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A LOW COST HEALTH MONITORING USING E-HEALTH SENSOR AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM BOARDS

PROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_BE_1192

COLLEGE : REVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT,

BENGALURU

BRANCH : DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

GUIDE : PROF. MANJUNATH R KOUNTE

STUDENTS : MR. RAKSHITH B R

MS. UMA L

MR. PUNITH KUMAR

MR. VISHESH DIXIT

ABSTRACT

In the contemporary day life style people have no time to spend with their family. In such a busy

life it’s difficult to keep an isolated day out of their busy schedule for the doctor for consistent

medical check-up. There is a necessity for new modern idea & technology which helps in saving

their time.

In this proposed project, we use four diverse sensors to observe the patient’s health. According to

the patients requirement doctor will set the periodicity of the check up in the machine. According

to that the patient can go through the check-up and the result of his health condition will be sent to

the doctor immediately through GSM module. Also we want to reduce the cost of the health

monitoring kit available in the market by Cooking Hacks. We also want to try out Linux based

embedded boards like Arduino boards, Raspberry Pi Model Board which leads to cost effective

and efficient health.

In Conclusion, we want to give Society the necessary tools in order to develop new e-Health

applications and products.

A Low Cost Health Monitoring System Using E-Health Sensor and Embedded System Boards

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter details the discussion on problem definition, motivation, objective of the work, and

scope of the project.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The eHealth Monitor project provides a service-oriented platform used in the process of generating

a Personal eHealth Knowledge Space (PeKS) as an aggregation of all knowledge sources relevant

for the provision of individualized personal eHealth services.

1.2 MOTIVATION

The motivation to take up this project is the society is characterized by high costs for its health

system and a shrinking work force due to health reasons and an aging population. These aspects

put an enormous pressure on the economy and the social system. Personal lifestyle and

environmental impact factors are the most significant risk factors influencing health status. The

fragmentation of knowledge about personal risk factors hinders the assessment of disease risks. In

order to decide on preventive or therapeutic actions, physicians are required to obtain all relevant

user-individual knowledge. Relevant knowledge sources include health records, patient records,

databases on environmental information, wearable or portable devices for health monitoring, and

common ubiquitous internet services (including user generated information). Thus our group has

been motivated to bring up this completely unique method of remotely sensing different

parameters of health in most of the possible way.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

eHealth Monitor systems vision is to significantly increase the individualization of personal

eHealth services and thereby the quality and patients’ acceptance of electronic healthcare services



for treatment and prevention. Develop personal eHealth services that support cooperation and

decision making of the involved participants (patients, clinicians, social services)

1.4 SCOPE

The project model aims in the development of a platform for individualized personal healthcare

services. Acquisition of distributed knowledge from heterogeneous sources providing ability to

respond to rapidly evolving conditions.

1.5 PURPOSE

eHealth Monitor’s vision is to significantly increase the individualization of personal eHealth

services and thereby the quality and patients’ acceptance of electronic healthcare services for

treatment and prevention.

1.6 OVERVIEW

The e-Health Sensor Platform allows to perform biometric and medical applications where body

monitoring is needed by using 4 different sensors: body temperature, galvanic skin response

(GSR - sweating), blood pressure (sphygmomanometer) and heart beat (pulse detector).

This information can be used to monitor in real time the state of a patient or to get sensitive data

in order to be subsequently analyzed for medical diagnosis. Biometric information gathered can

be wirelessly sent using GSM connectivity options.

If real time image diagnosis is needed a camera can be attached to the 3G module in order to send

photos and videos of the patient to a medical diagnosis center.

Data can be sent to the Cloud in order to perform permanent storage or visualized in real time by

sending the data directly to a laptop or Smartphone.



FEATURES

The pack we are going to use in this project is the eHealth Sensor platform. The e-Health Sensor

Shield is fully compatible with Arduino USB versions, Duemilanove and Mega.

l sensors



CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 BACKGROUND

In the early life style people were unaware of disease until and unless they could notice the effect

physically or mentally. This made the patient and the doctor too complex to diagnose the patient

and to treat him. It was not that easy task to go to the doctor in search of him.

Later the English medicine was introduced where the artificial drugs were given to treat and the

humans were diagnosed at a faster rate. The patient had to go to the doctor and get himself checked

manually by the doctor and according to the observations made by the doctor the patient was

diagnosed.

Later this was improvised by introducing medical electronic where the medical check-up were

done by electronic gadgets which were efficient and accurate. This accuracy helped the doctor to

diagnose the patient quickly and to heal him or change the treatment periodically. Buy still the

patient had to make up his appointment with the doctor. This was a drawback because the patient

needs to waste a day or so in this busy city to meet the doctor. If the dosage is varied according to

small check-up like to measure heart beat, BP or so he need to waste a day for a five to ten minutes

check-up.

2.2 EXISTING SYSTEMS

In the contemporary day life style people have no time to spend with their family. In such a busy

life it’s difficult to keep an isolated day out of their busy schedule for the doctor for consistent

medical check-up. There is a necessity for new modern idea which helps in saving their time.

