ajmir, Shah Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

In East and West may thc stamp of Ahmadabad, 0 God, while the world lasts, be current.

(7) wLj aj+&4? a b j\ uki J,+ )j ~ d , \ L * a;Jl t J J.pfcA+ +. uL2j czn*u~ LI

c.1 w\J Jk C5-/1c' &-?I

To Shah Jahangir belongs the whirligig of time ; In Agra by his name gold shines brightly : So long as the pomp of the Five Guards lasts in the wor May the stamp of his Five Yuhrs be current.


(8) JpY XJ &,,+\ JL w ,+At *b$b a k tLj

On the money of Lahore may there ever be

Light, by the name of Shah Jahangir, Shah Akbar's (son).

On the face of the golden coin, ornament and grace gave

The picture of Shah Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Shah.

The Shah, refuge of the faith, struck this coin of gold at Ajmir,


(10) ~ % j )j da 411~ d 4 A\ 8'; j\

The face of gold was decorated at Agra by Jahangir Shah, Shah Akbar's (son).

(11) ,; -4 5-<\ kc a k 8 k y L k j\

The money of A g a gave ornament to gold, etc.

Money struck at Ahmadabad, God's Paradise,


(13) The same, with the first line ending aff ~;.b\;c j f instead of d \ L ; . L ~ .


To the gold of Ahmadabad gave adornment

Jahangir Shah, Shahanshah, Akbar's (son).

So long as the heavens revolve, current be

In the name of Shah Jahangir the money of Lahore.

In Isfandarmiz at Agra this stamp struck on gold,

The Shah of Shahs of the world, Shah Jahangir, son of

Shah Akbar.

(17) The same, with instead of r$ I) in

the first line, and r\ , ' of the people,' for

C;,L,j in the second.

I n the month of Tir, the King, the defender of the faith,

Bhah Jahangir, son of Akbar Shah, stamped this coin in

gold at Lahore.

('9) ~ j j ~ j l~YJ31* I&~ -2 aL

Second line as KO. 16.

The gold of Lahore in the month Bahman became like the shining moon,

I n the reign of Shah Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Shah Akbar.

The light of the world at Ajmir became the money of gold, By the light of the name of Jahangir Shah, Shah Akbar's (son).

The money of Kandahar became beauteous By Jahangir Shah, Akbar Shah's (son).

In the month of Farwardin the gold of Agra became luminous like a star, by the light of the stamp of Shah Jahangir, son of Shah Akbar.

P 4 ) >\ " A, J ; ~ ~ Y ~j d3]>J

Second line as No. 23.

I n the month of Farwardin the gold of Lahore became an object of jealousy to the bright moon, through the light of the stamp, etc.


JAHANGIB and Jt?j 'A4 d b & b $k? NUB JAHAN. &J "'-"a4 w k j+ rLj

By order of Shah Jahangir a hundred beauties gained Gold by the name of Nur Jahan Padishah Begam.

SHAH JAHAN. w\u.rI~ ?\ ~ 4 1 ~ 4 ~ xL: LC -sb 2 s J3,k

By the money of Shahjahanabad current through the world For ever by the name of the second Sahib Kiran.

h h I i A l l BAKHJH. ~ j & X k c)\*b/; a'\ & G I L & ~ * 3 I r "

. Took the heritage of Sahib Kiran Shah Jahan, Mnrad Bakhsh Muhammad Shah, second Alexander.

B U ~ ~ N G Z I B . (1) ~ j ) k / 3 ~ j

#$L w.~&J>' Struck money through the world likc the shining sun, Shah Aurangzib Alamgir.

(2) The same, with the substitution of J ~ , moon, for p, sun, in the first line.

a k $%C\ d-!L ~\-A&)'-J

Struck money through the world with might and majesty, Padishah of the realms, Azam Shah.

Struck money on sun and moon, the Shah of the Deccan Kam Bakhsh Padishah.


Struck money of gold like the sun, the Sahib Kiran Jahandar Shah, Padishah of the world.

I n the horizons struck money like sun and moon, Abu al-Fath, victorious Jahandar Shah.

FARRUKH SIYAR. jj, ~j 3c h j 1 . j d*' . J + j J - ! , , 4 a L J +

Struck money of gold and silver by grace of the Truth, The Padishah of sea and land, Farrukh Siyar.

Struck money in India, with a thousand blessings, Shah of Shahs by sea and land, Rafi al-Darajat.

Struck money through the world by grace of God, Muhammad Shah, Padishah of the age.

Money of silver struck through the world, By favour of Muhammad, Ibrahim Shah of Shahs.

POETICAL LEGENDS.

(2) Another reading of the same :

Struck money through the world, by favour of the Bountiful One, Shah of Shahs, Muhammad Ibrahim.

Struck money in the seven climates shining like the sun and moon,

Shah Aziz &Din Alamgir, victorious Padishah.

Bahadur Shah Alamgir Sani struck coin like that of the Sahib Kiran on gold.

The master of crown and throne, Muhammad Jahan Shah, Bidar Bakht put his stamp on gold (or silver).

SHAH ALAM. (1) dl J;b dj &\/3 h* b d L

aL:+ plL a L : M &L,

The defender of the religion of Muhammad, Shah Alam, Padishah through the aid of God, struck coins like those

of the Sahib Xiran.

(2) alt 3a, +L,+ &J! 39 bJrJ r b 5 plL ;L M d w ~ &L

The defender of the religion of Muhammad, Shah Alam Padishah, Shadow of the divine favour, put his stamp on the seven climes.

Onjarat Sultan.

MUHAMMAD 11. 34 a b :, &A!\ d + i u U L 5 34 t l . ,K. LPj Ma,fU,~l

May the win of Muhammad Shah Sultan, the Aid of the

Faith, remain so long as in the sphere of the seat of

the mint the orb of the sun and moon remains.

RAIIJIT DEO. 2~ 3~ 'J JJ ,.v A 3 j 34t 3 3 hik

Ranjit Deo peopled this part,

Lachmi Narayin made glad its heart.

Sikh.

Abundance, the sword, victory and help without delay,

Guru Gobind Singh obtained from Nanak.

The Abjad.

The ~ ~ 6 , chronogram, composed by means of the Abjad system,

is but seldom found on coins, although it is commonly used to record dates in YSS. and inscriptions. The Abjad, so called from

the first four letters u 1 in its table, is an arrangement by

which each letter of the Arabic alphabet represents a number in

the following scale :-

= 10

The date is found by adding together the value of the letters composing the word or words indicated, as will be seen in the

following examples. On a coin of Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, Urtukid of Kayfa,

there is alongside the head on obv. : U= 500, ,.J = 50, , = 6, i.e. 500 + 50 + 6 = 556, or 0 0 1 of ~ i j r a .

A coin of Nadir Shah of Persia has on its obv. a couplet and

date I IpA, and on rev. arranged in Tughra form &I eyk L L tj) & By the Tarikh, Whatever happens is best."

One of the varieties of the Muhr of Jahangir the Hoghul emperor, representing him as seated with a goblet in his hand, has on the obv. this couplet :-

+,+ +-S,j &+ P;k +

Destiny has d r a m on money of gold The portrait of His Hajesty Shah Jahangir ;

and on the rev. :-

A' .JJ',S+ ujy

dh LA 3 3 . ~ ~ 3 Jj\ j:, j

The letters of Jahangir and Allahu Akbar's Are equal in value from the beginning of time.

This latter couplet is an anagram rather than a chronogram, but is to be made out by the Abjad, and therefore is noticed here.

Tipu Sultan of Nysore, not content with the Abjad, introduced another system, wherein the value was given to each letter according to its position in the Arabic alphabet. This was called the I"\ Abtas, from the first four letters in it, and was used on Tipu's coins after the fourth year of his reign to give the number of the cycle year, as will be described under "Cycle Years."

The Abtas.

DEN0MINATIONS OF COINS.

Until comparatively modern times no other denominations were

put upon Musalman coins than /k.3, dinar, on gold ; PJ'S dirham, on silrer ; and &, fals, on copper. Exceptions to this

are the fractional pieces of the dinar noticed below.

he /k3, or, as it was spelt in the oldest times and very rarely

afterwards, /;?J, was of good gold, weighing at the time of the

h t Khalifs about 66 grains, and being about -75 inch in diameter.

Later on the same denomination was used for gold coins of greater

or less weight and size. The quality of the metal was almost

always h e gold, exceptions being Turkish and Morocco coins,

some of which were far from being so. Divisions of the dinar

were but rarely noted in words, the legend being b, this dinar, whether the coin was a whole, half, or quarter one;

but sometimes they were in these terms : & \h, this half,

& \b, this third, t~j1 \b , this fourth, without the

word following. So they are called a nasf, a thilth, a ruba,

in much the same way as we speak of a tiers or a cent. The value of a dinar is now so small in Persia that a copper piece of

Nasir al-Din, A.H. 1290, of the size of a penny is marked,&;?3 b'

and a smaller piece,&^ r 0 . The is the general name for a silver coin, as the J&3 is

of gold. It corresponds to the drachma, and when used as a weight should equal 48 grains. But silver coins having the

name dirham on them vary much in weight and size, and although

half and double dirhams are not uncommon, they are not so

denoted in the legends they bear. The character of the metal varies very much ; some of almost all periods is of very poor

quality. A plural form of the word is seen on a Yorocco coin,

ysbd r&, ten dirhams. On some coins of the Dehli king

Yuhammad b. Taghlak is the p h & ~ j 2 j , L t p,.d\, The dirham legal in the age.

&.i or yu$ is the o r c h q name for the copper or, in a f e r

cases, bronze coinage. The p l d form & is often used in a general way 3s ' a talus.'

Besides the abore denominations sereral special ones must be mentioned.

The nomenclature of the Turkish coinage is di5cnlt to mm-

prehend ; the changes hare been so many and nrious. The denominations are not, hoaerer, denoted upon the coins, so an

accent of them need not be giren here; but some hare their d u e given ; thus, o and $ with ciphers aboce them represent

so many piaatras or ghumsh, and stands in the same way for paras.

The coiuage of Pencia has much changed in nomenclature during

the last 200 years, but none of the names are upon the coins

except &\, Ash&, and &+ on gold, and the ]&r~, already

referred to on copper and on d r e r . The autonomous copper coins of Persia, too, are nearly al l marked The curious rire coins called Iarrin, from Lar, a Persian district at the head

of the Persian Gulf, where they were produced, were between 200

and 300 years ago the chief currency of the traffic between the

Western India coast and that Gulf, so much so that they beaune a standard of ralne in the Konkan and D e b , and were made

there also, the Adil Shah dynasty of Bijapnr adopting the pattern.

The coin is a piece of silver wire of the size of a crow-quill, and from five to six inches long, doubled on its middle, and struck a t

the folded part with a damp on which was some Persian legend,

but only three or fonr letters of the stamp are upon any Larin, and

the legend baa not been made out beyond-c ,L - Jc\b - and r b . The source of issue of the Larin is not known, nor its origin. Probably it was f o n d to be a convenient form of

money for curying about, as they could be so easily stuck into the folds of the turban or waist-cloth, and in that way too be

DENOMINATIONS OF COWS. 119

concealed in case of trouble in those piratical times and regions.

About Ceylon they are often found bent up in the form of a hook,

and are known in those parts as the ' fish-hook money.'

Gold pieces of Khwarizm and of Afghanistan are called tilla ;

the name, however, is not put upon the coins except in a part of the legend, as bj , in silver and gold.

The words b(lr and d k , meaning coinage or currency, are

very common upon the coins of India and the neighbouring

countries, the former word especially so, and often in the phrase L(I\". b(l, , auspicious coinage.

In India the Musalman coinage began with adaptation of the

Hindu currency it was to replace, as will be seen by the early

coins of the Dehli kings who introduced the tankah, &-, as the

etandard in both silver and gold, of the weight of about 174 grains

in each metal, and the kani j K , $. of a tankah, and equal to four fals. These words are found, but rarely, on coins of this

c h s . I n the reign of Sher Shah, A.H. 946-952, came into use the silver rupee, +,,,, , of 178 grains weight, which with little

variety in weight has been the standard coin of India to this day, the gold piece being thew, muhr, and the copper the +a, dam.

The Emperor Akbar, with his other reforms, instituted an elaborate

coinage with great varieties of value and of shape, each variety

having a special name, but as none of these names, except those

of some of the copper, are found on the coins, they need not be

mentioned here. The muhr and the rupee, however, remained the standard. On the copper coins of Akbar we find several

denominations given, u&, b , and &J b , with their divisions,

,& half, h fourth part, rb eighth part, and

h 83"k sixteenth part, and their multiples and (in i- J'

Hindustani) ; the drl+z damri, the p half-dam, and &A

also meaning a half-dam. On the copper coins of Akbar's son

Jahangir we find j b rawani and 6 !, raij, both words meaning

current coin, and their half p, the former corresponding in weight

with the tankah, the latter with one-eighth of a tankah.

The gold coin calL?dl'.5 I&&, waa made for the prupose of

M u t i o n on the &om of great featid, such as SQte pro- & or at m- when they were scattered aman@ the crowd. !l'hey are usually somewhat thinner than the coins of currency, and are marked with the rordlt&. The enetom of wa- coin on great occasions is still kept up in the East, but

the pieces for the nkPr are usually n o r only of rery thin gold, little more than gold-hf. Also there are the large handsome gold pieces of 200, 100, 50, and 10 muhrs of 9tbar and hia three sncceseors, which were, no doubt, not for currency use d j ,

but for presentation in the way of honour from the emperorr or

offered to the emperor or king, for tribute or sehowledgnent of fealty, , nazarina as it is called.

Cnder the East India Company the rupee remained the standard, and ita fineness and weight were fixed. So it has been aince.

Gold muhrs of the value of at one time 16 and at others 15 rupees have been struck, with half, third, quarter, eighth, and aktmnth of mnhr gold pieces, at various dates, but the issue of a gold currency r a a only temporary. Some were made in imitation of the Dehli emperor's coinage, others h a ~ e the arms of the Company

and the legend >+\ Ashrafi, or gold coin of

the Honourable English Company. In 1835 and 1854 the lion and

palm-tree muhr and double muhr, marked 6%2\ 4 - L>,A\f3, were issued, and in 1870 a 10 rupee gold piece of Queen Victoria.

In eilver, besides the rupee, there are its di&ions *, f , and .k, marked respectively aj f c;A - & f ,b - aj \ :d. The copper

money is the ail ana, 16 to a rupee, the h* paisa, 4 to an ana, and the j k psi, 3 to the paisa. The ana is but a money of

account, the copper coins being the 41 half-ana, the or

quarter am, and the j i with its multiples and &,a. But in Southern India the Hindu system of currency, which had

remained unchanged during the time of the Musnlman power, con-

tinued to be in use for a considerable period under the East India

Company. In gold the hnn, or pagoda, and double pagoda

DEPiOMINATIONS OF COINS. 121

)a, one being marked as Jt\< flowery pagoda. In

silver the up and U,B :b half and quarter pagoda, the P fanam, +,d and $v ; and in copper thew$ falus, and t.he

yg kas. The money table being 20 kas= 1 falus, 4 falus = 1 fanam, 42 fanam = 1 pagoda or hun. But owing to attempts

made by orders to equalize the currencies of the Presidencies, the

relative value of the coins became altered, and we have copper

coins of Madras with a variety of legends stating their value, such

as E;A\ v\S &.\ this is forty kas; others of twenty,

ten, five, two and a half, and two kas of a like character; and

others bearing their relative value, such as LA.+\ QJK 33,

-1 w,L L$ yK &, and dl y*S;;& yK G+. when 5 kas were equal to 1 falus. The coins bearing the following

inscriptions were proofs not made current.

Coin of the Kunpani (Company), d e I vq r" L;tj$ L& 1793, Christian era.

&,-+ 1A.I &J 3Jjb w+,a Two falus of the Honourable Company, 1801, Christian era.

d-y+ I"." a,+ cJ-' d: L $ &$ w.3.. & *C d\ This coin, three falus, of the Honourable Company, is one little

fanam, 1807, Christian era.

The Native States of India which owed allegiance to theYoghu1 emperor, usually coined silrer in the name of the emperor, and

copper of their own style, often of irregular shape and bearing

a stamp of some figure or device without a legend. The common

name for them was ' dub.'

The coinage of the Native Statcs of India is a difficult but

interesting subject. The legend on the silver is usually a part,

sometimes but a small part, of the coin-legend of one of the later emperors, without date or mint place ; moreover, the die was

generally a good deal longer than the coin to be struck, and consequently there is but a portion of this imperfect legend on any

one piece. There are almost always marts or vbich rere intended to be indicative of the mint-place or State, and sometimes

they are so, but too often the same symbols were used at Merent times by more than one State, and a great number of the coins remain still massigned. The money-changers and dealers in India

know them generally by some nickname, but care and know little

aa to what State they are the coinage of. During the last twenty years or so the chiefs of many States hare adopted coinage of

a modern pattern struck from dies made in England, usually

bearing some figure as a characteristic mark; thus, there is the

horse's hoof and fetlock for Baroda and the sun-face for Indore.

Tipu Sultan of Uaisur had a coinage of muhrs, rupees, and paisa or kas, but gave new names to them in the 5th year of his

reign. These names appear on some of his coins, and are as follows :-

Gold.-&*\ for muhr, 9-b for half mnhr, and >:,b for pagoda.

Si1var.-dJ+ for double mpee, for mpee, &+L for

half rupee, for quarter mpee, cf+ for one-eighth rupee,

&s for one-sixteenth of a mpee, and for one thirty-

second of a mpee.

C ~ ~ e r . - ~ k c and for double paisa, S / b j or \pj for

one paisa, r\H for half paisa, F\ for quarter paisa, and Cbj for one-eighth of a paisa.

The names were no doubt derived for the most part from

the names of the Prophet and the Imams. -1 one of the

names of the Prophet himself, +-& $J *\ the 1st Khalif,

/AS the 2nd Khalif, &c I+ the 1st Imam, &\

Imams, &+W\ &ej - -jb J~ I . - - $1 d y the 4th,

5th, 6th, and 7th Imam, ,LA a Prophet who is supposed to

have discovered the Water of Life, the 3rd Walif,

~f,z.h the planet Jupiter, S 2 j Venus, pk hlars, j&\ a star.

DENOMINATIONS OF COINS. 123

Travancore is a Hindu State, and has still a Hindu coinage, but

there are Hindustani words in Persian characters on a few of the

cob, *., %wt, **,.p muhr, five rupees, (rj - 41)) A. The money table, according to Yateer, is :-Copper : 16 kas = 1 chuckram. Ss7ver: 4 chuckram = 1 fanam; 7 fanam = 1 rupee. BoM : Panam of various sorts = from 4f to 7 chuckram ;

rasi = 10 chuckram ; varahan = 524 fanam.

Kutch and Kathiawar have a special currency, the standard for

which is a small silver coin called a kori. The denominations

are :-Cupper : +Jb tranbiya ; &,L, dokda = 2 tranbiya.

8iiloer: kori= 24 dokda. The word is dokta on t.he coins,

but is really dokda.

On coinage of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago we find

some other denominations. Native States have the yun mas,

in gold, the kapang, the v K kas, and the w$ falus, in

copper. A ducat of the Dutch East India Company, written in

Yalay &,d, & and uY'uY'd, +, and of the Netherlands

Government, is called ia J dirham, a duit c;J*,L( , and a rupee t J

4,) 9 with divisions of the rupee of 3 , i?i, T&, and 3 % ~ in Malay (see p. 6).

A Java rupee of the English East India Company is marked

& f ~ &d **I, coin of the Henglish Company, a Port

Marlbornugh rupee is called j;*r & eJ\, money of

Company two soko, and there are also g.< and multiples of

the same.

A soko corresponds to a quarter dollar. A kapang is a small

copper coin of which 400 equal a Spanish dollar.

The small currency of these parts was, and still is, made of tin,

or of pewter largely composed of that metal, which is the

commonest one there, the tin-mines of the Peninsula and neigh-

bouring islands being the source of supply of it in the East. The

Portuguese made every endeavour, early in their t r d c with

Sumatra and the Peninsula, to get the trade and to control the

mines, and the Dutch were not slow in doing the same in the

iglands where their possessions and influence lay. Following on

this the Portuguese Gorernment in the sixteenth century made

pewter, or tutenag coins for currency in Western India, and as i t became recognized and acceptable for trade, the English Government made tutenag coins early in the eighteenth century

for use in the same parts of India, in rery close imitation of the

Portuguese coinage. There are also some m e coins in this metal

struck in the name of the Dehli emperor Shah J a h n , made

probably at Surat.

Another denomination is to be found on a coin of Zanzibar, riz. JbJ rea l .

On some coins of Dehli and Bengal kings, instead of the denomination the word +.A!\ the silver (coin), is used.

PLACE AND TIME OF MINTAGE.

PLACE AND TIME OF MINTAGE.

The usual legend about the striking of a Musalman coin is

[pli(Ilkd\ \js. up d!\ In the name of God this dinar

(or dirham) was struck, followed by the name of the mint place

and the date. Instead of the word up on some Murabit coins

is ufiP\, ordered to be struck ; on some Dehli and Gujarat

coins, +,A!\ J\3, place of the striking ; on other Gujarat ones,

-++, struck; and on a Great Kaan coin, vA\ ,,\+, at the

place of striking. On some Xasrid pieces $J, struck, and on

some of the Norman kings of Sicily , made, are used instead

of u+ . The following phrases arc used with reference to the time of the

striking :-

In the days of the state or empire. $2 ,b\ 2 - a , ~ t44 I n the days of the king. &\ 2

,Wl JzJ\ ~ J , J ,.h\ 3 I n the days of the empire of the Lord Sultan.

In the time of. +e d ~t tho date. ?,MI 3 - eJb 2

Under the empire of the Lord Sultan. uu\ d , ~ 3 In the time of. ,pj 2 - wLj.!\ 2 - ,Lj J

In the time of the Imam. ,pj 3 By order. p\

Under the governorship. &Y, 3 By authority of the Amir.

The mint name had the preposition +, in, attached to it on

the older coins, but not often on the later ones ; for instance, fy19 in the time of the early Khalifs and L\j in that of the

Mongols of Persia. The article 31, the, is prefixed to some names and not to others, and a few mint names are sometimes

written with and mmetimej withont it, and that too eren at about

the same date.

Before or after the mint name there is often a word or two

meaning place, city, port, etc , - i& ,,+, or expressire

of quality, title, or condition, a3 -:,'-t the blessed, w& I

holy, iu-&' the new; or both, such a3 &,a &L the

guarded tie, 6 id+ the good city, U;~;J ;J the b l e s s

port. Thm are called the titles of mint towns, and a list of them follows that of the mints, showing the places to which the

title is giren in each case.

The List of Mint Toms has been compiled from the one in 66

%ret's Sumi3matique Xnsalmane," with the addition of such

other places as hare been found in numismatic writings since that

hook was published. For the purpose of greater accuracy as to

the geopdphical position of the toms-such general descriptions 66 as in Irak Arati," "in Khurasan," not being satisfactory-the

latitude and longitude are giren when they hace been ascertained. %me names hare not been located, although they are mentioned

b 6

in. Yakut's Xn6jam al-Buldan " ; in such cases a few words of

dcncription by that author are quoted. A f e r more yet remain ilncertain : some of them probably have disappeared or sunk into

innignificance ; others may hare been new names giren to places

on their capture by a Xusalman king, but since forgotten ; and othcrs are most likely misreahgs. When the mint name has

been noticed by only one writer his name is added, in brackets, as

the authority for including it in the list; all the other mint names

have been given by more than one writer. The class of coin upon

which the mint name is found follows the geographical description,

and then the title or titles of the town, which are given as p r e h

or sufflx according to whether they precede or follow the name.

Tho spolling of the names is not, as will be seen, always the same ;

Arzcrum is nn in~tance of this : p>fj,\ - p/j l l - ,.+A! - t,PIl. Misrcdings may account for this sometimes, but there are mis-

pol lings and variations in spelling some of the names on the coins.

LIST OF MINT TOWNB.

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Abhar. I n Azarbaijan. 36' 8' N. ; 49' 20' E. Sallarid (Markof).

Abrashahr. Old name for Nisabur. Umayyad ; Abbasid. Prefix &.LL. .

Abarkuh. In Farsistan. 31' 10' N. ; 53' 15' E, Yongols of Persia ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia.

al-Abadan min al-Ahwaz. ?. Buwayhid.

Abu. I n Rajputana, India. 24' 35' N. ; 72O 45' E. Dehli Kings (Rodgers).

Abuan. I n E g p t , near Damietta ? Abbasid (Soret). Prefix &h.

dbusaidiyah. ?. Mongols of Persia. (Some- times written without the initial \ .)

