A. List of Acronyms

3G-GGSN 3G-SGSN AAL ABM AMD AN ARQ ATM AWGN

BER BLER BMC BSSGP

CDF CN COST

CS-l CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 CSD

DCCH DCH DTCH

EDGE ETSI

FACCH

3rd Generation GGSN 3rd Generation SGSN ATM Adaptation Layer Asynchronous Balanced Mode Acknowledged Mode Data Access Network Automatie Repeat Request Asynchronous Transfer Mode Additive White Gaussian Noise

Bit Error Ratio Block Error Ratio Broad- and Multi-Cast BSS GPRS Application Protocol

Cumulative Distribution Function Core Network European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research GPRS Channel Coding Scheme 1 GPRS Channel Coding Scheme 2 GPRS Channel Coding Scheme 3 GPRS Channel Coding Scheme 4 Circuit-Switched Data

Dedicated Control Channel Dedicated Channel Dedicated Trafiic Channel

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution European Telecommunications Standard Institute

Fast Associated Control Channel

240 A. List of Acronyms

FACH FDMA FEC FER FM

GGSN GPRS GSM GTP GTP-U

HC HDLC HTML HTTP

ICMP IETF IP IPCP IPX

IPXCP IPv4 IPv6 IS-136 ISDN ISI ISO ISP ITU

LFN LLC

MAC MAC-b MAC-c/sh MAC-d MLSE MS MSC

Forward Access Channel Frequency Domain Multiple Access Forward Error Correction Frame Error Ratio Frequency Modulation

Gateway GPRS Support Node General Packet Radio Service Global System for Communications GPRS Tunneling Protocol GPRS Tunneling Protocol, User Plane

Header Compression High Level Data Link Control Hypertext Markup Language Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Internet Control Message Protocol Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Protocol IP Control Protocol (NCP for IP in PPP) Internetwork Packet Exchange (network layer protocol in Novell Netware operating system) IPX Control Protocol (NCP for IPX in PPP) Internet Protocol, Version 4 Internet Protocol, Version 6 Interim Standard 136 Integrated Services Data Network Inter-symbol Interference International Organization for Standardization Internet Service Provider International Telecommunication Union

Long Fat Network Logical Link Control

Medium Access Control Medium Access Control, for broadcast channels Medium Access Control, for common and shared channels Medium Access Control, for dedicated channels Maximum Likely Sequence Estimator Mobile Station Mobile-Services Switching Center

MT MTU

NCP NRT NTP

OSI OSP OTA

PAP PDCH PDCP PDN PDP PDP PDU PID PPG PPP PRACH PSTN PTM PTP

QoS

RA RAB RACH RLC RLP RNC RNS RT

SAP SDU SGSN SLIP SMS SNDCP SRNS

Mobile Termination Maximum Transmission Unit

A. List of Acronyms 241

Network Control Protocol (Sub-Protocol 01' PPP) Non-Real Time Network Time Protocol

Open Systems Interconnection Octet Stream Protocol Over-the-Air

Push Access Protocol (WAP push service) Packet Data Channel Packet Data Convergence Protocol Public Data Network Packet Data Protocol (e.g. IP) Power Delay Profile Protocol Data Unit Packet Identifier Push Proxy Gateway (WAP push service) Point to Point Protocol Packet Random Access Channel Public Switched Telephone Network Point to Multi-point Point to Point

Quality 01' Service

Rate Adaptation Radio Access Bearer Random Access Channel Radio Link Control Radio Link Protocol Radio Network Controller Radio Network Subsystem Real Time

Service Access Point Service Data Unit Serving GPRS Support Node Serial Line Internet Protocol Short Message Service Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol Serving Radio Network Subsystem

242 A. List of Acronyms

TBF TBF TCH TCH/F14.4 TCH/F9.6 TCP TCTF TDMA TE TLS TTI

UDP UE UMD UMTS USSD UTRA UTRAN

WAE WAP WDP WLAN WML WSP WTA WTLS WTP WWW

xDSL

Temporary Bloek Flow Transport Bloek Format Traffie Channel Traffie Channel, FuH Rate with 14.4kbit/s Traffie Channel, FuH Rate with 9.6kbit/s Transmission Control Protoeol Target Channel Type Field (in UMTS MAC) Time Domain Multiple Aeeess Terminal Equipment Transport Layer Seeurity Transmission Time Interval

User Datagram Protocol User Equipment Unaeknowledged Mode Data Universal Mobile Teleeommunieations System Unstruetured Supplementary Serviee Data UMTS Terrestrial Radio Aeeess UMTS Terrestrial Radio Aeeess Network

Wireless Applieation Environment Wireless Applieation Protoeol Wireless Datagram Protoeol Wireless Loeal Area Network Wireless Markup Language Wireless Session Protoeol Wireless Telephony Applieation Wireless Transport Layer Seeurity Wireless Transaetion Protoeol World Wide Web

ADSL, HDSL, VDSL (Asymmetrie, High speed, Very high speed) Digital Subseriber Line

B. Glossary

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP): Standardization group that specifies UMTS. This is a partnership of European (ETSI), American (TIPI, ... ) and Japanese (ARIB) standardization bodies (http://www.3gpp.orgj).

Automatie Repeat Request (ARQ): A protocol technique which automati­cally retransmits packets that had errors in transmission.

Capacity on Demand: A principle used in GSM GPRS to make the scarce radio resources available only if there is data to send. When no data is ready for transmission, no radio resources are occupied (besides control channels).

Congestion Window: The number of bytes (or packets) that can be trans­mitted by a ARQ protocol without waiting for an acknowledgment. This determines a Flight 01 Packets. Also called transmission window. The term congestion window is mainly used in TCP.

Fast Retransmission: Mechanism in TCP to retransmit unacknowledged packets immediately if three duplicate acknowledgments arrive at the TCP sender.

FDD (Frequency Domain Duplex): Uplink and downlink trafIic are applied in different frequency bands separated by the frequency duplex distance. GSM and the FDD mode of UMTS (UMTS-FDD) utilize this duplex method.

Flight of Packets: The amount of data that is currently in the pipe and not yet acknowledged at the sender when operating with an ARQ protocol.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS): This is the packet-switched data transmission extension to GSM. It has been introduced in GSM Phase 2+. Data is packet switched in the entire mobile network (core network, access network, and also the radio interface).

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): This is the gateway of the GPRS core network to external packet data networks (e.g. the Internet).

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM): Most important digital mobile radio standard today. Standardized by ETSL

Internet Protocol (IP): This is the standard network layer protocol in almost all networks including the Internet. It provides addressing and routing functionality.

244 B. Glossary

Master-Slave Concept: A principle used in GSM GPRS where a single PDCH is acting as master PDCH, and all other PDCHs are slaves. Only the master PDCH carries special control channels. The slave PDCHs only carry data. So not every PDCH needs to have a control channel, which optimizes available radio resources.

Medium Access Control (MAC): Intermediate protocol layer between phys­ical layer and link layer that controls the access of multiple logical con­nections on a single medium.

Mobile Station (MS): A 'Mobile Station' in GSM indudes the mobile equip­ment itself and the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). It is superseded in UMTS by the User Equipment (UE). In UMTS a MS is an entity which is capable of accessing UMTS services via one or more radio interfaces.

Multislot Class: The multislot dass defines the capabilities of a GSM-GPRS mobile station to send and/or transmit on multiple timeslots. The nu m­ber of receiving and transmitting timeslots is fully defined by the multi­slot dass.

Non-Transparent Mode: This data transmission mode provides additional features. In GSM it is characterized by an additional Radio Link Protocol which makes the link more reliable. However, the data rate may vary.

Point to Point Protocol (PPP): A link layer protocol providing a packet transmission service to a higher layer protocol (e.g. IP). it provides pa­rameter negotiation at the connection setup phase.

RLC-AMD (Acknowledged Mode Data, UMTS): Mode of the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer in UMTS that provides reliable transmission over the radio interface by means of a selective repeat ARQ protocol.

RLC-UMD (Unacknowledged Mode Data, UMTS): Mode of the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer in UMTS that provides only unreliable data trans­mission. Only error detection is provided.