Earlier it was not that easy to go to the doctor for regular check-up. It was difficult to remember

the dates and more importantly a day especially for medical check-up was hectic but was no other

go. As the technology is improved we have several devices which will help the patient to get few

of his small check-ups which will save his time going to the doctor. Some of them are



Glucose Meter

Sphygmomanometer

Thermometer

2.2.1 Glucose Meter

A glucose meter (or glucometer) is a medical device for determining the approximate

concentration of glucose in the blood. A small drop of blood, obtained by pricking the skin with a

lancet, is placed on a disposable test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood

glucose level. The meter then displays the level in units of mg/dl or mmol/l.

2.2.2 Sphygmomanometer

A sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable

cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner, and a mercury or

mechanical manometer to measure the pressure.

2.2.3 Thermometer

A thermometer is a device that is used for human body temperature. The tip of the thermometer

is inserted into the mouth under the tongue (oral or sub-lingual temperature), under the armpit

(auxiliary temperature), or into the rectum via the anus (rectal temperature).

The above mentioned devices are the devices used for instant check-ups but they were not built

with a feature of recording the check-up details nor these were sent to doctor when the check-up is

held. As these are individual devices it was expensive to purchase all of them by the patient.



2.2.4 E-Health kit by Cooking Hacks

The e-Health Sensor Shield V2.0 allows Arduino and Raspberry Pi users to perform biometric and

medical applications where body monitoring is needed by using 10 different sensors: pulse,

oxygen in blood (SPO2), airflow (breathing), body temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG),

glucometer, galvanic skin response (GSR - sweating), blood pressure (sphygmomanometer),

patient position (accelerometer) and muscle/eletromyography sensor (EMG).

This information can be used to monitor in real time the state of a patient or to get sensitive data in

order to be subsequently analysed for medical diagnosis. Biometric information gathered can be

wirelessly sent using any of the 6 connectivity options available: Wi-Fi, 3G, GPRS, Bluetooth,

802.15.4 and ZigBee depending on the application.

If real time image diagnosis is needed a camera can be attached to the 3G module in order to send

photos and videos of the patient to a medical diagnosis centre.

Data can be sent to the Cloud in order to perform permanent storage or visualized in real time by

sending the data directly to a laptop or Smartphone. IPhone and Android applications have been

designed in order to easily see the patient's information.

2.3 PROPOSED WORK

As we have seen the complexity in the above devices we need to overcome those complexities.

The present system is too costly and the user and the doctor need continuous data connection

required.

So saving the doctor and patients time we have come with sending data through normal text. We

are interfacing three sensors which give four different readings of the body namely body

temperature, blood pressure, heart beat and galvanic skin response. These data are collected by the

Arduino Meega2560.



The data is collected by the Arduino either serially through serial communication or on its digital

ports as reading the data from the memory of the sensors. These data are stored in Arduino

variables.

The GSM is interfaced with the Arduino to send the data as a text message to the doctor. Note that

the doctor’s number is stored previously through the coding. This message can be analyzed by

doctor and the required actions by the doctor can be taken for improving the patient’s health.



CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 WORKING

The device is constructed using Arduino Mega 2560 development board, Raspberry Pi2,

temperature sensor, galvanic skin response sensor, heart beat sensor, power supply and a monitor.

The Raspberry Pi2 is turned on which acts as a platform where the Arduino’s output is observed.

This supplies a 5V to Arduino through the serial communication port which turns on the Arduino

as well.

The Arduino runs the code dumped infinitely where the values by the sensors are read and

computed.

These computed values are displayed on a monitor with the help of Raspberry Pi2. These values

can be sent to the doctor using the GSM module which has to be interfaced with the Arduino.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1 – Block Diagram



3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND DESIGN

CIRCUIT

Fig 3.2 – Circuit Diagram

Fig 3.3 – LCD interfacing with Arduino



DESIGN

The entire circuit is built as shown in the above figure. The GSM module is connected to the

230V AC mains through the 230V-12V regulated DC adapter. The Arduino Mega 2560 is

connected to the 5V output of the 7805 IC which is connected to the 12V supply given to the

GSM. A LCD is interfaced with Arduino for the display of the data read.

The analog pin A2 of Arduino is connected to the GSR sensor. This pin is used for reading the

analog data given by the sensor. This analog value is converted as digital value by the Arduino’s

ADC. The Arduino’s ADC gives a digital 10 bit output and the digital value varies from 0 to 1023

having a precision of 0.00488 V i.e. 4.8 mili Volts.

The BP sensor is connected to the other 7805 IC to obtain constant 5V supply. The RX and TX

are connected to Arduino digital pins 11 and 12. It gives the ASCII values of the data.

A 4.7K ohms resistor is used to pull up the data line of the temperature sensor. The output of the

temperature sensor is given to the digital pin 2. This is a 12 bit serial data. The temperature VCC

is connected to the 5V supply of Arduino.

The GSM module will convert the 12V supply to 5V through an inbuilt 7805 IC. It communicates

with the Arduino serially with the Arduino’s serially to the digital pins 9 and 10 which act as TX

and RX pins of Arduino.