Abushahr. Bushire, in Farsistan. 29O 0' N. ; 50° 52' E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix ,+ .

Abiward. I n Khurasan. 37' 56' N. ; 59'1 5'E.

Xongols of Persia. Etawah. In N. W. Provinces of India.

26O47' N. ; 79' 3' E. Dehli Emperors.

Ut&. Farab, in Turkistan. 44' 35' N. ; 67' 20' E. Xongols of Persia ; Chagatai. Prefix 4 - ii& -+.A.

Attuk. In Panjab, India. 33' 53' N. ; 72O 16' E. Dehli Emperors ; Durrani.

At.tuk Benares. The same. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

Ajayur. Bakror, in Oudh, India. Dehli Emperor.

128 MUSALMAK NUMISMATICS.

Ajmir. I n Rajputana, India. 26' 27' N. ; 74O 43'E. Dehli Emperors. ~refixes+\,\ J . &d\+.". - a L .

Ujjain. I n Yalwah, India. 23'10' N. ; 75'47'E. Dehli Kings and Emperors, and local. Prefix +\)\J.

Achah. Acheen, in Sumatra SO1O'N.; 95O35'E.

Local Sultan ; English. Prefixes,+ - d - - pLII ,A+.

Ahsanabad. Gulburgah, in the Deccan, India. 17O 18' N. ; 76' 54' E. Dehli Emperors ; Bahmani. Prefix a+.

Ahmadabad. I n Gujarat, India. 23' 1' N. ;

72' 38' E. Dehli Emperors ; Gujarat Kings.

Prefixes ~ ' Y s l l ,\> . ~U133 . ++ - "U\ G+i.

Ahmadpur. I n Bahawalpur State, India. 29' 8' N. ; 71' 18'E. Durrani. Local Raja.

Ahmadshahi. Kandahar. Durrani; Barakzai. Prefix 3 u\ S , A \ .

Ahmadnagar. I n Gujarat, India. 23' 38' N. ; 72O54' E. Gujarat Kings. prefix ,+b+.

Ahmadnagr. I n the Deccan, India. 19O5'N. ; 74O 55' E. Dehli Emperors ; local Rajas.

Ahmadnagar Farukhabad. Farukhabad, in N.W. Provinces, India. 27'23'N. ; 7g036'E.

Dehli Emperors. Akhtarnagar Oudh. Oudh. Dehli Emperors.

Akhsikat. Capital of Farghana. 41° 36' N. ; 71° 20' E. Abbasid(Tiesenhausen); Samanid; T u r k i s h (Markof).

Ikhshin. I n Farsistan (Yakut). Mongols of Persia.

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Akhsi. I n Turkistan. 40' 55' N. ; 71' 22' E.

Shaybanid (Markof). Akhlat. Khelat, in Armenia. 38' 52' N. ;

42O 10' E. Mongols of Persia.

Akhur ? Chagatai (Oliver).

Adrinah. Adrianople, in Turkey. 41' 27' N. ; 26O 40' E. Othmanli.

Udaipur. I n Rajputana, India. 24' 37' N. ; 73O49'E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix a&&.

Azarbaijan. A Province of Persia. Umayyad ;

Abbasid ; Tahirid. Arran. A Province in Armenia. Umayyad

(Markof) ; Abbasid ; Mongols of Persia. Prefix &.b .

Arbuk. In Khuzistan. 31' 16' N. ; 49' 3' E.

Mongols of Persia. Arbil. I n Turkistan. 36' 10' N. ; 44' 0' E.

Abbasid; Buktiginid; Buwayhid; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair.

Arrajan. I n Farsistan. 30°42'N. ; 50°26'E.

Abbaeid ; Saffarid ; Bnwayhid ; Tahirid ; Mongols of Persia.

Arjish. I n Armenia. 39' 0' N. ; 43' 13'E.

Mongols of Persia. Ardabil. I n Azarbaijan. 38O9' N. ; 48' 19' E.

Abbssid ; Sajid ; Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai ; Atabeg ; Jalair ; Shahs of Persia.

Prefix &)YI >\a. al-Ardun. The Jordan district of Syria.

Umayyad (Rodgers). Ardashir Khurrah. Firozabad, in Farsistan.

2E0 42'N. ; 52O 48' E. Umayyad ; 'Abbasid. Urdu. A camp. Shaybanid; Shahs of Persia ;

Dehli Emperors.

Urdu dar rah-i-Dakhan. Camp on the road to &..A Jd j3\ the Dekhan. Dehli Emperors.

Erdn Zafar Q.arin. Camp linked to v i c t o ~ . G- 22 > ,311 Dehli Emperor Akbar.

Arzarnm. Enimnm, in Armenia. 39' 5 7 1 ; - ,a;>,\ - c;>\>\ 41° 20' E. Sdjaks ; Mongols of Persia ; r:/-l\ - ,a,, &jJ\

Othmanli.

A r z h I n Farsistan, on the sea-coast, as s. JJ 1 I think (Yakut ). Xongols of Persia

(Sanraire).

Arzaa In Armenia. 38' 10' N. ; 41' 18' E. ~j)' Xongols of Persia.

Arzanjan. I n Armenia. 3g3 38' N. ; 39' 54'E. u &d. JJ \ Saljuks ; JIongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Danish- mandid ; Karaman ; Timurid. Prefix &L.

Arsaband. In Turkistan, two farsakhs from +La,\ Marv (Yakut). Xongols of Persia.

A - a or a . Karbah, in Irak A]\ .>\ &\ Arabi. 32O 38'N. ; 44'33' E. Abbasid. 2'

Arz-i-Aqdas. Meshhed, in Persia. Shahs of ,&hi\ &\ Persia.

Arkat. Arcot, in Karnatic India. 12' 55' N. ; 79' 24' E. Dehli Emperor ; E.I. Company ;

local Nawab.

Arakan. On coast of Burmah. 20°42'N. ; u'$\ 93O 24' E. Bengal Kings.

Urmiah. Urmi, in Persia. 370301N.; 45' 19' E. &]' - GJ\ Abbasid ; Mongols of Persia.

Arminiyah. Province of Armenia. Umayyad ; kJ' Abbasid ; Sajid ; Mongols of Persia.

Ariwan. Eriwan, in Armenia. 40° 8' N. ; U>] \ - &I\ 44O 25' E. Nongols of Persia ; Othmanli.

Umsh, for &: . Timurid. (?) w,,'

LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 131

Immi. In Farsistan. Shahs of Persia ; Kara Kuyunlid ( Fraehn) ; Mongols of Persia (Bartholomei).

h a n d . Mount Elvand, near Hamadan. 34' 40' N. ; 48' 21' E. Mongols of Persia ; Shahs of Persia.

Azaq. Azof, in Russia. 47O 8' N. ; 39O 10' E. Golden Horde ; Othmanli. Prefixes ,&I . A& . k,/I.

Azammur. I n Morocco. 33O 18' N.; 8O 13' W. Marinid.

Azmir. Smyma, in Anatolia. 38O 27' N. ; 27O 12' E. Othmanli.

Asbaijab. Asfij ab Sairam, in Turkistan. 41° 42' N. ; 81° 50'E. Chagatai ; Turkistan.

Astara. I n Azarbaijan, on the Caspian. 38O 30' N. ; 48O 50' E. Mongols of Persia (Sawalief) ; Jalair ; Chagatai.

Astarabad. I n Mazandaran. 36' 50' N. ; 53O 45' E. Ziyarid ; Great Kaans ; Mongols of Persia ; Sarbadarid ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefixes L-h -

Usmshana. Uratube, in Turkistan. 3g055'N. ; 68O 58' E. Turkistan ; local Khan.

Isfarayin. In Khorasan. 37O 3' N. ; 57O 4' E. Nongols of Persia ; Shaybanid.

Asfi. Saffi, in Morocco. 32' 18' N. ; 8' 50' W. Filili Sharifs. Prefix L.G (Tychsen), A$

(Marcel). Asfir. ?. Dehli Emperor (Tychsen).

al-Iskandariyah. Alexandri,Egypt. 31' 12'N. ; ;;?,ALLY\

29O 52' E. Fatimid ; Zangid ; Ayyubid ; Mamluk ; Othmanli.


Uskub or Skub. I n Macedonia. 41' 0' N. ; 21° 19' E. Othmanli.

Islamabad. Chittagong, India. 22' 21' N. ; 91' 52' E. (Mathurs, according to Rodgers.) Dehli Emperors.

Istambol. Stamboul, Constantinople. Othmanli.

Ismir, forflj\. S m p a . Othmanli.

Uswariyah. Near Idahan (Yakut). Mongols of Persia (Markof).

Asir. Asirgarh, in Central Provinces, India. 21° 28' N. ; 76' 20' E. Dehli Emperor.

Ishbiliyah. Seville, in Spain. 37' 22' N. ; 5O 59' W. Abbadid ; Murabit ; Muwahhid ; Hudid.

Istikhan. Bukhara. T u r k i s h (Fraehn).

Istakhar. Persepolis, in Farsistan. 30' 1' N. ; 52O 57' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid.

Isbahan or Isfahan. In Irak Ajami, Persia. 32O 42' N. ; 51' 43' E. Abbasid ; Tahirid ; Buwayhid ; Kakwayhid ; Saljuks ; Mongols of Persia ; Eara Kuyunlid ; Timurid ; Chagatai ; Shahs of Persia. Prefixes kb. &\)\a. sutsx S,A.d\.

Atarabalus. Tripoli, in Syria. 34' 24' N. ; 35' 51' E. Umayyad (Lavoix) ; Fatimid (Markof).

Izzabad. ?. Dehli Emperor (Tychsen).

Azimnagar. ?. Dehli Emperor.

Agharnathah, for &b>. G r a d . Murabit.

Aghmat. In Morocco. 31° 4' N. ; 8O 0' W. Murabit.

Afrikiyah. Tunis. 36' 48' N. ; 10' 10' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Aghlabid.

LIST OF HINT TOWNS. 133

My. Afioum, in Anatolia. 38' 48' N. ; dp' .\ 30' 20' E. Saljuk (Pietrazewski).

Aksara, Akshahr. Ak - Sarai, in Karamania. - &\ 38O 23'N. ; 33'49'E. Saljuk (Soret) ; Mongols

&\/-' J\ of Persia (Fraehn) ; Karaman.

Aksa. In Circassia. 43O 30' R. ; 46' 18' E. LA\ Uncertain Khan (Fraehn).

Aksu. In Turkistan. 41 10' N. ; 80° 40' E. ,&I Chinese.

Akbarabad. dgra, N.W. Provinces, India. . b y \ Dehli Emperors. Prefixes . aili l lJ\d.

Akbarpur. I n Oudh, India. 26' 25' N. ; 82O 34' E. Dehli Emperors.

,&A' Akbarnagar. Rajmahal, in Bengal. 25' 2' H. ;

87' 52' E. Dehli Emperors. $A'

Akbamagar Oudh. bd,\ $ t \ . a,\ A# al-Akir. ?. Jalair ; Mongols of Peraia (Soret). 9' al-Akir, al-Agir. A fortress of Caucasus. Av\ -&I\

43' 4' N. ; 44' 10' E. Mongols of Persia ; Golden Horde.

h a . ?. Imam of Sana. F' Akuniah. ?. Timurid (Rodgers). dj$

Agrah. In N.W. Provinces, India. 27O 10' N.; . 78O 5' E. Kings and Emperors of Dehli.

4' Prefixes. Jdl ,la. ,LYI ,\a. & U i l l ] ~

~ \ , + & - + - & - a ~ l r . Almeria. In Spain. 36' 50' N. ; 2' 32' W. 4 . l

Bpanish Umayyad ; Murabit. Almalakah or al-Malakah. Kulja. 43' 58' N. ; djiW\

81° 15' E. Chagatai. Almorah. I n N.W. Provinces, India. 29'35' N.;

79' 41' E. Dehli Kings ; local Rajah. ?Y+J'

134 YUSALYAN NUMISHATICS.

Alinjah. Province to west of Isfahan, Persia. Jalair. PreGx & .

Alwar. I n Rajputana, India. 27O 34' N. ; 76' 38' E. Dehli Kings ; local Rajah.

Ulus Bulghar. Bulghar. Khan of Kazan.

Amasiah. In Siras, Asia Minor. 40° 39' N. ;

35' 48' E. Nongols of Persia ; Othmanli. Imtiyazgarh. Adoni, in Deccan, India. 15' 37' N. ; 77' 19' E. Dehli Emperor ; local Nawab.

Amid. Diarbakr, in Armenia. 37O 56' N. ; 40° 8' E. Abbasid ; Buwayhid; Marwanid ; Urtukid; Ayyubid; Othmanli. Prefix &LL..

Amdurman. I n Sudan. 15O 40' N. ; 32O 34' E. Local rulers.

Amritsar. I n the Punjab, India. 31° 37' N. ; 74' 55' E. Sikh.

Amul. In Mazandaran. 36' 30' N. ; 52O 25' E. Samanid ; Ziyarid ; Tabaristan ; Chagatai ; Mongols of Persia ; Timurid; Shahs of Persia. Prefix &3r..

Amirkot. Emarkot, in Sind. 25' 21' N. ; 69' 46'E. Dehli Emperors.

al-Anbar. NearBaghdad. 33O 38' N. ; 43O43'E. Umayyad (Fraehn) ; Buwayhid (Tychsen).

Anbar. In Turkistan. 36O 5' N. ; 64' 30' E. Buwayhid ; Marwanid.

Anabulia. Iniboli, in Asia Minor. 41' 55' N.;

33' 50' E. Othmanli (Wellenheim).

hda jan . Andokan, in Transoxiana. 40°50'N. ; 72' 25' E. Shaybanid ; Timurid ; Chagatai.

Andarabah. Indarab, in Turkistan. 35O 59' N. ; 69' 39' E. Abbasid (Rodgers) ; Abu Daudid ; Samanid ; Ghaznawid.


Indrapur. Indore, also Bhartpur, in Central J% lJ"

India. Dehli Emperor ; local Rajah.

al-Andalus. Cordova, in Spain. 37' 52' N. ; ",,.hi11 4O 50' W. Spanish Umayyad ; Hamudid ; Idrisid ; Abbadid.

Indore. I n Central India. 22O42'N.; 74' 54' E. Local Rajah.

Andijaraa. &I, in Khurasan. Samanid &kd\ (Markof).

al-Andikaru. Antequera, in Spain. 37' 3' N. ; ,)+&J\ 4' 31' W. Spanish Umayyad (Stickel).

Antakiyah. Antioch, in Syria. 36O 11' N. ; &&I 36' YE. Abbasid ; Tulunid ; Saljuk.

Ankuriyah. Angorah, in Anatolia. 39O 56' N. ; 8 9 \ - \ 32' 45' E. Mongols of Persia ; Othmanli.

Anandgha. Probably Anandpr, in Panjab. r/~\ . \ . 31°15'N.; 76O34'E. Sikh.

Anulah. Aoula, in N.W. Provinces, India. 43 1 28' 16' N. ; 79O 12' E. Dehli Emperors ; Durrani (Rodgers).

hi. Oni, in Armenia. 42O 48' N. ; 43O 15' E. Jalair ; Mongols of Persia.

2'

Aujan. I n Azarbaijan. 37' 50' N. ; 46O 40' E. L) L .> \ Mongols of Persia.

Anjan, also m\. In Malwah. Dehli &)\ Emperors.

Ankri. Ochrida, in Roumelia. 41 0' N. ; +>' 20° 45'E. Othmanli.

Oudh. In India. 26' 48' N. ; 82O 14'E. Dehli &aJ\ Emperor ; looal Kings. Prefixes . & &y.

Anrcha. In Bandalkhand, India. 25O 21' N. ; *JJ'

7 So 42' E. Local Rajah.

Urdu. Serai ; also probably Karakorama. )d,\ - 931~1 47O 15' N. ; 102O 20' E. Golden Horde ; Turkistan. Preiix +\.

Urdu Bazar. Serai. lfongola of Peraia ; J J - \.b 3 J J 3 \ Golden Horde ; Astrakhan.

Urdu alJadidah. New Urdu, Serai. Golden A>\ Horde.

? Urdu Khanah. Timurid. b j k )dJ3\ Urdu Humaynn. Imperial Camp. Othmanli. ~ $ ~ > d ~ > '

Anrangabad. In the Deccan, India. 19' 54' N. ; 36 &):I 75' 22' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix d k .

Aurangnagar. Dehli Emperor (White King). 3 4' Uzkand. In Turkistan. 40' 28' N. ; 73O 12'E. - d j j Y \ - dj,\

Turkistan. Prefixes i& . J1! . S d i x ~ j j l &I Jlc &Y, 2.

Oush. In Turkiatan. 40° 45' N. ; 72O 35' E. $3'

T i m d ; Chagatai. Oukak. On the Volga, between Bnlghar and

Serai. Golden Horde (Fraehn) ; Astrakhan 4'

(Markof). Ounik. In Armenia, now Jav'an Kalah. &,\ 40' 8' N. ; 42' 25' E. Mongols of . Persia (Soret).

Ahar. In Azarbaijan. 38O 28'N. ; 47O 0' E. fbt King of Ahar ; Kara K u y l i d (Soret).

al-Ahwaz. In Khuzistan. 31' 9' N. ; 48'44'E. &by\

Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Saljuk. See also j\~YIJIu*xjI . jpY\ jy, - j lpY\ &?".

Ayaaulugh. Ephesus. 37' 55'N. ; 27O 22'8 . . &&tLb\ Othmanli ; Aydin Amir. Prefix &h . d$b\

Iij. I n Farsistan, afterwards Shabankara. 6' Timurid (Rodgers).

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Iidaz. Malamir, in Khuzistan. 31' 51' N. ; 4g0 45' E. Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia.

Eriman, also c,bJ\ . In Armenia. 40' 8' N. ;

44O25'E. Shahs of Persia. P r e h ~ ~ 6 . Ailia, with # . Jerusalem. 31° 46' N. ;

35O 16'E. Umayyad ; Idrisid ; Ayyubid.

Elichpur. I n Berar, India. 21° 10' N. ;

7f0 30' E. Dehli Emperors. Iran. Persia. Shahs of Persia.

Ilak. In Turkistan. 39O 0' N. ; 64O IS' E. Ilaks of Turkistan (Markof).

aI-Bab. Darbend, on the Caspian Sea. 42' 5'N. ;

4S0 15' E. Umayyad. Prefix L-k. Bajara. In Mesopotamia. 36'42'N.; 39' 12'E.

Mongols of Persia (Soret). Bajnis. -4 c,h. Abbasid.

Bar. Near Nisabur, in Khurasan. 36' 35' N. ;

5S041'E. Mongols of Persia (Soret). P r e h .

Baran. Near Marv (Yakut). Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Kara Kuyunlid.

Barjin. I n Khurasan. 33' 8' N. ; 59' 49' E. Golden Horde.

Bari. Barin, in Syria. 32O 17' N. ; 34O 59' E. Mongolu of Persia (Soret).

Bariz. Paris. Filili Sharif Mulay Hasan.

Bazar. Probably c,!,\J. Mongols of Persia; Jalair (Bartholomei).

Bazift. Near Isfahan (Yakut and Schindler). Mongols of Persia (8chindler).

Baghchih Sarai. I n the Crimea. 44O 44' N. ;

33O 53' E. Krim Khans.


Baku. I n the Caucasus. 40' 21' N. ; 49O 50' E. . $4. ~ $ 4 -$b Golden Horde ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; G'? Chagatai ; Kara Kuyunlid (Fraehn).

Balapur. In South India. 20°40'N.; 76'49'E. I X ~ ~ Local (Tufnell).

Balkan. Near Merv ? Golden Horde (Soret). $4 Bamian. In Afghanistan. 34'49' N. ; 6Y028'E.

Samanid (Tiesenhausen) ; Abu Daud; Khwarizm.

Banad, Banak. Near h y y (Yakut). Jalair (Markof).

Baward. Abiward (Yakut). Mongola of Persia (Markof).

Baibirt. I n Armenia. 40' 16'N. ; 40' 10' E. Mongols of Persia.

Batan. Bhutan District, in Northern India. 27" N. ; 90° E. Local (Rodgers).

Bajayah. Bougiah, in Algeria. 36' 45' N. ;

5' 4' E. Muwahhid ; Hafsid ; Marinid.

Prefix && . Bahrayn. Island in Persian Gulf. 25O N. ; 50' E. Abbasid.

Bukhara. In Turkistan. 39' 48' N. ; 64O 34' E. Abbasid ; Tahirid ; Saljuk ; Shaybanid ; Janid ; Mangit. Prefixes - i+u\ id41 &&.-&.i&-+J.

Budaun. I n N.W. Provinces, India. 28'2'N. ; 79' 92' E. Dehli Emperors.

Badakhshan. I n Afghanistan. 37' 9' N. ; 70' 33' E. Samanid ; Chagatai ; Timurid ; Idrisid ; Babar (Rodgers). Prefix 4 .

Badaa. I n Arabia. 25' 16' N. ; 50' 40' E. Abbasid ; Idrisid ; Aghlabid ; Muwahhid ;

Jalair.


Bidlis. Bitlis, in Armenia. 38' 23' N. ; 42' 6'E. &* Amirs of Bidlis ; Chagatai ; Abbasid ?

Badhaghis. In Khurasan. 35' N. ; 62O E. && Abbasid.

Bnj Indarpur. Bhartpur. Dehli Emperors J& ~3 (Ilodgers).

Bardasir. Old name for Kirman. Saljuk. P-'3!

Bardaah. In Armenia. 42'20' N. ; 46' 10' E. e,? - "9 Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Abbasid ; Sajid ; Saffarid (Tornberg).

Barkan. On east bank of the Jihun, near &J? Astrabad and Ju jan (Yakut). Uncertain (Soret).

Barkaid. In Mesopotamia. 36O 44' N. ; e> 41' 62' E. Local Amir.

Barkah. Baraka, in N. Africa. 15' 35' N. ; + 37' 30' E. Abbasid.

Barujird. In Irak Ajami. 33' 50' N. ; 4S055'E. d ? > ? Shahs of Persia.

Barooh. Broach, in Gujarat, India. 21°43'N. ; @ !

73' 2' E. Local. Baroda. In Gujarat. 22O 17' N. ; 73' 16' E. ".!?

Local Gaikwar. Brusa. In Anatolia. 40' 10' N. ; 29' 0' E. L,j - kr! - gj3

Othmanli. Burhanpur. I n Kandesh, India. 21° 18' N. ; I$'?!

76' 16' E. Dehli Emperors ; local Rsjah. prefixes I,&\J\3 - ajtb a 5 .

Barili. Bareilly, in N. W. Provinces, India. 28O 22' N. ; 29' 26' E. Dehli Emperors ;

&I!

Durrani. Prefixes $o - &bib! (Rodgers) ;

3 4 L \ (Nelson Wright).

Bazmkobad, Barmisad, Barmkobad. ?. - 3 4 .3&3 Urnamad. 3&J?

Bust. I n Afghanistan. 31' 20' N. ; 64' 2' E.

Tahirid ; Saffarid. Prefix & 3 ~ . . Bistam. I n Khurasan. 3 P 20' N. ; 47O 6' E.

Mongols of Persia (Markof).

al-Basrah. I n Irak Arabi. 30' 26'N. ; 4f056'E.

Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Saljuk ;

Marwanid ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ;

Shahs of Persia. Prefix d%Jl ?\.

Busri. Bozra, in Syria. 32' 21' N. ; 36O 31'2.

Umayyad.

Bataliyus. Badajoz, in Spain. 38' 53' N. ; 6' 56' W. King of Badajoz.

Balabekk. Baalbac, in Syria. 34' 3' N. ; 36' 1 1'E. Umayyad ; Abbasid.

Baghdad. I n Mesopotamia. 33' 22' N. ; 44' 26' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Kara Kupunlid ; Chagatai ; Mamluk ; Oth-

manli; Shahs of Persia. Prefix yu\,,\d.

Bekbek. ?. Mongols of Persia.

Bagalkot. I n the Deccan, India. 16' 1 1' N. ;

75' 44' E. Local. Baljan. I n Khuzistan, between- Basrah and

Abbadan (Yakut). Mongols of Persia

( Schindler). Balkh. I n Khurasan. 36' 47' N. ; 67'23' E.

Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Samanid ; Ghaznamid;

Abu Daud ; Saljuk ; Shaybanid ; Janid ;

Barakzai. Prefix &.L. Balkh al-Baida. I n Daghastan (Fraehn).

Umayyad (Fraehn).