Radio Link Protocol (RLP): This is the link layer protocol in GSM-CSD. It spans from MS to MSC and is used in non-transparent mode only. It is a selective repeat ARQ protocol providing a reliable link.

Selective Acknowledgment: Technique in ARQ protocols that retransmits only the missing packets, and not all others in between as well, as is done in the basic go-back-N ARQ protocol.

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP): Simple link layer protocol that pro­vi des a packet transmission service for the IP network layer protocol.

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): Node in the GPRS core network that interfaces the core network to the GPRS (GSM) access network for packet-switched data.

TDD (Time Domain Duplex): Uplink and downlink trafik are applied in the same frequency band, but in different time instants. The TDD mode of UMTS (UMTS-TDD) utilizes this duplex mode.

TCP /IP Header Compression: Standard compression method for combined compression of TCP and IP headers over a slow link. This is also called

B. Glossary 245

'van Jacobson' he ader compression. A standard TCP /IP he ader of 20+20 bytes is compressed to typically 3-5 bytes. Compression is differential, thus only the differences to previous packet headers are transmitted. This causes problems if intermediate packets are lost.

Trafik Channel (TCH): Definition of the parameters of a logical transmis­sion channel in GSM, GPRS and UMTS. It is characterized by the data rate, channel coding scheme, data block length, data block delay, and several other parameters.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Most important transport layer pro­tocol used today. It relies on IP as lower level network protocol. Several vers ions exist (TCP Tahoe, TCP Reno, TCP Vegas) with slightly dif­ferent functionality. TCP provides flow control by self-clocking, and the sliding-window mechanism. It is a ARQ go-back-N protocol providing a reliable data transmission.

Transmission Window: Synonym for congestion window. Transparent Mode: This data transmission mode transmits data transpar­

ently to upper layers. The upper layers just 'see' a transmission medium with constant data rate.

User Equipment (UE): A mobile equipment with one or several UMTS Sub­scriber Identity Module(s) [20]. It is the equivalent for the term 'Mobile Station' in GSM.

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN): This is the completely new radio access network introduced with UMTS. The radio interface is based on CDMA. Two different modes exist: FDD and TDD duplex modes. Radio bandwidth is 5 MHz.

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS): The new upcoming 3rd generation mobile radio standard specified by :3GPP. Early versions will reuse existing GSM and GPRS core network entities. A completely new radio access network is specified (UTRAN).

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol): A set of protocols developed by the WAP Forum to provide wireless Internet access independently of the underlying bearer service. WAP should be available for GSM-CSD, GSM­GPRS, UMTS and also Japanese and American mobile radio standards. The protocols involve OSI layer 4 to 7. The WAP protocols are especially designed for operation over wireless links and should work from low to high capability terminals.

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): A wireless broadband access system with usually higher bit rates but lower mobility than current deployed public mobile networks like GSM and also UMTS. The border between WLANs and future mobile telecommunication systems like UMTS and beyond is likely to diminish.

References

1. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Architecture for an All IP network, 3GPP TR 23.922, V1.0.0", October 1999.

2. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "UMTS Core Network based on ATM Transport, DTR/SMG-UMTS 23.925, VO.2.0", February 1999.

3. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Channel coding and multiplexing examples (Release 1999), 3G TR 25.944, V3.0.0", March 2000.

4. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Circuit Eearer Services (ES) supported by a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) (Release 1999), 3G TS 22.002, V3.3.0", March 2000.

5. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Circuit Switched Data Eearer Services (Release 1999), 3G TS 23.910, V3.0.0", March 2000.

6. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description; Stage 2 (Release 1999), 3G TS 23.060, V3.3.0", April 2000.

7. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "MAC Protocol Specijication (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.321, V3.3.0", March 2000.

8. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD) (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.212, V3.2.0", March 2000.

9. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD) (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.222, V3.2.1 ", March 2000.

10. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Network Architecture (Release 1999), 3G TS 23.002, V3.3.0", March 2000.

11. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.323, V3.1.0", March 2000.

12. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Physical channel and mapping of trans­port channels onto physical channels (TDD) (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.221, V3.2.0", March 2000.

13. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Physical Layer - General Description (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.201, V3.0.2", March 2000.

14. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "QoS Concept and Architecture (Release 1999), 3G TS 23.107, V3.2.0", March 2000.

15. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Radio Interface Protocol Architecture (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.301, V3.4.0", March 2000.

16. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "RLC Protocol Specijication (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.322, V3.2.0", March 2000.

17. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Services provided by the Physical Layer (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.302, V3·4.0", March 2000.

18. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "UTRAN Iu Interface User Plane Proto­cols (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.415, V3.2.0", March 20()().

19. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "UTRAN Overall Description (Release 1999), 3G TS 25.401, V3.2.0", March 2()()().

248 References

20. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications (Re­lease 1999), 3G TR 21.905, V3.0.0", March 2000.

21. T. Alanko, M. Kojo, H. Laamanen, M. Liljeberg, M. Moilanen, and K. Raatikainen. "Measured Performance of Data Transmission Over Cellu­lar Telephone Networks". Technical report, University of Helsinki, Department of Computer Science, November 1994.

22. M. Allman et al. "RFC 2581, TCP Congestion Control", April 1999. 23. A. C. Auge, J. L. Magnet, and J. P. Aspas. "Window Prediction Mechanism

for Improving TCP in Wireless Asymteric Links". In Proc. IEEE Globecom '98, Austmlia, 8-12. November., 1998.

24. B. Walke. "Datenkommunikation I, Teil 1: Verteilte Systeme, ISO/OSI-Architekturmodell und Bitbertm9un9sschicht". Dr. Alfred Hüthig Verlag, Hei­delberg, 1987.

25. Y. Bai, G. Wu, and A. T. Ogielski. "TCP jRLP coordination and interprotocol signalling for wireless Internet". In IEEE 49th Vehicular Technol09Y Conference, volume Vol. 3, pages 1945-1951, May 1999.

26. A. Bakre and B. Badrinath. "TCP: Indirect TCP for mobile hosts", 1994. 27. H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz. "The Effects of Asym­

metry on TCP Performance". In Proc. 3rd ACM/IEEE MobiCom, September 1997.

28. H. Balakrishnan, S. Seshan, E. Amir, and R. H. Katz. "Improving TCP jIP Performance over Wireless Networks". In Proc. 1st ACM Int'l Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom), November 1995.

29. L. E. Baum, T. Petrie, G. Soules, and N. Weiss. "A maximazation technique occuring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov chains" . Ann. Math. Statist., Vol. 41:164-171, 1970.

30. C. Bettstetter, H.-J. Vögel, and J. Eberspächer. "GSM Phase 2+ General Packet Radio Service GPRS: Architecture, Protocols, and Air Interface". IEEE Communications Surveys, Vol. 2(No. 3):2-14, Third Quarter 1999.

31. S. Biaz and N. H. Vaidya. "Discriminating Congestion Losses from Wireless Losses using Inter-Arrival Times at the Receiver". In IEEE Symposium AS­SET'99, Richardson, TX, USA, March 1999.

32. L. S. Brakmo and L. L. Petersen. "TCP Vegas: End to End Congestion Avoid­ance on a Global Internet". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communica­tions, Vol. 13(No. 8):1465-1480, October 1995.

33. B.Rathke, M.Schlger, and A.Wolisz. "Systematic Measurement of TCP Per­formance over Wireless LANs". Technical report, Telecommunication Networks Group, Technische Universität Berlin, December 1998.

34. K. Brown and S. Singh. "M-TCP: TCP for Mobile Cellular Networks". ACM Computer Communications Review, Vol. 27(No. 5):19-43, October 1997.

35. R. Caceres and L. 1ftode. "Improving the Performance of Reliable Transport Protocols in Mobile Computing Environments". IEEE Journal on Selected Ar­eas in Communications, Vol. 13(No. 5):850-857, June 1995.

36. J. Cai and D. J. Goodman. "General Packet Radio Service in GSM". IEEE Communications Magazine, pages 122-131, October 1997.