An LCD is connected for the display. LCD is given with another 7805 IC to power it up and to

turn on the back light. The four data pins are connected to digital pins 6, 5, 4 and 3. A 10K ohms

POT is connected for the brightness settings.

Note: Digital pins 9, 10, 11 and 12 are not the TX and RX pins of Arduino, they are made to be

serial TX and RX pins of Arduino by calling a library “softwareserial.h”. Hence, these can be

used as TX and RX pins for our convenience. The advantage of using software serial pins is

uploading code to the Arduino will not be interrupted as it is interrupted using hardware serial

pins.



3.4 FLOW CHART

3.4.1 MAIN PROGRAM

Fig 3.4 – Flowchart for Main program

Declare the Temperature sensor

function

START

Initialize the required Variables

Declare the GSR sensor function

Declare the BP sensor function

Declare the text messaging

function

Call BP sensor function

Call temperature sensor function

Call GSR sensor function

Call text messaging function

Begin serial communication

with 9600 baud rate



3.4.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Fig 3.5 – Flowchart for Temperature Sensor

3.4.3 BP/HEARTBEAT SENSOR

Temperature Sensor

Function

Check for the

connection

Yes Return

13 bits of

data

received

No

Yes

No

Convert the data and store it

to the variable

Return

BP/HeartBeat sensor Function

Check for

power

No

Yes

A



Fig 3.6 – Flowchart for BP Sensor

3.4.4 GSM MODULE

Text message Function

Activate text mode in GSM

Open text message write up and send

the phone number of the doctor

Send the data not more than 160 characters

Yes

Check for

data in serial

port

No

Check for the

Last byte

No

Yes

Read and store the byte

in the Variable

Display the data

Return

A

A



Fig 3.7 – Flowchart for GSM Module

3.4.5 GSR SENSOR

Fig 3.8 – Flowchart for GSR Sensor

GSR Sensor Function

Set threshold of GSR

Read the analog data through analog pin

8 iterations

completed

?

Store it in data array

No

Yes

Return

Delay

A



CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE

4.1 ARDUINO Mega 2560

Fig 4.1 - Arduino Mega 2560

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has

54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4

UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an

ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;

simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery

to get started.

4.1.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Parameters Specifications

Microcontroller ATmega2560

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 14 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 16

DC Current per I/O Pin 40mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50mA



Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 8KB

EEPROM 4KB

Clock Speed 16MHz

4.1.2 POWER

The Arduino Mega2560 can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power

supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either

from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a

2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in

the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,

however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more

than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7

to 12 volts.

The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial

driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

The power pins are as follows:

VIN- The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as

opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can

supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through

this pin.

5V- The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on

the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB

or another regulated 5V supply.

3V3- A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50

mA.

GND- Ground pins.



4.1.3 MEMORY

The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is used for the

bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the

EEPROM library).

4.1.4 INPUT AND OUTPUT

Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),

digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or

receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-

50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16 (TX);

Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. Pins

0 and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial

chip.

External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4), 20

(interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a

low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for

details.

PWM: 0 to 13. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI communication,

which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the

Arduino language. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP header, which is physically

compatible with the Duemilanove and Diecimila.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,

the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

I2C: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library

(documentation on the Wiring website). Note that these pins are not in the same location as

the I2C pins on the Duemilanove.



The Mega2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provides 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024

different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change

the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and analogReference() function.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

Reset:Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to

shields which block the one on the board.

4.1.5 COMMUNICATION

The Arduino Mega2560 has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another

Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560 provides four hardware UARTs for TTL

(5V) serial communication. An ATmega8U2 on the board channels one of these over USB and

provides a virtual com port to software on the computer (Windows machines will need a .inf file,

but OSX and Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port automatically. The Arduino

software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the

board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the

ATmega8U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins

0 and 1).

4.1.6 USB OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

The Arduino Mega has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts

and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse

provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse

will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.



4.1.7 APPLICATIONS

Xoscillo, an open-source oscilloscope

Scientific equipment

Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome

OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern

cars

Ardupilot, drone software / hardware

ArduinoPhone, a do-it-yourself cellphone

GertDuino, an Arduino mate for the Raspberry Pi

Water quality testing platform

Arduintercom, a home application project

Ardometer, a digital tachometer with Arduino

Ardotimer, a digital timer

Teleball, A retro handheld game device

4.2 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital

cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to

create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a

pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many

countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership to perform communication.

Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications.

Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been developed

without the benefit of standardized specifications. This presented many problems directly related

to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard

is intended to address the above mentioned problems and to solve them.



From 1982 to 1985 discussions were held to decide between building an analog or digital system.

After multiple field tests, a digital system was adopted for GSM. The next task was to decide

between a narrow or broadband solution. In May 1987, the narrowband time division multiple

access (TDMA) solution was chosen to solve this criteria.

GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions

and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware. The reason for this is to

limit the designers as little as possible but still to make it possible for the operators to buy

equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the

switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation and support system

(OSS).