Balid. I n Mesopotamia, near Mosil. 36' 25' N. ; 42'50fE. Abbasid ; Golden Horde ; Ukaylid.

Balirm. Palermo, in Sicily. 38' 7'N ; 13'22'E.

Aghlabid of Sicily.

. LIBT OF MINT TOWNS.

Bulghar. In Russia, on the Volga. 54' 59' N. ; 49' 0' E. Great Kaans ; Golden Horde ; Khan of Kazan. Prefix 41 .

Bulghar Garrison. Golden Horde (Markof).

Bulghrad. Belgrade, in Serria. 44' 48' N. ; 20' 28' E. Othmanli

Balansiah. Valencia, ih Spain. 39O 28' N. ; O0 20' W. Amirid ; Toledo Kings ; Murabit. Prefix ~ J A .

Balukan, or Talukan, for &'d&. Khwarizm.

Bali. In Java. 6' 1' S. ; 1 14' 27' E. English ~ a l a y . Prefix .

Bamm. In Kirman. 29' 10' N. ; 58' 13' E. Buwayhid ; Saljuk (Krehl).

Banares. In N.W. Provinces, India. 25' 18'N. ; 83O 3'E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix &\ M.

Binakat. Same as Shahrukhia. 40' 46' N. ; 69O 0' E. Turkistan.

Bantan. Bantam, in Java 6' 12' 5. ; 106' 10' E. Malay; local.

Banjar Masin. In Borneo. 3' 32's. ; 114'38'E.

Local Sultan (Yillies). Banjar, for&".

Bandar. Probably Bandar Abbas or Bushira. Mongols of Persia (Schindler).

Bandarabin. In N. W. Provinces, India. 27O 23' N. ; 77' 44' E. Dehli Emperors.

Bandar Shahi. ?. Dehli Emperors.

Bandar Abbas. In Laristan. 27' 10' N. ; 56O 18' E. Shahs of Persia.

Bindah. I n Sind. Dehli Emperors.

Bundi. In Rajputana, India. 25' 27' N. ; 75O 40' E. Local Rajah.

Bink or Bik Bazar. Unknown town in Trans-

oxiana (Markof). Golden Horde (Fraehn) ; Astrakhan Khan (Markof).

Bankapur. In Bengal. 22' 20' N. ; 88' 25' E. Dehli Emperor (White King).

Binketh. Chief town of Shash (Yakut), i.e. Taskand. Samanid ; Chagatai. Prefix 4.

Bangala. Bengal. Dehli Emperor Akbar (Thomas).

Bangalur. I n Mysore, India. 12' 57' Pr'. ; 77' 36' E. Sultan of Mysore.

Bannur. In Patiala State, Panjab, India. 30°48'N. ; 76'42'E. Dehli Kings (Rodgers).

a1 - Bumazij. Buwaibab, in Mesopotamia. 36' 25' N. ; 38' 12' E. Buktiginid (Meir).

Budhana. In N. W. Provinces, India. 2g016'N. ; 77' 31' E. Dehli Kings (Vost).

Burhandiyah. ?. Bengal Kings (Rodgers).

Buzkan. Buzjan, four days from Nisabur and six from Herat (Yakut). 35' 12'N. ;

60' 38' E. Mongols of Persia. Bushahr, for Abushahr. Mongols of Persia

(Markof). Butah or Buzah. Near M e n ? Abbasid

(Moeller). Bulis. ?. (Tiesenhausen.)

Bunt. Alpuenta, in Spain. 39' 52' N. ; lo 3' W. Bini Razin.

Bahadurpattan. Dehli Emperors.

Bahar. In Hamadan. 35' 0' N. ; 48' 25' E. Golden Horde.

Bhanpur. Bhanpura, in Central Provinces, India. 24' 30' N. ; 75' 47' E. Dehli Kings (Thomas).

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Bahawalpur. In Panjab, India. 29' 24' N. ; 71' 47'E. Dehli Emperor (Rodgers) ; local

Rajah. Prefix ,& Y \ . Bahbihan. InKhuzistan. 30'40' N. ; 50' 14'E.

Kings of Persia. Bhartpur. I n Rajputana, India. 27' 13' N. ;

77O 32' E. Dehli Emperors ; local Rajah.

prefm J+\ FJ! - Bihkubadh al-Asfal. In the Saki i Furat, near

Baghdad (Yakut). Umayyad.

Bhakhar. In Sind. 31' 37' N. ; 71' 5' E. Shahs of Persia ; Dehli Emperors ; Durrani.

Bhopal. I n Central India. 23' 15'N. ; 77' 25'E.

Local Begam. Bhuj. I n Kutch, Western India. 23' 15'N.;

69' 48'E. Also written$ c~ . Local Rao.

Bhilsah. In Bhopal State. 230311N.; 77' 50'E.

Dehli Emperors. al-Biyar. In Kumis territory, two days from

Bistam (Yakut). 36' 13' N. ; 55' 37' E. Now Biya jumand. Samanid ; local copper.

al-Biyan. On estuary of Tigris. 30' 21' N. ;

48' 12' E. Umayyad (Codrington).

Biyasa. Baeza, in hndalusia. 38' O'N. ; 3'36'W.

Spanish Umayyad. Biana. In Rajputana, India. 26' 57' N. ;

77' 20' E. Dehli King.

Bait Jabrin. In Palestine. 31' 36' N. ; 34'53'E.

Abbasid (Tiesenhausen).

=japur. I n Deccan, India. 16O 49' N. ; 75O 46' E. Dehli Emperors. ~ r e f i x ) d \ , b .

Bairnt. In Syria. 33' 54' N. ; 35' 29' E. Abbaeid.

144 MUBALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Birndh. Near Basinna, which is near al-Ahwaz (Yakut). Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia.

Baysha. Bish, in Yemen. 1g058'N. ; 430301E.

Abbasid ; Governor of Yemen (Markof).

Bairat. Probably Vairatu, in Rajputana, India.

27O 42' N. ; 76O 23' E. Dehli Emperors.

Bikanir. I n Rajputana, India. 283 0' N. ; 73O22' E. Local Rajah.

Bilakan. In Armenia. Mongols of Persia.

Bilu. I n Baluchistan. Local Khan (Rodgers). ? f o r d + .

Biylah. In Baluchistan. 26" 10' N. ; 66' 23' E. Local Jam.

Binazir. Hola Honnur, in Mysore. 14' O'N. ; 75' 42' E. Sultan of Mysore.

Pali. I n Rajputana, India. 25' 48' N. ; 73' 25' E. Jodhpur Rajah.

Panipat. In N.W. Provinces, India. 2g023'N. ;

77' 2' E. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers). Prefix &i (Rodgers), dtsj (Taylor).

Pattan. earingapatam, in My sore, India. 12' 25' N. ; 76' 45' E. Sultan of Mysore.

Pattan Deo. Dwarka, in Kathiawad, India. 22' 15' N. ; 69' 1' E. Dehli Emperors

(Rodgers).

Patnah. In Bengal. 25' 37' N. ; 85' 12' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefixes . ji;um JL'+ -

Pashawar. On British frontier of Afghanistan.

34' 0' N. ; 71° 38' E. Khwarizm ; Sikh ; Shahs of Persia ; Durrani ; Dehli Emperors ; Barakzai. Prefix jU1 .


Palarm. Palermo. 38' 7' N. ; 13' 22' E.

Norman Kings of Sicily. f ? ?

Panahabad. Shushi, in Kurdistan. 39' 40' N. ; d y b b

47' 32' E. Khan of Karabagh (Markof) ; uncertain Persian (Fraehn).

Panjnagar. ?. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers). JJe Panjhir. In Afghanistan. 35'30' N. ; 6g035'E. 4" -&"

Saffarid ; Samanid ; Daudid. Poulo Panang. Prince of Wales Island, +* 3%

Penang. 5' 18' N. ; 10O0 25'E. English Malay.

Punah. Poona, in Deccan, India. 18O 31' N. ; . b't? 73' 53' E. Local Paishwah. Prefix dg .

Tajarjara. ? Tajarra, in East Africa. In '~fl" Algeria ? Idrisid (Lavoix).

Tashkand. InTurkistan. 41' 21' N. ; 68' 41' E. &b Shaybanid ; Tashkand Khans ; Chagatai.

Takidamt. In Algeria. 35' 28' N. ; lo 0' E. -& Murabit ; Abd al-Kadir.

Tandah. In Oudh, India. 26' 33'N.; 82' 42'E. &&L* Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings.

Tanah Malayu. Malay Country. English ,& &iL* local.

Tabriz. In Azarbaijan. 38' 3' N. ; 46' 20'E. 22 Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Golden Horde ; Timurid ; Chagatai ; Kuyunlid ; Othmanli ; Shahs of Persia. Prefixes - &&.!-!\,\J L"b.

Tattah. I n Sind, India. 24' 44' N. ; 6E0 0' E.

Dehli Emperors ; Durrani. Prefix a@\,\ J . Tadghah. I n Morocco. 32' 44' N. ; 5O 47'W.

Idrisid ; Abbasid (Markof).

Tarjan. I n Armenia. 39' 42' N. ; 40° 30' E. Mongols of Persia.

Tranganu. In Malacca. 5' 5' N. ; 102' 30' E. Local. P r e k .

Tirmidh. In Bukhara. 3B0 17'N. ; 67' 38' E. Abbasid ; Samanid ; Chagatai ; Timurid. Prefix Jk>\ &.L..

Tarurnin. Sumatra. 0': ; 100' 30' E. Local English. Prefix

Tarim. In Hadramaut. 18' 41' N. ; 49' 22' E. Local Chief.

Tustar. Shytar, in Khuzistan. Mongols of Persia (Markof).

Tustar min al-Ahwaz. Canton of Ahwaz. Abbasid ; Buwayhid.

Taswi. Tesowy, near Lake Urmi. 38O 18' N. ; 45O 23' E. Mongols of Persia (Fraehn).

Tatwan. Tetouan, in Morocco. 35' 30' N. ; 5' 29' W. Filili Sharifs.

Tutilah. Tudelah, in Spain. 42' 7' N. ; lo 39' W. Spanish Umayyad.

Taizz. In Yemen. 13' 30' N. ; 44' 10' E. Ayyubid ; Rasulid ; Imam of Sana. P r e k

&=-- Taghlakpur. Tirhut, district in Bengal. Dehli

Kings. Prefix +\. Suffix -2 &/.

Tiflis. In Georgia. 41' 41' N. ; 44' 59' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Great Kaans ; Mongols of Persia; Othmanli ; Shahs of Per&.

Prefix -+ . Takrit. In Mesopotamia. 34'33' N. ; 43O 33'E.

Mongols of Persia (Sauraire). Talak Samawi. Teluk Samay, in Achin. 5O 10'N. ; 97' 50'E. Achin.

LIST OF XINT TOWNS. 147

!l!ill Lams. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair.

Tilimsan. Tlemsan, in Algeria. 35' 0' N. ; lo 16' W. Murabit ; Muwahhid ; Marinid ; Ziyanid ; Othmanli. Prefix G-L..

Talang. Telanga, district in S.E. India. nehli Kings. Prefix A.

Tukat. I n Siwas, Asia Minor. 40°20'N. ;

36' 38' E. Mongols of Persia ; Othmanli.

Tunis. In North Africa. 36O 46' N. ; lo0 5'E.

Muwahhid; Hafsid ; Othmanli.

Tunk. Tonk, in Rajputana, India. 26' 10'N. ;

75O 56' E. Local Rajah.

Tunkit Ilak. Prox-ince of Ilak- Bukhara.

39O 0' N. ; 64' 12' E. Samanid ; Turkistan.

Tui, for J+ . Shahs of Persia. 4 Tirah Tyria, in Anatolia. 38' 4' N. ; 27' 42'E. J$ - i*"

Mongols of Persia ; Othmanli (&+-) ; Shahs of Persia.

al-Taimarah. Near Isfahan. Umayyad. i&\ &I - i+\

Thabat. In Yemen. ?. Rasulid. U&

Jabak. Near Tus, in Khurasan (Yakut). Saljuk. &k Jajarm. I n Khurasan. 36' 51' N. ; 56' 29' E. ?irk

Mongols of Persia.

Jalandar. In the Panjab, India. 31° 20'N. ; J db 75O 37' E. Dehli Emperors.

Java. E.I. Company ; Netherlands. Title 1,k 4' \,k $3.

Jarbath. Jerbah, near Tunis. 33' 45' N. ; e ? 10° 30' E. Umayyad (Lavoix).

Jojan. In Tabaristan. 315 1!Z' K. ; 54' 52' E. uk-5 Abbaricl; Xongols of Persia; &mania

(Yarkof) ; Bnwayhid (Fraehn) ; Tahirid (Tornberg). Preiix &&.

\ Jarznran, Jarirwan, or Harkwan (-rs) ; -u$>T-dJjfl

bzarwan ( Barerty). I n Afghanistan. d 1 ~ 8 35? 40'3. ; 65' 12'E. Khwarizm Shahs.

aldazair. Algiers. 36" 58' h'. ; 2" 57' E. A'+ Hafrrifl ; Othmanli.

al-Jazirah. Zn Mesopotamia. 37" 15' N. ; % . \ 42" 14' E. Urnayyad; Abbasid; Marwanid ; Hamilanid ; Zangid ; Mongols of Persia ;

Kara Knpnlid. Prefix &k.

Jazirah Prins ab Wailes. Prince of Wales +A !$! Iuland orPoulo Penang. 5G 18' N. ; 100925'E. &,!\ English local.

.Jazirah Oilulu or Silnng. Ceylon. Netherlands t+ -& G p E.I. Company.

al-Jiur. Probably Jiir Manbij, in Syria.

34' 4' N. ; 35O 38' E. Umayyad (Rogers). 4

dafarabd. Probably Veramin, near Teheran. a!'+? 35' 15' N. ; 51' 42' E. Shahs of Persia.

duld. In Daghistan ? Golden Horde (Fraehn) . .Jalalabml. I n Afghanistan. 34' 24' N. ; d4Yk

70° 24' E. nehli Emperor, with prefix.

@\ . Also counter-strike on E.I. Com-

pany's coins.

Jalalpur. In the Panjab. 29' 31'N. ; 71' 22'E. 34% Dehli Emperors (Vost).

.Jalauu. I n N.W. Provinces, India. 26' 9' N. ; ~k 79' 22' E. Local Rajah.

Jalu. Army Mint. Or Jelo District in Kur-

distan. 37O 25' N. ; 44' O'E. Shahs of 3.r

Persia.

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Jalunabad. ?. Dehli Emperors.

Julair. ?. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

Jummun. I n Kashmir. 32' 44' N. ; 74' 49' E. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers). Local Governor. Prefixes uL!\ J , ,ph.

Jinaba. Genaba, in Farsistau. 29' 31' N. ; 50' 35' E. Saffarid ; Buwayhid.

Junabadh. Gunabad, in Khurasan. 34' 20' N. ; 58' 33' E. Sarbadarid.

Jannatabad. Lakhnauti, in Bengal. 24' 55'N. ; 88' 8' E. Bengal Kings.

Jundi Sabur. In Khuzistan. 37' 18' N. ; . 48' 55' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid.

Janzah. Probably for &d . Umayyad ; Shaddadid (Markof).

Jodhpur. In Rajputana, India. 26' 19' N. ; 73' 8' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors

(Rodgers) ; local Rajah. Prefixes

. &dl ,la .,,.ad\ ,la. d l ,\a. s u a x

j'jjL - Juzjan. District near Balkh, in Khurasan.

36O N. ; 65' E. Ghaznawid ; Ziyaricl.

Jaunpur. In N. W. Provinces, India. 25'44' N. ; 82O 44' E. Dehli Emperors ; Kings of Jaunpur. Prefixes - i,G - & . &;l . )\J - >L - , 4 1 - +++

Jhalamar. In Rajputana, India. 24' 20' N. ; 76O 50' E. Local Rajah.

Jahanabad. In Bengal. 25' 13' N. ; 85' 2' E. Dehli Emperors.

Jahanpanah. Dehli. Dehli Kings.

150 MUSALMAN NUNISMATICF.

Jhansi. In Central India. 25'25'N. ; 78'38'E. Dehli Emperors.

Jahangirabad. In N. W. Provinces, India. 28' 24' N. ; 78' 8' E. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

Jahangirpur. Jangipur, in Bengal. 24' 24' N. ;

88' 6' E. Dehli Emperor. Jahangirnagar. Dacca, in Bengal. 23' 43' N. ;

90' 26' E. Dehli Emperors. Jhang. I n the Panjab, India. 31' 16' N.;

72' 21' E. Sikh (Rodgers). Jhusi. Near Allahabad, N.W. Provinces, India.

25' 26' N. ; 81' 58' E. Dehli Kings.

Jayy. Old Isfahan. Umayyad ; Abbasid. Prefix &b.

Jiyan. Jaen, in Spain. 37' 50' N. ; 3' 49' W.

Spanish '[Tmayyad ; Muwahhid ; Nasrid.

Jaipur. In Rajputana, India. 26O 56' N. ; 75' 55' E. Dehli Emperors ; local Rajah.

Prefixes srJ1. a,+ k- . Jiruft. In Kirman. 28' 9' N. ; 57' 40' E.

Buwayhid. Jaisalmir. In ltsjputana. 26' 54'N. ; 70°54'E.

Local Rajah.

Chanicha. Cianitza, in Servia. 42' 56' N. ; +iib . &s'd . . 20' 2' E. Othmanli.

Chawalstan. ?. Dehli King (Hoernle). Prefix &J~k &. Chatarkot. InN. W. Provinces,India. 25'18'N. ;

80' 54' E. Dehli Emperors (Burn).

Chitganu. Chittagong. 22' 21' N. ; 91' 52' E. Y% Bengal Kings. Prefix by.

Chinapattan. Madras. Dehli Emperors. &k

LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 15 1

Chunar. I n N. W. Provinces, India. 2 5' 7' N. ; I - L 82' 55' E. Dehli Kings; Dehli Emperors.

Chanpanir. I n Gujarat, India. 22' 31' N. ; 3 v b -2k 73' 36' E. Dehli Emperor ; Gujarat Kings. P rekes &j-Il/CS . . e.

Chhachrauli. I n the Panjab, India. 30' 15' N. ; 33- 77' 25' E. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

Chushi, or Chusha. Shahabad (Vost) ; Dehli -Sje.cEJe Kings. &9?

Chitur. In Rajputana, India. 24' 52' N. ; J%

74' 41' E. Dehli Emperors.

Haji Turkhan. Astrakhan. 46' 25' N. ; 48' 5' E. &.. cjrL Golden Horde ; Astrakhan Khans. Prefix a+&\.

Hafizabad. In the Panjab, India. 32' 2' N. ; d 4 b d 73O 46' E. Dehli Emperors.

Habulta. Jabulta, near Baghdad. 34' 47' N. ; & - & 43' 37' E. Abbasid (Lavoix).

Hajr. In Yemen. 24' 7' N. ; 51' 14' E. Abbasid.

H-

Harran. Charroe, in Mesopotamia. 36' 52' N. ; U'P 39' 1' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Ayyubid; Buktiginid.

al-Hirmin al-Sharifin. The two Holy Cities fly& Mecca and Medinah. Othmanli.

Hazan. Salt Country. ?. Mongols of 4" Persia (Soret).

al-Hasan or al-Khush. Probably Khush, in . 41 - A\ Syria. Umayyad (Rogers). +I\

Hasanabad or Husainabad. Probably Gaur in - d+&

Bengal. Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings. d&p~-

Prefix b j f j j .

Hissar. I n Turkistan. 38O 25'N. ; 68' 45' E. Timurid ; Shaybanid.

Hissar. I n N.W. Provinces, India. 29' 9' N. ;

75' 50' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors ;

local Rajah. Suffix ~j,?j.

Hissar Shadman. Hissar, in Turkistan. Timurid.

Hisn. Kaifa. Urtukid ; Mongols of Persia.

Hisn KufTah, Hisr Kaghi. Hisn Kaifa, in

Turkistan. 37' 40' N. ; 41° 20' E. Urtukid ; Mongols of Persia.

al-Hadhr. Atra, in Mesopotamia. 35' 30' N. ; 42O 50' E. Ak-Kuyunlid (Soret).

Halab. Aleppo, in Syria. 36' 11' N. ; 37' 9' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; ~ a m d a n i d ; Zangid ; Ayyubid ; Fatimid ; Mirdasid ; Mamluk ; Jalair ; Othmanli. Prefix &jj .

Hulwan. I n Irak Arabi. 34' 48' N. ; 45' 36' E. Abbasid.

al-Hillah. I n Mesopotamia. 32' 25' N. ;

44O 30' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair.

Hamat. I n Syria. 34O 16' N. ; 35' 40' E.

Ayyubid ; Mamluk. Suffix L,/\. Hamad. Perhaps for ~ A Z - ; or , a

province in Asia Minor. Jalair (Markof).

Hims. Emesa, in Syria. 34' 25' N. ; 36' 46' E. Umayyad ; Hamdanid ; Fatimid ; Tulunid ;

Jalair. Hauran. I n Syria. 36O 7' N. ; 36' 40' E.

Othmanli (Soret). Hautah. I n Najd. 22' 33' N. ; 45' 22' E.

Local (Rodgers). Huwayza. I n Khuzistan. 31' 17' N.; 48' 1'E.

Timurid.


Haidarabad. In the Deccan, India. 17' 22' N. ; 75O 32' E. Dehli Emperors ; local Nizam.

Prefixes r & . - ,\a.

Kharpur. ?. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

Khalakabad. Chandagal, nearNysorc. 12O21'N.; 76O 45' E. Mysore Sultan.

Khanpur. I n Bahawalpur State, India. 2S0 35' N. ; 70° 41' E. Local Rajah.

Khanjah. Elizabethpol. 40°45'N.; 46' 14' E. Othmanli.

Khanah Rikab. Army Mint. Shahs of Persia.

Khabushan. Modern Kuchan, in Khurasan. 37O 25' N. ; 5S0 22' E. Nongols of Persia (Markof).

Khutlan, al-Khuttul. In Transoxiana, about

37O 46' N. ; 68' 40' E. Timurid (Fraehn) ; Samanid.

Khuttan. In Turkistan. 37' 7' N. ; 77O 55' E. Mongols of Persia (Saulcy) ; local Khan. Suffix 4.

Khujastuh Baniyad. Aurangabad. Dehli Emperors.

Khujindah. I n Turkistan. 41' 6' N. ; 68O 2' E. Chagatai ; Turkistan.

Khartbirt. Diarbakr or Amid. 37O 56' N. ; 40° 8' E. Chagatai ; Mongols of Persia.

Xhurfah. In Najd, Arabia. ?. Local Khan. Prefix id&.

Khazanah. The Treasury. Bengal Kings.

Xhusrushadh Hurmuz. A district in the culti- vated part of Irak (Yakut). Umayyad.

Khilat. U t , in Armenia. 38' 52's. ;

42' 10' E. Marwanid ; Mongols of Persia.

al - Khalifah al - Alicah. Constantinople. Othmanli.

Khnlm. In Khurasan. 36' 58' S. ; 67' 8' E. T i m ~ d .

Khaliiatabad. Baghurhat, in Ben,@ 22' 40' S.; 89" 49' E. Bengal Kings (Blochmann).

Khwarizm. Khiva. 415 55' 1Y. ; 603 5' E. Golden Horde ; Chagatai; Timurid; local

KIUIW. Prefixes +Yl J\i+ - i d + - &\ )\J - d,Wl )\a - L i d h .

Wnr. A village near Balkh (Yakut). Timurid.

Khnrshid Snwad. Probably Dharwar, in the Deccan, India 15" 25' R. ; 75" 3' E. Mysore

Sultan.

Khnsh. ?. Jfongols of Persia.

Khukand. In Tartary. 40" 32' R. ; 70' 58' E.

Local Khans. Prefixes h;kluJ\ - &\,\a . Epithet 4 .

Khnna. In Azarbaijan. 38' 21' N. ; 44' 30' E. Abbasid.

Khui. In Azarbaijan. 38' 33' N. ; 45' 5' E. Mongols of Persia ; Golden Horde ; Jalair ;

Shahs of Persia ; Durrani (Leggett). Preik

L!\ ,\a. Khairpur. In Sind, India. 27O 31' N.; 68'48' E.

Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

Khizan. I n Armenia. 38' 12' N. ; 42' 5' E. Othmanli.

Khayuk. Khira. Local Khans; Timurid

(Soret).


Dara. In Mesopotamia. 37" 8' N. ; 41" 1'E.

Abbasid (Stickel).

Dar al-Tassuwir. Joudhpur. ~ e h l i Emperors

(Rodgers).