37. A. Campbell, J. Gomez, C. Y. Wan, Z. Turanyi, and A. Valko. "Cellular IP", October 1999.

38. J. Case, K. McCloghrie, M. Rose, and S. Waldbusser. "RFC 1905, Protocol Op­erations for Version 2 of the Simple Network Managment Protocol (SNMPv2)", January 1996.

39. "The Cellular IP Project at Columbia University". 40. D. Cong, M. Hamlen, and C. Perkins. "RFC 2006, The Definitions of Managed

Objects for IP Mobility Support using SMIv2", October 1996.

References 249

41. D. Raggett et al. "HTML 4.0 Specijication, W3C Recommendation 18 Decem­ber 1997, REC-HTML40-971218", September 1997.

42. S. Deering and R. Rinden. "RFC 2460, Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6 Specijication", December 1998.

43. M. Degermark, B. Nordgren, and S. Pink. "RFC 2507, IP Header Compres­sion", February 1999.

44. A. P. Dempster, N. M. Laird, and D. B. Rubin. "Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm". Journal of Royal Statistic Society, Vol. 39(No. 1):1-38, 1977.

45. A. DeSimone, M. C. Chuah, and O. C. Yue. "Throughput Performance of Transport-Layer Protocols over Wireless LANs". In Proc. IEEE Globecom, pages 542-549, 1993.

46. T. Dierks and C. Allen. "RFC 2246, The TLS Protocol, Version 1.0", January 1999.

47. J. Eberspächer and R.-J. Vögel. "GSM Global System for Mobile Communica­tion". B. G. Teubner, 1997.

48. ERICSSON. "TEMS, User manual", 1998. 49. C. Erlandson and P. Ocklind. "WAP - The Wireless Application Protocol".

Ericsson Review, 4(4):150-153, 1998. 50. R. Fielding et al. "RFC 2616, Hypertext Transport Protocol - HTTP/l.l",

June 1999. 51. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical

Specijication GSM 03.54 version 7. o. 0 Release 1998, Description for the use of a Shared Inter Working Function (SIWF) in a GSM PLMN; Stage 2", August 1998.

52. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 03.64 version 7.1.0 Release 1998, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Overall description of the GPRS radio interface; Stage 2", November 1998.

53. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Techni-cal Specijication GSM 02.34 version 7.0.0 Release 1998, High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD); Stage 1", August 1999.

54. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Techni-cal Specijication GSM 03.34 version 7.0.0 Release 1998, High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)- Stage 2", August 1999.

55. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 04.21 version 7.0.2 Release 1998, Rate adaptation on the Mobile Station - Base Station System (MS-BSS) Interface", July 1999.

56. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 05.08 version 7.1.1 Release 1998, Radio Subsystem Link Control", December 1999.

57. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 08.20 version 8.1.0 Release 1998, Rate adaptation on the Base Station System - Mobile-services Switching Centre (BSS-MSC) interface", nov 1999.

58. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 05.03 version 8.5.0 Release 1999, Channel Coding", July 2000.

59. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 09.07 version 7.2.0 Release 1998, General requirements on interworking between the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and the Inte­grated Services Digital Network (ISDN) or Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)", January 2000.

250 References

60. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 09.60 version 7.5.0 Release 1998, General Packet Radio Ser­vice (GPRS),. GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) across the Gn and Gp Inter­face", August 2000.

61. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 02.60 version 7.4.0 Release 1998, General Packet Radio Ser­vice (GPRS),. Service Description,. Stage 1", April 2000.

62. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 03.02 version 7.1.0 Release 1998, Network architecture", February 2000.

63. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 03.60 version 7.4.0 Release 1998, General Packet Radio Ser­vice (GPRS),. Service description,. Stage 2", April 2000.

64. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 04.22 version 7.1.0 Release 1998, Radio Link Protocol (RLP) for data and telematic services on the Mobile Station - Base Station System (MS-BSS) interface and the Base Station System - Mobile-services Switching Centre (BSS-MSC) interface", January 2000.

65. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 04.60 version 8.5.0 Release 1999, General Packet Radio Ser­vice (GPRS),. Mobile Station (MS) -Base Station System (BSS) interface,. Radio Link Controlj Medium Access Control (RLCjMAC) protocol", July 2000.

66. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 04.64 version 8.4.0 Release 1999, General Packet Radio Ser­vice (GPRS),. Mobile Station (MS) - Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN),. Logical Link Control (LLC) layer specijication", March 2000.

67. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 04- 65 version 8. O. 0 Release 1999, General Packet Radio Ser­vice (GPRS),. Mobile Station (MS) - Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN),­Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)", March 2000.

68. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 05.02 version 8.5.0 Release 1999, Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path", July 2000.

69. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. "GSM Technical Specijication GSM 05.50 version 8.2.0 Release 1999, Background for Radio Fre­quency (RF) requirements", apr 2000.

70. F.Fitzek, B.Rathke, M.Schlger, and A.Wolisz. "Simultaneous MAC-Packet Transmission in Integrated Broadband Mobile System for TCP". In ACTS SUMMIT 1998, Rhodos, Greece, pages 580-586, June 1998.

71. F.Fitzek, G.Carle, and A.Wolisz. "Combining Transport Layer and Link Layer Mechanism for Transparent QoS Support ofIP based Applications". In IP Qual­ity of Service for Wireless and Mobile Networks (IQWiM99), Aachen, Germany, April 1999.

72. S. Floyd and V. Jacobson. "Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance". IEEjACM Transactions on Networking, August 1993.

73. J. Franks, P. Hallam-Baker, J. Hostetler, S. Lawrence, P. Leach, A. Luotonen, and L. Stewart. "RFC 2617, HTTP Athentication: Basic and Digest Access A uthentication", June 1999.

74. N. Fred and N. Borenstein. "RFC 2045, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies", November 1996.

75. E. N. Gilbert. "Capacity of a burst-noise channel". Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 39:1253-1266, September 1960.

References 251

76. S. Hanks, T. Li, D. Farinacci, and P. Traina. "RFC 1701, Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", October 1994.

77. H. Hofstetter, A. F. Molisch, and J. Hammerschmidt. "Measurement of data transmission via the GSM 9.6 kbit/s channel". In Proc. ICT2000, Acapulco, Mexico, Mai, pages 30-35, 2000.

78. J. Davis H, M. Goel, C. Hylands, B. Kienhuis, E. A. Lee, J. Liu, X. Liu, L. Muliadi, S. Neuendorffer, J. Reekie, N. Smyth, J. Tsay, and Y. Xiong. "Overview of the Ptolemy Project". Technical Report UCB/ERL No. M99/37, Dept. EECS, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/, July 1999.

79. V. Jacobson. "Congestion Avoidance and Control". Computer Communications Review, Vol. 18(No. 4):314--329, August 1988.

80. V. Jacobson. "Berkeley TCP Evolution from 4.3-Tahoe to 4.3-Reno". In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Internet Engeneering Task Force, page 365, Van­couver, B.C., September 1990. University of Britsh Columbia.

81. V. Jacobson. "RFC 1144, Compressing TCP /IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links", February 1990.

82. V. Jacobson, C. Leres, and S. McCanne. "tcpdump" . ftp:/ /ftp.ee.lbl.gov/tcpdump.tar.Z, 1997.

83. R. Kalden, I. Meirick, and M. Meyer. "Wireless Internet Access Based on GPRS". IEEE Personal Communications, pages 8-18, April 2000.

84. P. Karn and C. Partridge. "Improving Round-Trip Time Estimates in Reliable Transport Protocols". Computer Communications Review, Vol. 17(No. 5):2-7, August 1987.

85. S. R. Kim and C. K. Uno "Throughput Analysis for Two ARQ Schemes Us­ing Combined Transition Matrix". IEEE Transaction8 on Communications, 40(11):1679--1683, November 1992.

86. M. Kojo, K. Raatikainen, M. Liljeberg, J. Kiiskinen, and T. Alanko. "An Efficient Transport Service for Slow Wireless Telephone Links". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 15(No. 7):1337-1348, September 1997.

87. J. Korhonen, O. Aalto, A. Gurtov, and H. Laamanen. "Measured Performance of GSM HSCSD and GPRS". In The 2001 IEEE International Conference on Communications, June 200l.

