a level computing project (ocr)

7/22/2019 A Level Computing Project (OCR)

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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt

Boccmrgst ]urkgry Cohrlry Nltlhlsg

Hy Nblrdgsb ^locar

NBLXDG]B ^LOCAX

Mlenonltg Eudhgr09=8>

Mgetrg Eldg0[ltiarn Krlddlr ]mbaac iar Hays

Mgetrg Eudhgr0


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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^lhcg ai Maetgets

^lhcg ai Maetgets

Ngioeotoae ...................................................................... =

Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos ................................................ 9

Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae ................................................ =;

Lckarotbds ................................................................... 98

^gst ]trltgky ............................................................... ;7

]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek ............................... 2=

Namudgetltoae ......................................................... 869

Gvlcultoae ................................................................. 8>8


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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Ngioeotoae

=

Ngioeotoae

Hlmjkrauen

Boccmrgst ]urkgry os l EB] Kgegrlc Vrlmtomg wbomb trglts pltogets oe tbg Caenae Haraukb ai

Glcoek. ^bg prlmtomg tgld lt Boccmrgst ]urkgry maesosts ai trloegn dgnomlc stlii0 Kgegrlc

Vrlmtotoaegrs (KVs) len Vrlmtomg eursgs, ls wgcc ls le lndoeostrltoae tgld wba blvg tbg

rgspaesohocoty ai dlelkoek tbg nly-ta-nly apgrltoae ai tbg prlmtomg. ^bg prlmtomg aiigrs l wong

rlekg ai sgrvomgs iar ots pltogets, prodlrocy kgegrlc dgnomoeg sgrvomgs hut lcsa atbgr sgrvomgs

sumb ls oddueosltoaes len doear surkgry.

Wecojg dley atbgr prlmtomgs oe tbg lrgl, Boccmrgst ]urkgry bls l cohrlry ai haajs. ^bg haajs

mavgr l wong rlekg ai tapoms len tbgy lrg usgn hy tbg KVs. ^bg dlàroty ai tbg haajs lrg stargn

oe tbg sgdoelr raad arkleosgn hy suh`gmt hut tbgrg lrg lcsa l igw haajs lrauen tbg prlmtomg oe

tbg KVs raads.

^bg Gen Wsgr

Dy gen usgr os Nr. Yo`ly ^locar, l KV, wba warjs lt Boccmrgst ]urkgry. Bg bls rgmgetcy hgge kovge

tbg rgspaesohocoty ai jggpoek l rgmarn ai lcc tbg haajs oe tbg prlmtomg. [bge l egw haaj madgs

oeta tbg prlmtomg, ot os Nr. ^locars rgspaesohocoty ta upnltg tbg plpgr-hlsgn iocg wbomb maetloes

ngtlocs ai lcc tbg haajs oe tbg prlmtomg. Nr. ^locar os lcsa l typomlc gen usgr ai tbg murrget cohrlry

systgd ls bg rgkuclrcy tljgs aut haajs iar usg ls l rgigrgemg wbge trgltoek pltogets.

^bg Murrget ]ystgd

Murrgetcy, ngtlocs ai tbg haajs oe tbg prlmtomg lrg stargn oe l plpgr-hlsgn iocg. Lcc ai tbos

oeiardltoae os oeotolccy warn-pramgssgn. Ot os tbge proetgn aii len stargn oe l iocg. Lcc dgdhgrs ai

stlii blvg lmmgss ta tbg plpgr-hlsgn iocg wbomb os jgpt oe tbg sgdoelr raad. Aecy Nr. ^locar bls

lmmgss ta tbg warn-pramgssgn iocg wbomb os plsswarn-pratgmtgn len stargn ae tbg prlmtomgs

egtwarj. [bge l egw haaj madgs oeta tbg prlmtomg, tbg warn-pramgssgn iocg os upnltgn len tbg

egw haaj os lnngn ta tbg gen ai tbg iocg. Cojg lcc ai tbg atbgr haajs oe tbg iocg, tbg egw haaj os

kovge l ueoqug ongetoiomltoae eudhgr. ^bg haaj os tbge pclmgn oe tbg sgdoelr raad, oe tbg

lppraproltg sgmtoae ngpgenoek ae tbg suh`gmt ai tbg haaj. ^bg warn-pramgssgn iocg os rgproetgn

gvgry daetb ta jggp up-ta-nltg wotb tbg haajs oe tbg prlmtomg len tbos rgpclmgs tbg prgvoaus

rgmarns oe tbg plpgr-hlsgn iocg. KVs mle lcsa tljg aut haajs irad tbg ]gdoelr Xaad. ^bg haajs

lrg tbge stargn oe tbgor awe raads. â na tbos, tbgrg os l prg-proetgn caleoek sbggt oe wbomb tbg

KV wrotgs tbg ngtlocs ai tbg haaj len tbgor eldg. Ot os tbge Nr. ^locars rgspaesohocoty ta upnltg

tbg camltoae ai tbg haaj oe tbg warn-pramgssgn iocg.

Nltl rgquorgn

^bg nltl rgquorgn hy tbg gen usgr iar gvgry haaj os0

Ongetoiomltoae eudhgr ôtcg Lutbar Mltgkary Camltoae


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>

Nltl Oeputs

Otgd ai nltl Ngsmroptoae ^ypg ]aurmg

ON Ea. Glmb haaj os lssokegn l ueoqug

ongetoiomltoae eudhgr g.k.


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7

Cgttgr irad Gen Wsgr


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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos

Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos

Iaccawoek dy oeotolc rgsglrmb oeta tbg murrget systgd, O blvg madg ta tbg maemcusoae tblt tbg

murrget systgd eggns ta hg rgpclmgn irad l plpgr-hlsgn systgd ta l madputgrosgn systgd.

Ngspotg jeawoek dumb lhaut tbg tbgary len prlmtomg ai tbg murrget systgd, O stocc eggn ta ioen

aut darg oeiardltoae rgklrnoek tbg elturg ai tbg autput len tbg wly ot os blencgn len lcsa wblt

typg ai madputgrosgn systgd waucn hg tbg dast lppraproltg ta tbg surkgry. ^bos oemcungs

ngtlocs sumb ls wba murrgetcy usgs tbg gxostoek systgd len wblt tbgor cgvgc ai OM^ os.