Darah. In Mesopotamia. 35O 28' N. ; 39' 52' E. Saljuk (Lane Poole).

Daghastan. Province in Armenia. 42' N. ; 48' N. Shahs of Persia.

Damighan. In Khurasan. 36' 12' N. ; 54' 38' E. Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai ; Timurid ;

Shahs of Persia. Prefix kb. Damla, near Saharanpur, N. W. Provinces,

India. Dehli Emperor (Rodgers).

Daniat. I n Syria, between Aleppo and Kafartab (Yakut). Mongols of Persia

(Soret). Daniat. Denia, in Spain. 38' 52' N. ; 0' 4' W.

Kings of Denia ; Muwahhid. Prefix &.h . Dawar. I n Afghanistan. 33' 15' N. ; 65' 5' E.

Shahs of Persia (Uarkof).

Dahar. ? for )ba. Dehli Kings (Rodgers).

Dabusiyah. In Transoxiana. 39' 48' N. ; 65O 50' E. Golden Horde ; Turkistan.

Dabil. Ardabil. 38' 9'N. ; 48' 19'E. Umayyad;

Abbasid. Darabjird. Darab, in Farsistan. 28' 42' N. ;

54' 9'E. TTmayyad. Dirband. I n Daghistan. 42' 8' N. ; 48' 10' E.

Golden Horde ; local Khan.

Darwadh. A fort in Azarbaijan (Yakut).

Shahs of Persia.

Dizful. I n Khuzistan. 32' 8'N. ; 48' 22' E.

Shahs of Persia (Fraehn). Distawa. I n Farsistan (Yakut). Umayyad.

I)ahuka. Tank, in Mesopotamia. 35O 8' N. ; 4-t0 28' E. Abbasid ; Bnktiginid (Soret).

Dilehadabad. ?. Dehli Emperors.

al-Dalikan, or Dolijan. Near Isfahan (Yakut). About 33O20' N.; 51° 10'E. (Le Strange); Abbasid (Fraehn).

Damawind. In Khnrasan. 35O 39'N. ; 52O Y E. Timnrid ; Shahs of Persia.

Damask. Damascus. 33' 34' I?. ; 36O 20' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Saljnk ; T n l d ; Ikhshidid ; Fatimid ; Zangid ; Ayynbid ;

%mluk; a h r n d . S& 441. Dnnayeir. In Mesopotamia. 37' 2' N. ;

4 1 1 8' E. Marwanid ; Urtukid.

Dawrak. I n Khuzistan. 30' 51' N. ; 48O 55' E.

Shahs of Persia ; Timnrid.

Dawkar. ?. Saljnk (B.M. Cat.).

Dogam, Dogaon. Probably Dogon, near Nanpara, - in Bahraich, Oudh. Dehli Emperors. Pre-

fixes &Ul J 1 ~ . iLYl - tUI,\~.

Daulatabad Deogir, in the Deccan, India.

19O 57' X. ; 75O 18' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli

Emperors. Prefix ag& . Daha. I n Java. - Local English.

Dhar. In Central India. 23' 36' N. ; 75' 24'E.

Dehli Kings. Jb3p3, the Pass of Dhar.

Dharwar. In south of Deccan, India. 15'27' N. ;

75O 3'E. Mysore Sultan.

Dahistan. In Mazandaran. 28' 32' N. ; 55O 24' E. Great Kaans; Shahs of Persia (Dorn). Prefix 4 .

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Dihli. In N.W. Provinces, India. 28' 39' N. ;

77' 18'E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors ;

Local.

Dholpur. I n Rajputana. 26' 42' N. ; 77' 54' E. Local Rana.

Diarbakar. Amid, in Mesopotamia. 37' 56'N. ;

40' 8'E. Othmanli.

Diyr. In Syria. 35' 4'N. ; 40' 18' E. 0th- manli; k a Kuyunlid.

Dairajat. Yultan, in the Panjab. Durrani.

Dairsh. Dereh, in the Panjab. 34' 24' N. ; 72' 59' E. Dehli Emperors ; Sikh ; Durrani.

Dairahjat. Derajat, in the Panjab. 32' 2'N. ;

70' 4' E. Durrani.

Dairah fath Khan. I n the Panjab. 31' 9' N. ;

70' 50' E. Durrani.

al-Dailim. I n Azarbaijan. 37'0' N. ; 49' 40' E. Xuhammad b. Buzungumir ; Wahsoudinide. Prefixlsj . &$.

Dingarh. In the Panjab. 28' 56' N. ; 74' 49' E.

Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

al-Dinawar. In Irak Arabi. 34' 36' N. ;

47' 36' E. Buwayhid (Markof).

Diogir. Daulatabad, in the Deccan. 1g057'N. ;

75O 18'E. DehliKings ; Nizamof Haidarabad.

Prefixes & - u+- - ,&Y \ . Dieral. In S i d , India. Dehli Emperors

(White King). Prefix ,+ .

Darwat. In Hajaz (Yakut) ; Rasulid (Neitzel).

Dafarin. Uncertain. Timurid (Lane Poole).


Damar. I n Yemen. 14' 11' N. ; 44O 0' E. jLi Imam of Sana. Prefix &$.

Rajar. ? Rajan or A jan. Golden Horde (Soret).

Rajaz. ?. Mongols of Persia (Lane Poole).

Rajgarh. I n Rajputana, India. 26' 18' N. ; 74O 42' E. Local Rajah of Alwar State.

Rahin. Rayin, in Xirman. 29' 35' N. ; 57O 32' E. Nongols of Persia (Schindler).

Radhanpur. I n Raj putana, India. 23O 50' N. ;

71' 38' E. Local Rajah. Ras al-Ayin. I n Nesopohmia. 36' 52'N. ;

40' 5' E. Abbasid. Rask. In Makram. 26' 18' N. ; 61° 40' E.

Samanid (Fraehn). Rasht. I n Khurasan, eight farsakhs from

Tarmuz (Yakut). Samanid. nl-Rafikah. Rakkah, inMesopotamia. 36' O'N. ;

39' 20' E. Abbasid ; Tulunid ; Buwayhid ;

Hamdanid (Tornberg). ltamhurmuz. In Khuzistan. 3 lo 10' N. ;

49' 50' E. Umayyad; Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Tulunid ; Shahs of Persia.

Ranajin. ?. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

Ribat al-Path. I n Morocco. 34' 0' N. ; 6O 20' W. Filili Sharifs.

Rajan. I n Farsistan. ? ubf. Golden Horde (Markof).

al-Rahabah. I n Mesopotamia. 34' 54' N. ; 40' 11' E. Abbasid ; Hamdanid.

Rasht. I n Gilan. 37" 20' N. ; 49O 50' E. Saljuk ; Mongols of Persia; Ku yunlid; Shahs of Persia. prefix j$I J \ ~ .

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Russid. In Irak Arabi. ?. I n Yemen

(Yakut) ; Golden Horde ; Mongols of Persia.

Ranash. In Khuzistan. 32' 25' N. ; 48' 22' E. Shahs o&ersia.

a1 - Rakkah. I n Mesopotamia. 36' 0' N. ; 39' 20' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid.

Rimm. District of the Kurds in Farsistan ; Shahs of Persia (Markof).

al-Rama. I n Palestine. 31 ' 33' N. ; 35' 8'

A yyubid. al-Ramlah. I n Palestine. 31'54' N. ; 34'56' E.

Umayyad ; Abbasid. Ranthambhur. I n Rajputana, India. 26' 2' N. ;

76' 30' E. Dehli Kings.

Rangpur. In Bengal. 25' 44' N. ; 89' 16' E.

Local Rajah. Revan. Erivan. Othmanli.

Rotaspur. ?. Bengal Kings.

al-Roudhbar. In Gilau. 36' 55' N. ; 49' 25' E.

Local Prince.

Ruha. Edessi, in Mesopotamia. 37' 5' N. ; 39' O'E. Umayyad ; Ayyubid ; Othmanli.

al-Rayy. In Irak Ajami. 36' 0' N. ; 51' 30' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Saljuk ; Ghaznawid ; Mongols of Persia.

Riianz. Town near Yerv (Yakut) ; Governor of Sijistan.

Zabid. In Yemen. 14' 10' N. ; 43' 20' E. Rasulid.; Yiyadid ; King of Yemen.

Zirinj. I n Sijistan. 31' 33' N. ; 61' 38' E. Umayyad; Abbasid ; Saffarid ; Tahirid ; Yongols of Persia. Prefix &.h.

160 MUSALSIAN NUMISMATICS.

Zamindmh. In Serria. 44" 37' N. ; 20' 52' E.

Othmanli.

al-Zamwar. Azamur, in Norocco. 33' 17' N. ; 8" 3' W. Marinid (Lavoix).

Zamindawar. I n Afghanistan. 32' 30' N. ; 64' 30' E. Khwarizm.

Zinjan. In Khamsah, Persia. 36' 45' N. ; 48" 28'E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix ad'.d\l\~.

Zanjibar. I n East Africa. 6' 0' 8.; 3gC 20' E.

Local Sultan.

Znilat. Zuila, in Tripoli. 27' 20' N. ; 17' 30' E. Fatimid.

Zoha. ?. Sharif of Norocco (Soret).

al-Zahra. Near Cordora, in Spain. 36' 52' N. ; 5'20'W. Spanish Umayyad. Prefix &L.

Zaydan. In Farsistan. 28' 40' N. ; 53' 10' E. Mongols of Persia.

Zinat al-Bilad. Ahmadabad. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

Sabir Khoust. In Khuzistan. 32' 50' N. ; 47' 40' E. Buwayhid ; Kakwayhid.

Sabur. I n Farsistan. 29' 50'N. ; 51' 55'E.

Umayyad. Sardis. Sart, in Anatolia. 38' 26' N. ;

28' 5' E. Saljuk.

Sarangpur. In Malwah, India. 23' 31' N. ; 76' 30' E. Dehli Emperors.

Sari. I n Mazandaran. 36' 32' N. ; 53' 5' E.

Timurid ; Ziyarid ; Sabadarid ; Mongols of Persia ; Shahs of Persia ; Khan of Dailim.

Sakiz. Scio, in Grecian Archipelago. 38' 20' N. ; 26' 0' E. Othmanli.


Samsun. I n Trebizond, Asia Minor. 4 lo 21'N. ; c:

36O 25'E. Mongols of Persia. Prefix &.&J . Samiyah. I n Palestine. 31° 58' N. ; 35' 23' E.

Umayyad. Sauj Bulagh. I n Azarbaijan. 36' 54' N. ; 45' 45' E. Shahs of Persia.

Sawah. I n Irak A jami. 35O 0' N. ; 50' 26'E.

Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai ; Jalair ; Timurid.

Sibtah. Centa. 35O 55' N. ; 5O 18' W. Hamudid; Muwahhid ; Marinid ; Moorish. Prefixes &b.k,r"".

Sibzawar. I n Khurasan : 36O 18'N. ; 57O 46' E. Or in Afghanistan : 33O 10' N. ; 62' 11' E. Mongols of Persia ; Timurid ; Buwayhid ; Sabadarid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix &b .

Satgaon. I n Bengal. 22O 38' N. ; 8S0 25'E. Dehli Kings. P r e h e s er", . ds/c .

Sijistan. Seistan, in Persia. 31° 0' N. ; 62' 20' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; local Governors; Ghaznswid; Saffarid.

Sijilmassh. I n Morocco. 31 15' N. ; lo 45' W. Spanish Umayyad ; Murabitid ; Muwahhid ; Marinid; Moorish ; Hasani Sharifs. Prefixes &k.e+-cJ?.

Sidrah Kiysi. Sanjak, in Salonika. 40° 38'N.; 22O 56' E. Othmanli.

Sarai. On the Volga. 51' 38' N. ; 46O 0' E. Golden Horde ; White Horde ; Othmanli. P r e b e s id+ - A+.

Sarai alJadid. New Sarai, Tzaref, on the Volga. 48' 39' N. ; 43O 2' E. Golden Horde.

Sarai Chouk. Little Sarai. Sarachik, on the Ural. 46' 16' N. ; 51' 25' E. Golden Horde.


Sarai al-Mahrusat. Garrisoned camp. Golden Horde.

Sribarnijah. Srebernitza or Saibernik, in Bosnia. 44O 3' N. ; 19' 19' E. Othmanli.

Sarakhs. I n Khurasan. 36O 38' N. ; 61' 13'E.

Umayyad; Saljuk; Mongols of Persia; Shahs of Persia.

Sariz. Seriz, in Roumelia. 41' 5' B. ; 23' 35' E. Othmanli.

Surrak. I n Irak Arabi. 31° 8'N. ; 47' 36' E. Umayyad.

Sarkan, for ? Mongols of Persia.

Sarrakustah. Saragossa, in Spain. 41' 46' N. ; O0 58' W. Hudid. Prefix .

Sirkan. Zergan, in Irak Ajami. 35' 20'N. ;

49O 10' E. Mongols of Persia.

Surra min raa. Samarra, in Irak Arabi. 34" 11' N. ; 43O 49' E. Abbasid; Buwayhid.

Sarmin. In Syria. 35" 59' N. ; 36' 57' E.

Othmanli (Fraehn). Sirwan. In Afghanistan. 34' 25' N. ; 62O 3' E.

Umayyad (Fraehn). Samj. I n Nesopotamia. 36' 46' N. ; 38O 43' E.

Umayyad (Lavoix). Sirunj. I n Rajputana, India. 24O 6' N. ; 77' 42' E. Dehli Emperors ; local Rajah.

Sirhind. In N. W. Provinces, India. 30° 38'N. ; 76' 29' E. Dehli Emperors ; Durrani ; local Rajah.

Srinagar. In Kashmir. 34' 5' N. ; 74O 51'E. ;

Dehli Emperors; Kashmir Sultans. Prefix

,& - Sdnagar. 1nN.W. Provinces, India. 30°13'N. ; 78" 49' E. Rajahs of Garhwal.


Sughad, also L . Samarkand. Turkistan &LJ\. J; (Fraehn).

Sighnak. I n Georgia. 41° 29' N. ; 46O 0' E. dk - db White Horde. Prefix 4 .

Sifurkan. Shibarkan, inTurkistan. 36O 35' N. ; - uLJ)fjL 65O 42' E. Khwarizm.

Suk. ?. Muzaffarid. L+

Sikaliyah. Sicily. Aghlabid. & Skub. Uskub, in Anatolia. 40' 54' N. ; v+\ - U&

31' 25' E. Othmanli.

Sikandarabad. In N.W. Provinces, India. d~~~

28' 27' N. ; 77' 44' E. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

Sala. Salee, in Morocco. 34O 40' N. ; 6' 45' W. L Muwahhid ; Marinid.

Salangur. Selangor, in Malay Peninsula. I$]"-, 3O 19' N. ; 101° 13' E. Local English. Prefix

&$ Salamabad. Mysore, S. India. Mysore Sultan.

Salanik. Salonika. 40' 38' N. ; 22' 56' E. d j L Othmanli.

Soltam, probably for a j L . Shah of Persia (Rodgers).

fU

Sultanpur. Warangol, in the Deccan, India. J~~

1'1' 58' N. ; 79O 40' E. Dehli Kings.

Sultaniyah. In Irak Ajami. 36'28'N.; & \ k W \ . q L 48' 42' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Chagtai ; Inju ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix ; suffix .

Salmas. I n Azarbaijan. 38O 12'N. ; 44'40'E. wWI, Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Golden Horde.

Salamiyah. In Syria. 35' 6' N. ; 36' 59' E. & Abbasid.

Samarkand. In Turkietan. 403 O'N. ; 67' 40'E. Abbasid ; Tahirid ; S&d ; Great Kaans ; Turkish ; Khwarizm ; Chsgatai ; Timurid ; Shaybanid ; Janid. Prefixes a&& - && - &tk"&&. sUf6x3/rZJt.

Samnan. Semnoon, in Khnrasan. 35' 29' N. ; 53O 20' E. Buwayhid ; Tinrid ; Chagatai ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix kwh.

Samanjan. Five days from Andarabah, and five from Khnlm (Yakut). Probably Haybak (Le Strange). Timurid (Markof).

Snmanaf. Sumanap, in Madnra, near Java. 7 O 2' S. ; 113' 45' E. Stamped on some Spanish coins.

Sunargaon. In Bengal. 39' 45' N. ; 90° 38' E. Dehli Kings ; Bengal Kings. P r e h J+ c . . .

Sambhal. In N.W. Prorinces, India. 28O 35'N. ; 78O 36' E. Dehli Kings.

Sinjar. In Diarbakr. 36' 19'N. ; 41' 50' E.

Zangid ; Waylid ; Ayyubid; Mongols of Persia. .

Sind, or Sindh. Shahs of Persia.

Sanlnkah. San Lucar, in Spain. 36' 47' W. ; 6O 22' W. Mnrabit.

Suwar. On Volga. Volga Bulghar Khans.

Siwai Jaipur. ,* . Dehli Emperors.

Sujat. In Jodhpur State, India. 25' 49' N. ; 73O 37'E. Local Rajah.

Surat. I n Gujarat, India. 21°9'N. ; 72'54'E. Dehli Emperors ; local Nawab ; East India Company. Prefix d,k,~;? .

Surin. Half-farsakh from Rimbur (Yakut). Y01ig01s of Persia.

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

SUS. Sum, in Kbuzistan. 31°55'N. ; 48' 24'E.

Umayyad ; Abbasid. Snsu. I n Achin, Sumatra. 3O 44' N. ;

96' 50' E. Straits Coinage. Suk Ibrahim. Near Tlemsan, in Algeria. Sulai-

manid (Lavoix). Suk al-Ahwaz. Ahwaz, innnzistan. Umayyad;

Abbasid ; Buwayhid. Suk Yurrah. I n Khuzistan. Umayyad (Soret).

Saharanpur. In N. W. Provinces, India. 29O 58' N. ; 77O 35' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix J\3 .

8ahl Fanak. In Transoxiana. Half-farsakh from Samarkand (Yakut). Abbasid (Moeller).

Sialkot. In the Panjab, India. 32' 31' N. ;

74' 36' E. Dehli Emperors. Sitapur. I n Ondh, India. 2T034'N. ; 80°42'E.

Dehli Emperors. 8itpnr. I n the Paujab, India. 29O 10' N. ;

70° 50' E. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers). Siraf. I n Turkistan. 30° 37' N. ; 51° 40' E.

Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia. Swan. Saidabad, in Kirman. 29O 20' N. ;

55' 35' E. Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia. Si. In A h , Asia Miinor. 37O 21' N. ;

35O 55' E. Saljuk. Sistan. Sijistan. Shahs of Persia (Dorn).

8iruz. Serez, in Roumelia. 4 lo 5' N. ;

23O 35' E. Umayyad (Fraehn) ; Othmanli. Sik. Sumatra. O0 30' N. ; 102O E. Local

English. Prefix &$ . Siwas. Sivas, or Roum, in Asia Minor.

39' 40' N. ; 37O 7' E. Saljuk ; Mongols of Persia ; Golden Horde ; Karaman.


Shabiran. I n Erivan. 39O 53' N. ; 44' 54' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Golden Horde.

Shapurabad. Three farsakhs from Marv

(Yakut) ; Chagatai (Fraehn).

Shadiabad. Mandu, in Malwah, India. 22' 18'N. ; 75' 24'E. Malwah and Gujarat Kings. Prefixes J\I, u,A- - &\ ,\J .

81-Shash. Tashkend, in Turkistan. 42O 4' N. ; 68O 11' E. Abbasid ; Samanid ; Chagatai. Prefix A!J ; s u i E x 9 b Q, A .

Shatibah. Jativa, in Spain. 39O 24' N. ; O0 53' W. Hudid.

Shakan. Perhaps for &g, or perhaps that in Turkistan. 40' 27'N. ; 71° 3'E. Mongols of Persia.

al-Sham. Syria. Golden Horde (Rodgers).

al-Shamiyah, for . Umayyad.

Shahabad. In Oudh, India. 27' 38' N. ;

79O 59' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix ht;j . Shahjahanabad. Dehli. Dehli Emperor ; Shah

Nadir of Persia ; Durrani. Prefix &id\ Shah Rukhiyah. I n Turkistan. 40° 46' N. ; 69O 0' E. Timurid (Fraehn).

Shahgarh. I n Central Provinces, India. 24O 19'N. ; 7g040'E. Dehli Kings (Rodgers).

Shabankarah. In Farsistan. 29' 10' N. ; 51° 5' E. Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai ;

Timurid. Shibarkhan. I n Afghanistan. 36' 35' N. ; 65O 42' E. Buwayhid (Leggett). Possibly misread for &* .

Shibiliyah. Seville, in Spain. 37O 26' N. ; 6' 0' W. Murabit.


Shirki. On the west bank of the Tigris, east of the round city of Baghdad (Yakut). Mongols of Persia (Soret).

8hirish. Xeres, in Spain. 36' 41' N. ; 6' 9' W. Murabit.

Sharifabad. I n Bengal. ?. Dehli Kings.

Sharifah. I n Irak Arabi, near Basrah (Yakut).

Mongols of Persia (Soret).

Shafurkan. Shibarghan, in Afghanistan. 36O 40' N. ; 65' 32' E. Khwarizm.

Shikar al-Osh. ?. Dehli Emperors (Leggett).

Shikarpur. I n Sind. 27' 57' N. ; 68' 40'E.

Local. Shiki. Shamakhi, in Trans-Caucasia. Shahs

of Persia. Sholapur. I n the Deccan, India. 17' 40' N. ; 75O 56' E. Dehli Emperors.

Shamakhi. In Trans-Caucasia. 40° 56' N. ; 4 7 O 30' E. Jalair ; Golden Horde ; Shiiwan- shahi ; Kara Kuynnlid ; Shahs of Persia ; Othmanli. Prefix d&.d \ .

Shamsh. ?. Umayyad (Lavoix).

Shamhar. A mountain in Dailimite country, a day's journey from Sariah (Yakut). Barendid (Markof).

Shnstar. In Khuzistan. 31' 58' N. ; 49' 3' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Shahs of Persia.

Shahr al-Jadid al-Maharusah. The new city

garrisoned. Golden Horde.

Shahrzur. I n Kurdish. 35' 15'N. ; 45'30'E.

Atabeg (Meier). Shnhr Sabaz. In Turkistan. 39' 2' N. ; 66O 52' E. Chagatai.

Shahr i Nan. New city. Probably Qaw, in +& Bengal. B e n d Kings. Prefix .

Shahristan. In Farsistan. 29O 28' N. ; w ~ ! 53' 15'E. Mongols of Persia. S u f i adI .

Shahun Muazam. ?. Golden Horde (Yarkof). I,h... Shaik abn Ishak. Unknown locality. Yongols jkl

of Persia ; Timurid (Markof).

Shirsz. In Famistan. 29' 30' N. ; 52' 30' E. j'3 Abbaeid ; Buwayhid ; Atabeg ; Salgharid ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Timurid ; MU- zaffarid ; Chagatai ; Ak Knyunlid ; Shahs

of Persia. Prefixes %b - &\ - +\,\a .

Sbirpur. In Bengal. 24O 40' N. ; 89' 28'E. J% $ Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

Shirgarh. I n Bengal. 24O 49' N. ; 83' 46' E. . 8x3 . id3 Also Dehli. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors.

Prefixes $. hJj ; s&es & j;j and 3 8 3 sp .

S h i i a n . Shamakhi, inTrans-Caucama. Mongols ~ ' 9 ~ 4

of Persia; Jalair; Shirwanshahi (Ynrkof) ; Othmanli.

Sadah. In Yemen. 16' 42' N. ; 42' 42' E. i w Itassid Imams.

al-Saghaniyan. I n Turkistan. 37' 30' N. ; I;, &A&!\ 67O 40' E. Samanid ; Tnrkistan.

Saghd. District between Samarkand and & Bukhara. 40° N. ; 66O E. Chagatai (Tiesen- hausen).

Safuriyah. I n Syria. 32' 46' N. ; 35O 16'E. &I+ Abbasid (Lavoix).


.Sikiliyah. Sicily, also klji, . Fatimid ; Norman Kings. Prefix ++& .

Sana. I n Yemen. 15' 10' N. ; 44' 32' E. Abbasid; hsulid; Imams of Sana; Othmanli.

d-Sannabra. ?. Chief of Batiha (Lane Poole).

Sir. Tyre, in Syria. 33' 16'N. ; 35' 11'E.

Abbasid (Markof) ; Fatimid ; Othmanli. Sofia. I n Bulgaria. 42' 44' N. ; 23' 15' E.

Othmanli. al-Suayrah. Mogadur, in Morocco. 3 lo 30' N. ; 9' 45' W. Filili Sharifs.