88. I. Kulovuori, L. Sydänheimo, and M. Kivikoski. "Using GSM to trans mit data to an information system in adynamie environment.".

89. M. Laubach and J. Halpern. "RFC 2225, Classical IP and ARP over ATM", April 1998.

90. C. H. C. Leung, Y. Kikumoto, and S. A. Sorensen. "The Throughput Efficiency of the Go-Back-N ARQ Scheme Under Markov and Related Error Structures". IEEE Tran8actions on Communications, 36(2):231-234, February 1988.

91. S. Lin and D.J. Costello. "Error Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applica­tions". Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1983 ..

92. G. Löffelmann. "TCP /IP over UMTS". Master's thesis, Institut für Nachricht­entechnik und Hochfrequenztechnik, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Aus­tria, September 2000.

93. R. Ludwig, A. Konrad, and A. D. Joseph. "Optimizing the End-to-End Per­formance of Reliable Flows over Wireless Links". In Fifth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networks (MobiCom '99), Seattle Wash­ington, pages 113-119, August 1999.

94. R. Ludwig and B. Rathonyi. "Link Layer Enhancements for TCP /IP over GSM". In INFOCOM '99. Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Comrnunications Societies. Proc IEEE, pages 415-422, 1999.

252 References

95. R. Ludwig, B. Rathonyi, A. Konrad, K. Oden, and A. Joseph. "Multi-Layer Tracing of TCP over a Reliable Wireless Link". In ACM SIGMETRICS, pages 144-154, 1999.

96. M. Failli. "COST207 - Digital Land Mobile Radio Communications - Final Report". Commission of the European Communities, 1989.

97. M. Mathis, J. Mahdavi, S. Floyd, and A. Romanov. "RFC 2018, TCP Selective Acknowledgement Options", October 1996.

98. G. McGregor. "RFC 1332, The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol", May 1992.

99. D. L. Mills. "RFC 1305, Network Time Protocol (Version 3) - Specijication, Implementation and Analysis", March 1992.

100. "Mobile Communications, issue number 316". ISSN 0953-539x, September 2001.

101. M. Mouly and M. B. Pautet. "The GSM system lor mobile communications". Europe Media Duplication, 1993.

102. C. Perkins. "RFC 2002, IP Mobility Support", October 1996. 103. C. Perkins. "RFC 2003, IP Encapsulation within IP", October 1996. 104. C. Perkins. "RFC 2004, Minimal Encapsulation within IP", October 1996. 105. C. Perkins and D. B. Johnson. "Route Optimization in Mobile IP", February

2000. 106. C. E. Perkins. "Mobile IP". IEEE Communications Magazine, pages 84-99,

May 1997. 107. P.King et a!. "Handheld Device Markup Language Specijication", April 1997. 108. J. Poste!. "RFC 768, User Datagram Protocol", August 1980. 109. J. Poste!. "RFC 791, Internet Protocol", September 1981. 110. J. Poste!. "RFC 792, Internet Control Message Protocol", September 1981. 111. J. Poste!. "RFC 793, Transmission Control Protocol", September 1981. 112. L. R. Rabiner. "A Tutorial on Hidden Markov Models and Selected Appliea­

tions in Speech Recognition". Proceedings of the IEEE, Vo!. 77(No. 2):257-286, February 1989.

113. T. S. Rappaport. "Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice". Pren­tice Hall, PTR, 1996.

114. K. Ratnam and I. Matta. "WTCP: An Efficient Meehanism for Improving TCP Performance over Wireless Links". In Third IEEE Symposium on Com­puters and Communications, ISCC'98, Proceedings, pages 74-78, 1998.

115. J. Rendon, F. Casadevall, D. Serarols, and J. L. Faner. "Analysis of Snoop TCP protocol in GPRS system". Electronics Letters, Vo!. 37(No. 10):651-652, May 2001.

116. M.Y. Rhee. "Error Correcting Coding Theory". MeGraw-Hill, New York, 1989.

117. L. Romkey. "RFC 1 055, A nonstandard transmission 01 IP da ta grams over seriallines: SLIP", June 1988.

118. W. Simpson. "RFC 1661, The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", July 1994. 119. J. Solomon. "RFC 2005, Applicability Statement lor IP Mobility Support",

October 1996. 120. J. D. Solomon. "Mobile IP, The Internet Unplugged". Prentiee-Hall, Ine.,

1998. 121. J. S. Stadler and J. Gelman. "Performance Enhancement for TCP /IP on a

Satellite Channel". In Proc. Military Communications Conference, MILCOM 98, volume Vo!. 1, pages pp. 270-276, 1998.

References 253

122. M. Stangel and V. Bharghavan. "Improving TCP Performance in Mobile Computing Environments". In Proc. ICC'98, IEEE International Conference on Communications, Atlanta, GA, USA, 1-11 June 1998, volume Vol. 1, pages 584-589, June 1998.

123. R. Steele. "Mobile Radio Communications". Pentech Press Ltd., London, 1992.

124. R. W. Stevens. "TCP/IP Illustmted: Volume 1, The Protocols". Addison­Wesly, 1994.

125. W. Turin and M. M. Sondhi. "Modeling Error Sources in Digital Channels". IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, Vol. l1(No. 3):340-347, April 1993.

126. "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Selection procedures for the choice of radio transmission technologies of the UMTS (UMTS 30.03 Version 3.2.0", April 1998.

127. University of California at Berkeley, Department of Electrical Engeneering and Computer Sciences. "The Almagest: Ptolemy 0.1 User's Manual", April 1997.

128. A. G. Valko. "Cellular IP: A New Approach to Internet Host Mobility". ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 50-65, January 1999.

129. B. Walke. "Mobilfunknetze und ihre Protokolle, Band 1". B. G. Teubner, 1998.

130. WAP Forum. "push Access Protocol Specification", November 1999. 131. WAP Forum. "push Message Specification", August 1999. 132. WAP Forum. "push OTA Protocol Specification", November 1999. 133. WAP Forum. "push Proxy Gateway Service Specificatzon", August 1999. 134. WAP Forum. "Service Indication Specification", November 1999. 135. WAP Forum. "Service Loading Specification", November 1999. 136. WAP Forum. "Wireless Control Message Protocol Specification, Version

4.9.1999", August 1999. 137. WAP Forum. "Wireless Datagmm Protocol Specification, Version 5.11.1999",

November 1999. 138. WAP Forum. "Wireless Identity Module, Part: Security, Version 5.11.1999",

November 1999. 139. WAP Forum. "Wireless Markup Language Specification, Version 1.2", Novem­

ber 1999. 140. WAP Forum. "Wireless Session Protocol Specification, Version 11.6.1999",

June 1999. 141. WAP Forum. "Wireless Telephony Application Interface Specification",

November 1999. 142. WAP Forum. "Wireless Telephony Application Interface Specification, GSM

Specific Addendum", November 1999. 143. WAP Forum. "Wireless Telephony Application Specification, Version 1.1",

November 1999. 144. WAP Forum. "Wireless Transaction Protocol Specification, Version

11.6.1999", June 1999. 145. WAP Forum. "Wireless Transport Layer Security Specification, Version

5.11.1999", November 1999. 146. E. Whitehead, U. C. Irvine, and M. Murata. "RFC 2316, XML Media Types",

July 1998. 147. J. Wigard and P. Mogensen. "A simple mapping from C/I to FER and BER

for a GSM type of air-interface". In "Seventh IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC'96)", volume Vol. 1, pages 78-82, 15-18 Oct. 1996.

254 References

148. A. Wolisz. "Wireless Internet Architectures: Selected Issues", chapter Mobile Networks, pages 1-16. "Personal Wireless Communications". Kluver Academic Publishers, Boston/Dordrecht/London, 2000.

149. J. W. K. Wong and V. C. M. Leung. "Improving End-to-End Performance of TCP using Link-Layer Retransmissions over Mobile Internetworks.". In Proc. IEEE Intern. Conference on Communications, ICC'99, volume Vol. 1, pages 324-328, June 1999.

150. M. Zorzi and R. R. Rao. "Perspectives on the Impact of Error Statistics on Protocols for Wireless Networks". IEEE Personal Commuications, pages 32-40, October 1999.

