A little Stalin reviewA little Stalin review

____1. “Real Wages” is a term that ____1. “Real Wages” is a term that refers torefers to

A. average per capita (per person) income

B. the relative worth of money from nation to nation

C. earnings of industrial workers rather than agricultural laborers

D. how much money can buy

____2. This was almost unknown in 1930s Russia

A. unemploymentB. retirementC.public educationD.affordable medical care

____3. Women comprised the majority of Soviet

A. doctorsB. engineersC. university

professorsD. soldiers

____4. Sergei Kirov’s death led to

A. the expulsion of Trotsky

B. persecution of the kulaks

C. widespread denunciation of Stalin

D. a reign of terror

____5. The best way “to get to the top” in Soviet society was

A. a technical educationB. an army careerC. joining the secret

policeD. as a productive

factory worker

____6. The term “second revolution” refers to

A. the “Old Bolsheviks” consolidating power

B. the second Five-Year PlanC. the rise of younger CommunistsD. the banishment of Trotsky and

his supporters

Today, we begin to enter Today, we begin to enter some very dark history some very dark history together. But it begins together. But it begins with a very with a very happyhappy day. day.

• July, 1941. A young couple is getting married in Amsterdam.

• Their 12-year-old neighbor—who will herself fall in love, with a boy named Peter—watches, entranced.

• This brief glimpse is the only film we have of that neighbor: Anne Frank.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hvtXuO5GzU

• Ms. Derbidge and I with our guide, Freddy, in front of Anne’s home. It is a beautiful neighborhood. We’re just a

few feet away from where the newlyweds walked that day.

Anne would die of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen

concentration camp, in Germany.

She died in March 1945. British troops liberated Bergen-Belsen in April.

The ideology that would take Anne

Frank’s life…• Began, not in

Amsterdam and not in Germany, but in Italy.

AP Euro TodayAP Euro TodayOutcomes:Outcomes:

• Reviewing the Reviewing the homework: homework: How did How did Mussolini gain, maintain, Mussolini gain, maintain, and lose his dictatorial and lose his dictatorial power over Italy?power over Italy?

• How was How was 19331933 a turning a turning point in German history?point in German history?

• HW:HW: 966-71 966-71

Benito Benito Mussolini, the Mussolini, the “Macho Man”“Macho Man”

• Your job: Answer as many of the matching questions as you can while I review Mussolini’s rise and fall.

Mussolini’s early Mussolini’s early career was as a career was as a

socialistsocialist• An ideology he

inherited from his father, a blacksmith

• Like Hitler, he struggled in school.

• He was expelled for stabbing another student.

Before World War Before World War I…I…

•Mussolini was the editor of Avanti, a socialist newspaper

During the war…During the war…

•He served in the Italian army, and was wounded

Postwar Italy was Postwar Italy was troubled…troubled…

• Some Italians felt the Versailles Treaty had deprived them of territory on the Adriatic.

• The economy was marked by joblessness and labor disputes.

• For many Italians, communism looked increasingly attractive.

It was an ideal time for It was an ideal time for Mussolini’s new political Mussolini’s new political

party, formed in 1919party, formed in 1919

•His Fascist PartyFascist Party was dedicated to– Nationalism– Military strength– Territorial expansion– Anti-unionism– Anti-communism

He was therefore He was therefore supported by Italian supported by Italian capitalists, happy to capitalists, happy to finance this kind of finance this kind of

political partypolitical party

Yet Mussolini Yet Mussolini alsoalso appealed appealed to young war veterans, to young war veterans, many of them jobless…many of them jobless…

They became the They became the “Blackshirts.” This was “Blackshirts.” This was

Mussolini’s private army.Mussolini’s private army.

• Historians use the Historians use the term term paramilitaryparamilitary for uniformed for uniformed private armies like private armies like the Blackshirts.the Blackshirts.

• As a Blackshirt, a As a Blackshirt, a young man could young man could find a kind of find a kind of “family”—and a “family”—and a meal.meal.

The Blackshirts would inspire similar paramilitary

groups.• In Germany, they

were the Brownshirts.

• British Fascists, led by this man, Oswald Mosley, had their own Blackshirts.