Dharabkhanah rikab. Army Mint. Shahs of Persia.

Dhafar. I n Yemen. 17O 0' N. ; 53' 56' E. Imam of Dhafar.

' Tarim. District near Kazvin. 36' 40' N. ; 48' 45' E. Timurid (Markof).

.Talakan. In Badakhshan. 36'45'N. ; 6g028'E.

Khwarizm. Taus, Tus. I n Khurasan. 36' 30'N. ; 69O 26' E.

Yongolsof Persia; Jalair; Chagatai; Timurid (Markof).

' Tabaristan. Province of Persia. 36' 14' N. ; 53O 40' E. Abbasid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix & l J h .

' Tabariyah. Tiberias, in Syria. 52' 47' N. ; 35' 39'E. Umayyad ; Abbasid; Ikhshidid ; Fatimid.

- Tarabalus. Tripoli, in Syria. 34' 24' N. ; 36' 51'E. Fatimid ; Mamluk ; Othmanli ?.

-Tarabalue. Tripoli, in Africa. 32' 48' N. ; 13O 23' E. Hahid ; Othmanli. Prefix uf .


Taraz. Ters, in Turkistan. 42O 38' N. ; 70° 45' E. Chagatai ; Turkistan (Markof). Prefix 4 .

Tribizun. Trebizond. 41' 0' N. ; 39' 46' E.

Othmanli. Tarsus. I n Syria. 36' 57' N. ; 34' 55' E.

Abbasid. Turtusa. Tortosa, in Spain. 40°50'N.; 0°30'E.

Kings of Tortosa and Denia. PreGx &A.A . Tarifah. Tarifa, in Spain. 36O 1' N. ; 5O 40' W.

Spanish Umayyad. Taghamah. In Turkistan. 37' 45' N. ; 75O 25' E. Samanid (Fraehn).

Tulitala. Toledo, in Spain. 39' 54'N. ; 4'0' W. Kings of Toledo ; Kings of Spain.

Tanjah. Tangiers, in Morocco. 35' 40' N. ;

5O47'W. Umayyad ; Idrisid ; Filili Sharifs. Tihiran. In Irak Ajami. 35' 44'N. ; 51' 25' E.

Shahsof Persia; Jalair. Prefixes -51 L, - & d \ ) \ d .

Zafar. In Yemen, near Sana, or according to some, Sans itself (Yakut). Rasulid (Neitzel).

Zafarabad. In N.W. Provinces, India. 26'0'N. ;

80° 33' E. Dehli Emperors. Zafarpur. I n the Panjab, India. ?. Dehli

Emperors. Zafarnagar. Fathabad, in N.W. Provinces,

India. Dehli Emperors.

al-Aal. I n Syria. 31' 46' N. ; 35' 52' E. Umayyad (Tiesenhausen).

Alamgirpur. Alumpur, in the Deccan, India.

15' 32' N. ; 78O 11'E. Dehli Emperors.


Alamgirnagir. A fort near Chittagong, Bengal. $pf.+J~ Dehli Emperors.

al-Abbasiyah. Near Baghdad (Yakut). Abbasid. &w\ Near Kairowan, N. Africa(Yakut). Aghlabid. -

Aththar. I n Yemen. 17' 15' N. ; 42' 20' E. 9 Abbasid.

al-Atibakah, al-Ikah. Madain. 35' 7' N. ; &+! \ - a\ . .. 44' 38' E. Umayyad (Lavoix). Prefix a$\.

Aden. I n S. Arabia. 12' 46' N. ; 45' 10' E. W*

Zurayid ; Ayyubid ; Rasulid ; Zangid ; Yemen King.

al-Irak. Irak or Jabal of Persia. Abbasid. d!4' Araban. In Mesopotamia. 35'55'N. ; 40°49'E. &/c

Mongols of Persia. al-Araishah. el-Arish, in Norocco. 35' 7' N. ; $*p\ - &"\)\

6' 30' W. Filili Sharifs. Izz al-Salam a a al-Kairuwan. Zayrid (Soret). tu\js Usfan. Near Mecca. 21' 58' N. ; 39' 42' E. u L

Umayyad. Askalan. Ascalon, in Palestine. 31° 39' N. ; & . &LC

34' 33' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Fatimid. Askar Panjhir. Army of Panjhir. Samanid @. &c

(Markof). Askar Yukram. I n Khuzistan. 31' 40' N. ; - ,+/*.&c

48' 58' E. Abbasid ; Buwayhid. dJ' &

Askar min al-Ahwaz. Ahmaz. Buwayhid. j\py\ ,.p* Azimabad. Patna. Dehli Emperors. Prefix a!'+

& l , i i j w . Akar. Many places of this name in Yeso- PC

potamia (Yskut). Probably kkr al-Humay- diyah (Le Strange). Jalair (Markof).

Akka. Acre, in Syria. 32' 55' N. ; 35' 4' E. & - Umayyad ; Fatimid ; Othmanli ; Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Ukbara. I n Mesopotamia. 33O 50'N. ; 42020fE.

Ukaylid (Lane Poole). al-Aliah. Constantinople. Othmanli. Prefix

hiUf,fd. Abbasid (Tiesenhamen). Also probably Fez. Idrisid (Lavoix).

Amman. In Syria. 31' 58' N. ; 36O 0' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Buwayhid.

Ain. I n Irak Arabi. 30°36'N. ; 46O 3' E. Abbasid (Lane Poole).

Ghurshistan. District in Afghanistan. 34' to %ON.; 64O to 66OE. Umayyad(Codrington).

Gharnatah. Granada, in Spain. 37O 14' N. ; 3' 41' W. Idrisid ; Zayrid ; Nasrid ; Hamudid; Murabit. Prefixes && . 9 f .

Ghaznah. Ghazni, in Afghanistan. 33' 30' N. ; 68O 15' E. Ghaznawid ; Khwarizm ; Great Kaans ; Dehli Kings ; Barakzai; Sind. Prefixes id+ , A .

Ghazzah. Gaza, in Syria. 31' 29' N.; 34' 41'E.

Umayyad ; Abbasid. Ghur. I n Bengal. 24O 55' N. ; 88' 8' E.

Dehli Kings. Ghur. Near Herat. 34' 25' N. ; 63' 28'E.

Ehwarizm (Markof). Ghiaspur. Near Gaur, in Bengal; Dehli Kings.

Ghian, for dk . Farab. Otrar, in Turkistan. 42' 37' N. ;

68' 10' E. Chagatai. Faris. Fars, in Persia. 20' N. ; 50' E. Or

in Kuhistan. 34O 0' N. ; 58' 38'E. Abbasid ; Saffarid ; Tahirid.

Faruki Nagar. Bednore, in Mysore. 13'48' N. ; 75O 6'E. Mysore Sultan.

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Fas. Fez, in Norocco. 34' 46' N. ; 4' 57' W. Umayyad of Spain ; Murabit ; Muwahhid ; Marinid ; Moorish ; Filili Sharif ; Othmanli. Prefixes &b, it" .

Fathabad. Faridpur, in Bengal. 23' 36' N. ; 89' 50' E. Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings. prefix+\ ,\a.

Fathpur. Fathpur Sikri, near Agra, India. 27' 6' I?. ; 77' 44' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix &\,13.

al-Farab, near Isfahan (Yakut) ; or al-Fnrat, I

on eastern bank of estuary of Euphrates and

Tigris, facing Ubulla. Umayyad ; Chagatai.

Farakhabad. I n N. W. Provinces, India.

27' 24' N. ; 79' 40' E. Dehli Emperors ;

Durrani. Also as a sufsa to$ - \ . Farkhab Hissar. Chituldrug, in Mysore, India.

14' 14' N. ; 76' 27' E. Mysore Sultan.

Farakhnagar. Near Dehli. 28'42'N. ; 77'24'E.

Dehli Emperors. Farukhi. Calicut, Malabar, India. 1 1' 15' N. ; 75' 50' E. Mysore Sultan.

Farghanah. Khokand, in Turkistan. 40'32' N. ; 70' 58' E. Abbasid ; Samanid ; Khan of Khokand.

Parlis. I n Malay Peninsula. 6' 30' N. ; 100' 28' E. Local Rajah.

Farama. Pelouse, in Egypt. 31 ' 3' N. ; 32' 32' E. Abbasid (Lavoix).

Parwan. Parwan, inAfghanistan. 35' 12'N. ;

69' 4' E. Ghaznawid ; Sammid. Firnzan. Village near Isfahan (Yakut).

Mongols of Persia.

174 NUSALNAN NUMISMATICS.

Firah. I n Afghanistan. 32' 27' N. ; 62' 8' E. Abbasid (Rogers) ; Samanid (Fraehn).

Firim. One day's march from Siriya, in Dailimite Highlands (Yakut). Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Bawendid ; Mongols of Persia.

Fisa, or Besa. I n Farsistan. 28O 57' N. ; 53O 48' E. Umayyad ; Buwayhid ; Ghaz- nawid (Soret).

al-Fustat. Old Cairo, in Egypt. Umayyad.

Patani. In Malay Peninsula. 6O 20' N. ; 101° 20' E. Local Rajah.

Filistin. Palestine. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Tulunid ; Hamdanid ; Ikhshidid ; Fatimid ; Karmathian. Also as suffix to Ll?f .

Palambang. In Sumatra. 2O 48' S. ; 104' 5' E. Local Rajah. SdEx JJ? .

Puntianak danlldampawah. In Borneo. 0°15'S. ;

log0 30' E. Local Rajah.

Pirim. Probably for $ j . Abbasid (Moeller) ; Mongols of Persia.

Firuzabad. Panduah, in Bengal. 23' 3' N. ; 88O 18' E. Bengal Kings. Prefixes i ' . a~p--L,#Jli~~-i&\.i~&.

Firuzpur. In the Panjab, India. 30° 55'N. ;

74O 38' E. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

Firuznagar. ?. Dehli Emperors (White King).

Fis Hissab or Hissar. Gooty, in Bellary

District, S. India. Mysore Sultan.

Fil. In Khwarizm. 41' 50' N. ; 58' 0' E. Umayyad (Blau).

.al-Fayum. I n Egypt. 29' 25' N. ; 30' 52'E.

Umayyad ; Abbasid (Lavoix).


'Kadis. Cadiz, in Spain. 36O 33' N. ; 6' 19' W. King of Granada (Longperier) .

Ears. In Armenia. 40° 37' N. ; 43O 10' E. Othmanli.

Xazan. Sarai ?. Mongols of Persia (Rodgers). Prefix )a,\Jbb .

Kashan, for d k K . Saljuk ; Mongols of Persia.

al-Kahirah. Cairo. 30° 2' N. ; 3 lo 25' E. Fatimid ; Zangid ; Ayyubid ; Yamluk. Prefixes or suffixes . &+I . d,W\ .

Kain. I n Khurasan. 33' 40' N. ; 59O 10' E. Mongols of Persia.

Koban. Goban, at head of Persian Gulf. 30' 20' N. ; 48' 35' E. Bini Kab.

Kutla Arku. ?. Turkistan (Fraehn).

al-Kudasipah. I n Mesopotamia. 34O 0' N. ; 44' 10' E. Abbasid.

Kadah. I n the Malay Peninsula. 6' 0' N. ; 100' 18' E. Local Rajah.

Kara Urdu. Unknown town. Turkistan.

Kara Ghaj. In Azarbaijan. 37' O'N. ; 47' O'E.

Mongols of Persia ; Jalair.

Kara Tagh. Montenegro. Othmanli Medal.

Karatova. In Roumelia. 42'1 7'N. ; 22O 33' E. Othmanli.

Karkhi. In Turkistan. 37O 30' N. ; 65' 8' E. Mongols of Persia.

Karshi. In Turkistan. 38' 48' N. ; 65' 40' E. Shaybanid ; Shahs of Persia.

Kurtubah. Cordova, in Spain. 37O 54' N. ;

4' 54' W. Abbasid ; Yurabit ; King of Cordova. Prefix ;i;?h .

176 MUSALNAN NUMISMATICS.

Kark Ir. Tschufut Kalch, in the Crimea. I? di. 44O 52' N. ; 34O 10' E. Krim Khans.

Karkisiya. Circesium, in Mesopotamia. L-22 35O 12' N. ; 40° 26' E. Abbasid (Rogers) ;

Ukaylid ; Muhammad ibn Safwan (Lane Poole).

Karauli. In Rajputana. 26' 30' N. ; 77' 4' E. Local Rajah.

3-9 Krim. Crimea. Golden Horde; Othmanli ; 62-

Krim Khans. Prefixes i.& - & . suffix kjrJ4 .

Krim al-Jadid. New Krim. Golden Horde. $2 Kuriyah. Part of Baghdad. Mongols of %?

Persia (Rodgers). Kazwin. In Irak Ajami. 36' 16' N. ; 49' 55'E. &Y>

Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia ; Yuzaffarid ; Chagatai ; Jalair ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix U \ , \ i 9 .

Kustamuniyah. I n Anatolia. 41' 21' N. ; ~~ 33O 58' E. Mongols of Persia ; Kustamid Amir .

Kustantiniyah. Constantinople. Othmanli. - - s u e id)/\.

Kueantinah. Constantine, in Algeria. 36O 30' N. ; "

6O 30' E. Hafsid (Lavoix) ; Othmanli.

al-Kasr. The Palace. Idrisid (Millies). 4' Kasr al-Salam. al-Rakkah, in Mesopotamia. rUI+

Abbasid. Kasr al-Kakhar, or al-Kadir, or al-Fakhir. .I~uij\

Doubtful. Abbasid. pbl\

Kutbabad. Old Dehli. Dehli Kings. i9y& Kilat. Kelat, in Baluchistan. 29O 0' N. ; =& 66O 30' E. Local.

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Kilij Urdu. ?. Turkistan.

Kalat Ayub. Calatayud, in Spain. 41' 25' N. ; 1' 40'W. Kings of Calatayud (Lavoix).

Kalat Jabir. In Syria. 35' 55' N. ; 38' 20' E. Ayyubid (Lavoix) .

Kumm. I n Irak Ajami. 34' 36' N. ; 50° 57' E. Abbasid ; Samanid ; Buwayhid ; Chagatai ; Timurid ; Ak-Kuyunlid ; Tahirid ; Shahs of Persia.

Kamarnagar. Karnul, in S. India. 15' 47' N. ; 78' 5' E. Dehli Emperors.

Kunna. Townnear Sharhzur. Samanid(Markof).

Kanduz. In Afghanistan. 36' 45' N. ; 69O 55'E. Sulaiman Mirza (Rodgers).

Kandahar. In Afghanistan. 31" 40' N. ; 65' 55' E. Timurid ; Dehli Emperors ; Shahsof Persia; Barakzai. Prefix d;j3W\)\d.

Kinnisrin. I n Syria. 35' 56' N. ; 37' 0' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid.

n u . See a'$+ . Kujaniyah. I n Servia. 44' 30' N. ; 21' 22' E.

Othmanli (Moeller). Kuras. CONS, in Syria. 36' 42' N. ; 36' 56' E.

Iimayyad (Soret). Kus. In Egypt. 25' 43' N. ; 32' 40' E.

Fatimid. Prefix &*~n . Kumis. In Tabaristan. 35' 40' N. ; 54' 20' E.

Umayyad ; Abbasid. Kunkah. Cuenca, in Spain. 40' 55' N. ;

lo 50'W. Murabit. Prefix &&. Kuniyah. Iconium, in Asia Minor. 37' 55' N. ; 32' 31' E. Saljuk ; Mongols of Persia ; Karaman ; Othmanli ; Arteinid (Markof). Prefix k~n.

178 YUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

al-Kairawm. In Tunig N. Africa. 36O 0' lrl. ; ~$2' lo0 IO'E. Fatimid; Zayrid. Prefix ?u\j~.

Kaiaariyah. Csesarea, in Anatolia. 38' 40' N. ; &,& 35' 30' E. Csesarea, in Syria. 32' 30' N. ; 34' 64'E. Saljuk ; Mongols of Persia ; Golden Horde. P r e h &&.

Palambang. I n Sumatra. 2'46' 9.; 104' 50' E. @ - @ Local Rajah. Prefix 4 .

Pulopercha, or Pulopencha. Sumatra. Loul & - E>iG English.

Pirak. In Malay Peninsula. 4O 30' N. ; &-& 101' 0' E. Local English. Prefix &$ .

Kabul. In Afghanistan. 34O 30' N. ; 69' 18' E. &g Shahs of Persia (Fraehn) ; Dehli Emperors ;

Durrani ; Barakzai. Prefixes d;kW\ ,\a - &t )Id.

Kath. Near Khwarizm. 41 42' N. ; 60° 23'E. a x Golden Horde (Fraehn).

Karhi. Unknown. Mongols of Persia (Markof). & J ~

Karit. ?. Mongols of Persia (Soret). GJJ

Kazamn. In Farsistan. 29O 34' N. ; 51° 53'E. M J ~ % Mongols of Persia ; Muzaffarid ; Chagatai ;

Inchu. Kasan. In Turkistan. 41° 10' N. ; 71' 35'E. &\s

Turkistan (Markof).

Kashan. In Irak Ajami. 34O O'N. ; 51°23'E. &A Mongols of Persia ; Muzaffarid ; Timurid ;

Cbagatai ; Ak-Kuyunlid ; Kara Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefixes &$lJ\d - L-2.4.

LIST OF HINT m 8 .

Eashghar. I n Turkistan. 3g024'N. ; 76'6'E. Turkistan ; Atalik ; Chagatai ; local Khans. Prefix U\,\> . Sn%h .

Kalpi. I n N.W. Provinces, India. 26' 7' N. ; 79' 48'E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors.

Prefix & . Suffix d;f. Kalinjar. InN.W.Provinces, India. 25' 10'N. ;

80° 32' E. Dehli Emperors (Leggett).

' Kanan. ?. Dehli Emperors (Rodgem).

Kandi. In Bengal. 23' 58' N. ; 88' 5' E. DehliEmperors (Rodgers). Prefix .-.\,\a.

Kabir Shaikh. ? Kabirab, a village near the

Jilum (Yakut) ; Mongols of Persia.

al-Kitawa. Lektawn, in Morocco. 30' 25' N. ;

5O 30' W. Hasani Sharifs. Prefixes ip . i& .

Katak. Cuttack, in theBerare, India. 20° 28'TJ. ; 85' 55'E. Dehli Emperors.

Kuchawan. In Jodhpur State, India. 27'1 2'N. ;

74O 48' E. Local Rajah.

Kachrauli. I n Paniput, N. W. Provinces, India. Dehli Emperors (Hedgers).

'gnchbhujnagar. Bhuj, in Kutch, India. 23O 15' N. ; 69' 48' E. Local Rao.

Kadhaj. Fortress in Azarbaijan (Yakut).

Mongols of Persia. '

Kurbuj al-Dinar. Near Ahwaz, 8 farsakhs

towards Basrah (Yakut). Ishmailite (Bartholomei).

al-Karkh. Part of Baghdad. Abbasid (Lavoix).

Kard Finna Khusrah. Close to Shiraz (Yakut).

Bnwayhid.

Kurdistan. Province. 37' N. ; 44' E. Othmanli.


Kurdasht. In Azarbaijan. 38' 53' N. ; 46" 6' E. Shahs of Persia (Fraehn).

'IIurzuwan. Gourzan, in Khurasan. 35'28'N. ;

65' 11' E. Khwarizm.

Karkin. In Siwas. 39' 58' N. ; 36' 52' E.

Mongols of Persia (Bartholomei).

Kirman. Capital of District in Persia; formerly Bardasir. 30' 25' N. ; 5 7 O 2' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Great Kaans ; Atabeg ; Mongols of Persia ; Muzaffarid ; Chagatai ; Timurid; Ak-Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefixes LY1 la,& ,+.Ad. f

b a n s h a h a n . In Kurdistan. 31' 34' N. ; 54' 52' E. Shahs of Persia. Prefixes d,d\J\a - X& .

Karminah. I n Transoxiana. 40" 16' N. ; 65' 12' E. Turkistan (Fraehn) ; Ghaznawid (Fraehn) .

Kirni. ?. Jalair (Fraehn); Kuyunlid (Fraehn).

Karauli. In Rajputana, India. 26' 30' N. ; 7 7 O 4'E. Local Rajah.

Kirimabad. ?. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

Kurin. Perhaps Karin on the upper Euphrates, called also Kalikala and Theodosiopolis. Jalair ; Chagatai ; Mongols of Persia (Soret).

Kasakar. Between Kufah and Basrah (Yakut). Umayyad (Porter).

Kash. In Transoxiana. 43' 48' N. ; 82' 15' E. Or in Afghanistan. 31' 55' N. ; 62' 20' E.

Mongols of Persia (Fraehn) ; Chagatai ; Shaybanid ; Turkistan.

Kisham. In Badakhshan. 36' 57' N. ; 70' 5' E.

Khwarizm (Rodgers).

LIST O F MINT TOWNS*

Kashmir. 34O 4'N. ; 74' 58'E. Dehli Emperors; Kings of Kashmir ; Sikh ; Durrani. Prefix

dl&.

Kishangarh. I n Rajputana, India. 26'35' N. ; 74' 55'E. Local Rajah.

Kaffah. In the Crimea. 45' 5' N. ; 35' 35' E.

Krim Khans. Xaffah Jadidah. New Kaffah. Golden Horde

(Markof). Kilat. In Turkistan. 37' 15' N. ; 59' 48' E.

Local Khan. Xalanur. In the Panjab, India. 32' 1' N. ;

75' 11' E. Dehli Emperors. Kalawanur. Cannanore, in Malabar, India.

1 lo 51' N. ; 75' 24' E. Local (Millies).

Kalburgah. In the Deccan, India. 1 7' 18' N. ; 75O 54' E. Dehli Emperors.

Kulisan, Kulistan. Sarai. Golden Horde ; Mongols of Persia. P r e h d~ ; suffix

Kulistwan, for r ; , U . Mongols of Persia.

Kalkata. Calcutta. 22' 36' N. ; 88" 24' E.

Dehli Emperors. Kalantan. In the Malay Peninsula. 6' 29' N. ;

101° 52'E. Local Rajah. Kalian. I n the Deccan, India. 17' 48'N. ;

77' 18' E. Local Rajah.

Kalibar. In Azarbaijan? Mongols of Persia (Fraehn). perhaps+ on Mount Sablan. Azarbaijan (Le Strange).

Kalishahr. P. Mongols of Persia (Fraehn).

Kalikut. Calicut, in Mysore, India. 1 lo 15' N. ; 75' 49'E. Mysore Sultan. S u f i J + .

Kiliwan. Small town in Khuzistan (Yakut). Mongols of Persia (Markof).

182 W U S A ~ A N NUMISMATICS.

Kumishkhanah. Gumishk.hana, in Armenia. 40° 28' N. ; 39' 44' E. Othmanli.

Kamnazar. ?. Mongols of Persia.

Kambayat. Cambay, in Guzarat, India.

22' 18' PIT. ; 72O 40' E. Dehli Emperors.

Ganjah. Elizabethpol, in Georgia. 40° 35'N. ;

46O 22' E. Great Kaans ; Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai ; Othmanli ; Shahs of Persia ; Khans of Ganjah.

Kinkiwar. In Hamadan. 34' 38'N. ; 47' 55' E. Abbasid (Tiesenhausen).

Kangush. ?. Asiatic copper unassigned.

Kucha. In Turkistan. 41' 36' N. ; 80° 55' E. Local Rebel Chief.

a . Kora, in N. W. Provinces, India. 26' 6' N. ; 80' 24' E. Dehli Emperors ; E.I. Company.

Kurat al-Yuadham. The Superb Town. Mecca? Abbasid (Soret).

Kurghaznah. Ghazni. Ghaznawid.

Kuzlu. Eupatoria, in the Crimea. 45' 12' N. ; 33' 0' E. Krim Khans.

Kotah. In Rajputana. 25' 12' N. ; 75' 54' E.

Local Rajah. al-Kufah. In Irak Arabi. 32' 3' N. ; 44O 37'E.

Umayyad; Abbasid; Buwayhid ; Hamdanid.

Kufin. In Khurasan, six farsakhs from Abirard (Yakut). Shaybanid ; Timurid.

Kukaban. In Yemen, near Sana. 15' 34'N. ;

43O 52'E. . Rasulid. Kiz. Near Isfahan. 32' 48' N . ; 51° 42' E.

Mongols of Persia. Kizru. ?. Saljuk (Lane Poole).

.LIBT OF MINT TOWNS. .I83

Kiyfa. In Arabia. 27' 10' N. ; 43' 0' E. Or Him KaZa (see p. 152). Urtukid.