Fig 4.2 – GSM Architecture



4.2.1 The Switching System

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber-related

functions. The switching system includes the following functional units.

Home location register (HLR) —The HLR is a database used for storage and management of

subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database, as it stores permanent

data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information, and

activity status. When an individual buys a subscription from one of the PCS operators, he or

she is registered in the HLR of that operator.

Mobile services switching center (MSC) —The MSC performs the telephony switching

functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. It also

performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling,

and others.

Visitor location register (VLR) —The VLR is a database that contains temporary information

about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The

VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area,

the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR.

Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call

setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.

Authentication center (AUC) —A unit called the AUC provides authentication and

encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each

call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's

cellular world.

equipment identity register (EIR) —The EIR is a database that contains information about

the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective

mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as a combined

AUC/EIR node.



4.2.2 The Base Station System (BSS)

All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station controllers

(BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).

BSC —The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and

BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration

data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of

BSCs are served by an MSC.

BTS —The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio

equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group of

BTSs are controlled by a BSC.

4.2.3 The Operation and Support System (OSS)

The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching

system and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system

(OSS). The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and controls

the system. The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for centralized,

regional and local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network.

An important function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the maintenance

activities of different operation and maintenance organizations. The OSS is connected to the

different components of the NSS and to the BSC, in order to control and monitor the GSM

system. It is also in charge of controlling the traffic load of the BSS. However, the increasing

number of base stations, due to the development of cellular radio networks, has provoked that

some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS. This transfer decreases considerably

the costs of the maintenance of the system.



Additional Functional Elements

Other functional elements shown in Figure 2 are as follows:

Message center (MXE) —The MXE is a node that provides integrated voice, fax, and data

messaging. Specifically, the MXE handles short message service, cell broadcast, voice mail,

fax mail, e-mail, and notification.

Mobile service node (MSN) —The MSN is the node that handles the mobile intelligent

network (IN) services.

Gateway mobile services switching center (GMSC) —a gateway is a node used to

interconnect two networks. The gateway is often implemented in an MSC. The MSC is then

referred to as the GMSC.

GSM interworking unit (GIWU) —The GIWU consists of both hardware and software that

provides an interface to various networks for data communications. Through the GIWU,

users can alternate between speech and data during the same call. The GIWU hardware

equipment is physically located at the MSC/VLR.

GSM technology has helped revolutionize foreign telecom, especially in emerging markets as

Afghan Wireless has demonstrated.

4.2.4 THE GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS of the GSM NETWORK

As it has already been explained a cell, identified by its Cell Global Identity number (CGI),

corresponds to the radio coverage of a base transceiver station. A Location Area (LA), identified

by its Location Area Identity (LAI) number, is a group of cells served by a single MSC/VLR. A

group of location areas under the control of the same MSC/VLR defines the MSC/VLR area. A

Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is the area served by one network operator.

http://www.telestial.com/view_product.php?ID=LSIM-AF01



Fig 4.3 - GSM network areas

4.2.5 THE GSM FUNCTIONS

In GSM, five main functions can be defined:

• Transmission.

• Radio Resources management (RR).

• Mobility Management (MM).

• Communication Management (CM).

• Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM).

4.2.5.1 TRANSMISSION

The transmission function includes two sub-functions: The first one is related to the means

needed for the transmission of user information. The second one is related to the means needed

for the transmission of 24ancels24ng information .Not all the components of the GSM network

are strongly related with the transmission functions. The MS, the BTS and the BSC, among

others, are deeply concerned with transmission. But other components, such as the registers HLR,

VLR or EIR, are only concerned with the transmission for their 24ancels24ng needs with other

components of the GSM network.



4.2.5.2 RADIO RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (RR)

The role of the RR function is to establish, maintain and release communication links between

mobile stations and the MSC. The elements that are mainly concerned with the RR function are

the mobile station and the base station. However, as the RR function is also in charge of

maintaining a connection even if the user moves from one cell to another, the MSC, in charge of

handovers, is also concerned with the RR functions. The RR is also responsible for the

management of the frequency spectrum and the reaction of the network to changing radio

environment conditions.

4.2.5.3 HANDOVER

The user movements can produce the need to change the channel or cell, especially when the

quality of the communication is decreasing. This procedure of changing the resources is called

handover. Four different types of handovers can be distinguished:

• Handover of channels in the same cell.

• Handover of cells controlled by the same BSC.

• Handover of cells belonging to the same MSC but controlled by different BSCs.

• Handover of cells controlled by different MSCs.

Handovers are mainly controlled by the MSC. However in order to avoid unnecessary

25ancels25ng information, the first two types of handovers are managed by the concerned BSC

(in this case, the MSC is only notified of the handover).The mobile station is the active participant

in this procedure. In order to perform the handover, the mobile station controls continuously its

own signal strength and the signal strength of the neighboring cells. The list of cells that must be

monitored by the mobile station is given by the base station. The power measurements allow

deciding which the best cell is in order to maintain the quality of the communication link.



4.2.5.4 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

The MM function is in charge of all the aspects related with the mobility of the user, specially the

location management and the authentication and security.