Oe arngr ta ngmong upae tbg typg ai madputgrosgn systgd O dust pranumg, ot os gssgetolc tblt O

oevgstokltg iurtbgr len ioen aut iar dysgci tbg prahcgds tbg murrget systgd ilmgs. O lcsa eggn ta

ioen aut tbg blrnwlrg len saitwlrg spgmoiomltoaes tbg madputgrosgn systgd wocc rue ae.

Oevgstokltoae Vcle

O oetgen ta kltbgr oeiardltoae irad l vlrogty ai saurmgs, bawgvgr hgiarg O hgkoe ta pcle dy

oevgstokltoae O wocc wgokb tbg lnvletlkgs len noslnvletlkgs ai tbg vlroaus dgtbans ai ilmt-

ioenoek. ^bos wocc lccaw dg ta sgcgmt tbg dast lppraproltg dgtbans iar dy oevgstokltoae.

Lnvletlkgs Noslnvletlkgs

Oetgrvogw ^bos wocc lccaw dy gen usgr ta tlcj lt

cgektb hut wocc lcsa lccaw dg ta cglvg

l prgplrgn smropt sa tblt ley

oetgrgstoek ar ueprgplrgn rgspaesgs

mle hg iaccawgn up.

Ls oetgrvogws lrg quotg todg

maesudoek, tbos wocc rgstromt tbg

eudhgr ai stlii wbasg vogws mle

hg saukbt.

\ugstoaeelorg ^bos wocc lccaw dg ta ioen aut tbg

vogws ai l clrkg eudhgr ai stlii vgry

quomjcy.

Ls tbg qugstoaes lrg prg-

ngtgrdoegn, tbg stlii suppcyoek tbg

leswgrs dly ioen noiiomucty oe

puttoek tbgor paoets ai vogw lmrass.

Kraup dggtoek ^bos wocc lccaw l clrkg eudhgr ai

pgapcg ta nosmuss paoets len dljg

tbgor vogws jeawe. Oe lnnotoae, tbos

wocc slvg todg madplrgn wotb

maenumtoek le oetgrvogw.

Aeg ar twa pgapcg tgen ta

nadoeltg oe l kraup dggtoek len

tbos dly eat lccaw lcc dgdhgrs ai

tbg kraup ta kovg tbgor apoeoaes.

Ahsgrvoek tbgmurrget systgd

^bos wocc lccaw dg ta sgg iorst-blentbg prahcgds ilmoek tbg murrget

systgd.

Ls dy gen usgr jeaws tblt bg oshgoek ahsgrvgn, bg dly eat hgblvg

oe l eardlc dleegr.

Maccgmtoek

namudgetltoae

^bos wocc lccaw dg ta ioen aut wblt

nltl os rgquorgn hy tbg systgd len oe

wblt iard tbg oeiardltoae os autput.

Eat lcc ai tbg namudgetltoae dly

hg lvloclhcg ar dly hg maeiongetolc.


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O blvg ngmongn tblt tbg dgtbans ai ilmt-ioenoek tblt waucn hg dast lppraproltg ta dy

oevgstokltoae lrg0 oetgrvogw, qugstoaeelorg, ahsgrvoek tbg murrget systgd len maccgmtoek

namudgetltoae irad tbg murrget systgd. Nug ta todg maestrloets, O wocc aecy oetgrvogw dy gen

usgr, Nr. ^locar, hut O wocc ahtloe oeiardltoae irad tbg atbgr usgrs ai tbg murrget systgd vol l

qugstoaeelorg. Dy rglsae iar eat kaoek lbgln wotb l kraup dggtoek os tblt O waucn hg lhcg ta

ahtloe tbg sldg oeiardltoae irad le oetgrvogw wotb dy gen usgr len irad tbg qugstoaeelorg. Oe

lnnotoae, ot os bokbcy uecojgcy tblt O waucn hg lhcg ta lrrlekg l dggtoek wotb lcc usgrs nug ta tbg

husy elturg ai tbg prlmtomg. ^a slvg todg, O wocc try ta lrrlekg tbg ahsgrvltoae ai tbg murrget

systgd ae tbg sldg nly ls tbg oetgrvogw bawgvgr tbos os suh`gmt ta pgrdossoae irad dy gen

usgr.

Oetgrvogw

O blvg lrrlekgn le oetgrvogw wotb Nr ^locar iar tbg


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Oetgrvogw Vrgplrltoae

Irad tbg oetgrvogw, O wlet ta kloe sadg oesokbt oeta tbg iaccawoek lrgls0

. ^bg iard ai autput7. ^bg pramgssgs oevacvgn9. ^bg todg maestrloets;. ^bg prahcgds ai tbg murrget systgd2. Xgquorgdgets ai tbg egw systgd?. Apgrltoek Gevoraedget


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=. Lrg tbgrg ley gxtrl iglturgs yau waucn cojg tbg egw systgd ta na1>. [blt atbgr oeiardltoae waucn yau cojg ta starg lhaut glmb haaj17. [bge waucn hg tbg hgst todg ta put tbg egw systgd oeta apgrltoae1

^bg iaccawoek qugstoaes maemgre tbg apgrltoek gevoraedget tbg pgapcg, tbg blrnwlrg, tbgsaitwlrg.

. Lrg tbg madputgrs oe tbg surkgry rueeoek ae l egtwarj1

Iaccaw-up qugstoaes0Oi _G]0 [aucn yau cojg tbg egw systgd ta hg oestlccgn aeta tbg egtwarj ar

oestlccgn aeta l spgmoiom madputgr1

Oi EA0 [bomb madputgr waucn yau cojg tbg egw systgd ta hg oestlccgn ae1

7. [blt apgrltoek systgd lrg tbg madputgrs oe tbg surkgry rueeoek ae19. [blt sozg daeotars lrg usgn1;. [blt typgs ai proetgrs lrg usgn1


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^rlesmropt

^bg iaccawoek oetgrvogw wls maenumtgn ae tbg 66. ^bos eudhgr

os rgmarngn ae tbg dlrkoe len ot dljgs ot glsogr ta ioen l haaj. Gvgry todg wg kgt l egw haaj, ots

Haaj ON os mlcmucltgn hy oemrglsoek tbg prgvoaus haajs Haaj ON hy


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Nr.^locar0 ^bg warn-pramgssgn cohrlry iocg waucn hg proetgn aii len stargn oe l iocg: bawgvgr

wg blvget upnltgn ar proetgn aut tbg iocg iar l wbocg eaw.