151. M. Zorzi, R. R. Rao, and L. B. Milstein. "Error statistics in data transmission over fading channels". IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 46:1468-77, November 1998.

Index

3~way handshake, 20 3G-GGSN, 100 3G-SGSN, 100 3rd Generation Partnership Project,

3GPP,91 52-multiframe, 61, 179

A-interface, 48, 54, 165 AAL2,93 AAL5,100 ABM,51 ACC, 124 Ack Congestion Control, ACC, 124 ack-docking, 21 ACK-Flag, 20 Acknowledged Mode Data, AMD, 104 acknowledgment, 21 - cumulative, 21 - delayed, 123, 127 - duplicate, 21, 24-26 - filtering, 124 - hold on, 35 ~ selective, SACK, 125 Adaptive Mobile Integrated Com­

munication Architecture, AMICA, 131

ADM,51 agent - advertisement, 16 - horne, 15 alert protocol, 34 algorithm - back-off, 119 - Baum-Welch-, 81 - Expectation-Modification method, 81 ~ Karn's algorithm, 22 All IP core, 91 All IP network, 94 AMD,104 AMICA, 131 application data protocol, 34 application layer, 28

ARQ, 22, 49, 65, 104 ~ go-back-N, 134 ~ GPRS, 65 ~ hybrid, 105 - implementation, 122 - selective repeat, 49, 51, 121, 130 - stop-and-wait, 122 asymmetric service, 122 asynchronous, 29, 48 - transaction, 35 Asynchronous Balanced Mode, ABM,

51 Asynchronous Disconnected Mode,

ADM,51 Asynchronous Transfer Mode, ATM,

91, 93 ATM, 91, 93 - AAL2, 93 ~ AAL5, 100 ~ ATM Adaptation Layer 2, AAL2, 93 - ATM Adaptation Layer 5, AAL5,

100 ATM Adaptation Layer 2, AAL2, 93 ATM Adaptation Layer 5, AAL5, 100 audio stream, 27 Austria, 168 authentication, 14, 29, 33 autocorrelation, 83 Automatic Repeat Request, ARQ, 22,

49,65, 104 AWGN,72

back-off algorithm, 119 background dass, 110 Baum-Welch-algorithm, 81 BCH,101 beacon signal, 18 bearer, 32 - core network, 109 - high latency, 33 - packet-switched, 112 - radio access, 109

256 Index

- service, UMTS, 109 BER function, 84 Berkeley Software Distribution, BSD,

19, 122 binary cydic code, 72 binary symmetric channel, 135 bit error model, 82 BLER function, 84 block decoder, 72 block error model, 82, 211 Block Error Ratio, BLER, 82, 134 bottleneck link, 116 broadcast, 16 Broadcast Channel, BCH, 101 BSD, 19, 122 buffer - GPRS MAC layer, 185 - GPRS, MAC data, 193 - intermediate, 116 - IWF, 149 - overflow, 118 - size, IWF, 146 - space, 129 burst, 71

C / I variation, 84 caching,29 capacity on demand, 60 care-of-address, 15 CCTrCH,98 CDMA, 96, 132 - TD/CDMA, 96 Cellular IP, 17 change cipher spec protocol, 34 channel coding - GPRS, 59 - GSM, 47,72 - UMTS, 97 channel estimation, 71 channel model, 68, 73 check sum, 20 chip rate, 96 ciphering, 65, 102 circuit-switched - bearer, 110 - data, CSD, 46, 47 - domain, 93 dient/server, 29, 30 dustering coefficient, 136 code - binary cydic, 72 - convolutional, 47 - Fire, 72

- NRZ, 69 - puncturing, 47 Code Block, 97 Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA,

96 - TD/CDMA, 96 Coded Composite Transport Channels,

CCTrCH,98 combined transition matrix, 137 competing retransmission, 121, 122 complex baseband, 71 Compressed SLIP, CSLIP, 9, 157 computation - RTO, 22 congestion, 23 - avoidance, 23 - window, 23, 116, 150 connection - establishment, 20 - less, 11, 27 - oriented, 20 - persistent, 29 Continuous Repeat Request, CRQ, 22 control plane, 100 conversational dass, 109 convolutional code, 47 core network, 91 - bearer, 109 correlation, 83, 137 COST 207 channel model, 73 CRC, 65 CRQ-GBN,22 CSD, 46, 47 CSLIP, 9, 157 cumulative acknowledgment, 21 cwnd,23 Cydic Redundancy Check, CRC, 65

Data Encryption Standard, DES, 35 data integrity, 33 data link layer, 7 DCCH, 102 DCH,98 decoder, 72 Dedicated Channel, 98 Dedicated Control Channel, DCCH,

102 Dedicated Traffic Channel, DTCH, 102 delay,27 - -bandwidth product, 122 - end-to-end, 149

GSM TCH/F14.4, 149 GSM TCH/F9.6, 149

- GSM-CSD, distribution, 150

- interleaver, 162 - RLC level, simulations, 189 - tap, 74 - TCP layer, 149 - TCP layer, GPRS, 188, 196 - transmission, 162 delayed ACK, 123 DES, 35 Diffie-Hellman, 35 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple

Access, DS-CDMA, 96 disconnection, 119 DNS,28 domain - circuit-switched, 93 - packet-switched, 93 Domain Name Service, DNS, 28 Doppler spectrum, 74 drift RNS, 95 DS-CDMA,96 DTCH,102 duplicate acknowledgment, 21, 24-26

EDGE,58 ELN,128 EM method, 81 end-to-end - connection, 18, 27 - delay, 147, 149 - proposals, 125 - security, 31 - semantic, 127, 129, 130 - service, 109 Enhanced Data rates for GSM

Evolution, EDGE, 58 environments, 168 equalizer, 75 Ericsson, TEMS, 154 Erlang B, 181 error floor, 75, 86 errorneous feedback link, 138 ethernet, 153 ETSI,45 European Telecommunications

Standard Institute, ETSI, 45 EXP, 131 Expectation-Modification method, 81 Explicit Loss Notification, ELN, 128 exponential - back-off, 22 - increase, 23, 120 Export Protocol, EXP, 131 Extensible Markup Languagc, XML,

37,38

FACCH,55 FACH,102 fair queuing, 181

Index 257

Fast Associated Control Channel, FACCH,55

fast recovery, 25, 117, 122, 125 fast retransmit, 25, 122, 125 FCS, 51, 65 FDD,96 FDMA,45 FEC, 47, 81 File Transfer Protocol, FTP, 28, 154,

168 FIR filter, 74 Fire code, 72 flow control, 20, 29, 105 foreign agent, 15 Forward Access Channel, FACH, 102 Forward Error Correction, FEC, 47, 81 frame, 45 Frame Check Sequence, FCS, 51, 65 framing, 8, 9 Frequency Division Duplex, FDD, 96 Frequency Division Multiplex, FDMA,

45 frequency selective fading, 75 FTP, 28, 154 FTP connection, 168 fulI-rate channel, 47 function fitting, 84

gateway, 30 Gateway GPRS Support Node, GGSN,

56,93, 100 General Packet Radio Service, GPRS,

55 GGSN, 56, 93, 100 Gilbert model, 82 GMSK - modulation, 69 - receiver, 68 - sender, 69 Gn-interface, 100 go-back-N ARQ, 22, 134 GPRS,55 - ARQ, 65 - capacity on demand, 60 - channel coding, 59 - data rate, 60 - GGSN, 56 - GPRS system, 130 - GTP, 57, 62

258 Index

- LLC, 57, 63, 178 - MAC, 65, 178 - MAC data buffer, 185, 193 - master-slave concept, 60 - measurements, 208 - multiframe, 179 - multiple-user model, 180 - multislot dass, 61 - PDCH,60 - PRACH, 180 - protocol architecture, 61 - QoS, 57 - radio interface, 58 - RLC, 57, 178, 185 - RLC delay, simulation, 189 - RLC throughput, 194 - RLC/MAC, 65 - RxTS definition, 179 - service, 56 - SGSN,55 - simulations, 177 - single-user model, 177 - SNDCP, 62 - system architecture, 55 - TLLI,64 - unstable TCP throughput, 202 GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User