4.2.5.5 LOCATION MANAGEMENT

When a mobile station is powered on, it performs a location update procedure by indicating its

IMEI to the network. The first location update procedure is called the IMEI attach procedure. The

mobile station also performs location updating, in order to indicate its current location, when it

moves to a new Location Area or a different PLMN. This location updating message is sent to the

new MSC/VLR, which gives the location information to the subscriber’s HLR. If the mobile

station is authorized in the new MSC/VLR, the subscriber’s HLR 26ancels the registration of the

mobile station with the old MSC/VLR .A location updating is also performed periodically. If after

the updating time period, the mobile station has not registered, it is then deregistered. When a

mobile station is powered off, it performs an IMEI detach procedure in order to tell the network

that it is no longer connected.

4.2.5.6 AUTHENTICATION AND SECURITY

The authentication procedure involves the SIM card and the Authentication Center. A secret key,

stored in the SIM card and the AuC, and a ciphering algorithm called A3 are used in order to

verify the authenticity of the user. The mobile station and the AuC compute a SRES using the

secret key, the algorithm A3 and a random number generated by the AuC. If the two computed

SRES are the same, the subscriber is authenticated. The different services to which the subscriber

has access are also checked. Another security procedure is to check the equipment identity. If the

IMEI number of the mobile is authorized in the EIR, the mobile station is allowed to connect the

network.



4.2.5.7 COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT (CM)

The CM function is responsible for:

Call control.

Short Message Services management.

4.2.5.7.1 CALL CONTROL (CC)

The CC is responsible for call establishing, maintaining and releasing as well as for selecting the

type of service. One of the most important functions of the CC is the call routing. In order to

reach a mobile subscriber, a user dials the Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) number which

includes:

a country code

a national destination code identifying the subscriber’s operator

a code corresponding to the subscriber’s HLR

The call is then passed to the GMSC (if the call is originated from a fixed network) which knows

the HLR corresponding to a certain MISDN number. The GMSC asks the HLR for information

helping to the call routing. The HLR requests this information from the subscriber’s current VLR.

This VLR allocates temporarily a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) for the call. The

MSRN number is the information returned by the HLR to the GMSC. Thanks to the MSRN

number, the call is routed to subscriber’s current MSC/VLR. In the subscriber’s current LA, the

mobile is paged.

4.2.5.7.2 SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES MANAGEMENT

In order to support these services, a GSM network is in contact with a Short Message Service

Center through the two following interfaces:

• The SMS-GMSC for Mobile Terminating Short Messages (SMS-MT/PP). It has the same role

as the GMSC.



• The SMS-IWMSC for Mobile Originating Short Messages (SMS-MO/PP).

AT-Command set overview

Table shown below describes the AT Command set. The commands can be tried out by connecting

a GSM modem to one of the PC’s COM ports.

Command Description

AT Check if serial interface and GSM

modem is working

AT+CPMS Selection of SMS memory

ATE0 Turn echo off, less traffic on serial

line

AT+CNMI Display of new incoming SMS

AT+CMGF SMS string format, how they are

compressed

AT+CMGS Send message to a given recipient

AT+CMGR Read new message from a given

memory location

AT+CMGD Delete message

Table 4.1 - AT Commands

Message format (AT+CMGF)

The “AT+CMGF” command is used to set input and output format of SMS messages.

Two modes are available:

Read Message (AT+CMGR)



The “AT+CMGR” command is used to read a message from a given memory location. Execution

of “AT+CMGR” returns a message at [index] from selected memory [M1]. The status of the

message and the entire compressed message (PDU) is returned. To get any useful information out

of the compressed message it should be decompressed.

Send Message (AT+CMGS)

This command enables the user to send SMS messages. After the user defined fields are set, the

message can be compressed and sent using the “AT+CMGS” command.

4.2.5.8 OPERATION, ADMINISTRATION AND MAINTENANCE (OAM)

The OAM function allows the operator to monitor and control the system as well as to modify the

configuration of the elements of the system. Not only the OSS is part of the OAM, also the BSS

and NSS participate in its functions as it is shown in the following examples:

The components of the BSS and NSS provide the operator with all the information it needs.

This information is then passed to the OSS which is in charge of analyzing it and control the

network.

The self test tasks, usually incorporated in the components of the BSS and NSS, also

contribute to the OAM functions.

The BSC, in charge of controlling several BTSs, is another example of an OAM function

performed outside the OSS.



Fig 4.4 - GSM Model

4.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

4.3.1 FEATURES

5x8 dots with cursor

Built in controller (KS 066 or equivalent)

+5V power supply (also available or +3V)

1/16 duty cycle

Data can be sent both in serial and parallel fashion

There are 16 columns and 2 rows

A backlight is present



4.3.2 SPECIFICATIONS



4.4 SENSOR PLATFORM

4.4.1 BODY TEMPERATURE

In this example project we will be combining an Arduino and a DS18B20 temperature

sensor. The DS18B20 is a so called 1-wire digital temperature sensor. The words “digital”

and “1-wire” make this sensor really cool and allows you, with a super simple setup, to

read the temperature of one or more sensors. You can even connect multiple devices

together, utilizing only one pin on your Arduino.