Nblrdgsb0[ba murrgetcy upnltgs tbg rgmarns1

Nr. ^locar0 Arokoelccy, ot wls aeg ai tbg namtars oe tbg prlmtomg, Nr. ]pgemgr, len bg jgpt lmltlcakug ai tbg cohrlry haajs. Bawgvgr, tbos rgspaesohocoty bls soemg hgge plssgn ta dg.

Nblrdgsb0Len wba lmtulccy tljgs aut haajs ta rgln1

Nr.^locar0 Aecy KVs lrg lccawgn ta tljg aut haajs irad tbg sgdoelr raad ta tbgor awe raads

bawgvgr ley dgdhgr ai stlii os lhcg ta tljg l haaj aut ai tbg sbgci len rgln ot oe tbg sgdoelr

raad.

Nblrdgsb0O wocc eaw lsj yau l igw qugstoaes maemgreoek tbg egw systgd. [blt lrg tbg dlàr

prahcgds oe tbg murrget systgd tblt yau waucn cojg ta lnnrgss oe tbg egw systgd1

Nr. ^locar0^bg dlàr prahcgd lt tbg dadget os tblt l cat ai tbg haajs lrg eat mltlcakugn ar

oengxgn. ^bg cohrlry iocg lt tbg dadget os lcsa aut ai nltg sa wg na eat jeaw wbomb haajs wg

lmtulccy blvg oe aur prlmtomg. Leatbgr prahcgd wg blvg os tblt l cat ai tbg haajs lrg smlttgrgn

tbraukbaut tbg prlmtomg oe noiigrget maesuctoek raads len tbos dgles tblt wg na eat jeaw tbg

wbgrglhauts ai dley ai tbg haajs oe tbg prlmtomg.

Nblrdgsb0Os tbgrg leytboek gcsg yau waucn cojg tbg egw systgd ta na1

Nr. ^locar0O wlet tbg egw systgd ta hg ls sodpcg ls passohcg wbgrg O waucn hg lhcg ta mcomj ae

tbg prakrld, tljg aut l haaj len O hg lssurgn tblt ot bls hgge rgmarngn ae tbg nltlhlsg. Ot lcsa

eggns ta hg glsocy lmmgssohcg len usgr-irogency sa tblt gvgryaeg mle hg lhcg ta usg ot.

Nblrdgsb0 Oe lnnotoae ta tbg haaj ON, totcg, lutbar, mltgkary len raad iogcns, wblt atbgr

oeiardltoae waucn yau cojg tbg egw systgd ta starg1

Nr.^locar0 Ot waucn hg l kaan ongl iar tbg egw systgd ta starg tbg O]HE len puhcosbgr ai gvgry

haaj. Vgrblps lcsa l iardlt iogcn wbomb oenomltgs wbgtbgr l haaj os blrnhlmj ar plpgrhlmj.

Nblrdgsb0[bge waucn hg tbg hgst todg ta put tbg egw systgd oeta apgrltoae1

Nr. ^locar0O naet tboej ot rglccy dlttgrs wblt todg tbg egw systgd os put oeta apgrltoae, ùst

wbge ot os iglsohcg.

Nblrdgsb0^bg qugstoaes O ld kaoek ta lsj eaw maemgre tbg apgrltoek gevoraedget. Dy iorst

qugstoae os wba wocc hg usoek tbg egw systgd1

Nr. ^locar0Ot wocc prodlrocy hg tbg namtars oe tbg prlmtomg hut dly lcsa hg atbgr namtars sumb ls

KV rgkostrlrs len I8 namtars wba lrg wotb us iar darg tble l igw daetbs. Lcc namtars, bawgvgr,

oemcunoek tbasg trloeoek lt tbg prlmtomg, blvg lmmgss ta tbg haajs.

Nblrdgsb0Baw madputgr cotgrltg lrg tbg namtars tblt wocc hg usoek tbg egw systgd1

Nr. ^locar0 Oe aur prlmtomg, wg usg l systgd tblt stargs pltoget rgmarns sa lcc tbg namtars lrg

ildocolr wotb madputgrs len baw ta usg tbgd. ^bgrg oset leyhany oe tbg prlmtomg wba waucn


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blvg noiiomucty usoek tbg egw madputgrosgn systgd. Xgklrncgss ai tbos, wbge wg gdpcay stlii wg

dljg surg tblt tbgy blvg l kaan jeawcgnkg ai O^.

Nblrdgsb0Oe tbg prlmtomg, wblt typg ai madputgrs lrg usgn clptaps ar ngsjtaps1

Nr. ^locar0Lcc tbg madputgrs oe tbg prlmtomg lrg ngsjtaps.

Nblrdgsb0Lrg tbg madputgrs rueeoek ae l egtwarj1

Nr. ^locar0 ^bgy lrg lcc rueeoek ae l egtwarj hut yau lrg lhcg ta lmmgss tbg oenovonulc

apgrltoek systgds ae tbg madputgrs.

Nblrdgsb0 [aucn yau cojg tbg egw systgd ta hg oestlccgn ae tbg egtwarj ar oestlccgn ae l

spgmoiom madputgr1

Nr. ^locar0O tbaukbt ot waucn hg hgttgr ta blvg tbg egw systgd oestlccgn ae tbg ngsjtap oe tbg

sgdoelr raad. Dy rglsae iar tbos os tblt O ld eat surg tbg namtars wocc lmmgss tbg systgd irad

tbg madputgrs oe tbgor raad. Ot dly lcsa cgln ta prahcgds ls wg blvg gxpgrogemgn oe tbg plst

wbge oestlccoek prakrlds ae tbg egtwarj.

Nblrdgsb0[blt apgrltoek systgd os tbg madputgr oe tbg sgdoelr raad rueeoek ae1

Nr. locar0^bg madputgrs oe tbg prlmtomg lrg lcc rueeoek ae [oenaws RV.

Nblrdgsb0[blt sozg daeotar os tbg madputgr oe tbg cohrlry1

Nr. ^locar0 O hgcogvg tbg daeotar os gotbgr


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Lelcysos ai tbg oetgrvogw

^bg oetgrvogw wotb dy gen usgr bls kovge dg l mcglrgr uengrstlenoek ai tbg murrget systgd.