Plane, GTP-U, 100 GPRS Tunneling Protocol, GTP, 57,

62, 93 granularity, 161 GSM,45 - A-interface, 48, 54, 165 - ADM, 51 - Asynchronous Disconnected Mode,

ADM, 51 - burst, 71 - channel coding, GSM, 47 - CSD, 46,47 - FEC, 47 - frame, 45 - fuH-rate channel, 47 - GPRS, 55 - GSM link, 145 - half-rate channel, 47 - HSCSD, 47, 54, 160 - IWF, 48, 51 - K-interface, 53 - L2R,49 - logical channel, 46 - multislot, 160 - overview, 45 - packet-switched data, 46, 55

- Phase 2+, 45 - radio interface, 45 - rate adaptation, 48 - RLP, 49, 50, 122, 131, 158 - RLP frames, 167 - RxLev, 161 - RxQual, 161 - SIWF, 52 - TCH/F9.6, 47 - TCH/F9.6 model, 137 - timeslot, 45 - transparent mode, 47, 146 GTP, 57, 62, 93 GTP-U, 100

half-rate channel, 47 Handheld Device Markup Language,

HDML,38 handover, 17, 18, 119 - frequent, 18 handshake, 20 handshake protocol, 34 HDLC, 9, 50 HDML,38 header - compression, 9, 95, 106, 126, 157, 216 - pseudo, 20 Hidden Markov Model, HMM, 81 high latency bearer, 33 High level Data Link Control, HDLC,

9,50 High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data,

HSCSD, 47, 54, 160 - measurements, 160 highway scenario, 169 HMM,81 horne address, 15 horne agent, 15 HSCSD, 47, 54, 160 - measurements, 160 HTML, 29, 38 HTTP, 28, 36 - version 1.1, 29 HTTP server, 219 hybrid ARQ, 105 Hypertext Markup Language, HTML,

29 Hypertext Transport Protocol, HTTP,

28 - version 1.1, 29

i.i.d., 82, 134, 139 ICMP, 11, 13, 33, 161 increase

- exponential, 23 independent, identical, distributed,

i.i.d., 82, 134, 139 Indirect-TCP, 129 infrared connection, 155 Integrated Services Data Network,

ISDN,49 inter-arrival time, 128 Inter-Symbol Interference, ISI, 74, 75 interactive dass, 110 Interim Standard 136, 32 interleaving, 47, 68, 81, 97 intermediate host, 129 Internet Control Message Protocol,

ICMP, 11, 13, 33 Internet Protocol - v6, 13 Internet Protocol, IP, 11, 33 Internet Service Provider, ISP, 144 Interworking Function, IWF, 48, 51,

52, 93, 144, 149 IP, 33 - addressing, 13 - All IP network, 94 - authentication, 14 - fragmentation, 11 - header, 11, 14 - ICMP, 11, 13, 33, 161 - Introduction, 11 - IPv4, 11, 105 - IPv6, 13, 105 - MobilelP, 126 - options, 13 - overhead, 14 - routing, 13 - socket, 19 IS-136, 32 ISDN,49 ISI, 74, 75 ISP, 144 ITU V.110, 49 ITU-T V.42bis, 62 lu-interface, 100 IWF, 48, 51, 52, 93, 144, 149 - buffer, 149

jitter, 27

K-interface, 53 Karn's algorithm, 22

L2R,49 LAN, 153 Last Hop Protocol, LHP, 131

layer - application, 28, 37 - data link, 7 - network, 11 - physical, GPRS, 58 - physical, GSM, 45, 68 - physical, HSCSD, 54 - physical, UMTS, 96 - security, 33 - session, 36 - transaction, 35 .- transport, 18 Layer 2 Relay, L2R, 49 LCP, 9 LFN,215 LHP, 131

Index 259

limited uplink bandwidth, 122 link - errors, 119 - establishment, 169 - quality, 121 Link Control Protocol, LCP, 9 link layer - model, 81 - out-of-order delivery, 122 - proposals, 131 - timer interaction, 122 LLC, 57, 63, 178 Local Area Network, LAN, 153 local retransmission, 130 location update, 16 logging, 161 Logical Link Control, LLC, 57, 63, 178 Long Fat Network, LFN, 215 lookup table, 84

M-TCP, 127 MAC, 65, 101, 178 MAC data buffer, simulations, 193 macro-diversity, 106 Management Information Base, MIB,

15 Markov - errors, 136, 137 - model, 81 - parameters, 137 master-slave concept, 60 Maximum Likelihood Sequence

Estimation, MLSE, 72 Maximum Segment Size, MSS, 23 Maximum Transmission Unit, MTU,

11, 14, 154 MD5,35

260 Index

measurements - environments, 168 - GPRS, 208 - GSM-CSD, 152 - HSCSD, 160 - RTT, 163 - RxLev, 163 - RxQual, 163 - stationary, GSM-CSD, 155 - stationary, RTT evaluation, 161 - stationary, sam pIe sequence trace,

164 - wide area, GSM-CSD, 168 Media Gateway Function, MGF, 94 Medium Access Control, MAC, 65, 101,

178 Message Authentication code, 34 method - Expectation-Modification, 81 MIB,15 micro browser, 31 MIME,29 MLSE, 72 mobile node, 15 Mobile TCP, 126 Mobile Termination, MT, 109 Mobile-services Switching Center,

MSC, 48, 93 MobileIP, 15, 126 - agent advertisement, 16 - care-of-address, 15 - foreign agent, 15 - horne address, 15 - horne agent, 15 - location update, 16 - registration, 15 - tri angle routing, 16, 126 mobility - access network, 18 - local, 17 - management, 126 - wide area, 17 mobility aware TCP, 126 model - bit error, 82 - block error, 82 - block error model, parameter, 86 - channel, 68, 73 - channel model parameter, 74 - COST 207 channel model, 73 - Erlang B, 181 - Gilbert, 82 - GPRS single user, 177

- Hidden Markov, 81 - link layer, 81 - Markov,81 - Markov, parameters, 137 - multiple user, GPRS, 180 - WWW model, GPRS, 181 - WWW model, UMTS, 210 Mowgli, 130 MSC, 48, 93 MSS, 23 MT,109 MTU, 11, 14, 154 multi-layer tracing, 165 multicast, 16 multiframe, 179 multiple losses, 125 multiplexing, 181 - UMTS, 97 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension,

MIME, 29 multislot, 160 - dass, 61 - operation, 54

NCP, 9 Network Control Protocol, NCP, 9 Network File System, NFS, 28 networ k layer, 11 Network Time Protocol, NTP, 161 NFS, 28 node, 15 Node B, 95 Nokia Cardphone, 160 Non Return to Zero, NRZ, 69 non-transparent mode, 49, 50 NRZ, 69 NTP, 161

Octet Stream Protocol, OSP, 105 offered load, 145 Open Systems Interconnection, OSI, 7 optimum packet length, 134, 139 - binary symmetrie channel, 139 - Markoverrors, 141, 142 - measured, GSM-CSD, 156 - simulated, GSM-CSD, 148 optimum throughput, 133 OSI, 7 OSI-Layer model, 129 OSP, 105 OTA,41 out-of-order delivery, 122 Over The Air, OTA, 41 overhead, 14, 137, 148, 157

- CSLIP,9 - GPRS, 66 - inconstant, 8 - rate, '1]0' 155, 158, 186 - SLIP, 8, 146 - UMTS, 107

packet - length, 133 - rate, 156 Packet Data Channel, PDCH, 60, 177 Packet Data Convergence Protocol,

PDCP, 105 Packet Data Protocol, PDP, 62 Packet Random Access ChaImel,

PRACH,180 packet-switched ~ bearer, 112 - data, 46, 55 - domain, 93 PAP, 40, 169 parameter - block error model, 86 - channel model, 74 - estimation, 81 - Markov, 137 - measurements, GSM-CSD, 154 - optimum packet length, 143 - simulation, GPRS, 182 - simulation, GSM-CSD, 145 - simulation, UMTS, 211 - uncoded GSM link, 75 parity bits, 72 Password Athentication Protocol, PAP,