Fig 4.5 - DS18B20 Available packages Fig 4.6 - DS18B20 in waterproof casing

4.4.1.1 FEATURES

Body temperature depends upon the place in the body at which the measurement is made, and the

time of day and level of activity of the person. Different parts of the body have different

temperatures.

The commonly accepted average core body temperature (taken internally) is 37.0°C (98.6°F). In

healthy adults, body temperature fluctuates about 0.5°C (0.9°F) throughout the day, with lower

temperatures in the morning and higher temperatures in the late afternoon and evening, as the

body's needs and activities change.



It is of great medical importance to measure body temperature. The reason is that a number of

diseases are accompanied by characteristic changes in body temperature. Likewise, the course of

certain diseases can be monitored by measuring body temperature, and the efficiency of a

treatment initiated can be evaluated by the physician.

Hypothermia

<35.0 °C (95.0 °F)

Normal 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F)

Fever or Hyperthermia >37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)

Hyperpyrexia >40.0–41.5 °C (104–106.7 °F)

4.4.1.2 SENSOR CALIBRATION

The precision of the Body Temperature Sensor is enough in most applications. But you can

improve this precision by a calibration process.

When using temperature sensor, you are actually measuring a voltage, and relating that to what

the operating temperature of the sensor must be. If you can avoid errors in the voltage

measurements, and represent the relationship between voltage and temperature more accurately,

you can get better temperature readings.

Fig 4.7 - Arduino and DS18B20 Setup



4.4.2 GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE (GSR)

4.4.2.1 FEATURES

Skin conductance, also known as galvanic skin response (GSR) is a method of measuring the

electrical conductance of the skin, which varies with its moisture level. This is of interest because

the sweat glands are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, so moments of strong

emotion, change the electrical resistance of the skin. Skin conductance is used as an indication of

psychological or physiological arousal, The Galvanic Skin Response Sensor (GSR – Sweating)

measures the electrical conductance between 2 points, and is essentially a type of ohmmeter.

Fig 4.8 - Galvanic Skin Response Sensor

In skin conductance response method, conductivity of skin is measured at fingers of the palm. The

principle or theory behind functioning of galvanic response sensor is to measure electrical skin

resistance based on sweat produced by the body. When high level of sweating takes place, the

electrical skin resistance drops down. A dryer skin records much higher resistance. The skin

conductance response sensor measures the psycho galvanic reflex of the body. Emotions such as

excitement, stress, shock, etc. can result in the fluctuation of skin conductivity. Skin conductance

measurement is one component of polygraph devices and is used in scientific research of

emotional or physiological arousal.



4.4.2.2 SPECIFICATIONS

Input Voltage: 5V/3.3V

Sensitivity adjustable via a potentiometer

External measuring finger cots

Connecting the sensor

The galvanic skin sensor has two contacts and it works like an ohmmeter measuring the resistance

of the materials.

Fig 4.9 - Galvanic Skin Response Sensor Connected to a Patient

OUTPUT

The below are graphs which are created in Excel. X-axis represents time and Y-axis GSR data.



Fig 4.10 – Resulting graphs

4.4.3 BLOOD PRESSURE/ HEARTBEAT

Fig 4.11 - Blood Pressure Sensor

Blood pressure monitor operation is based on the oscillometric method. This method takes

advantage of the pressure pulsations taken during measurements. An occluding cuff is placed on

the left arm and is connected to an air pump and a pressure sensor. Cuff is inflated until a pressure

greater than the typical systolic value is reached, then the cuff is slowly deflated. As the cuff

deflates, when systolic pressure value approaches, pulsations start to appear. These pulsations

represent the pressure changes due to heart ventricle contraction and can be used to calculate the

heartbeat rate. Pulsations grow in amplitude until mean arterial pressure (MAP) is reached, then

decrease until they disappear. Figure shows the cuff pressure vs. pulsations.



Fig 4.12 - Sensor applied to a patient

Oscillometric method determines the MAP by taking the cuff pressure when the pulse with the

largest amplitude appears. Systolic and diastolic values are calculated using algorithms that vary

among different medical equipment developers. Freescale Blood Pressure Monitor calculates the

systolic and diastolic pressure by considering that systolic pressure is approximately equal to the

pressure measurement taken in the cuff when a pulse with 70% of the amplitude of the MAP

pulse appears while the cuff pressure is above the MAP value. Diastolic pressure is approximately

equal to the cuff pressure value registered when a pulse with 50% of the MAP pulse amplitude

appears while the cuff pressure is under the MAP value.

4.4.3.1 FEATURES

Intelligent automatic compression and decompression

Easy to operate, switching button to start measuring

60 store groups memory measurements

Can read single or all measures

3 minutes automatic power saving device

Intelligent device debugging, automatic power to detect

Local tests for : wrist circumference as 135-195mm

Large-scale digital liquid crystal display screen, Easy to Read Display

Fully Automatic, Clinical Accuracy, High-accuracy

Power by External +5V DC

Serial output data for external circuit processing or display.