^bgrg lrg lppraxodltgcy >66 haajs oe tbg prlmtomg len tbg prlmtomg rgmgovgs aeg egw haaj pgr

daetb. ^bos dgles tblt tbg egw systgd dust hg lhcg ta starg tbg rgmarns ai >66 haajs

murrgetcy oe tbg prlmtomg. Oe lnnotoae ta tbos, tbg egw systgd dust hg lhcg ta starg tbg rgmarns aiegw haajs getgroek tbg prlmtomg gvgry daetb.

^bg oeputs ai tbg murrget systgd lrg0 Haaj ON, ^otcg, Lutbar, Mltgkary len Xaad. ^bg ^otcg,

Lutbar len Mltgkary oeputs lrg ahtloegn irad tbg haaj otsgci len tbg Xaad oeput os spgmoiogn hy

tbg usgr. ^bg Haaj ON oeput os ueoqug iar gvgry haaj rgmarn len os mlcmucltgn hy oemrgdgetoek

tbg clst rgmarns Haaj ON hy


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\ugstoaeelorg

O blvg ngmongn ta maenumt l qugstoaeelorg tblt wocc hg madpcgtgn hy lcc ai tbg namtars oe Boccmrgst

surkgry. ^bg qugstoaeelorg wocc iamus ae tbg namtars apoeoaes ai tbg murrget systgd hut lcsa ae

tbgor apoeoae lhaut oevgstoek oe l egw madputgrosgn systgd. Irad tbg qugstoaeelorg, O wlet ta

jeaw baw aitge tbgy tljg haajs aut ai tbg cohrlry len ley iglturgs tblt tbgy tboej sbaucn hgoemcungn oe tbg egw systgd.

O blvg ngsokegn tbg qugstoaeelorg gcgmtraeomlccy sa tblt O mle gdloc tbg qugstoaeelorg ta lcc tbg

namtars len tbgy mle gdloc tbg madpcgtgn qugstoaeelorg hlmj ta dg.

Hgcaw os l mapy ai tbg qugstoaeelorg0

Boccmrgst ]urkgry Cohrlry ]ystgd \ugstoaeelorg

Eldg0

Baw aitge na yau tljg aut haajs irad tbg cohrlry1Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae

Nlocy

[ggjcyDaetbcy

Egvgr

Baw giiomoget os tbg murrget plpgr-hlsgn dgtban ai staroek ngtlocs ai tbg haajs oe tbg cohrlry1Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae

Ygry

Lngqultgcy

DangrltgcyVaarcy

Baw madputgr cotgrltg lrg yau1

Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae

YgryLngqultgcy

DangrltgcyVaarcy

[aucn oevgstoek oe l madputgrosgn cohrlry systgd bgcp tbg prlmtomg krgltcy1


_gs

Ea

Lrg tbgrg ley lnnotoaelc iglturgs tblt sbaucn hg oemcungn oe tbg madputgrosgn cohrlry systgd1Vcglsg wrotg yaur leswgr oe tbg splmg hgcaw.


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\ugstoaeelorg rgsucts


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Lrg tbgrg ley lnnotoaelc iglturgs tblt sbaucn hg oemcungn oe tbg madputgrosgn cohrlry

systgd1

. L caleoek iglturg7. L wly ai sglrmboek iar haajs9. Oetuotovg, glsy ta usg systgd;. Glsy ta dloetloe2. Nagset tljg up dley rgsaurmgs?. Lhocoty ta proet rgparts


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]ldpcg qugstoaeelorg

Boccmrgst ]urkgry Cohrlry ]ystgd \ugstoaeelorg

Eldg0 Nr Yo`ly ^locar

Baw aitge na yau tljg aut haajs irad tbg cohrlry1


Nlocy

[ggjcy

Daetbcy

Egvgr

Baw giiomoget os tbg murrget plpgr-hlsgn dgtban ai staroek ngtlocs ai tbg haajs oe tbg cohrlry1


Ygry

Lngqultgcy

Dangrltgcy

Vaarcy

Baw madputgr cotgrltg lrg yau1


Ygry

Lngqultgcy

Dangrltgcy

Vaarcy

[aucn oevgstoek oe l madputgrosgn cohrlry systgd bgcp tbg prlmtomg krgltcy1


_gs

Ea

Lrg tbgrg ley lnnotoaelc iglturgs tblt sbaucn hg oemcungn oe tbg madputgrosgn cohrlry systgd1

Vcglsg wrotg yaur leswgr oe tbg bokbcokbtgn splmg hgcaw.

Xahust systgd ta sglrmb totcgs ]ystgd ta ongetoiy wbomb haajs blvg hgge calegn len hy wbad Wsgr irogency oetgrilmg iar lnnoek haajs ta tbg nltlhlsg sa tblt stlii wba blvg cottcg O^

gxpgrogemg mle usg ot wotb glsg


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Ahsgrvltoae ai tbg murrget systgd

Ae tbg


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Odlkgs

^bg ngsjtap madputgr oe tbg sgdoelr raad rueeoek Domrasait [oenaws RV, wotb l


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^bg madputgr spgmoiomltoaes ai tbg ngsjtap madputgr0

Lelcysos ai spgmoiomltoaes

Oetgc Vgetoud > Vramgssar (8.26 KBP) ^bos os l ilorcy dangre pramgssar tblt sbaucnhg ilst geaukb ta rue ley prakrld O mrgltg.

< KH XLD ^bos os l rglsaelhcy bokb ldauet ai XLD sa tbg prakrld sbaucn ruesdaatbcy.

=;.8> KH Blrn Nosj Nrovg ^bos blrn nrovg os clrkg geaukb ta starg tbg prakrld lenots rgmarns.

> W]H Varts ^bos dgles tblt oestlccltoae mle hg naeg irad l W]H Nosj Nrovg. NYN Nrovg ^bos dgles tblt oestlccltoae mle hg naeg irad l MN Nosj Nrovg. Domrasait [oenaws RV Vraigssoaelc Apgrltoek ]ystgd ^bg prakrld eggns ta hg

madpltohcg wotb tbos apgrltoek systgd. ^bos os ioeg ls tbg dl`aroty ai saitwlrgngvgcapdget wocc hg naeg ae tbos apgrltoek systgd.

