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Miguel Angel SANZIDA DirectorTechnical Program Committee ChairDegrémont Director of Development & Innovation

A look to Desalination World

1 – 2 Octubre 2012 Hotel Enjoy, Antofagasta - Chile

The Water Cycle

2

The Water in the Blue Planet

3Source: IDA

The Water in the Blue Planet

4Source: IDA

Water Consumption

5Source: IDA

World Water Scarcity

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Desalination: A Solution

• Desalination: Solving the World’s Water Scarcity Issues• Growth in desalination has increased dramatically as

countries seek solutions to water scarcity caused by population growth, climate change, pollution and industrial development.

• The industry has done much to lower the cost of desalination. Advances in technology have led to increased energy efficiency, and greater economies of scale have also helped lower costs.

• The majority of new commissioned capacity is seawater desalination.

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Desalination: A Natural Process

Evaporation-Condensation

Natural-Forward Osmosis

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Desalination on the History• Aristotle wrote of seawater distillation in 320 BC. • Different techniques were used during the ages:

Rome’s Pliny the Elder described seawater distillation with condensation on fleece in 70 AD, Greece’s Alexander of Aphrodisias described seawater distillation with condensation on sponges 130 years later.

• French explorer Jean De Lery reported the successful distillation of seawater during a voyage to Brazil in 1565.

• James Cook desalinated seawater during his circumnavigation of the world.

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Desalination on the History• XIX Century First Industrial

Evaporators (Military, Boats, Mining)• The 2nd World War multiply the

number of units• 1957 MSF patented• 1959 Fist synthetic RO Membrane• 1964 First Commercial RO Module• Late 60’s MSF Plants in ME• 70’s RO CommercialPlants• 1970 Forward Osmosis patented 10

Desalination by the Numbers

16 000 Desalination plants worldwide66 500 000 cubic meters per day (17.5 billion US gallons)Total global capacity of all desalination plants online

150 Countries where desalination is practiced300 Million people around the world who rely on desalinated

water for some or all their daily needs11

Zones:Total installed capacity + Split by technologies

Source: IDA 2009 desalination inventory

North America: 7.5 Mm3/d

Europe:7.7 Mm3/d Asia-Oceania:

9.7 Mm3/d

Middle-East: 26.5 m3/d

Africa: 4.8 Mm3/d

Latin America: 2.2 Mm3/d

2%

3%

72%

23%

3%

3%

86%

8%

4% 5%

86%

5%

9%8%

63%

20%

33%

67%

8%

13%

76%

3%

Mexico is included in Latin America

EDI/ EDR

Other

RO

Thermal

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Zones: Split by feed water

Source: IDA 2009 desalination inventoryAfrica

Latin America

North America

Middle-East

Asia-OceaniaEurope

20%

4%

13%

52%

5%6%

7%

90%

1%1%

1%

19%

1%

3%

73%

4%

1%

1%

83%

2%

11%2%

11%

17%

11%

42%

18%1%45%

7%

29%

10%

8% 1%

Brackish water

Pure water

River water

Seawater

Waste water

Other

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Zones: Split by off-takers

Source: IDA 2009 desalination inventory

Industrial

Irrigation

Municipal

Power

Tourism

Others

20%

2%

68%

6%2%2%

World total installed capacity by off-takers

17%

71%

5%

5%

2%

48%

38%

13%1%

36%

41%

11%

7%5%

9%2%

84%

3%

1%

1%

18%

1%

66%

7%

2%

6%

Europe

20%

9%

62%

4%

4%

1%

North America

Latin America

Africa

Middle-East

Asia-Oceania

Europe

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2012 Desal Installed Capacity

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An Exponencial Growing

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Membranes vs Thermal

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MSF MED RO

Since 1995 Membranes are going ahead Thermal Solutions

Reverse Osmosis Boom

MSF MED RO

80% of Desalination is made today by Membranes

Thermal desalination is only being used in oil & gas producer countries and always associated to a Power Plant

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0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

million m3/d

ED/EDRROMSFMED

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

million m3/d

Other waterBrackish waterSeawater

Desalination market forecast 2012-2016Source: Desalination Market Outlook 6th March 2012