4.4.3.2 SPECIFICATIONS

Working Voltage: +5V, 200mA regulated

Output Format: Serial Data at 9600 baud rate (8 bits data, No parity, 1 stop bits). Outputs

three parameters in ASCII.

Sensing unit wire length is 2 meters

4.4.3.3 SENSOR PINOUTS

TX-OUT = Transmit output. Output serial data of 3V logic level, usually connected to RXD

pin of microcontrollers/RS232/USB-UART.

+5V = Regulated 5V supply input.

GND = Board Common Ground

Note: Product does not require battery for operation. It is powered from external PCB as per

above pinouts.

4.4.3.4 HEARTBEAT SENSOR

Works on semiconductor pressure sensor which changes its conductivity under different pressure.

A pressure is applied which is greater than the pressure in the veins allowing monitor to measure

heartbeat. The readings are preferably taken at heart level for improved accuracy. Heart pumps

blood by means of muscle contraction. The human heart is composed of Atria-two upper

chambers that collect blood when it flows into the heart and Ventricles-two lower chambers that

pump blood out of the heart to other body parts.

Working-

Pump increases pressure until pressure regulator outputs a certain voltage, turning on the

sensor.

It take two measurements-



Systolic- Peak measurements.

Diastolic- Pressure between heartbeats.

It makes use of Piezo effect. A piezo crystal within the sensor is compressed which changes

its resistance and measures different voltage drop across the battery.

The sensor voltage is too low for the computer to read. Hence, it uses an opamp which

amplifies voltage output which can be read by the computer.



CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE

5.1 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application written in

Java, and derives from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring

projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with

software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace

matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to

the board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a "sketch".

Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software library called

"Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many common input/output operations

much easier. The users need only to define two functions to make an executable cyclic executive

program:

setup(): a function that runs once at the start of a program and that can initialize settings.

loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off.

Most Arduino boards contain an LED and a load resistor connected between the pin 13 and

ground, which is a convenient feature for many simple tests. The previous code would not be seen

by a standard C++ compiler as a valid program, so when the user clicks the "Upload to I/O board"

button in the IDE, a copy of the code is written to a temporary file with an extra include header at

the top and a very simple main() function at the bottom, to make it a valid C++ program.

The Arduino IDE uses the GNU toolchain and AVR Libc to compile programs, and uses avrdude

to upload programs to the board.

5.2 GETTING STARTED WITH ARDUINO

As the Arduino platform uses Atmel microcontrollers, Atmel's development environment, AVR

Studio or the newer Atmel Studio, may also be used to develop software for the Arduino.



5.2.1 Get an Arduino board and USB cable

In this tutorial, we assume you're using an Arduino Uno, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino

Mega 2560 , or Diecimila. If you have another board, read the corresponding page in this getting

started guide.

You also need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug): the kind you would connect to a USB

printer, for example. (For the Arduino Nano, you'll need an A to Mini-B cable instead.)

5.2.2 Connect the board

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power from either

the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If you're using an Arduino

Diecimila, you'll need to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from the USB

connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits onto two

of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it's on the two pins closest to the

USB port.

Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED

(labelled PWR) should go on.

5.2.3 Install the drivers

Installing drivers for the Arduino Uno or Arduino Mega 2560 with Windows 7, Vista, or XP:

Plug in your board and wait for Windows to begin its driver installation process. After a few

moments, the process will fail, despite its best efforts

Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel.

While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System. Once the

System window is up, open the Device Manager.

Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named "Arduino UNO

(COMxx)". If there is no COM & LPT section, look under "Other Devices" for "Unknown

Device".

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDuemilanove

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardNano

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardMega2560


http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDiecimila

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno




Right click on the "Arduino UNO (COmxx)" port and choose the "Update Driver Software"

option.

Next, choose the "Browse my computer for Driver software" option.

Finally, navigate to and select the driver file named "arduino.inf", located in the "Drivers"

folder of the Arduino Software download (not the "FTDI USB Drivers" sub-directory). If you

are using an old version of the IDE (1.0.3 or older), choose the Uno driver file named

"Arduino UNO.inf"

Windows will finish up the driver installation from there.

5.2.4 Launch the Arduino Application

Double-click the Arduino application (arduino.exe) you have previously downloaded. (Note: if the

Arduino Software loads in the wrong language, you can change it in the preferences dialog. See the

Arduino Software (IDE) page for details.)

5.2.5 Open the program and paste it in Arduino

Fig 5.1 – Running the code

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment#languages

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment#languages



5.2.6 Open Tools and Select the Board

Fig 5.2 – Selecting the board

5.2.7 Select your serial port

Select the serial device of the Arduino board from the Tools | Serial Port menu. This is likely to be COM3

or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find out, you can

disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu; the entry that disappears should be the Arduino

board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.

5.2.8 Upload the program

Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds - you should see

the RX and TX led on the board flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done

uploading." will appear in the status bar. (Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board,



you'll need to physically press the reset button on the board immediately before clicking the upload

button on the Arduino Software)

Fig 5.3 – Uploading the code

A few seconds after the upload finishes, you can monitor your program through Arduino serial

monitor.



CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

The project is constructed using a GSM module, Arduino Mega board and few more sensors

connected as shown in the diagram.

Once the circuit is connected in the given fashion the Arduino board is connected to the GSM

module SIM900A board through digital pins of Arduino.

Fig 6.1 - Representation of Device and Connections

Once the connections are made as mentioned in the above figure, Power supply is given to the

GSM module and the kit turns on and the following display should be present.

Fig 6.2 – LCD Display



All of the three sensors: Body temperature, Galvanic skin response and BP/HeartBeat are

connected to the Arduino as shown in the following figures.

Fig 6.3 – BP/HeartBeat Sensor Fig 6.4 – Temperature Sensor

Fig 6.5 – GSR Sensor

Note: Patient needs to fold his hand for measurement of Body Temperature

Turn on the BP sensor by clicking the on button. Once the button is clicked the sensor turns on

and starts collecting data.



Fig 6.6 – Power button of BP sensor

Once the data is collected from individual sensors the data will be displayed on the LCD as shown

in the following figures.

Fig 6.7 – Values of BP/HeartBeat Sensor



Fig 6.8 – Values of Temperature Sensor

Fig 6.9 – Values of GSR Sensor



Wait for few seconds to read the data. After collecting data from all the three sensors the GSM

function will be called and the message will be sent in two different texts. For every text sent

there will message displayed on the LCD as shown.

Note: Each message can include a maximum of 160 characters. Hence two messages are sent.

Fig 6.10 – Message delivery information

Information regarding patient’s health parameter is sent to a known number and the number must

be valid. Here in our case, known number refers to Doctor. Two messages will be delivered to the

Doctor’s mobile. Doctor reads the messages received from the patient and necessary actions are

taken. The message received on Doctor’s mobile appears as shown below.



Fig 6.11 – Message received on Doctor’s mobile

Once the checkup is done, device can be turned off and then dismantled or the test can be

repeated by pressing the reset button on the Arduino.



CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

In this proposed project, we have used four diverse sensors to observe the patient’s health.

According to the patients requirement doctor will set the periodicity of the check up in the

machine. According to that the patient can go through the check-up and the result of his health

condition will be sent to the doctor immediately through a text message using GSM.

7.1 ADVANTAGES

Providing accurate, up to date and complete information about patient at the point of care.

Enabling quick access to patient record for more coordinated efficient care. Securely sharing

electronic information with patience and other clinicians. Helping providers more effectively to

diagnose patients, reduce medical errors and provide safer care. Improving patient and provider

interaction and communication, as well as health care convenience. Enabling safer, more reliable

prescribing. Helping promote legible, complete documentation and accurate, streamlined coding

and billing. Enhancing privacy and security of the patient data.

Helping providers to improve productivity and work life balance. Enabling providers to improve

efficiency and meet their business goals. Reducing the cost through decreased paper works,

improved safety, and reduced duplication of testing and improved health. Better health care by

improving all aspects of patient’s care, including safety, effectiveness, patient’s centeredness,

communication, education, timeliness, efficiency and equity. Better health by encouraging

healthier life styles in the entire population, including increased physical activity, better nutrition,

avoidance of behavioral risks, and wider use of preventative care. Improved efficiency and lower

health care costs by promoting preventative medicine and improved coordination of health care

services, as well as by reducing waste and redundant tests. Better clinical decisions making by

integrating patients information from multiple source.



7.2 APPLICATIONS

1. Significantly advances the individualization and thereby the patients acceptance of electronic

healthcare services for treatment and prevention.

2. Increases the ability to exploit very large knowledge spaces for individuals and professionals.

In the eHealth domain.

3. Unfold and utilize hidden and known interrelations and dependencies between independently

developed datasets (PHR, EHR, portable sensor systems, available environmental

information) under consideration of security and privacy protection and epidemiological

states.

4. Develop an adaptive, sustainable platform for electronic healthcare services increasing the

computer-based diagnosis standard for medical decision support services.



REFERENCES

1. Towards efficient Automatic Scaling and Adaptive cost-optimized e-Health services, Elie

Rachkidi, El Hadi Cherkaoui, Mustapha Ait-idir, Nazim Agoulmine, Nada Cheneb Taher,

Marcelo Santos, Stenio Fernandes, 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference

(GLOBECOM)

2. M. Jordanova, F. Lievens, “Global Telemedicine and e-Health”, e-Health and

Bioengineering Conference, 2011.

3. Matt Richardson & Shawn Wallace, “Getting Started with Raspberry Pi”, 2nd Edition, Shroff

Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2014.

4. Simon Monk, “Raspberry Pi Cookbook”, Shroff Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2015.

5. Massimo Banzi & Michael Shiloh, “Getting Started with Arduino”, 3rdEdition, Shroff

Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2015.

6. Kimmo Karvinen & Tero Karvinen, “Getting Started with Sensors”, Shroff Publishers &

Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2014.

7. David Beazley & Brain K Jones, “Python Cookbook”, 3rd Edition, Shroff Publishers &

Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2014.

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