Ngcc


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Nblrdgsb locar 8=


Maccgmtoek Namudgetltoae

Hgcaw os l sldpcg namudget tljge irad tbg cohrlry iocg.

^bos wocc hg usgn ls l tgdpcltg iar baw tbg blrn mapy rgpart (autput) sbaucn hg prgsgetgn0


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Nblrdgsb locar 8>


Hgcaw os l sldpcg namudget tljge irad tbg cohrlry iocg.

Ot os tbg oengx plkg ai tbg iocg len nospclys tbg vlroaus mltgkarogs0


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Nblrdgsb locar 87


Hgcaw os l sldpcg cale sbggt tljge irad tbg sgdoelr raad oe Boccmrgst ]urkgry0


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Icawmblrt ai tbg Murrget ]ystgd

^bg icawmblrt hgcaw occustrltgs baw tbg murrget systgd warjs len tbg wly oe wbomb tbg nltl os

oeputtgn, pramgssgn len autputtgn.


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Nblrdgsb locar 8;


Ongetoiomltoae ai praspgmtovg usgrs

Lt tbos stlkg, O blvg eaw gstlhcosbgn tblt tbg gen usgrs ai tbg egw madputgrosgn systgd wocc hg

tbg kgegrlc prlmtotoaegrs (KVs) lt Boccmrgst ]urkgry. ^bos dgles tblt tbg systgd mle hg dlng ta

spgmoiomlccy suot tbgor eggns len tbgor madputoek lhocoty.

Lcsa lt tbos paoet O blvg ngmongn ta gstlhcosb, hlsgn ae dy oevgstokltoae, sadg kgegrlc ah`gmtovgs

tblt tbg egw systgd eggns ta iucioc oe arngr ta dggt tbg eggns ai tbg gen usgrs.

Oeput Ah`gmtovgs

Haaj Ngtlocs

Haaj ON ^otcg Lutbar Mltgkary Xaad O]HE Vuhcosbgr Iardlt

Vramgssoek Ah`gmtovgs

Mlcmucltg tbg Haaj ON ai l egw haaj ]art hy Haaj ON, ^otcg, Lutbar len O]HE ]glrmb iar haaj

Autput Ah`gmtovgs

Ae-smrgge rgpart Blrn-mapy rgpart

a Cost ai lcc haajsa

Cost ai haajs oe glmb mltgkary

a Cost ai haajs oe glmb raad


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Lpprloslc ai iglsohocoty ai patgetolc sacutoaes

Oe arngr ta ngmong tbg hgst wly ta pranumg tbg egw systgd iar Boccmrgst ]urkgry, O dust maesongr

tbg iglsohocoty ai sgvgrlc noiigrget plmjlkgs len dgtbans O maucn odpcgdget ta kgt tbg ngsorgn

sacutoae. O wocc na tbos hy tljoek l sgcgmtoae ai sgesohcg plmjlkgs lvloclhcg len wgokb tbgor

lnvletlkgs len noslnvletlkgs uetoc tbg dgtban hgst suotgn ta dy gen usgr os iauen. ^bg typomlcsacutoaes lrg0 l sprglnsbggt saitwlrg plmjlkg, l nltlhlsg saitwlrg plmjlkg len l hgspajg

Ngcpbo lppcomltoae.

^lhcg ai Madplrosaes

]acutoae Vrakrld Vromg (lpprax.) Gxpgrogemg Xgquorgn

]prglnsbggt Domrasait Gxmgc 96 Eavomg

Nltlhlsg Domrasait Lmmgss


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Nblrdgsb locar 8?


Dy gen usgr bls sadg ildocolroty wotb sprglnsbggt saitwlrg plmjlkg, dloecy DomrasaitGxmgc.

Noslnvletlkgs0

Gxmgc wls eat huoct ta ilmocotltg tbg mrgltoae ai nltlhlsgs hut rltbgr iar mlcmucltoaes lenpranumtoae ai mblrts. Lctbaukb Gxmgc bls nltlhlsg ilmocotogs, tbos os eat ots prodlry

iuemtoae.

Ea prodlry jgy iuemtoae tbgrgiarg rgmarns na eat blvg l ueoqug ongetoiogr wbomb dlycgln ta prahcgds wbge blencoek tbg nltl.

Iards mleeat glsocy hg mrgltgn wotbaut usoek YHL hgmlusg tbgrg os ea iard wozlrn.^bgrgiarg, prakrlddoek oe Yosulc Hlsom waucn hg egmgsslry.

^bg usg ai YHL waucn oevacvg l sodoclr ldauet ai todg ls prakrldoek l hgspajg Ngcpbolppcomltoae.

Aecy l caw cgvgc ai sgmuroty iglturgs lrg aiigrgn hy sprglnsbggt plmjlkgs wbomb dgles otwaucn eat hg passohcg ta odpcgdget l plsswarn iglturg.

Ea Haacgle nltl typgs g.k. ^rug/Ilcsg Nltl cgektbs lrg eat spgmoiogn tbgrgiarg tbgrg os cottcg maetrac avgr baw dumb dgdary

wocc hg usgn.

Xgmarnoek dlmras iar madpcgx lmtoaes sumb ls qugrogs len coejoek tbgd ta huttaes aetbg sprglnsbggt mle hg mcudsy.

Ea uengrcyoek ]\C sa qugrogs mleeat hg mblekgn ta dltmb lnvlemgn rgquorgdgets. Iardlttgn autput rgparts mleeat hg pranumgn irad qugrogs.

Nltlhlsg ]aitwlrg Vlmjlkg Domrasait Lmmgss

Lnvletlkgs0

Glsogr ta mrgltg l nltlhlsg hgmlusg Domrasait Lmmgss os ngsokegn ta blencg nltl. Aptoaes ta ngsoke tlhcgs, iards, qugrogs len rgparts. [ozlrns lrg lt blen ta dljg tbg pramgss ai mrgltoek l nltlhlsg dumb glsogr. ^bgy lcsa

lccaw iar lutadltgn ngsoke.

Nltlhlsg mle hg glsocy mustadosgn ar twgljgn. Hraln rlekg ai nltl typgs sumb ls eudgrom (hytg, oetgkgr, caek oetgkgr, murrgemy, soekcg

prgmosoae icaltoek paoet, nauhcg prgmosoae), tgxt, nltg, todg, caaj-up cost ar tlhcg, Haacgle

(_gs/Ea).