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SeawaterReverse Osmosis

R.O. Market

Source: Desalination Market Outlook 6th March 201220

Aqualyng1% Calder Dual

Work Energy Exchange

21%Calder Energy

Recovery Turbines

5%

ERI47%

ERI (PEI)8%

Fedco6%

Other12%

Energy recovery devices for 50,000m3/d+ SWRO since 2007

Dow Filmtec

36%

Toray26%

Hydranautics

24%

Woongjin7%

Toyobo4%

Koch 1%

GE Water1%

Trisep1%

2007-11

The RO membrane market

Market: Changing Players

0 400000 800000

Acciona

Doosan

Degrémont

Veolia

Hyflux

IDE

Capacity 2007-2012 m3/dCapacity 2007-12 m3/d

Source: Desalination Market Outlook 6th March 201221

Desalination & IndustryNew industrial seawater desal capacity 2007-11

Key industrial desalination markets 2011-2016

Source: Desalination Market Outlook 6th March 201222

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

$0m

$200m

$400m

$600m

$800m

$1,000m

$1,200m

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Refining ROW

Refining China

Refining India

Refining (Middle East)

Desal for power (india)

Mining (Australia)

Mining (Latin America)

Desalination: Water Costs

23Source: IDA

Chemicals 2 - 6,5%

Maintenance

3,5 -4,5%

RO Cleaning

0,2 - 0,3%Membranes

2 - 5%

Amortization

33 - 43%Energy37 - 43%

Staff

4 - 11%

2/3 of the Operating Cost

Cost of Desalinated Water in Reverse Osmosis

24The Energy is the Key Factor

… And Electricity Costs

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SWRO Evolution

• 70s: First Industrial Plants– Systems with high energy consumption : >7 kW.h/m³.– Plants without energy recovery.– First Membranes: low permeability and high salt passage.– Industrial Use and Production under 300-400 m3/day

• 80s: Beginning of Municipal Uses– Systems still with high energy consumption: from 5 to 6 kW.h/m³.– First Energy Recovery Systems: Reversible Pumps and Turbochargers.– 2nd Membrane Generation: increase of permeability, reduction of salt passage and

Polyamide spiral wound membranes appears. 8 inch / 6 elem /PV. – Begin the use in the Public and Tourist Market– Plants Sizes are relatively small.

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SWRO Evolution• 90s: The Change of Scale

– Strong reduction of Energy consumption: 3 to 4 kW.h/m³.– The time of Pelton Turbines.– New Membranes Generations: spiral wound membranes win the battle to hollow

fiber membranes. More elements per Pressure Vessel (7 or 8).– The size of the plants increases (> 30 000 m3/day) and also the size of RO Trains

(5000/7500 m3/day). – New generation of Stainless Steel.

• 00s: Desalination Boom– Desalination exponential increase : More than 60 000 000 m3/day contracted– Energy Consumption reduced: < 3 kW.h/m³.– New Energy Recovery Systems: Pressure Exchangers.– New Membrane Generations: high production and low salt passages (0.2-0.3%). – The Boron: 0.3/0.5/1.0 mg/l– Increase of Plants size (> 100 000 m3/day) and also the RO Trains (10000/20000

m3/day) – Stainless Steel: use of new high alloys and SuperDuplex. 27

RO Energy TrendsHistorical Evolution of Energy Consumption in SWRO

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Years

kW.h

/m3

1st RO pass Consumption Total Consumption

Year 1972 1983 1987 1992 1997 1999 2002 2003 2006 2009Plant Ouat I. Lanzarote ICosta Teguise- Pajara- Fue. Telde- GC Bahia de Palma Carboneras Fujairah Perth LlobregatSite France Canary I.-SP Almería-SP EAU W. Australia BarcelonaProduction (m3/day) 70 400 2000 2500 15000 68000 120000 170500 143700 200000TDS (mg/l) 37500 37500 37500 37500 37500 39500 39500 39000 36500 39500Energy Recovery No ERD. TP Guinard TP Rev.P. TP Pelton TP Pelton TP Pelton TP Pelton TP Pelton ERI ERIRack size (m3/day) 70 400 1000 2500 5000 7500 10000 11500 14500 21000RO Passes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (85%) 2 (100%) 2 (20%)

Canary I.-SP Canary I.-SPCanary I-SP Balearic I.-SP

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RO Energy TrendsHistorical Evolution of Energy Consumption in SWRO