169 PDCH, 60, 177 PDCP, 105 PDN,56 PDP, 62, 73 pers ist mode, 127 persistent connection, 29 Personal Handyphone System, PHS, 32 phase sequence, 71 PHS, 32 ping, 161 pipelining, 29 Point to Multipoint, PTM, 56 Point to Point Protocol, PPP, 9, 105,

169 Point to Point, PTP, 56 point-of-attachment, 15 port number, 28 Power Delay Profile, PDP, 73

PPP, 9, 105, 169 PRACH,180 privacy,33 propagation dass, 73 protocol - alert, 34 - application data, 34 - ARQ, 65 - ARQ go-back-N., 22 - change cipher spec, 34 - CRQ-GBN, 22 ~ CSLIP, 9, 157 ~ ethernet, 153 - EXP, 131 - FTP, 28, 154, W8 - GTP, 57, 62, 93 - GTP-U, 100 ~ handshake, 34 - HDLC, 9, 50 ~ HTTP, 28 - HTTP, version l.1, 29 - ICMP, 11, 13, 33 - Indirect-TCP, 129 - IP, 11, 33 ~ IPv4, 11, 105 ~ IPv6, 13, 105 - Layer 2 Relay, 49 - LCP, 9 - LHP, 131 - LLC, 57, 63, 178 ~ M-TCP, 127 - MAC, 65, 101, 178 - MobileIP, 15, 126 - MobileTCP, 126

Index 261

- mobility aware TCP, 126 - NCP, 9 ~ NFS, 28 - NTP, 161 - OSP, 105 - overhead, 137, 148 - PDCP, 105 - PDP, 62 ~ performance, 235 - PPP, 9, 105, 169 - Push Access Protocol, 40 - Push Over-the-Air protocol, 40, 41 - record, 34 ~ RLC, 57, 65, 103, 121, 131, 178, 185 - RLC/MAC, 65 - RLP, 49, 50, 121, 122, 131, 158 ,- RTP, 95 ~ selective repeat ARQ, 49 - SLIP, 8, 146, 157

262 Index

- SMPTv2, 15 - SMTP, 28 - SNDCP,62 - snoop, 130 - stop-and-wait, 36, 122 - TLS, 33, 43 - UDP, 27, 33, 100 - WAE, 37 - WCMP, 32 - WDP, 32 - WSP, 36, 41 - WTA, 38 - WTAI,39 - WTCP, 131 - WTP, 35 - X.25, 62 protocol architecture - GPRS, 61 - UMTS, 100 - UMTS radio interface, 101 - WAP, 30 proxy, 29, 30 pseudo header, 20 PSTN, 49, 50, 153 PTM,56 Ptolemy, 177, 209 PTP, 56 Public Data Network, PDN, 56 PubJic Switched Telephone Network,

PSTN, 49, 50, 153 puncturing, 47 push - mechanism, 36 - service, 40 Push Access Protocol, P AP, 40 Push Over-the-Air Protocol, 41 Push Proxy Gateway, 41

QoS, 14, 57, 93 - UMTS, 109 Quality of Service, QoS, 14, 57, 93, 109 quantization, 161 queuing - simulation, GPRS, 179 - size, 149

RA, 48, 49 RAB,109 RACH, 102 Radio Access Bearer, RAB, 109, 110 radio interface - GPRS, 58 - UMTS, 96

Radio Link Control, RLC, 57, 65, 103, 121, 131, 178, 185

Radio Link Protocol, RLP, 49, 50, 121, 122, 131, 158

Radio Network Controller, RNC, 95 Radio Network Subsystem, RNS, 95 Radio Resource Control, RRC, 102, 106 Random Access Channel, RACH, 102 Random Early Detection, RED, 124 Rate Adaptation, RA, 48, 49 Rayleigh coefficient, 74 receiver window, 23 record protocol, 34 RED,124 registration procedure, 15 request, HTTP, 29 request/response, 29 retransmission, 156 - competing, 121, 122 - local, 130 - timeout, 21, 162 Retransmission Timeout, RTO, 21, 215 RFC - RFC 1055, 8 - RFC 1144,9 - RFC 1305, 161 - RFC 1332, 9 - RFC 1661, 9 - RFC 1701, 15 - RFC 1905, 15 - RFC 2002, 15 - RFC 2003, 15 - RFC 2004, 15 - RFC 2005, 15 - RFC 2006, 15 - RFC 2018, 22 - RFC 2045, 29 - RFC 2225, 100 - RFC 2246, 33 - RFC 2376, 38 - RFC 2460, 13 - RFC 2581, 19, 26 - RFC 2616, 28, 43 - RFC 2617, 29 - RFC 791, 11 - RFC 792,13 - RFC 793, 19, 22, 115 - RFC RFC 768, 27 RLC, 57, 65, 103, 121, 131, 178, 185 RLC/MAC,65 RLP, 49, 50, 121, 122, 131, 158 - frame size, 132 - frames, 167

- multi-link operation, 51 - retransmission time, 51 - retransmission timeout, 162 RNC, 95 RNS, 95 Round Trip Time, RTT, 21, 116, 136 round-robin, 181 route optimization, 16 router, 15 routing, 13 RRC, 102, 106 RSA,35 RTO, 21, 215 - computation, 22 - estimation error, 223 RTP, 95 RTT, 21, 116, 136 - estimation, 121, 215 - estimation error, 223 - measurements, 161, 163 RxLev, 161 RxQual, 161 RxTS, 179

sampie sequence trace, 164 security layer, 33 segment, 22 segmentation, 36, 63, 65 selective repeat ARQ, 49 self-clocking, 21 semantic, end-to-end, 127, 129, 130 send window, 23 sending rate, 21 Serial Line Internet Protocol, SLIP, 8,

146, 157 - overhead, 146 service - classes, 109 - indication, 41 - loading, 41 - primitives, 32 Serving GPRS Support Node, SGSN,

55, 100 serving RNC, 107 SF,96 SGSN, 55, 93, 100 Shared Interworking Function, SIWF,

52 signal strength, 164 Signal-to-noise and interference ratio,

SNIR, 164, 214 Signalling System 7, SS7, 94 SIM, 35

Index 263

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, SMTP, 28

Simple Network Management Protocol version 2, SMPTv2, 15

simulataneous logging, 161 simulation - Erlang B model, 181 - fair queuing, 181 - GPRS link, coded, 79 - GPRS queuing, 179 - GPRS system throughput, WWW

model,198 - GPRS, combined packet/circuit-

switched, 202 - GPRS, MAC data buffer, 193 - GPRS, multiple-user model, 180 - GPRS, parameters, 182 - GPRS, RLC delay, 189 - GPRS, throughput, RLC unacknowl-

edged, 194 - GSM demodulator, uncoded, 76 - GSM link level, 68 - GSM, fulllink (coded), 77 - GSM, uncoded link, 75 - TCP over GPRS, 184 - TCP over GSM-CSD, 144 - TCP over GSM-GPRS, 177 - TCP over UMTS, 209 - UMTS 12.2-kbit/s bearer, 211 - UMTS 144-kbit/s bearer, 212 - UMTS 2-Mbit/s bearer, 215 - UMTS 384-kbit./s bearer, 214 - WWW model, 181 Simultaneous MAC Packet Transmis-

sion, SMPT, 132 single-user model, GPRS, 177 SIWF,52 sliding window, 22, 165 SLIP, 8, 146, 157 - overhead, 146 slow start, 23 SMPT,132 SMSS,26 SMTP,28 SNDCP,62 SNIR, 164, 214 SNMPv2, 15 Snoop protocol, 130 socket, 19 split-connection, 128 Spreading Factor, SF, 96 SRNS relocation, 106 SS7, 94

264 Index

ssthres, 24, 25 stability, 22 state of segment, 22 stop-and-wait protocol, 36, 122 streaming dass, 110 Subnetwork-Dependent Convergence

Protocol, SNDCP, 62 Subscriber Identity Module, SIM, 35 SYN-Flag,20 synchron, 48

Target Channel Type Field, TCTF, 102 TBF, 66, 97 TCH/F9.6, 47 TCP - 3-way handshake, 20