.Kik. In Armenia. 38O 45' N. ; 41° 10' E. Mongols of Persia.

Gushtaspi. Shirwan, shore of Caspian Sea,

about 40' N., 49' E. Mongols of Persia; Jalair.

Gulistan. Sarai. Golden Horde. Prefix 4. Gulistan al-Jadid. New Gulistan. Golden

Horde. Gulistan Sarai. Golden Horde.

Gulkundah. In the Deccan, India. 17' 22' N. ; 78' 26' E. Dehli Emperors ; Kutb Shahs.

Oangpur. In Chutia Nagpur, India. 22'0'N. ;

85' 20' E. Dehli Emperors. Gwalior. In Central India. 26' 13' N. ;

78' 12' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors.

Prefixes $.i . &dl Gobindpur. Govindpur, in Bengal. 23' 38' N. ;

86' 9' E. Dehli Emperors. Guti. Gooty, in S. India. 15O 6' N. ; 77'41' E.

Dehli Emperors. Oorakpur. In N. W. Provinoes, India.

26' 44' N. ; 83' 23' E. Dehli Emperors. Gokalgarh. ?. Dehli Emperors (White King).

Gohad. In Dholpur State. 26'24' N. ; 78'30'E.

Rana of Dholpur.

Lar. I n Laristan. 27' 38' N. ; 54' 18' E. Muzaffarid ; Timurid ; Chagatai.

Laridah. Leridah, in Spain. 41' 34' N. ; 0' 20' E. Hudid.

184 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICB.

Larandah. Karaman. 37O 9' N. ; 33O 2' E. idjY Karaman ; Othmanli.

Lamtah. I n Morocco. 35O 40' N. ; lo0 50'E. &I Murabit (Tychsen).

Lahijan. In Gilan. 37O 8' X. ; 50' 9' E. &zpY - a p Y Timurid ; Kara Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix j f J l )\J .

Lahore. In the Panjab, India. 31° 34' N. ; J P ~ -IP' 74' 21' E. Ohaznawid ; Shahs of Persia ; Dehli Kings and Emperors ; Durrani ; Sikh; local. Prefixes U\ - d A \ ,\J . 14.

Lahaj. Near Aden. 13' 12' N. ; 42' 34' E.

Local Sultan.

Ludd. Lydda, in Palestine. 31° 57' N. ; 34O 56' E. Umayyad.

Ladakh. In Kashmir. 32' to 35O N. ; 75O to

7g0 E. Kashmir Kings ; local Governor.

Lucknow. In Oudh, India. 26O 51' N. ;

SO0 58'E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors ;

local Kings. Prefix bjuf ,\ J . Lakhnauti. Oaur, in Bengal. 24' 52' N. ;

8S0 10' E. Dehli Kings ; Bengal Kings. CZAJ

Prefixes& - dT - @\. Lampong. In Sumatra. 5' 50' 5. ; 105O 25' E.

Local.

Ludhiana. In the Panjab. 30° 54' N. ; b"+J 75O 54' E. Dehli Kings (Rodgers).

Lurdijan. Near Isfahan. 31° 47' N. ; 51°0'E. cll\f31j . &G Saljuk ; MuzafTarid.

Luluih. A fort in Syria. 37O20'N. ; 34O20'E.

Saljuk; Mongols of Persia. Prefixcs &h - "33

&-.

al-Mubarikah. A w e in Khwarizm (Taknt). ITmayyad; Abbaaid.

al-Mmbarikiyah. P. Mongols of Persia.

Mitgharah. ?&drara, in Morocco ? 353 22' X. ; 6' 55" W. Idriaid (Lavoix) .

d - M u t a w U p h . In Irak Arabi. 34"28'N. ;

43% 50' E. Abbasid (Markof) ; Amir al-

Umara ; Tahirid (Soret). Prefix ~;;?AA . Mittnrah. Muttra, in N.W. Provinces, India.

27" 30'N. ; 773 43' E. Dehli Emperors. Majaz. In Northern AMca. 363 40' N. ;

9' 38'E. Abbasid (Lavoix). Machhlipatan. Masulipatsm, on Caromandel

Coast, India. 16' 9' N. ; 81° 11' E. Dehli Emperors.

Mahal. Maldive Islands. 6' N. ; 73' E. Low1 Sultan.

Muhammadabad. Applied to Udaipnr. J ~ \ M

&+J*J~ Lj . Muhammadabad. Applied to Champanir.

Oujasat Kings. Lfj &\AS+ &@ 2L;L.

Muhammadabad. Applied to Kalpi. Some- times alone, sometimes with . LSSK

Muhammadabad. Bidar, in the Decclan. 17" 53' N. ; 77' 34' E. Bahmani. A h probably Firozabad in BengaL Bengal Kings.

Muhammadabad Banares. Benares. Dehli Emperors.

al-Muhammadiyah. The name for &,!\ after a.n. 148. Abbasid ; Samanid ; Buwayhid ; Tuhirid ; Sajid. Also unidentified mint

town of Hasani Sharifs.

LIN! OF MINT TOWNS. .I87

Muhammadnagw. Golkondah, in the Decoan. Dehli Emperors.

Msbmudabad. In Wan. 36O 46' N.; 52'15'E. Golden Horde.

Mahmuhbad. I n Bengd. ?. Bengal Kings.

Mshmudpur. Lahore. Ghaanawid.

Mukhshi. ?. Golden Horde.

Mnkhsusabad. Murshidabad, in Bengal. Dehli

Emperors (Rodgers). Madrid. I n S p i n . 40' 25' N. ; 3' 40' W.

On a coin of circnmstence, A.H. 1201. Madain. I n Lower Mesopotamia. 53' 10'N. ;

44' 40' E. Abbasid. Madinat al-Taslim. I n Irak Arabi? Probably

Baghdad. Abbasid.

Madinat Rasul Illah. Yedinat, in Arabia.

24' 35' N. ; 39' 55'E. Fatimid.

Madinat al-Satailam. 1. Abbasid (Rogers).

Madinat al-Salam. Baghdad. Abbasid ; Amir al-Umara ; Hamdanid ; Buwayhid ; Saljuk.

Jalair, as prefix to a\+ . Madinat al-Atikah. Southern suburb of Bagh-

dad ? Umayyad. al-Madinat al-Makhtara. The Chosen Town.

On Abrit Kharib Canal, half-way between

Basrah and Abbadan (Le Strange). Chief

of the Zanj (Casanova).

Madinat Madain. Madain. Mongols of Persia

(Soret). al-Madhar. Mazar, near Balkh. 36' 52' N. ;

67' 0' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid. Muradabad. I n N. W. Provinces, India.

28' 49' N. ; 78' 49' E. Dehli Emperors ; Durrani.

1 88 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Yaraghah. I n Azarbaijan. 37' 43'N. ; 46O28' E.

Sajid ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Ak- Kupn l id ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix &L.

Marakash. Morocco. 31' 40'N. ; '1' 30' W. . d!fJ Murabit ; Muwahhid ; Marinid ; Moorish ; Hasani and Filili Sharifs. Prefixes i+ -

; s u e 'LjFd. Mursiyah. Murcia, in Spain. 37O 59' I?. ; +YJ

l o 10' W. Murabit ; Muwahhid ; Kings of

Yurcia. Prefix &.&. Murshidabad. I n Bengal. 24O 11'N. ; 88O 18'E. &\JAY

Dehli Emperors; East India Company.

Marghinan. I n Turkistan. 40' 31'N. ; 71°40'E. c,&/" Turkistan.

Marlahu. Maharlu, in Farsistan. 29' 28' N. ; d ! 53O 10'E. Mongols of Persia (Schindler).

Marand. In. Azarbaijan. 88' 30'N.; 45O 50'E.

Timurid (Markof).

Narv. M'erv, in Turkistan. 37' 30' N. ; 62O 10' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Tahirid ;

Saljuk ;Ishaybanid ; Saffarid ; Great Kaans ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia.

Marv a1 - Rud. Menchak, in T u r k i s h . 4>' >! 35O 55' N. ; 62O 45' E. Saljuk (Markof).

Marv Shahijan. Marv. Khan of U v a c,b8b,!

(Fraehn).

al-Mariyah. Almeria, in Spain. 36' 50' N. ;

2O 82' W. Murabit ; Nasrid.

Mazandaran. Province in Persia. Shahs of c,\AjL-&~ Persia.

M'azang Achhara. ?. Sikh (Rodgers). xX\ &>


Missana. Messina, in Sicily. 38' 11' N. ; 15O 31' E. Norman Kings of Sicily. Prefix '+. .

Mastakar al-Mulk. Azimabad. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

Muskat. I n Oman. 23' 37' N. ; 58' 35' E. Local Imam.

Mashhad. I n Khurasan. 36' 29' N. ; 59'30' E. Timurid ; Shaybanid ; Shahs of Persia ; Durrani. SufFcges w&\ p2\ - 4 ,+L\- w& - JIJjiJ1 -bj\.

Misr. Egypt. Abbasid ; Tulunid ; Ikhshidid ; Fatimid; Ayyubid; Othmanli. Suffix a,/.

Misr al-Fustat. The old capital of Egypt. Umayyad.

1Cdesrin. A town in Asia Ninor (Yakut) ; Karaman (Markof).

Mustafabad. Junaghar, in Kathiawar, India.

21' 31' N. ; 70° 36' E. Gujarat Kings. P r e h +\,+A .

Mustafiabad. I n the Panjab. 30' 12' N. ; 77O 12' E. Dehli Emperors (Vost).

al-Xsisah. Missis, in Adana, Asia Minor. 36O 55' N. ; 35' 37' E. Abbasid ; Hamdanid.

MuzafFarabad. Near Panduah, in Bengal. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

MuzafFargahr. I n Yanjab, India. 30' 4' N. ; 71° 14' E. Dehli Emperors.

Maadin. I n Armenia. 38' 18' N. ; 39' 34'E.

Samanid ; Saljuk ; Jalair ; Artanid. Suffix

+. Maadin Bajanis. Bajanis, in Armenia. Abbasid; -

Maadin Babirt. Baibirt, in Armenia. Saljuk. 3 4 r;,b

Maadin al-Shash. al-Shash, in Khurasan. Abbasid ; Tahirid (Fraehn). .

M'aadin Lulnah. Luluiah, in Syria. Saljuk.

M'aarah Masrin. I n Syria. 35' 37' N. ; 36O 48' E. Umayyad.

al-Muiziyah al-Kahirah. Cairo: Fatimid.

al-Muaskar. The Camp. ?. Saljuk.

Muazimabad. Probably Sonargaon, in Bengal. Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings. Prefixes

a + - @ l - ~ & - i d J . Maakar. ?. Samanid (Moeller).

Maghaz. Magas, in Gilan. 36'37'N.; 55'25' E. Mongols of Persia (Markof).

al-Maghrab. Morocco. Abbasid.

Itfagabastan ? Mongols of Persia.

al-Makalla. I n Hadramant. 14' 25' N. ; 49O 20' E. Local Nakib.

Miknasah. Mequinaz, in Morocco. 33O 57' N. ;

5O 40' W. Muwahhid ; Filili Sharifs. Prefix 5- .

Makkah. Mecca. 21' 27' N. ; 40' 4' E. Abbasid ; Fatimid ; Othmanli.

Malatiyah. I n Armenia. 38' 28' N. ; 38'29' E. Saljuk.

Multan. I n the Panjab, India. 30' 12' N. ;

71° 30' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors ; Durrani ; Sikh. Prefix &yf .

Malikanagar. ?. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers).

Malut. I n the Panjab, India. 32'56' N. ; 73O 39'E. Dehli Kings (Rodgers).

Mulharnagar. Indore, in Central India. Dehli Emperors. Local Holkar.

Mumbai Surat. Bombay. E.I. Company.

LIBT OF MINT TOWRB.

k a d h a r . On Dizful river, half-way between Askar Mukram and Ahwaz (Le Strange).

Manbaj. Bambuch, in Syria. 86O 30' N. ;

3 8O 0' E. Umayyad. Mandurpur. Dig, in Bhartpur State, India.

27O 28' N. ; 77O 22' E. Local Rajah.

Mandu. Mandogarh, in CentralIndia. 22'21'N. ;

75O 26' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors.

al-Mansuriyah. I n Morocco. 33O 46' N. ; 7O 10' W. Fatimid ; Ayyubid.

Musil. I n Mesopotamia. 36O 19' N. ; 43' 7' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Burnayhid (Fraehn) ; Hamdanid ; Ukaylid ; Zangid; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Othmanli. Prefix G.J.~ .

Mumanabad. I n the Deccan, India. 18'42' N. ;

76O 24' E. Dehli Emperors. Or Bindraban,

according to R. Burn. al-Xahjam. I n Yaman. 15O 12' N. ; 42' 55' E.

Rasulid. al-Yahdiyah. I n North Africa. 34O 23' N. ;

6O 30' W. Abbasid ; Fatimid. M'aharandurpur. Bhartpur ? Dehli Emperors.

Maharpur. ?. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

Mah Indarpur. Bhartpnr. Dehli Kings (Rodgers).

Mahimr. Mysore, in S. India. 12O18'N.;

76' 41' E. Dehli Emperors ; Local Sultans. Mayyafarikin. I n Mesopotamia. 38O 10' N. ;

40° 58' E. Hamdabid ; Buwayhid ; Mar- wanid ; Ayyubid.

Nirath. Meerut, in - N.W. Provinces, India. 29' 0' N. ; 77' 48' E. Dehli Emperors.

Yapan. I n Irak Arabi. 31° 20' N. ; 47O 20' E. Umayyad.

lKailapur. Madras. Dehli Emperors (White

x y u r k a Majorca. 40' N. ; 3OE. Muwahhid ; G g s of Majorca. P r e k &&I.

Nabha. Capital of Nabha State, in the Panjab,

India. 30° 24' N. ; 76O 12' E. Sikh ; Local

Rajah.

Nadirabad. Kandahar. Shahs of Persia.

Narnnl. I n Rajputana, India. 283 15' N. ;

76O 20' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors.

Nasiri. Teheran. Shahs of Persia. Prefix r r k l l ~ o .

Nakur. ?. Spanish Umayyad (Codeira).

Nagpur. In Central India. 21' 9' N. ; 79O 7'E. Dehli Emperors (Whitc King). Prefix

cK/lt J\c,.

N a p . In Jodhpur State, India. 27' 11' N. ;

73' 46'E. Dehli Emperors.

Nahan. In Sirmur State, Panjab, India.

30' 34'N. ; 7t0 21'E. Local Rajah.

Najafgahr. In N. W. Provinces, India. 26' 18' N. ; 80' 3 6' E. Dehli Emperors

(Rodgers).

Najibabad. In 8. W. Provinces, India. 29' 36' N. ; 78' 23' E. Dehli Emperors.

Nakhjiwan. I n Armenia. 39' 15' N. ; 45'211E. Great Kaans ; Mongols of Persia ; Ak- Kuynnlid ; Jalair ; Shahs of Persia.

h'ukhawi. In the Caucasus. 41' 12'N.; 47' 10'E.

Khan of Caucasus.

Narimkabad. In Irak Ajami ? Umayyad

(Soret).

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Narmar. I n Owalior State, India. 25'39' N. ;

77' 56' E. Dehli Kings.

Nisa. I n Khurasan. 37' 53' N. ; 58' 10' E. Khwarizm (Markof).

Nasirabad. Nisabur. Samanid.

Nasratabad. I n Bengal, in Ghoraghar Subhah

of Akbar. Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings.

Nissibin. In Mesopotamia. 57'2'N. ; 41' 15'E.

Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Hamdanid ; Ukaylid ;

Marmanid ; Zangid ; Atabeg ; Ayyubid.

Prefix +..!- . Raklat. ?. Mongols of Persia (Rodgers).

Nagar. Probably Naggar, in Bannu, Panjab.

33O 10' N. ; 71' 5' E. Dehli Emperors

(Rodgers). Also for Bednore. 13' 48' N. ;

75' 6' E. Nysore Sultan.

Nimroz, for j,& . Great Kaans.

Namak. Pind daran Khan, in the Panjab,

India. 32' 35' N. ; 73' 5' E. Sikh.

Nanarkan. ?. Shahs of Persia (Fraehn).

Nu. Nuh, in the Panjab, India. 28' 6' N. ;

77" 2' E. Dehli Kings (Rodgers).

Nuvabardah. I n Servia. 42' 35' N. ; 21' 50' E. Othmanli.

Nuvar. Nuvabardah ? Othmanli.

Nowanagar. In Kathiawar, India. 22' 26' N. ;

7G0 16' E. Local Jam.

Nubanjan. I n Farsistan. 30°8'N. ; 51' 52' E. Mongols of Persia.

Nukan. Nurkan, in Khurasan. 35O 50' N. ;

58' 40' E. Mongols of Persia (Soret).

Nul. Lamtah, in Morocco. 35' 40' N. ; 10" 50' E. Murabit.

194 MUSALYBN NUMISMATICS.

Nihawand. I n Irak Ajami. 34'5' N. ; 48' 29'E.

Abbasid. Prefix . Nahtarnagar. Trichinopoly, in 8. India.

49' 10' N. ; 78O 44' E. Mysore Sultan

(Marsden).

Nahr Tirah. Near Ahwaz, on Kerkha river

(Le Strange). Umayyad ; Abbasid.

Nisa. Probably forl9& . Shahs of Persia.

Nisabur. In Khurasan. 36' 12' N. ; 58' 49' E. Abbasid ; Ghaznawid; Samanid ; Baljuk;

Timurid; local Amir; Mongols of Persia ;

Shahs of Persia ; Khwarizm. Prefix . al-Nil. I n Irak Arabi. 32O 35' N. ; 44' 42' E.

Abbasid (Karabacek).

Nimruz. Sijistan. Shahs of Persia.

Wadi Ash. Guarda, in Portugal. 40° 30'N. ;

7' 15' W. Nasrid.

Wasit. In Mesopotamia. 31° 51' N. ; 46' 7' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Mongols

of Persia ; Jalair ; Buwayhid (Soret) ; Ham-

danid (Tychsen) ; Fatimid (Marsden) ;

Samanid (Tychsen).

Watil. Uncertain. Idrisid (Lavoix).

Van. In Armenia. 38' 35' N. ; 43O 14' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Ak-Kuyunlid ; Othmanli.

Wabah. In Palestine. 30° 38' N. ; 35O 30' E. Umayyad (Lavoix).

Ubada. In Spain. 37' 56'N. ; 3O 22' W.

King of Tortosa (Saulcy).

Ujtah. Oudjda, in Morocco. 34O 43' N. ;

2' 48' W. Idrisid (Lavoix).

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Wdaipur. ,*"3\ . Local h a .

Warzighah. Warghah, in Algeria. 32' 0' N. ; 5' 12' E. Idrisid (Lavoix).

Urmi. &,\ . Great Kaans (Markof).

Warangul. In the Deccan, India. 17' 58' N. ; 79O 40' E. Dehli Kings.

Wazkand. dj,\ . Turkistan.

Wazakur. ?. Idrisid (Lavoix).

Vastan. In Armenia. 3S0 25'N. ; 43O 5'E.

Jalair. Utit. Uncertain. Idrisid (Lavoix).

al-Watah. al-Hueta, in Spain. 40° 12' N. ; 2O 38' W. Spanish Umayyad.

Walastajird. I n Irak Ajami. 34' 28' N. ; 48O 16' E. Mongols of Persia.

Walwaliz. Half-way between Wulm and Tayikan, in Turkistan (Le Strange). Ghaz- nawid.

Walilah. In Morocco. 34' 0' N. ; 5' 30' W. Idrisid.

nl-milandi. Holland. &&"J!\ A\ . B a t a ~ a .

Hapur. In N.W. Provinces, India. 2S0 43'N. ;

77O 49' E. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle). Harunabad. In Kurdistan. 34O 10' N. ;

46' 45' E. Abbasid. al-Haruniyah. I n Baghdad district. 33O 40'N. ;

44' 55' E. Abbasid. al-Hashamiyah. Near Kufah, between it and

Hillah (Le Strange). Abbasid. Hajaz. District of Arabia on the north-east

coast of the Red Sea. Local Othrnanli.

196 MUSALMAS NUMISMATICS.

Hirat. In Afghanistan. 34" 29' N. ; 62O 8' E. at9 - 2fb Umay yad ; Abbasid ; Ghaznawid ; Saljuk ;

Great Kaans; Shaybanid ; Tahirid; Timurid ; Samanid ; Soffarid ; Khwarizm ; Chagatai ;

Kara Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Pereia; Karts ;

Barakzai. Prefixes &kWf J\d - i,d\ ,\J - &"A4 - i& - x+L i& .

al-Harrar. In East Africa. 9' 20' N. ; 42'22'E. JA\ - iA\ -,\A! Local Kings. Prefix L-h .

Hardwar. I n N.W. Provinces, India. 2g057'N. ; 78O 12' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix L;,*- .

Hnzu. Fort on the coast opposite to the 9 island of Kish (Yakut). Beni Ommereh

(Tiesenhausen).

Hamadan. Hamazan, inIrakArabi. 34'48'N. ; u\ ;)AB 48O 30'E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Saljuk; Mongols of Persia; Jalair; Timurid ;

Kara Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia ; Dulafid.

Prefixes iJJ - iJJ . Hind. On the Indus. ?. Dehli Kings

(Leggett).

al-Husam. Canton in mountains behind Tabaristan and Dailim (Yakut). Mongols

of Persia (Fraehn).

Hit. Near Baghdad. 33O 39' N. ; 42O 51' E.

Mongols of Persia.

Yarkand. In Turkistan. 38' 25'N. ; 77' 30' E.

Chinese ; Turkistan (Markof).

Yamur. A village near Anbar (Yakut).

Khwarizm.

Yubni. Yobna, or Jabneh, in Palestine. 81° 51' N. ; 34' 45' E. Umayyad (Lavoix).

LIST OF MINT TOWN&

Yajirhan. Uncertain. Idrisid (Lavok).

Yazd. I n Farsistan. 32' 3' N. ; 54' 47' E. Mongols of Persia ; Timirid ; Chagatai; Atabeg ; Ak-Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix aaW\

al-Yazidiyah. Shamakhi, in Trans-Caucasia. Abbasid (Lavoix).

Yikishahr. Yeskisher, inhatolia. 39' 44' N. ; 30° 22'E. Othmanli.

'Pimash Bazar. ?. Saljuk of Rum (Markof).

al-Yamamah. In Arabia. 24O 5' N. ; 47' 10' E. Abbasid.

al-Yaman. Yemen, in S. Arabia. Abbasid.

Yangi Bazar. Unknown. Mongols of Persia (Markof).

Yangi Shahr. Shayer, in Turkistan. 41°55'N. ;

84O 36'E. Golden Horde. Suffix k:Fd~

MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

TITLES OF MIHT TOWNS.

Most Holy Ground. A+ ',"&\ &\

The Most Noble of Cities. >kh\ d&J\ A$! District. - - a&!&. - 4111) (a Mother of Cities. ifl d q \ ?\

Pleasing h a d . L",I ,.la\ Place of Glory. )t;.'-/e! J%J+' ~3 -J+' ~2 City. ,\jt - j \ j \ - - - !,k - .I.

~ ~ a ~ & ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j ~ ~ & ~ -

*L-j\,b-L>-w-$>-uL>- d'

L;, U - uU- dj>\ i t . I - $1 I , - i - j - - i&!J - id+

&& - Y+ - &> - &\jj+ - $ J - 02.L

1,U - ~bbL> -Jpl - a4L.b. Jp - ,\LA - djjt

Good City. , \ h a

Excellent City. ]$b3 - a"b ~,AL id*

The Excellent City. b k ipb!\ i&!\

The Fortified City. d k b > p L-#I id+ Aport . +t!\-+\- J + + - u ~ J"

The Port of Peace. +\ t"\ I+

Blessed Port. UJY djk j.;! Throne Place. dbu,d a t L & ? -

At the Throne Place. &L, &&?,a

1.

Pilgrimage. ) \ J !

A Plain. 24 TheNew. &.. fi G The Great Island. 1,b Of Happy ~rotection. uhd\

A Fort. jd

Presence (of the King). &Ls\ - J x j c -

Presence of Majesty. +%L . 3 4 L 3 b

The White. i&ljS Of Happy Foundation. 3LeJ,\

Treasury. - & City. Territory. uv j - ,,$t;~ - LJc - #

Blessed CiQ. ]$j? - J- The Seat of Rectitude.