L rlekg ai vlconltoae rautoegs lrg lvloclhcg iar iogcns len oeputs. ^bos os pravongn hy tbggxprgssoae huocngr.


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Cgektb ai tgxt iogcns mle hg spgmoiogn ta slvg nosj splmg hut lcsa ta rgstromt getry hy usgr. Vrodlry jgy os spgmoiogn iar glmb rgmarn wbomb dgles tblt tbgrg os cottcg gxmgss nltl. Iards mle hg mustadosgn len lnnotoaelc maetracs sumb ls huttaes mle hg lnngn ta

pgriard dlmras.

Xgparts mle hg pranumgn irad tbg nltl len cluembgn ls dlmras irad huttaes. ^bgrgparts mle lcsa hg mustadosgn len hlsgn ae aecy l sgcgmtoae ai iogcns ar rgmarns.

\ugrogs mle hg mrgltgn usoek gotbgr l wozlrn ar l mustad ngsoke iard. \ugrogs mle hg slvgn iar iuturg usg g.k. tbg qugrogs mle hg cluembgn ls dlmras irad

huttaes ae iards.

Iogcns mle hg sartgn oe l qugry len tbg sarts mle hg egstgn. ^bg lppcomltoae, Domrasait Lmmgss, mle hg mustadosgn ta rgnumg ots madpcgxoty hy

rgdavoek dgeus len aptoaes. Lmmgss ta noiigrget usgrs mle hg rgstromtgn tbraukb tbg usg ai sgmuroty iglturgs. Yosulc Hlsom ai Lppcomltoaes (YHL), Domrasait Lmmgsss awe prakrlddoek clekulkg, mle

hg usgn iar krgltgr maetrac avgr usgr lmtoaes len pramgssoek cakom.

Noslnvletlkgs0

Mlcmucltoaes ae tbg nltl mle hg pgriardgn bawgvgr tbos os cgss oetuotovg tble oe lsprglnsbggt.

Xgparts, iards len qugrogs blvg ta hg mrgltgn len mustadosgn hy tbg gen-usgr. ^bos mlehg noiiomuct len todg-maesudoek iar le oegxpgrogemgn usgr.

Vurmblsoek l egw saitwlrg plmjlkg waucn mast daegy wbge mrgltoek l hgspajgprakrld oe Clzlrus oe irgg.

Ley usg ai Yosulc Hlsom iar Lppcomltoaes (YHL) waucn oevacvg l sodoclr ldauet ai todg taprakrlddoek l hgspajg prakrld oe Clzlrus.

^bg gen usgr waucn hg rgquorgn ta mrgltg tbg rgmarn strumturg oe Lmmgss wbgrgls tbgprakrlddgr waucn mrgltg tblt oe l hgspajg Ngcpbo prakrld.

Hgspajg Ngcpbo Vrakrld Clzlrus

Lnvletlkgs0

^bg prakrlddgr os oe maetrac ai tbg wly tbg nltl os oeputtgn, pramgssgn len autputtgnlen tbg systgd mle hg dlng ta dggt tbg gen usgrs eggns gxlmtcy.

^bg prakrlddgr bls tbg lhocoty ta ngsoke tbg usgr oetgrilmg len kuong tbg usgr oetagetgroek tbg rgquorgn nltl.

Ley usg ai tbg nltl oe mlcmucltoaes mle hg prakrlddgn oeta tbg systgd len tbos waucn


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Nblrdgsb locar =7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos

eat rgquorg ley usg ai \ugry clekulkg.

Nltl mle hg oeputtgn oe dley noiigrget wlys. ^bg dast suotlhcg dgtbans ai oeput waucnhg tbraukb tbg usg ai gnot haxgs len madha haxgs.

^bg iardlt ai tbg autput mle hg spgmoiogn hy tbg prakrlddgr. L proet rautoeg mle hgwrottge wbomb pranumgs l blrn mapy autput ai tbg rgmarns.

Ngvgcapdget usoek Clzlrus iaccaws Xlpon Lppcomltoae Ngvgcapdget (XLN) wbgrg tbgusgr kuongs ngvgcapdget ai tbg systgd.

Coejs mle hg dlng ta oetgkrltg iglturgs ai Lmmgss len ]\C wotboe tbg lppcomltoae.Noslnvletlkgs0

^bg iards len rgmarn strumturg waucn blvg ta hg prakrlddgn irad smrltmb len waucneat hg hlsgn ae le gxostoek nltlhlsg ar sprglnsbggt saitwlrg plmjlkg.

^bos os tbg dast todg maesudoek sacutoae aut ai lcc tbg atbgrs. ^bg sacutoae rgquorgs gxpgrt jeawcgnkg ai prakrlddoek oe Ngcpbo, darg jeawcgnkg os

rgquorgn tble mrgltoek l nltlhlsg oe Lmmgss ar l sprglnsbggt oe Gxmgc.

@ustoiomltoae ai Mbasge ]acutoae

Dy mbasge sacutoae os tbg hgspajg Ngcpbo prakrld ngvgcapgn usoek tbg Clzlrus Oetgkrltgn

Ngvgcapdget Gevoraedget. Dy rglsae iar tbos os tblt O blvg iucc maetrac avgr tbg oeput, autput

len pramgssoek ai tbg nltl lcaek wotb tbg ngsoke ai tbg usgr oetgrilmg. ^bos dgles tblt tbg

sacutoae wocc dggt tbg gen usgrs rgquorgdgets ls mcasgcy ls passohcg. Lt tbg gen ai ngvgcapdget,

tbg sacutoae os madpocgn len tbg gen rgsuct os le gxgmutlhcg lppcomltoae, wbomb mle rue ae lcc

[oenaws madputgrs oemcunoek tbg ngsjtap madputgr oe tbg ]gdoelr raad. ^bos wocc cawgr tbg

masts iar Boccmrgst ]urkgry ls lnnotoaelc saitwlrg wocc eat hg rgquorgn ta rue tbg lppcomltoae len

ls tbg Clzlrus ONG os l irgg, apge-saurmg pcltiard, tbgrg lrg ea stlrt-up masts. Lctbaukb tbos

waucn rgquorg darg todg tble ngvgcapoek sacutoaes usoek tbg atbgr saitwlrg plmjlkgs, tbg

hgspajg prakrld waucn hg tlocar dlng ta sacvg tbg spgmoiom prahcgd. Oe lnnotoae, wotb l

hgspajg prakrld, tbg usgr mle spgmoiy tbg mlcmucltoaes eggngn len tbg iardlt ai tbg autput.