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Years

kW.h

/m3

1st RO pass Consumption Total Consumption

Year 1972 1983 1987 1992 1997 1999 2002 2003 2006 2009Plant Ouat I. Lanzarote ICosta Teguise- Pajara- Fue. Telde- GC Bahia de Palma Carboneras Fujairah Perth LlobregatSite France Canary I.-SP Almería-SP EAU W. Australia BarcelonaProduction (m3/day) 70 400 2000 2500 15000 68000 120000 170500 143700 200000TDS (mg/l) 37500 37500 37500 37500 37500 39500 39500 39000 36500 39500Energy Recovery No ERD. TP Guinard TP Rev.P. TP Pelton TP Pelton TP Pelton TP Pelton TP Pelton ERI ERIRack size (m3/day) 70 400 1000 2500 5000 7500 10000 11500 14500 21000RO Passes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (85%) 2 (100%) 2 (20%)

Canary I.-SP Canary I.-SPCanary I-SP Balearic I.-SP

2012Melbourne

Victoria-AUS44500036500

ERI21500

2 (100%)29

Main RO Desalination Trends

• New generation(s) of Membranes: High Permeability & Size

• Developments against Biofouling• Better Efficiency in ERD and Pumps• More Pretreatment by Membranes• Renewable Energies• Mining, Industry, Oil & Gas New Applications• ….. Forward Osmosis

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Miguel Ángel Sanz > DEGREMONT Recuperación de Energía y Cogeneración

Specific Energy ReductionHistorical Evolution of Energy Consumption in SWRO

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Years

kW.h

/m3

1st RO pass Consumption Total Consumption

1.75-1.50

Theoretical Limit for TDS of 36000 a 39500 mg/l

(100% efficiency and Osmotic Pressure)

Energy Consumption= f(TDS, Y, Tª, Membranes, Pretreat., ρMH,) 31

- 20%

Other Future Trends:“Neutral Carbon Footprint”Use of renewable energies to reduce Carbon footprint or “neutral”Extension of Australian experiences with wind farms (Perth, Melbourne, Adelaide ...), and also Spanish experiences with photovoltaic cells (Barcelona, Acuamed RO Plants), MENA region, China?Generating electricity with renewable energies; sending it into the network and taking the electricity from network to desalt is, nowadays, the best way to MINIMIZE THE GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF DESALINATION & CARBON FOOTPRINT

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Miguel Ángel Sanz > DEGREMONT Recuperación de Energía y Cogeneración

Forward Osmosis Breakthrough?Historical Evolution of Energy Consumption in SWRO

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Years

kW.h

/m3

1st RO pass Consumption Total Consumption

1.75-1.50

- 20%

Energy Consumption= f(TDS, Y, Tª, Membranes, Pretreat., ρMH,) 33

Theoretical Limit for TDS of 36000 a 39500 mg/l

(100% efficiency and Osmotic Pressure)

IDA

The International Desalination Association is the world’s leading resource for information and professional development for the global desalination industry, and the only global association focused exclusively on desalination and desalination technologies.

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IDA Committments

• IDA is committed to development and promotion of the appropriate use of desalination and desalination technology globally in water supply, water reuse, water pollution control, water purification, water treatment and other water sciences and technology.

• IDA carries out this mission by encouraging research, promoting and exchanging communication, disseminating information, and supporting education in the field of desalination and water sciences.

• A non-profit association, IDA is associated with the United Nations as part of a growing international network of non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

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Publications

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IDA Desalination Academy

Launched in Singapore in July 2012, In SIWW

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IDA Films

www.idadesal.org38

YLP: Young Leaders Program

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Membership Application

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www.idadesal.org

IDA World Congress1985 Bermuda1987 Cannes, France1989 Kuwait City, Kuwait1991 Washington, DC USA1993 Yokohama, Japan1995 Abu Dhabi, UAE1997 Madrid, Spain1999 San Diego, CA USA2001 Manama, Bahrain2003 Nassau, The Bahamas2005 Singapore 2007 Maspalomas, Gran Canaria2009 Dubai, UAE 2011 Perth, Western Australia2013 Tianjin, China2015 ????

Deadline for Abstracts15 October 2012

Tianjin, 20 - 25 October 2013

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IDA World Congress

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A look to Desalination World

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Miguel Angel SANZDegrémontDirector of Development & InnovationIDA Directormiguel.angel.sanz@degremont.com

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