The Seat of Islam. &J - ,a g, J - ]&,t?,\r with

d,t, Theseatof Safety. a $ \ j l u e - d L > - V L

The Seat of Prosperity. Jttfb

The Formed Place. / 9 3 ~

The Seat of War. 341/~^- - h- The Seat of the Khalifat. d! \cks \ - >!\A\ -

The Seat of Weal. -\

The Seat of the Empire. wbkiLi The Seat of the Sovereign. )$bj -)sJ\f-' The Seat of Happiness. uej The Seat of Peace. a\+ - ? q d The Seat of the Sultanat. a!\*\ , u&\ - 21- - ?j1\jA - &+- - &L& - u\& - JAsd - - )bG - L+K -+K - JpY- i\p

The Seat of Pleasure. &+

The Seat of Victory.

The Abode of the Pious. 33 The Seat of Justice. s,f\

The Seat of Learning. j\+

The Seat of Victory. \

The Blessed Place. ?jJ\+-

The Glorious Place.

The Seat of the District. -2, - &+)

The Sculptured Place.

The Seat of the King. A+ - U b d - d 4 b d k -

The Beautiful Place.

The Abode of the Faithful. i9k\9\ . &K The Seat of Victory. J&\@ The Seat of Victory. ih The Pleasing. J+L

The Beauty of Towns. d&\&t.~\

Town of Peace.

TITLES OF MINT TOWNS. 201

Noble. $k G.9 District. k s 3 city. db\ - +" ->+c - [+I $.y - /g.:

j&J - ,J, Great City. 34&4,- F'fi City, the Asylum of Royalty. ii$\ x \ ~ # &

,City of the Age. $k &$\ + Blessed City. a,+,& Eminent City. a k \ & d el.: Noble City. >b -I$\- &%= City of Great Light. $ J J ~ \ ,I$ \9-.+ Province. ad,\ &Y

~ m t of and. ,& - jL - j+ b"f Known as Udaipur Conquered. b e l f ; ? 3 \ >;S

Known as Champanir. A'$? af Known as Dehli. a%+ ha -!! Known as Kanouj. & &f Known as Muhammadabad. L,$ d ) \ ~ 4)

Known as Tirhut. J* by

West. &\$? f

Choosing Peace. uly/;j rU\> Conquest of. 2& Of Happy Foundation. I$\+-

?? a& a&.

Prosperotls. )Laz-

Yetropolis of Idam. &J

Town. L;c'v~h Citadel.

Passing. 3.") Fort. a$\ - x%$ - jy


Fort. -,g3a- 8x9 -w\ District. d y

?. &%

District.

Throne. @ Beautiful. &ij& -/;;K - + Blessed. ifbb Garrisoned City. db\ -)& - - &b -

-a - &.., - &\/- - # - i9Ci . . . -d!p-&.+-p-

& JJk City. Prefixed to a peat number of mint towns.

City of Xen. &y Guarded City. Lap

Resting-place of the Khalifat. . a!\/\ - ,&"31.c

Resting-place of the Kingdom. a!\/! - Wv - J!\+

The Shining. - &?

A Mine. 43 Place of Learned Men. ?jl\+

The Eminent. )dl,\

The Flourishing. G u Captured.

Holy. &+

Country. a+\ . &" . aWjb Country. +\ - JJ - +G. - -,$L - de - 3 2

ERAS.

The dates on Muhammadan coins are, as a rule, given according

to the Hijra Era, but other eras are also used.

Hijra.

The era dates from the flight of the Prophet Muhammad from

Mecca to Medina, which took place on the 15th July, 622 A.D.

The first day of it corresponds with the 16th July of that year.

This era is a purely lunar one of 12 lunations, and to make

it accord as nearly as possible with the moon's motion a day

is intercalated at the end of 11 of the years in a cycle of 30 :

thus the mean length of the year is 354:-& days. The following

is a very simple ' rule of thumb ' by Dr. James Burgess for con- I I

verting dates of the Hijra to the Christian (Julian) : From Hijra

date deduct 3 per cent. and add 622 for the date A.D." As each

year is shorter than a Christian year it begins earlier in the

season than the preceding one. The following Table shows the day

of the month of the Christian year upon which each Hijra year

begins up to 1325 A.E. It is usual to give as the corresponding

year that one in which the greater part of the Hijra year is

included; for instance, A.E. 700 began on the 16th September, 1300, and ended on the 5th September, 1301, that is, 33 months

in 1300 and 84 months in 1301. The latter A.D. year therefore

is the corresponding one, unless, of course, one of the early months

of the Hijra year is in question. Dr. Forbes gives this rule for

working out the corresponding date : " Express the Muhammadan

date in years and decimals of years; multiply by -970225 ; to

the product add 621-54, and the sum will be the precise period

of the Christian Era." Another rule is that giren by Soret : ( I

Date of Hijra multiplied by 97, to the product add 621.84,

separating by a decimal point the last two ciphers of the product."

hmpb:-1st day of 700 r . a 700 X 97 = 6300. 6 m + B-21-W = 1300-64, that is, 1.300 ar,d -81 of the year, which

mrrqond.5 rith the middle r~f Sptember.

CmnmrJnlr there i. no indication on the coins of the date being

the Hijra me. but it ir amsiocallr EO stated, as +. ;it/& - 3 ' I;, - C- -' $* - ti. On t r o coins of Yongols

L.

r~f Persia. which b a r a h the Khmian date. the word <I, lunar.

is added to di-Ttinoeh the date in that uar from the lhnim,

which was a solar era.

Tipu Sultan, of Uaisnr, in the year 1201 AX., ie . the Gf th

rear of hi3 reign, in-&itnted a n e r era for nse m his b g h ,

dating from the birth of Muhammad W instead of from

the year of the fight. The rears were Lnni-Solar. The date of

the birth of the Prophet is generallr g i e n as 570 AS., but it is

not certain whether Tipu counted from that time or about a year

later, as was held b r some to be comet. On a coin of the fourth

year of his reign the date is giren 1 r -. &# L, and on m e

of the fifth Fear of his reign the date is written D I r I , that is,

1215 of the new era and in the new a-ay of arranging the ciphers

(w p. 7). The difference of but 14 years beheen the dates

according to the two eras, although the period between the birth

and the flight of the Prophet was some 52 pus, is to be accounted

for by the Jluludi years being longer, I&-solar, than the Hijra,

lunar, ones.

Khanian.

The Khanian Era was established by Illihan Ghazan Mabmud

on 1st Rajab, A.H. 501, but it is not found upon coins until the

time of his nephew, Abu Said, some 33 years later, and on

the coins of one or two of Abu's successors. The era was a solar t

one, and is written &kt . There is no dilliculty in computing

the corresponding year in the Hijra and Christian Eras, for the

year 1 of Khanian is 701 A.H. and 1301 A.D.

ERAS. 205

Christian.

Dates in the Christian Era are found on coins of Native States

of India, E.I. Company, and Straits Settlements, also on some Christian Syrian coins in Arabic characters. It is usually indicated

d e & or dw only, but on one of the Syrian it is put

as @\ -A\ &, year of the Incarnation of the Messiah.

Ilahi.

The Tarikh Ilahi mas established by thc Emperor Akbar in the 30th year of his reign (A.E. 992), and began with his reign

on 5th Rabi a1 -Sani, A.H. 963, or 19th February, 1556 A.D.

The months and days arc Solar, without any intercalations.

The names of the months and days are the same as the old

Persian ones. The months have from 29 to 30 days ; there are

no weeks, but each day of the month is distinguished by a

different name.

The era was used by Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, often together with the Hijra date. It is written on the coins >\.

Samvat.

The Samvat or Era of Vikramaditya began at B.C. 57. It is

luni-solar with intercalation. To convert Samvat into Christian

years it is necessary only to subtract 57 from the date. The

era is used on coins of some of the Native States of India,

generally, when the legend is in the Arabic character, with the

Hijra date also. It is written GL+.A .

The Spanish.

The Spanish, called also the Era of the Cscsars, is reckoned from 1st January, B.C. 38, being the year following the conquest

of Spain by Augustus. It is found on a bilingual coin of Alphonse VII I of Spain, and there called &\ .


CYCLE YEARS.

Sultan Tipu, of Mysore, in the first or second year of his

reign, adopted, in addition to the Hijra dates, the Hindu cycle

of sixty years, each distinguished by a particular name, which

was in use in his dominions and known as the Tamil Brihaspate

Cycle. But instead of the original names of the respective years,

he gave them new ones made up of letters which by the Abjad

system would denote the number of the year in the cycle. The

second year of Tipu's reign, A.D. 1783-84, was the 38th of the

current cycle, which began in A.D. 1747. That year he named

J;,\ (1 + 7 + 30), the next year (3 + 30 + 6), and the

next 33 (4 + 30 + 6), and these three names preceded by

the word JL year are found upon coins of the Sultan of the

2nd, 3rd, and 4th years of his reign, and dated 1 1 q A, 1 1 q 1, I r Hijra respectively. When, however, in the 5th year of his reign

Tipu altered his era from the Hijra to the Yuludi (see p. 204),

and replaced the Abjad system by the Abtas (see p. 116), he

gave other names to the years which would indicate the number

.of the year in the cycle according to the latter system, and these

we find on his coins from his fifth regnal year, such as k (40 + I),

'\L (30 + 1 + 10 + I), etc.

The names AS\ and 3r*-1 were given arbitrarily, in both

s~stems, to the first and second years, because no words sufficiently

short could be assigned to them to express ' one ' and ' two.'

CYCLE YEAR@. 207

MUSALMBN NUMISNATICS.

DATES.

Ordinarily the date of striking of the coin is preceded by the

word L year, sometimes L 2 in the year, but there are some

variations from this. Some Samanid coins have &A+ of the year,

some Dehli and others ifi , Turkistan i# ~f & year in the Hijra of the Prophet, Bhopal cZJG &/f" year

of the holy Hijra. The word ?L, year, is used instead of

on some Spanish and African coins. When the Christian date is

given the form is &,+ L, when the Samvat w. On some coins the phrase L1+ 2, in the months of the

year, is used; on some others the name of the month of issue

is stated,+ 2 in the month, followed by the name of the month of the Hijra year. When the Ilahi year is given on the coins of Akbar and his successors the month of the old Persian calendar

is employed with the Persian word a L month, as &\ aL Ld\, Ilahi month Aban. Very rarely the day of the month is added by a cipher, or in words as in the following legend on a coin of

a Governor of Bengal, b- e>\ + eIW\ &L*s, c f ? ~ , on the date the twentieth of the month Rabi al-

Bkhir of the year six hundred and twenty ; and on one of Tipu

Sultan, 12 JL 31k ?y, the third of (month) Bahari of the

(cycle) year Sha.

Barnes of the Months. HIJRA. OLD Pms~ah-.

1. r;i" 1. d3~>3

2. Pg 2. G+ &311 3. 'I;'\ w, 3. a\>+

4. [or JU\]+~\ e A t 4. 2 5. L> \"'Ill 5. d\df

6. [or &U\] &~b 6- J$& - A ! 7. WJ 7. /t"

DATES.

Tipu Sultan, on giving to the cycle years new names, which

should denote the numerical order in which they stand in the

cycle (see p. 206), treated the months of which the year consists in a similar way, but instead of the whole name being taken to

express the number in Abjad the initial letter only was made

to do 80. Afterwards, with the change from the Abjad to the

Abtas, it was again necessary to alter the names to suit the latter

system. Only one or two of the months have been noted ae being on Tipu's coins, but more may be found, and therefore

the names are here given.

Barnes of the Twelve Months in Abjad and A b t a ~ -. - - - - - - - - . .

U . 05 ,%$ $ A . A . 6 1 Abjad. 1 Abtas. I 6 $ Abjad. Abtas.

%3 ' & X /'ZSl ----- --------- I

I I ' 1 d ~ \ ~ ~ 1 1 5 &b LS* 9 &$ d$i

The numbers of the 11th and 12th month are made by using

the first two letters of the name, and in the A b j d t.he letters

\ (1) and + (2) are on the right of the letter (10)' as is usual in writing in ciphers the numbers I I and 1 f , whilst in the

Abtas the units \ and + are on the left of the decimall, that is,

in the order in which the ciphers wcrc placed, 1 1 and f 1 , in Tipu Sultan's system (see p. 7).

14


REGNAL YEARS.

The year of the reign of the ruler is also usually noted on

the coins of the Moghul emperors of Dehli, Afghanistan, Native

States of India, Othmanli, and some other series of modern times,

but not on the old Arabic.

It is, as a rule, on the other face of the coin to that on which

the date is, and in ciphers, except for the first year, which is

often written AS\ . w+, accession or enthronement, is the

word used to express regnal year, with or without &..A before it. The phrase ylgL yl+ L, in the year of his

reign of tranquil prosperity, adopted for Aurangzib, has been

a favourite one ever since in the East.

The regnal year is of the same length as the Hijra lunar one,

and consequently, beginning each year on the enthronement

anniversary, does not change its number on the same day as the

latter does, unless, of course, the enthronement was on 1st of

Yuharram, and so apparent discrepancies occur; for instance,

Jahangir was proclaimed Emperor in Jumada, 1011; one half,

therefore, of his issue of the regnal year 1 was in 1014 and

one half in 1015. But there are many real discrepancies owing

to carelessness of the mint masters or die engravers. I n the

time of Jahangir and Shah Jahan, when the solar year of Akbar's

Ilahi Era was being again replaced by the Hijra, there mas some

confusion, and mistakes mere made. The E.I. Company in 1793,

in trying to establish a standard currency, ordered that all the

rupees coined for Bengal should for the future bear the impression

of the rupee of the 19th year of Shah Alam's reign; thus, the

1 9 & was retained on the obverse of the Sicca or 19 San rupee

of Murshidabad, whatever the Hijra year might be on the reverse,

until 1835. In a similar way P1 was put on the E.I.C.

Farukhabad and Surat coins of the Shah Alam pattern, irrespective of the date of issue, from 1805 to 1835.

On some coins of Indian Native States, of the pattern of the Shah Alam rupee, is a y*k year cipher which is not that of

the Dehli Emperor, but that of the Rajah of the State, although

his name is not given upon the piece.

On the Othmanli coinage since the beginning of the reign

of Abd al-Hamid, A.H. 1187, only the date of the year of the Sultan's accession is given throughout the reign, with a cipher,

usually above the area of the reverse, indicating the regnal year.

I t is necessary, therefore, to add the number of the regnal year

to the date in order t o arrive at the year in which any piecc was

struck ; e.g., all the coins of Mahmud I1 bear the Hijra date 1223,

although he reigned 32 years, and some of them were struck as late as 1254, as is shown by their bearing the regnal year 32.

TABLE OP HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS.

A.D.

I--- 657

658

659

660

661

662

663

664

665

666

667

668

669

670

671

672

672

673

A.H.

- 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

bO

.: 3 5 .g; F9

Jn. 19

Jn. 9

My.29

My.17

My. 7

Ap. 26

Ap. 15

dp. 4

Mr. 24

Mr. 13

Mr. 3

F. 20

F. 9

Ja. 29

Ja .18

Ja. 8

D. 27

D. 16

A.H.

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

A.D.

622

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

633

634

635

636

637

638

639

9% 5 $ 4 n B i

Ja. 2 , I

D. 21 I

D. 10 I

N. 30

N. 19'

h'. 71

0. 28

0. 17 I

0.

5. 25' I

8. 14 i

S . 4 ,

Ag. 24'

I Ag.12,

Ag. 2

Jy.27

Jy.11

Jn. 30

A.D.

---- 640

610

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

619

650

651

652

653

654

655

656

t o . n e 2

Jy. 16

Jy. 5

Jn. 24

Jn. 13

Jn. 2

My.23

My.11

My. 1

Ap. 20

dp. 9

Mr.29

Mr. 18

Mr. 7

F. 25

F. 14

F. 2

Ja .23

Ja. 12

A.H.

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

17

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

HIJBA AND CHRISTIAN YEARB. 213

*.a.

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

A.D.

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

735

736

737

737

A.H.

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

gs g.

13; F4

Ag. 14

Ag. 3

Jy. 24

Jy.12

Jy. 1

Jn. 21

Jn. 10

My.29

My.19

My. 8

Ap. 28

Ap. 16

Ap. 5

Mr.26

Mr. 15

Mr. 3

F. 21

F. 10

Ja. 81

Ja. 20

Ja. 8

D. 29

A.D.

674

675

676

677

678

679

680

681

682

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

m -

PI

Ap. 10

Mr.30

Mr.20

Mr. 9

F. 26

F. 15

F. 4

Ja. 24

Jn. 14

Ja. 2

D. 23

D. 12

D. 1

N. 20

N. 9

0. 29

0. 19

0. 7

8. 26

S. 16

S. 5

716lAg.25

.$'$ g

. F 4 = '

D. 6

N. 25

N. 14

N. 3

0. 23

0. 13

0. 1

S. 20

S. 10

Ag. 30

Ag. 18

Ag. 8

Jy. 28

Jy .18

Jy. 6

Jn. 25

Jn. 15

Jn. 4

My.23

My.13

M y . 2

Ap.21

A .

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

. 97

98

A.D.

--------- 696

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

705

706

707

708

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

2 14 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

b o . .9 s 2 . 82n $2 3 PI

Ag.26

dg. 15

Ag. 5

Jy .24

Jy. 14

Jy. 3

Jn .22

Jn. 11

My.31

My.20

My.10

Ap.28

Ap.18

Ap. 7

Mr.27

Yr.16

Mr. 5

F. 22

F. 12

F. 1

Ja. 20

Ja. 10

A.H.

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

A.D.

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

750

751

752

753

754

755

756

757

758

759

t o . I .s g 2 g n gJz -g PI

D. 18

D. 5

N. 26

N. 15

N. 4

0. 25

0. 13

0. 3

S. 22

S. 11

Ag.31

Ag. 20

Ag. 9

Jy. 30

Jy. 18

Jy. 7

Jn. 27

Jn. 16

Jn. 5

My.25

My.14

My. 4

A.D.

781

782

783

784

785

786

787

788

789

790

791

792

793

794

795

796

797

798

799

800

801

802

A .

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

M . .a g 2

$4; PI

Ap.22

Ap. 11

Ap. 1

Mr.21

Mr. 10

F. 27

F. 16

F. 6

Ja. 26

Ja. 14

Ja. 4

D. 24

D. 13

D. 2

N. 21

N. 11

0. 31

0. 19

0. 9

8. 28

8. 17

S . 6

A .

--------- 760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

769

770

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779

780

A.H.

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

385

186

HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 215

A.H.

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

ta A D .p; F9

Ja. 11

Ja. 1

D. 20

D. 9

N. 29

N. 18

N. 7

0. 7

0. 16

0. 6

8. 24

S. 13

S. 3

Ag. 23

Ag. 12

Ag. 1

Jy. 21

Jy. 11

Jn. 29

Jn. 18

Jn. 8

My.28

A.H.

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

.a A 5 j z n 3 F9

My.16

My. 6

Ap.25

Ap. 15

Ap. 3

&.23

Mr. 13

Mr. 2

F. 19

F. 8

Ja. 28

Ja. 17

Ja. 7

D. 26

D. 16

D. 5

N. 24

N. 13

N. 2

0. 22

0. 12

8. 30

A.D.

----

909

910

911

912

913

914

915

916

917

918

919

920

921

922

923

924

925

926

927

928

929

930

A.D.

--- 867

868

868

869

870

871

872

873

874

875

876

877

878

879

880

881

882

883

884

885

886

887

*-IT.

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

to

.a i%n A 5 PI

8. 20

s. 9

Ag.29

Ag. 18

Ag. 7

Jy. 27

Jy. 17

Jy. 5

Jn. 24

Jn. 14

Jn. 3

My.23

My.12

My. 1

Ap.21

Ap. 9

Mr. 29

Mr. 19

Mr. 8

F. 25

F. 14

F. 3

A.D.

--- 888

889

890

891

892

893

894

895

896

897

898

899

900

900

901

902

903

904

905

906

907

908


-.

I . H .

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

3 4

335

036

337

338

339

340

A.D.

--- 973

974

975

976

977

978

979

980

981

982

983

984

985

986

987

988

989

990

991

992

993

994

A.D.

----

931

932

933

933

934

935

936

937

938

939

940

941

942

943

944

945

946

947

948

949

950

I 951

M ..A a- 5 @: f a g

0. 2

S. 21

S. 10

Ag.30

Ag. 19

Ag. 9

Jy. 29

Jy. 17

Jy. 7

Jn. 26

Jn. 15

Jn. 4

My.24

My.13

Jdy. 3

Ap.21

Ap. 11

Mr.31

Mr.20

Mr. 9

F. 26

F. 15

M

.I @ 5

. .%= ZJ fa

Ja. 24

J a . 1 3

Ja. 1

D. 22

D. 11

N. 30

N. 19

N. 8

0. 29

0. 18

0. 6

S. 26

S. 15

S. 4

Ag.24

Ag. 18

Ag. 2

Jy .23

Jy. 11

A .

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

A.D.

----

952

953

954

955

956

957

958

959

960

961

962

963

964

965

965

966

967

968

969

Jy. 11

Jn. 20

Jn. 9

970

971

972

360

361

362

M .as 5 l C l

-5z 3 P1

My.29

My.18

My. 7

Ap. 27

Ap. 15

Ap. 4

Mr. 25

Mr. 14

Mr. 3

F. 20

F. 9

Ja. 30

Ja. 19

Ja. 7

D. 28

D. 17

D. 7

N. 25

N. 14

I . H .

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

N. 4

0. 24

0. 12

382

383

384

zs <. .gs 2. = .- .- = 4 = C C -

E - A.H. A.D. :- A H . , A.D. A.H. AD. .%gg 2az =. = a - : m =

--- ------ 385 995 F. ti 407 1016 Jn. 10 429 1037 0. 14

386 996 Ja. 25 408 1017 My-30 430 1038 ' 0. 3. I 387 997 Js. 14 409 1018 My-20 431 1039 i S. 2 3

388 998 Ja. 3 410 1019 My- 9 432 , 1040 ; S. 11

389 998 D. 433 1041 ; Ag. 31

434 1042 Ag.21

10-13 Ag.10

I

403 ' 1012

404 1 1013

I 405 1014

406 1 1015

I i Jy. 23 425

Jy. 13 ' ' 426

1033

1034

1035

1036

Jy. 2

Jn. 21 / 427

428

N. 26

N. 16

N. 5

0. 25

! 447

' 418

449

1 450

1055

1056

1057

1058

Ap. 2

lbr.21

Mr.lO

F. 2 8


F. 6 474

Ja. 26 475

Ja. 151 476

Ja. 4 477

D. 25 478

D. 13 479

D. 3 480

N. 22 481

N. 11 482

0. 31 483

0. 20 484

0. 9 485

s. 29 486

S. 17 487

S. 6 488

Ag.27 489

Ag. 16 490

Ag. 5 491

Jy. 25 492

Jy. 14 493

Jy. 4 494

A.D.

1080

1081

-

A.D.

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106 1107

I 1108

1109

1110

1111

I 1112

1113

1114

1115

1116

1117

1118

11 19

1120

1121

1122

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1095

i096

1097

1098

1099

1100

5;",3 :& e

0. 26

0. 15

0. 3

S. 2 3

S. 13

S. 2

Ag. 22 . Ag. 11

Jy. 31

Jy. 2 0

Jy. 10

Jn. 28

Jn. 1 8

Jn. 7

My.27

My. 16

My. 5

Ap. 24

Ap..14

Ap. 2

Mr. 22

M i . 12

M .as $ $ 3 : 9z 3 P1

-- J n . 22

Jn. 11

A.H.

-- 495

496

Jn. 1

bIy.21

My.10

Ap.29

Ap. 18

Ap. 8

Mr.27

Mr.16

Mr. 6

F. 23

F. 12

F. 1

Ja. 21

Ja. 11

D. 31

D. 19

D. 9

N. 28

N. 17

X. 6

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

220 MTSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

A.H. A.D.

--

.z5 5

.a g !=I %a ;

P1 - .

Mr. 1

F. 19

F. 7

Ja. 27

Ja. 17

Ja. 6

D. 25

D. 15

D. 4

N. 23

N. 12

N. 1

0. 22

0. 11

S. 29

A.H. A.D.

---

539 1144

540 1145

541 1146

542 1147

543 1148

544 1149

545 1150

546 1151

547 1152

548 1153

549 1154

550 1155

551 1156

552 1157

553 1158

S. 191 554

Ag.17 557

Ag. 6 558

Jy. 27 559

Jy. 16 560

Ag. 23

Ag. 12

Ag. 2

Jy. 22

Jy. 10

Jn. 30

Jn. 19

Jn. 8

My. 7

Ap. 26

Ap. 14

Ap. 4

Mr. 24

HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARB. 222.

A.H.