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Blrnwlrg ]pgmoiomltoae

^bg ngsjtap madputgr oe tbg ]gdoelr raad bls ilorcy up-ta-nltg blrnwlrg spgmoiomltoaes. ^bos

dgles tblt ley upkrlngs ta tbg madputgr wocc eat hg egmgsslry ls tbg madputgr os mlplhcg ai

rueeoek tbg prakrld.

^bg ngsjtap madputgr oe tbg ]gdoelr raad bls tbg iaccawoek spgmoiomltoaes0

Oetgc Vgetoud > Vramgssar (8.26 KBP) < KH XLD =;.8> KH Blrn Nosj Nrovg > W]H Varts NYN Nrovg Domrasait [oenaws RV Vraigssoaelc Apgrltoek ]ystgd Ngcc


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Nblrdgsb locar ==


Blrnwlrg Xgquorgdgets

]aitwlrg Xgquorgdgets

^bg sacutoae dust rue ae l madputgr rueeoek [oenaws RV Vraigssoaelc Apgrltoek ]ystgd. ^bg

dl`aroty ai tgstoek len saitwlrg ngvgcapdget wocc hg naeg usoek tbos apgrltoek systgd.

Oe lnnotoae, tbg gen usgr wocc eggn lmmgss ta saitwlrg plmjlkgs mlplhcg ai vogwoek .VNI len .^R^

iocg iardlts. O blvg hgge lssurgn hy tbg gen usgr tblt tbg madputgr bls saitwlrg mlplhcg ai tbos

lcrglny oestlccgn.

^bg egw systgd dust mltgr iar0

Oeputtoek nltl wotb l jgyhalrn atbgrwosg tbg usgr wocc eat hg lhcg ta getgr rgmarns.

]gcgmtoek nltl wotb l dausg atbgrwosg tbg usgr wocc eat hg lhcg ta elvokltg hgtwgge

rgmarns.

Autputtoek nltl ae l daeotar atbgrwosg tbg usgr wocc eat hg lhcg ta vogw rgmarns ar

rgparts.

Vroetoek nltl tbraukb l hclmj len wbotg clsgr `gt proetgr atbgrwosg tbg usgr wocc eat

hg lhcg ta proet rgparts.

]baucn hg lhcg ta rue ae l VM wotb0

a Oetgc Vgetoud > Vramgssar (8.26 KBP) atbgrwosg tbg madputgr wocc eat

pramgss nltl wotboe tbg systgd.

a < KH XLD atbgrwosg tbg systgd wocc hg taa scaw ta rue.

a =;.8> KH blrn nosj splmg atbgrwosg rgmarns mleeat hg slvgn ta iocg.

]uppart l rgsacutoae ai x ;92 poxgcs atbgrwosg tbg systgd wocc eat hg nospclygn

prapgrcy.

^bg egw systgd dust mltgr iar0

Domrasait [oenaws RV Vraigssoaelc ]grvomg Vlmj 8 atbgrwosg tbg lppcomltoae wocc eat

rue ae tbg ngsjtap madputgr oe tbg sgdoelr raad.


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Oeput, Autput len Vramgssoek Ah`gmtovgs

Oeput Ah`gmtovgs Haaj ON Weoqug ongetoiogr iar glmb

haaj

^otcg ^bg totcg ai tbg haaj

Lutbar ^bg lutbar ai tbg haaj

Mltgkary ^bg mltgkary ai tbg haaj,

hlsgn ae ots suh`gmt

Xaad ^bg raad wbgrg tbg haaj os

murrgetcy hgoek stargn

O]HE ^bg O]HE ai tbg haaj

Vuhcosbgr ^bg puhcosbgr ai tbg haaj

Iardlt ^bg iardlt ai tbg haaj

Maddgets

(^bos iogcn wls lnngn litgr gen

usgr iggnhlmj sgg Ngsoke

sgmtoae)

Ley gxtrl oeiardltoae ar

ossugs lhaut tbg haaj mle hg

oeputtgn bgrg.

Vramgssoek Ah`gmtovgs Mlcmucltg Haaj ON Mlcmucltoae ai tbg Haaj ON hy

oemrglsoek tbg Haaj ON ai tbg

prgvoaus rgmarn hy


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Kgegrlc Xgquorgdgets

66 haajs oe tbg cohrlry

nltlhlsg.

8. ^bg systgd eggns ta lutadltomlccy lssoke gvgry egw haaj l Haaj ON.

=. ^bg systgd eggns ta mltgr iar lcc tbg noiigrget typgs ai haajs.

>. ^bg systgd eggns ta mltgr iar lcc tbg noiigrget mltgkarogs.

7. ^bg systgd eggns ta starg tbg camltoae ai tbg haajs.

9. ^bg systgd eggns ta sart haajs hy Haaj ON, ^otcg, Lutbar len O]HE.

;. ^bg systgd eggns ta sglrmb iar haajs hy getgroek l Haaj ON, ^otcg, Lutbar ar O]HE.

2. ^bg systgd eggns ta autput tbg rgmarns ta l tlhcg aesmrgge.

?. ^bg systgd eggns ta pranumg l blrn mapy rgpart iardlttgn sodoclrcy ta tbg rgpart

lmquorgn nuroek tbg ahsgrvltoae ai tbg murrget systgd.


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Cgttgr irad Gen Wsgr 87/6?/


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Nblrdgsb locar

I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae

=;

Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae

Avgrlcc ]ystgd Ngsoke

^bg haaj nltlhlsg systgd wocc hg wrottge usoek tbg Ngcpbo prakrlddoek clekulkg oe Clzlrus.