ACC, 124 Ack Congestion Control, ACC, 124 ACK-Flag, 20

- acknowledgment, 21 - acknowledgment filtering, 124 - ARQ, 22 - check sum, 20 - congestion avoidance, 23, 117 - congestion window, 202 - connection establishment, 20 - CRQ-GBN, 22 - cwnd, 23 - delayed acknowledgment, 123, 127 - Explicit Loss Notification, ELN, 128 - fair queuing, 181 - fast recovery, 25, 117, 122, 125 - fast retransmit, 25, 122, 125 - fiow control, 20 - handshake, 20 - header, 19, 125 - he ader compression, 126, 216 - implementation, 122 - Indirect TCP, 129 - introduction, 19 - link layer interaction, 120 - M-TCP, 127 - Mobile TCP, 126 - mobility aware, 126 - options, 125 - packet length, 133 - persist mode, 127 - Random Early Detection, RED, 124 - retransmissions, 156 - retransmit timer, 119 - RTO, 215 - RTT estimation, 215 - selctive acknowledgment, 125

- self-docking, 122 - sen ding rate, 21 - sliding window, 22, 165 - slow start, 23, 117, 202 - snoop protocol, 130 - socket, 19 - specification, 19 - ssthres, 24, 25 - stability, 22, 120 - state of segment, 22 - SYN-Flag, 20 - TCP over GSM-CSD, 143 - TCP over GSM-GPRS, 177 - TCP over UMTS, 209 - TCP Reno, 19, 25, 26, 117, 122, 125,

130, 210 - TCP Reno, specification, 19 - TCP Tahoe, 19, 25, 117, 122 - TCP Vegas, 19, 25, 26, 125 - threshold, 24, 25 - timeouts, 133 - timer granularity, 26 - timer interaction, link layer, 122 - timer resolution, 121, 122 - timestamp option, 121, 126 - unstable operation, 202 - window scaling, 215 - window size, 215 - WTCP, 131 tcpdump, 154, 165 TCTF, 102 TD/CDMA,96 TDD, 96,123 TDMA, 45, 96 TE,109 Telnet, 28 Temporary Block Flow, TBF, 66 Temporary Local Link Identifier, TLLI,

64 TEMS, 154 Terminal Equipment, TE, 109 TFC, 102 threshold, 24, 25 throughput - GPRS system, combined

packet / circuit-switched, 202 - GPRS system, WWW model, 198 - GPRS, RLC acknowledged, 184 - GPRS, RLC unacknowledged, 194 - GSM-CSD, measurements, 156 - TCP over GPRS, 184 - TCP over GSM, 147 - TCP over UMTS, 211

- UMTS 12.2-kbit/s bearer, 211 - UMTS 144-kbit/s bearer, 212 - UMTS 2-Mbit/s bearer, 215 - UMTS 384-kbit/s bearer, 214 - UMTS 64-kbit/s bearer, 216 - UMTS WWW traffic, 218 throughput efficiency, 134 - binary symmetrie channel, 135 - Markov errors, 136, 137 Time Division Duplex, TDD, 96, 123 Time Division Multiplex, TDMA, 45,

96 timer granularity, 26 timeslot, 45, 9(), 160 timing constraint, 161 TLLI,64 TLS, 33, 43 trace, 164 transactions, 35 transition matrix, 136 - combined, 137 Transmission Control Protocol, TCP,

19 Transmission Time Interval, TTI, 97 transmission window, 215 transparent mode, 47, 54, 103 - GSM, 146 transport block, 96 - set, 97 - size, 211 Transport Block Format, TBF, 97 Transport Format Combination, TFC,

102 transport layer, 18 Transport Layer Security, TLS, 33, 43 tri angle routing, 16, 126 TTI,97 tunneling, 15

UDI,50 UDP, 27, 33, 100 - header, 27 - introduction, 27 UE,95 UMD,104 UMTS,91

Acknowledged Mode Data, AMD, 104 AMD, 104, 210

- ATM core network, 93 - background dass, 110

bearer service, 109 - CCTrCR, 98

Index 265

CDMA,96 - channel coding, 97 - chip rate, 96 - circuit switched bearer, 110 - circuit-switched domain, 93 - Code Block, 97 - conversational dass, 109 - core network, 91 - core network bearer, 109 - DCR, 98 - difference to GPRS, 112 - drift RNS, 95 - FDD, 96 - GGSN, 93 - Gn-interface, 100 - GTP, 93 - GTP-U, 100 - interactive dass, 110 - lu-interface, 100 - IWF, 93 - MAC, 101 - macro-diversity, 106 - Media Gateway Function, MGF, 94 - MSC, 93 - multiplexing, 97 - Node B, 95 - overview, 91 - packet-switched bearer, 112 - packet-switched domain, 93 - PDCP, 105 - protocol architecture, 100 - protocol overhead, 107 - protocol termination, 106 - QoS, 109 - Radio Access Bearer, 109, 110 - radio interface, 96 - radio interface protocol architecture,

101 - Release'99, 91 - Release'99 core network, 91 - RLC, 103 - RNC, 95 - RNS, 95 - RRC, 102 - service dasses, 109 - serving RNC, 107 - SGSN,93 - SNIR,214 - spreading factor, 96 - streaming dass, 110 - TBF, 97 - TDD, 96, 123 - Transmission Time Interval, TTI, 97

266 Index

- transparent mode, 103 - transport block, 96 - transport block set, 97 - transport block size, 211 - transport formats, 210 - TTI, 210 - UE, 95 - UMD, 104, 210 - unacknowledged mode, UMD, 104 - UTRAN, 92,95 - WWW trafIic throughout, 218 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

Network, UTRAN, 92 Unacknowledged mode, UMD, 104 Uniform Resource Locator, URL, 37 unreliable service, 32 Unrestricted Digital, UDI, 50 unstable operation, 202 Unstructured Supplementary Service

Data, USSD, 32 Uplink State Flag, USF, 66 URL,37 user agent, 37 User Datagram Protocol, UDP, 27, 33,

100 User Equipment, UE, 95 user plane, 100 USF,66 USSD,32 UTRAN, 92, 95

video stream, 27 Vienna, Austria, 168 Viterbi processor, 72 Voice over IP, 95 VoIP,95

WAE,37 WAP,30 - application layer, 37 - architecture overview, 30 - internet address, 30 - introduction, 30 - protocol stack, 31 - security layer, 33 - session layer, 36 - transaction layer, 35 - transactions, 35 - user agent, 37 - version, 30 - WAE, 37 - WAP push architecture, 40 - WAP-Forum, 30

- WCMP, 32 - WDP, 32 - WIM, 35 - WML, 38 - WMLScript, 37, 38 - WSP, 36, 41 - WTA, 38 - WTAI, 39 - WTLS, 33 - WTLS record protocol, 34 - WTP, 35 WCMP,32 WDP,32 wide area - measurements, 168 - mobility, 17 WIM,35 window - congestion, 23, 116, 150 - receiver, 23 - RLP window size, 51, 185 - scaling, 215 - sending, 23 - size, GPRS RLC, 66 - sliding, 22 - sliding window, 165 - transmission window, 215 Wireless Application Environment,

WAE,37 Wireless Application Protocol, WAP,

30 Wireless Control Message Protocol,

WCMP,32 Wireless Datagram Protocol, WDP, 32 Wireless Identity Module, WIM, 35 Wireless LAN, 121 Wireless Link Protocol, WLP, 130 Wireless Markup Language, WML, 38 Wireless Session Protocol, WSP, 36, 41 Wireless Telephony Application

Interface, WTAI, 39 Wireless Telephony Application, WTA,

38 Wireless Transaction Protocol, WTP,

35 Wireless Transport Layer Security,

WTLS,33 WML,38 WMLScript, 37, 38 World Wide Web, WWW, 28 WSP, 41 WTA,38 WTAI,39

WTCP, 131 WTLS,33 WWW, 28 WWW model, 198 - GPRS, 181

- UMTS, 210

X.25,62 XML, 37, 38

Index 267