• Golden Dawn is an active Fascist group in Greece today.

In 1922, Mussolini led the In 1922, Mussolini led the Blackshirts’ “March on Blackshirts’ “March on

Rome”Rome”• (Actually, Mussolini

took a train.)• A weak Italian

government simply collapsed and King Victor Emmanuel II asked Mussolini to form a new government.

By 1925, Mussolini had By 1925, Mussolini had become become “Duce,”—“Duce,”—the Boss. the Boss.

How did he do it?How did he do it?

He played He played “hardball”“hardball”

• The Fascists rigged elections

• The Blackshirts became increasingly important as his “tough guys:” They beat or killed opposition party members—or dosed them with castor oil

The Blackshirts almost The Blackshirts almost went too far…went too far…

• They assassinated Giacomo Matteotti, a popular socialist leader.

• A carpenter’s file was driven into his chest—this editorial cartoon is clear on the murder suspect.

But Mussolini used the But Mussolini used the murdermurder

• As an excuse to tighten his control over Italy in the name of fighting “lawlessness.”

• Similarly, Stalin had launched purges after Sergei Kirov’s murder—he blamed “traitors” for the murder he had ordered.

Mussolini’s image was that Mussolini’s image was that of a powerful, aggressive, of a powerful, aggressive,

“macho” man“macho” man• But, like most

totalitarians, he wasn’t afraid to alter reality to make it fit that image. Watch this.

Here he is, shirtless, after Here he is, shirtless, after working in the fields, giving a working in the fields, giving a pep talk to Italian peasants pep talk to Italian peasants

He built up the Italian army He built up the Italian army and navy, anticipating the re-and navy, anticipating the re-

emergence of the glories of the emergence of the glories of the Roman empireRoman empire

The Mediterranean, The Mediterranean, including North Africa…including North Africa…

• ……was to was to be be mare mare nostrumnostrum: “Our : “Our Sea”Sea”

His domestic policyHis domestic policy• Included the signing

of a concordat, or treaty, with Pope Pius XI.

1. The Vatican was recognized as an independent state.

2. Catholicism was established as Italy’s official faith.

And he encouraged Italian And he encouraged Italian women to produce more women to produce more

FascistsFascists• The goal was five

children per family (Mussolini and family, right)

• Mothers who gave birth to more were given medals and cash prizes

• At one function in 1933, Mussolini honored 93 mothers who had produced a total of 1300 children!

Mama mia! That’s 13+ Mama mia! That’s 13+ kids each!kids each!

Young boys joined the Young boys joined the BalillaBalilla

• This was a fascist Boy Scouts intended to inculcate obedience, loyalty to Duce, and manliness—warrior qualities…

Hitler—who would come to Hitler—who would come to power 11 years after power 11 years after

Mussolini, saw Mussolini, saw Il Duce Il Duce as a as a role model and hero…role model and hero…

But Mussolini would But Mussolini would never have the kind of never have the kind of power the power the Führer Führer hadhad

Because Italians saw Because Italians saw throughthrough the Fascists the Fascists

•The fixed elections became a standard joke

•Fascist government officials were notoriously corrupt

•And Mussolini dragged Italy into an unpopular war, with Hitler as Italy’s ally

After a coup in 1944…After a coup in 1944…

• German commandos had to rescue him and smuggle him away to Germany

The end of his The end of his “comeback,” “comeback,”

1945. 1945. Mussolini and Mussolini and his mistress, his mistress, Clara Petacci, Clara Petacci, executed by executed by the Italian the Italian ResistanceResistance

It was an ignominious It was an ignominious end for the “macho man”end for the “macho man”

Hitler’s beginning: Hitler’s beginning: “1933”“1933”

• Film excerpt Film excerpt from the History from the History Channel’s Channel’s The The Third Reich: The Third Reich: The Rise.Rise.

• Third Reich - The Rise 2/6 – YouTube 5:35-14:24 5:35-14:24• Third Reich - The Rise 3/6 - YouTube

Tonight’s Tonight’s homework…homework…

• Will Will complement complement the film the film excerpt; it excerpt; it details Hitler’s details Hitler’s rise to power. rise to power. Please read Please read pp. 966-71pp. 966-71