a little talking the international scene which led to pearl harbor
TRANSCRIPT
A Little Talking
The International Scene which led to Pearl Harbor
Naval Conferences
• Washington Naval Conference 1921-1922
• Geneva Conference 1925
• London Naval Conference 1930
• US- 11• Japanese- 125• French- 119• Italians- 82• British- 74
Ship Building in 1920’s
Blame For WWII
LEFTIST• America was concerned
with economy- not security• USA is responsible for the
breakdown of the international system
• Kellog-Briand was B.S.
CONSERVATIVES• USA adhered to all
conferences• Europe and Japan caused
problems• Uncontrollable things
happened• Outlawing war was a noble
effort
Appeasement
• Initial reaction to dictators- Give in to demands• During the 30’s Versailles Treaty was destroyed– Hitler withdrew from League of Nations– Signed a ten-year non-aggression pact with Poland– 1935- Germany began a draft– 1936 Hitler reoccupied Rhineland– Munich conference 1938
Most Americans did not care about Hitler or Mussolini
NeutralityNEUTRALITY ACT 1936
• Roosevelt wanted to stop sale of minerals to aggressors
• Congress passed general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war.
NEUTRALITY ACT 1937• "cash and carry”:
• President could permit the sale of materials and supplies to belligerents in Europe as long as the recipients arranged for the transport and paid immediately in cash,
Violating the treatyMarch 7th 1936-
German troops entered the Rhineland, a region in western Germany.
*Treaty with Italy in 1936
An “axis” between Rome and Berlin, the capitals of Germany and Italy…This became known as the Axis Powers
Later Japan would join
March 1938
Nazi Germany invades Austria
The Germans were often presented with flowers and cheering crowds
Britain and France protested the action, but did nothing
Months later Germany demands Sudetenland, an industrial region in Czechoslovakia, a heavily German populated area
AppeasementBritish Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler to resolve the issue (the Munich Agreement)
Chamberlain uses appeasement with Hitler
Appeasement giving in to a competitor's demands in order to keep peace
Returned to England declaring we would have “peace in our time”
No one told the Czechs
September 1938
England, France, Germany, and Italy meet
Munich Agreement - was an agreement permitting Nazi annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland.
Although France was bound by a treaty to defend Czechoslovakia, they agreed to give the Sudetenland to Hitler. No one consulted Czechoslovakia.
Night of Broken GlassKristallnacht
November 9, 1938
Implementing of Anti-Jewish Law
91 Jews were murdered and 25,000 to 30,000 were arrested and placed in concentration camps
Rising tension
1939- Italy invades and occupies Albania
1939- Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact
Nonaggression pact between
Germany and the Soviet Union
The U.S. stays neutral
NeutralityNeutrality Acts
1935 banned the U.S. from providing weapons to nations at war
1936 banned loans to nations at war
1937 permitted trading with fighting nations in nonmilitary goods as long as they paid cash and transported their own cargo
this was called “cash and carry”
Lend Lease Plan-1941or
“The Arsenal of Democracy”
• Rather than give money FDR gave supplies, tanks, aircraft and ammunition to the war effort in Europe without sacrificing US neutrality at that time
Lend-Lease Act
March 1941- authorizing the President to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security
F.D.R. immediately begin to send aid to England
Atlantic Charter 1941
• FDR met with Churchill (Britain) to discuss post war plans
• FDR promised Churchill he would supply US ships to escort British shipping
• Result: German wolfpack (Sub unit nickname) went on rampage
USA began escorting all merchant ships across the Atlantic
Attitude about War
• 1940 USA began building warships rapidly---but stockpiles would not be high until 1945-made them vulnerable to attack
• 1941: 80 percent of Americans want to stay out of the war!
Road to WWII EventsEurope
Spanish Civil War – 1936-1939
Violating the Treaty of VersaillesGerman troops enter the Rhineland March 7, 1936
Rome Berlin Axis Treaty – 1936 (Japan would join later)
Germany invades Austria March 1938
Germany invades Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia September 1938
Allies Appease (Appeasement giving in to a competitor's demands in order
to keep peace)
Italy invades Albania 1939
Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact 1939 (Non-aggression pact between Germany & USSR
Road to WWII EventsPacificJapan in the 1920s economic recession
layoffs
strikes
political discontent
Japan in the 1930s population boom
Japan lacked natural resources to facilitate rising population
Expansion was the answer
Japanese expansion
Manchuria 1931
Prime Minister assassinated by Japanese Naval officers
Japan’s military takes control of government
Allies Appease (Appeasement giving in to a competitor's demands in order to keep
peace)
Sino-Japanese War 1937
Raping of Nanking 1937
Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact 1939 (Non-aggression pact between Germany & USSR
Whose Fault was Pearl Harbor?
USA Actions
• 100 Million to China
• FDR and a 2-Front Navy
• Petroleum as leverage to stop Japanese expansion
• Japanese refusal to remove themselves from China
Nomora- Hull Agreement
• Cordell Hull oferred Japan a few options
1. Respect territorial integrity of China2. Japanese must not interfere in internal affairs of China3. Must keep the door open4. Must respect USA territory in the Phillipines
Japanese Actions
• April 1941 sign an agreement with Soviets
• Knew from intelligence reports that the USA Navy would not be ready until 1942
• July 23-25 Japan moved south to IndoChina
Oil Embargo
• Left Japan with 1 year supply of oil
• Japanese Choices– Give up Southern expansion strategy– Defy USA and go to War
• Oct. 16 New leader in Japan- General Tojo
Pearl Harbor • USA Intercepted the code about Pearl
Harbor
Pearl Harbor Continued
It was a Sunday morning - U.S. military was taken off guard
Impact/Damage on U.S.• o 2,400 U.S. military and civilians lost their lives• o 1,178 U.S. military and civilians wounded• o 18 ships and 350 planes sunk or damaged
Pearl Harbor Continued
• Japan viewed it as a stunning victory
• December 8, 1941, U.S. declares war on Japan
• December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.