583

584

585

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

3 3 .&I

Jy. 16

Jy. 6

Jn. 25

Jn. 15

Jn. 3

My.23

My.13

My. 2

Ap.20

Ap. 10

Mr.30

Mr. 19

Mr. 8

F. 25

F. 15

F. 4

Ja. 24

Ja. 13

Ja. 2

D. 22

D. 12

N. 30

A.D.

--- 1208

1209

1210

1211

1212

1213

1214

1215

1216

1217

1218

1219

1220

1221

1222

1223

1224

1225

1226

1226

1227

1228

A.D.

---- 1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

1193

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

1200

1201

1202

1203

1204

1205

1206

1207

A.H.

627

628

629

630

631

1 632

633

639

635

636

637

638

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

&

.g 5

.d gL7 93 z a = '

Mr. 13

Mr. 2

F. 19

F. 8

J a . 2 9

Ja. 18

Ja. 7

D. 27

D. 16

D. 6

N. 24

N. 13

R. 3

0. 23

0. 12

0. 1

S. 20

S. 10

Ag. 29

Ag. 18

Ag. 8

Jy. 28

A.D.

----

1229

1230

1231

1232

1233

1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

1240

1241

1242

1243

1244

1245

1246

1247

1248

1249

1250

A.H.

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

M - .e A 2 . $ 3 ~ 9z 2 F9

N. 20

N. 9

0. 29

0. 18

0. 7

8. 26

S. 16

8. 4

Ag.24

Ag. 14

Ag. 3

Jy. 23

Jy. 12

Jy. 1

Jn. 21

Jn. 9

My.29

My.19

My. 8

Ap.26

Ap.16

Ap. 5

A H .

F. 10'1 675

I Ja. 30 676

Ja. 19 677

Ja. 8 678

D. 29 679

gn s. .a+= 0

A.D.

Ag. 31

Ag. 20

Ag. 9

--

Jn. y e 27 1

%Z 3 %zl PI F9 - --- - --

I Mr. 26 671 1272 Jy. 29 693

Nr. 14 672 1273 Jy. 18 694

I Jn. 15 /

! Jn. 4 1

My.25 I I

My.14 I

Ny. 3

Ap. 22

Ap. 11

Ap. 1

Mr. 20 1 ,

A.H. A.H.

I air. i F. 27

F. 16

F. 6

Ja. 26

Ja. 14

Ja. 4

D. 24 1

$ 1 A.D. / la sn

1297 0. 19

1298 0. 9

1299 S. 28

1300 S. 16

1301 5. 6

1302 Ag. 26

1303 Ag. 15

1304 Ag. 4

1305 Jy. 24

1306 Jy. 13

1307 Jy. 3

1308 Jn. 21

1309 Jn. 11

1310 My.31

1311 My.20

1312 My. 9

1313 Ap.28

1314 Ap. 17

A.D.

M .an 5 . :%a 93 g

PI


M .* 5 5 3 gn 9z 3 Kl

D. 14

D. 3

N. 23

N. 11

0. 31

0. 21

0. 10

8. 28

S. 18

S. 7

Ag. 28

Ag. 16

Ag. 5

Jy. 26

Jy. 15

Jy. 3

Jn. 23

Jn .12

Jn. 2

My.21

My.10

Ap. 30

A H .

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

i22

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

535

736 ,

A.D.

1315

1316

1317

1318

1319

1320

1321

1322

1323

1323

1324

1325

1326

1327

1328

1329

1330

1331

1332

1333

1334

1335

5 .- . %z P1

Ag.10

Jy .30

Jy. 20

Jy. 9

Jn. 27

Jn. 17

Jn. 6

My.26

My.15

My. 4

Ap.24

Ap. 13

Ap. 1

Mr. 22

Mr.11

F. 28

F. 18

F. 6

Ja. 26

Ja. 16

Ja. 5

, D. 25,

!Js 5 . *gn 3z ; P1

I - _ - - I Ap. 7

Mr.26

1

Mr. 5

F. 22

F. 12;

Ja. 31

Ja. 201

Ja. 10' i

D. 30'

D. 18 i

D. 8

N. 27

N. l i

i N. 5

0. 25'

0. 15

0. 4 ,

S. 22 j I S. 12

S. 1

Ag. 21,

A.H.

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779 I

780

A.D.

--- 1357

1358

1359

1360

1361

1362

1363

1364

1365

1366

1367

1368

1369

1370

1371

1372

1373

1374

1375

1376

1377

1378

A.H.

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

750

751

752

753

754

755

756

757

758

A.D.

1336

1337

1338

1339

1340

1341

1342

1343

1344

1345

1346

1347

1348

1349

1350

1351

1352

1353

1354

1355

1356

1356


A.H.

781

782

783

784

785

786

787

788

789

790

791

792

793

794

795

796

797

798

799

800

801

802

A.D.

--- 1379

1380

1381

1382

1383

1384

1385

1386

1387

1388

1388

1389

1390

1391

1392

1393

1394

1395

1396

1397

1398

1399

M .

$8 2- . Sn Om s m = J

Ap. 19

Ap. 7

Mr. 28

Mr. 17

Mr. 6

F. 24

F. 12

F. 2

Ja. 22

Ja. 11

D. 31

D. 20

D. 9

N. 29

N. 17

N. 6

0. 27

0. 16

0. 5

S. 24

S. 13

S. 3

A.D.

----

1400

1401

1402

1403

1404

1405

1406

1407

1408

1409

1410

1411

1412

1413

1414

1415

1416

1417

1418

1419

1420

1421

A H .

803

804

805

806

807

808

809

810

811

812

813

814

815

816

817

818

819

820

821

822

823

824

.@ 5 . Bm m

&. 22

Ag.11

Ag. 1

Jy. 21

Jy. 10

Jn. 29

Jn. 18

Jn. 8

Idy.27

My.16

My. 6

Ap.25

Ap. 13

Ap. 3

Yr. 23

Mr.13

Mr. 1

F. 18

F. 8

Ja. 28

Ja. 17

Ja. 6

A.H.

825

826

827

828

829

830

831

832

833

834

835

836

837

838

839

840

841

842

843

844

845

846

A.D.

----

1421

1422

1423

1424

1425

1426

1427

1428

1429

1430

1431

1432

1433

1434

1435

1436

1437

1438

1439

1440

1441

1442

b0 . .='A 2 !an .@= PI

D. 26

D. 15

D. 5

N. 23

N. 13

N. 2

0. 22

0. 11

S. 30

S. 19

S. 9

Ag.28

Ag. 18

Ag. 7

Jy. 27

Jy. 1 6

Jy. 5

Jn. 24

Jn .14

Jn. 2

My.22

My.12

HIJRA AND CILBISTIAN YEARS. 225

A.H.

847

848

849

850

851

852

853

854

855

856

857

858

859

860

861

862

863

864

865

866

867

868

a sQ 2 - e

A.H.

- 1464

1465

1466

1467

1468

1469

1470

1471

1472

1473

1474

1475

1476

1477

1478

1479

I 1480

1481

1482

1483

1484

1485

A... A.D.

1443

1444

1445

1446

1447

1448

1449

1450

1451

1452

1453

1454

1454

1455

1456

1457

1458

1459

1460

1461

1462

1463

8 &

:@ P1

-

8. 3

Ag.24

Ag. 13

Ag. 2

Jy. 22

Jy. 11

Jn. 30

Jn. 20

Jn. 8

My.29

My.18

My. 7

Ap. 26

Ap.15

Ap. 4

lfr.25

Mr. 13

Mr. 2

I?. 20

F. 9

Ja. 30

Ja. 18

1486

1486

1487

1488

1489

1490

1491

1492

1493

1494

1495

1496

1497

1498

1499

1500

1501

1502

1503

1504

1505

1506

15

--

891

892

893

894

895

896

897

898

899

900

901

902

903

904

905

906

907

908

909

910

911

912

---- My. 1

Ap.20

Ap. 9

Mr.29

Mr. 19

Mr. 7

F. 24

F. 14

F. 3

Ja. 23

Je. 12

Ja. 1

D. 28

D. 11

N. 29

N. 19

N. 8

0. 28

0. 17

0. 6

S. 26

s. 15

-

Ja. 7

D. 28

D. 17

D. 5

N. 25

N. 14

N. 4

0. 23

0. 12

0. 2

5. 21

S. 9

Ag. 30

Ag. 19

Ag. 8

Jy. 28

Jy. 17

Jy. 7

Jn. 26

Jn. 14

Jn. 4

My.24

869

870

871

872

873

874

875

876

877

878

879

880

881

882

883

884

885

886

887

888

889

890

------ --- I i

913

914

1.507 ! Uy.13 1 955 S. 15 957 ! 1550 Ja 20 i

1.508 / Uy. 2 936 S. 5 958 ! 1551 j Ja- 9

115 1509 I ~ p . 2 1 / 937 : 1530 ' a g . 2 . j . : 959 i 1551 'D. 59 ! I

1510 . Ap. 10 938 1 1531 / Ag. 1 5 " 960 j 1532 j D. 18 I i i

1511 ; Ur.31 939 16. 3 ; ; 961 1 1553 , D. 7

!)27 1520 D. 121 949 16-12 Ap.17 971 1563 Ag.21 !

928 1521 D. 1 930 1543 Ap. 61 972 1564 Ag. 9

I I 329

930

931

!)32

!)33

934

1522 S. 2 0

i 951

952

953

954

955

1.523

1524

1525

1526

' N. 101

0. 29! I

0. 18;

0. 8

1327

1544

1545

1546

1547

1548

S. 27 i 956 1 1549 1 Ja. 30 1 978 1 1570 1 Jn. 5

Xr. 25 ; ! 973 I

Mr. 15 I ! 974

1565

1566

1567

1568

1569

Mr. 4

F. 21

F. 11

Jy. 29

Jy. 19

JF. 8

Jn. 26

Jn. 16

975

976

977

HIJRA AND CEBISTIAN YEARS. 227

A.H.

1023

1024

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031

io:32

1033

1034

A.H.

1001

1002

1003

1004

1005

A.D.

----

1592

1593

1594

1595

1596

1597

1598

1035 1625 0. 3 !

50 .- .a a 3 i 2 a .&;, ; + $

My.26

Yy.14

Yy. 3

Ap.23

Ap. 12

%A A j&Ei .gel P7

0. 8

S. 27

S. 16

S. 6

Ag.25

Ag. 14

A . 4

A.D.

--- 1614

1615

1616

1617

1617

1618

1619

A.H.

979

980

981

982

,983

M .

.gg ." -3 sn %'= 1 P7

F. 11

Ja. 31

Ja. 20

Ja. 9

D. 29

D. 19

D. 8

A.D.

--- 1571

1572

1573

1574

1575

086 1578 I Mr. l o , , 1008 1 1599

1 ' /

087 1.570 F. 28 1000 1600

1605 1036

1606 1037

$192 la84

3 1.585

1626 : S. 22

000 1582 Jn. 26 1603 IJn. 11 I

901 1.583 ' 1604 1 lly.30 I . ,

Jy. 24

Jy. 13

J 2

Jn. 21

984

988 I leso i P. l i I ' 1010 I I

1627

i I I ' '

a Nr.311 1576

1620

1601

J 4 1 0

S. 12

1006

985 i 1577

' S. 26

980 1581 ; F. 5 1011 1602

Here ia the change to the Gregorion or new style.

Ja. I

1607 1038 1 1628 , Ag. 31

1608 1039 1 1629 I Ag. 21

994 ' 1585

!)!I5 I586 I

0% 1587

1 Mr. 21 1007

1621 1 N. 16

1623 ' 0. 25

1624 10. 14

1

D. 23

, D. 12

D. 2

N. 20

N. 10

997

098

i 1016

1 1017

'1018 I ' 1019

1020

Ag. 10

Jy. 30

Jy. 19

1588

1589

0 9

1000

1609 1040i 1630 I

1590 10. 1021

1591 10. 1022

1610 JIr. 26

1611 1 Mr.16 I

1612

1613

/ 1041 ' 1631

Mr. 4

F. 21

1042 i 1632

228 NUSALNAN NUMIS3IATICS.

A.11.

--

.S.;;B g- I t ' . A.D. ! .&,ow ~~2

.g5 5.1 1 I -

1678

1679

1680

1681

1682

1682

1683

1684

1685

1686

1687

1688

1689

1690

1691

1692

1693

1694

1695

1696

1697

1698

3r q 'ga .-

0. 20

0. 9

8. 29

8. 18

8. 6

Ag. 27

Ag. 16

Ag. 5

Jy. 25

Jy. 14

Jx. 4

Jn. 23

Jn. 11

Jn. 1

My.21

My.10

Ap.29

Ap.18

Ap. 7

Mr. 28

Mr. 16

Mr. 6

F. 23

F. 12

F. 2

Ja. 21

Ja. 10

D. 31

D. 20

D. 8

N. 28

N. 17

N. 7

0. 26

0. 15

0. 5

S. 24

S. 12

8. 2

Ag.22

Ag. 12

Jy. 31

Jy. 20

Jy. 10

A.D.

Lo c.i 1

- - 1656

1657

1618

1659

1660

1661

1662

1663

1664

1665

1666

1667

1668

1669

1670

1671

1672

A D .

1067

A X .

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

, 1094

' 5 5 s I .gg2 ' / A.U. g z 2 ! ,

j /

10461

1047

1048

1049

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

1060

I 1095

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1673

1674

1064

1065

1066

1068

1069

1070

1071

1072

1073

/ 1074

1075

1076

1077

1078

1079

1080

1081

1082

1636 1Jn. 5 :

1637 '

1638

1639

1640

1641

1642

1643

1644

1645

I 1653 1 IT. 22 (

16% N. 11 1 I I

1655 0. 31

MY.26'

My.15

My. 4

' Ap. 23,

Ap. 12

Ap. 1

Mr.22

Mr. 10

F. 27

1086

1087

1646 IF. 17

I 1647 F. 6

1675

1676

1648

1649

1650

: 1088 1677

Jn. 27

Ja. 15

Ja. 4


i t o . a d :T.

-4.E. A.D. '3';; a.n. A.D. .%i; , I n - -,-

1243 1827 Jy. 25 !

1244 1828 Jy. 14 , 1266 1849

1245 1829 Jy. 3 1 1267 1850

1246 1830 Jn. 22 / 1268 1851

1247 1831 Jn. 12 / 1269 1852

1218 1832 Xy.31 1270 1853

1249 1833 My.21 1271 1854

1250 1831 My.10 1272 1855

1251 1835 Ap.29 1273 1856

1252 1836 Ap.18 1274 1857

1253 1837 Ap. 7 1275 1858

1254 1838 Yr.27 1276 1859

1255 1839 Mr.17 1277 1860

1256 1840 Mr. 5 1 1278 1861

I 1250, 1843 F. 1 1281 1864

1262 1845 D. 30 1284 1867

1263 1846 D.

1264 1847 D.

I N. 27 1287

IN. l7 1288

N. 6 1289

0. 27 1290

0. 15 1291

0. 4 1292

8. 24 1293

8. 13 1294

s. 1 1295

Ag. 22 1296

Ag.11 1297

Jy. 31 1298

Jy. 20 1299

Jy. 9 1300

Jn. 29 1301

Jn. 18 1303

Jn. 6 1303

My.27 1304

Yy.16 1305

My. 5 1306

Ap.24 1307

Ap. 13 1308

Ap. 3

Xr. 23

Mr. 11

Mr. 1

F. 18

I?. 7

Ja. 28

Ja. 16

Ja. 5

D. 26

D. 15

D. 4

N. 23

N. 12

N. 2

0. 21

0. 10

S. 30

S. 19

S. 7

Ag. 28

Ag. 17

232 MUSALMAN NUYISY ATICB.

A.H.

1309

1310

1311

1312

1313

1314

A.D.

---- 1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

5 3 . %= 1 F9

Jn. 2

My.22

My.12

Xy. 1

Ap.20

Ap. 10

M - .s g 2 .g gQ $?z 3 PI

Ag. 7

Jy. 26

Jy. 15

Jy. 5

Jn. 24

Jn. 12

A.H.

1321

1322

1323

1324

1325

A.D.

--- 1903

1904

1905

1906

i A.H., A.D.

I ----

1315 1 1897

M .an A aza -gz 3 PI

Yr.30

Mr.18

Mr. 8

F. 25

1316

1317

1318

1319

1320

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following books and papers will be found useful i n studying

several classes of Nusalman coins :-

All classes. NARSDEX, W. : "Numismata Orientalia Illus- trata." London, 1863.

,, (Copper). NEUMANN, J. : " Beschreibung der bekanntesten Kufermiinzen," Band iii. Prag, 1663.

All classes of LAHE POOLE, S. : '' Catalogue of Oriental Coins Arabic. i n the British lluseum." 10 vols.

London, 1879-90. FRAEHX, Ch. : '' Recensio Furnorum Muham-

medanorum." Petropoli, 1826. LAXE POOLE, S. : " Catalogue of Arabic Coins i n

the K h c d i ~ a l Library, Cairo." London, 1897.

LANE POOLE, S., " Pasti Arabici " : Num. Chron., 1885-86-87 and 1892.

SAULCY, F., '' Sur quclques poiuts dc la Numis- J

matique Arabe" : Journ. Asiatique, ser. III, tomcs vii, viii, x, xi, xiii; ser. IV, tome vi.

Umayyad TIESENHAUSEN, JV. : " Nonnaies des Khalifes and Abbasid Orientaux." St. Pe'tmabourg, 1873. Khalifa. LAVOIX, H. : '< Catalogue des Monnaies Musul-

manes dc la HibliothAque Nationale," tome i. Paris, 1887.

H o o ~ s s BEY, E. T., Catalogue of his Collection of Mohammedsn Coins: Sum. Chron., 1885.

spanirll Urnanad and other

Borman K i q of Sicily.

Borth Africa and Spain.

Egypt and Syria.

Saljnk.

Danishmandid.

Urtukid.

( ~ A ~ L ~ E D , J. : " Description des Ibonnaies IGpapdes composant le Cabinet de Don J d Garcia de la Tom." Nadrid, 1852.

CrJm~sa Y Zamm, F. : 'I Tratado de S&- matira Antigo-Espaiiola." Xadrid, 187 9.

Lavorx, H. : " Catalogue des Monnaies U d - manes dde la Bibliothiq~e Sationale," tome ii. Par i~ , 189 1.

SPISELLI, D. : " Jlonete Cufiche battuta da Principi Longobardi Sormanni e Sreri nel Hcgno delle due Sicilie." Napli, 1844.

LAVOIX, H. : '' Catalogue de la Bibliothhue Sationale," tome ii.

NARCEL, J. J. : " Tableau g6n6ral des Monnaiee ayant cours en Al$rie." Paris, 1844.

LAVOIX, H. : '' Catalogue des Monnaies Mnrml- manes de la Biblioth&pe Nationale," tome iii. Pfri8, 1894.

ROGER^ BEY, E. T., " Coins of the Tnluni Dynasty " : Internat. Numis. Orient., ~ o l . i.

findon, 1877.

T ~ o r a s , E., " Coins of the Kings of Ghazni" : findon, 1848 ; and Journ. H.A.S., vols. xii. and xvii.

GEIALIB EDHEX, J. : " Catalogue des Monnaies Turcomanes, Beni Ortek, Beni Zengui, Prou Atabegjeh, et Neliks Eyoubites de Meiyafarikcn." Constantamyle, 1894.

GUALIB EDHEM, J. : I' Essai de Numismatique Seldjoukide." Constantinopls, 1892,

CASANOVA, P., " Numismatique des Danish - mendites " : Revue Numismatique, 1895 and 1896.

LANE POOLE, S., " Coins of the Urtuki Turku- mans" : Internat. Numis. Orient., vol. i, 1875.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 233

Kakwayhid. TORNBERG, C. J., " Un Dirhem Kakmeihid inedit" : Rev. Belge Num., ser. IU, tome ii.

LANE POOLE, S., " Unpublished Coins of the Kakweyhis " : Num. Chron., 1875.

Waylid. KAY, H. C., "Notes on the History of the Banu Okajl" : Journ. R.A.S., vol. xviii, 1886.

Rasulid. NETZEL, H., " Munzen dc Rasuliden" : Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik, Band xviii.

PRIDEAUX, W. E., " Coins of the Benee Rasul Dynasty " : Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. xvi.

HongoleofPereia. D a o m , E.,"Notice sur les Monnaies MongolesJJ : Journ. Asiatique, 1896.

Jalair. MARKOF, A. : " Katalog Djelairesch Monete." St. Peter8burgJ 1897.

Chagatai. OLIVER, E. E., " Coins of the Chagatai Mughals " : Journ. Beng. A.S., 1891.

OLIVER, E. E., "The Chagatai MughalsJJ : Journ. R.A.S., 1891.

Othmanli. GHALIB EDUEM, J. : "Numismatique Ottomane." Constantimple, 1307 (1890).

LANE POOLE, S., '' On the Weights and Denominations of Turkish Coins " : Num. Chron., 1882.

Qeorgia. Larro~o~s, V. : " Esmi de Classification des Suites monetaires de la Georgie." Paria, 1860.

LANGLOIS, V., " Suppl6ment & 17Essai " : Rev. Bclge Num., ser. nI, tome v.

BROSSELT, M., '' Sur les Monnaies Georgienoes " : Journ. Asiatique, ser. 111, tome ii.

ARTINPACHA : "Nonnaies duMehdy Mouhammed Ahmed." Cairo, 1882.

NUTZEL, H. : " Mahdi-Aufatand in Sudan." Berlin, 1894.

SYITH, S., " Coins struck at Omdurman by the Mahdi and Khalih " : Num. Chron., 1902,

Sudan.


Shahe of Perda. POOLE, R. S. : Catalogue of the Coins of the

Shahs of Persia in the British Museum." London, 1887.

CODEINQTON, 0. : "Some Rare Arabic and Persian Coins." Hcrtjiwd, 1889.

Dehli Emperore. LANE POOLE, S. : '' Cataloguc of the Coins of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan i n t h e British Museum." findon, 1892.

RODGEM, C. J. : " Catalogue of the Coins of the Indian Museum, Calcutta." Calcutta, 1893.

RODGEM, C. J. : " Cataloguc of the Collection of Coins purchased by the Panjab Govern- ment." Calcutta, 1893.

RODQERS, C. J. : various papers in the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society in 1880-83- 85-86 and 1896.

RODQEBS, C. J., " Rarc Copper Coins of Akbar " : Indian Antiquary, 1890.

TAYLOR, G. P., ' I The Coins of Ahmadabad " : Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. xx.

Dehli gin@. LANE POOLE, S. : " Catalogue of the Coins of the Sultans of Dehli i n the British Museum.''

London, 1884.

T~oaras, E. : " Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Dchli." London, 1871.

RODGEES, C. J., " Coins Supplementary to Thomas' Pathan Kings of Dehli " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1880 to 1896.

R O D G E ~ ~ , C. J., " Rupees of the S u n Dynasty " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1888.

HOERKLE. A. F. K., " Copper Coins of the Suri Dynasty " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1890.

RODQEM, C. J. : " Catalogues of the Indian Museum and Panjab Collections."

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 237

Native States of India.

Jaunpur.

Kashmir.

Gqjarat.

Bahmani.

Sikh.

LANE POOLE, S. : "Catalogue of the Coins of the Muhammadan States of India in the British Museum : Bengal, Kashmir, Sind, Jaunpur, Malwah, Gujarat, Bahmani."

London, 1885.

RODGEES, C. J. : "Catalogues of the Indian Museum and Panjab Collections."

PRINSEP, J. : " Essays on Indian Antiquities," edited by E. Thomas. findon, 1858.

HOERNLE, A. F. R., " Notes on Coins of Native States" : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1897.

BLOCHYANN, H., " Contribution to the Geography and History of Bengal " : Journ. Beng. As. SOC., 1873.

HOERNLE, A. I?. R., '' Early Muhammadan Coins of Bengal " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 188 1.

THOMAS, E., " Initial Coinage of Ben@ " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1867.

DELMEBTCP, J. G., 'I Coins of the Kings of Dehli and Jaunpur ": Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1876.

Ronarss, C. J., 'I Square Silver Coins of the Sultans of Kashmir " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1885.

RODQERS, C. J., '' Rare Kashmir Coins " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1896.

TAYLOR, G. P., "The Coins of the Gujarat Sultanat" : Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. xxi.

GIBBS, J., " Gold md Silver Coins of the Bahmani Dynasty" : Num. Chron., 1881.

CODRINGTOX, O., '' Coins of the Bahmani Dynasty " : Num. Chron., 1898.

RODGEES, C. J., " Coins of the Sikhs " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1880.

RODQERS, C. J. : "Cahlogue of the Panjab Collection."

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