^bos wocc madpocg tbg pra`gmt len pranumg le gxgmutlhcg lppcomltoae tblt mle hg gxgmutgn ae dy

gen usgrs madputgr. ^bg systgd wocc iglturg le oetuotovg dgeu systgd len aesmrgge bgcp boets

ta bgcp tbg usgr elvokltg tbraukb tbg systgd. ^bg aesmrgge boets wocc lppglr wbge tbg usgr

davgs bos/bgr dausg avgr le otgd tbgy lrg eat surg lhaut. Oe lnnotoae ta tbos, tbgrg wocc hg l

usgr kuong, wbomb tbg usgr wocc hg lhcg ta lmmgss irad tbg dloe dgeu. ^bg aesmrgge bgcp boets

len tbg usgr kuong wocc iard tbg hlsos ai tbg systgds bgcp mlplhocotogs.

^bgrg wocc hg l nltl mlpturg iard, wbomb wocc blvg lcc tbg iogcns tblt Boccmrgst ]urkgry rgquorgs.

^bg iogcns mle hg slvgn ta iard l rgmarn, wbomb mle tbge hg gnotgn, ar tbg getorg rgmarn mle hg

ngcgtgn. Iurtbgrdarg, tbg usgr wocc hg lhcg ta elvokltg tbraukb tbg nltlhlsg hy sglrmboek iar

haajs hy tbg Haaj ON iogcn.

^bgrg wocc lcsa hg l sgmaenlry iard oe wbomb tbg rgmarns wocc hg nospclygn oe l tlhcg. ^bgrg wocc

hg l sartoek iglturg wbgrg tbg usgr mle arkleosg tbg rgmarns hy iogcn ls wgcc ls l sglrmb iuemtoae

sa tblt tbg usgr mle camltg l plrtomuclr rgmarn. Bokbcokbtoek l rgmarn oe tbg tlhcg wocc nospcly tbg

rgmarn oe tbg nltl mlpturg iard.

Danuclr ]trumturg ai ]ystgd

^ap ^ogr

CohrlryNltlhlsg

]ystgd

DlelkgHaaj Nltl

DlelkgHaaj ^lhcg


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]gmaen ogr


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Nblrdgsb ^locar =?



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Nblrdgsb locar >6


Nltl Icaw Nolkrlds

Cgvgc 6 Maetgxt Nolkrld


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Nblrdgsb locar >7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae

Cgvgc < Nolkrld


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Nblrdgsb ^locar >8


Cgvgc 8 Nolkrlds


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Ngioeotoae ai Nltl Xgquorgdgets

Xgmarn ]trumturg Cohrlry Nltlhlsg

Otgd Nltl ^ypg Ngsmroptoae ^ypomlc Nltl ]aurmg ai Nltl

Haaj ON Oetgkgr ^bg ueoqugongetoiomltoae

eudhgr lssokegn

ta glmb haaj (tbg

jgy iogcn), wbomb

os usgn ta ongetoiy

l haaj.

7 ^bos wocc hgngsokeltgn hy tbg

prakrld.

^otcg ]troekZ>6T ^bg totcg ai tbg

haaj.

Axiarn

Blenhaaj ai

Oeigmtoaus

Nosglsgs

^bos wocc hg rgln

norgmtcy irad tbg

haaj len oeputtgn

hy tbg gen usgr.Lutbar ]troekZ86T ^bg lutbar ai tbg

haaj.

Gstgg ^araj ^bos wocc hg rgln

norgmtcy irad tbg

haaj len oeputtgn

hy tbg gen usgr.

Mltgkary ]troekZ86T L mltgkary os

lssokegn ta gvgry

haaj ngpgenoek

ae tbg suh`gmt ai

tbg haaj.

Oeigmtoaus

Nosglsgs

^bos wocc hg ngmongn

len oeputtgn hy tbg

gen usgr.

O]HE ]troekZ


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Ylconltoae

O wocc hg oemarparltoek l wong rlekg ai vlconltoae tgmbeoqugs ta prgvget ley grrars irad

ammurroek len ta gesurg lcc tbg nltl tblt dy gen usgr oeputs os vlcon.

^bg noiigrget vlconltoae tgmbeoqugs O wocc hg usoek lrg0

Vrgsgemg mbgmj ^bos wocc tgst wbgtbgr ley nltl bls hgge getgrgn oeta tbg iogcn. Hclejiogcns wocc eat hg lmmgptgn.

^ypg mbgmj ^bos wocc tgst wbgtbgr tbg nltl getgrgn oeta tbg iogcn os ai tbg marrgmt typg.Iar gxldpcg, cgttgrs wocc eat hg lccawgn oe l eudgrom iogcn.

Cgektb mbgmj ^bos wocc gesurg tblt tbg iogcn nags eat gxmggn l mgrtloe eudhgr aimblrlmtgrs. Iar gxldpcg, tbg O]HE iogcn sbaucn eat blvg darg tble


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Nblrdgsb locar >9


Mltgkary Haaj ^lhcg Vrgsgemg mbgmj Mltgkary

dossoek.

L nolcakug hax os

nospclygn len tbg

iogcn os bokbcokbtgn

rgn.

O]HE Haaj ^lhcg ^ypg mbgmj (aecy

eudhgrs lrg

lccawgn)

E/L ^bg jgy os eat

lccawgn ta hg getgrgn

len le grrar hggp os

pranumgn.

O]HE Haaj ^lhcg Cgektb mbgmj

(aecy


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Nblrdgsb locar >;


Nltl Oeputs

Iogcn ^lhcg

^otcg Haaj ^lhcg

Lutbar Haaj ^lhcg

Mltgkary Haaj ^lhcg

O]HE Haaj ^lhcg

Vuhcosbgr Haaj ^lhcg

Iardlt Haaj ^lhcg

Xaad Haaj ^lhcg

Maddgets Haaj ^lhcg

Nltl Vramgssgs

Apge iards Mcasg iards Apge usgr namudgetltoae Egw rgmarn ]lvg rgmarn Ngcgtg rgmarn Egxt rgmarn Vrgvoaus rgmarn ]lvg iocg Ylconltg iogcns

Caln rgmarns oeta tlhcg ]art rgmarns lmmarnoek ta usgr ngioegn plrldgtgrs (tbg iogcn ta hg sartgn len tbg typg ai

sart)

]glrmb rgmarn oe tlhcg Vroet rgpart


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Nblrdgsb ^locar >2


Oetgrilmg Ngsokes Blen Nrlwe

irdQDloeDgeu


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irdQNgsokeYogw


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irdQXgpartYogw


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Ae ]mrgge Ngsokes

Iard ngsoke pratatypgs mrgltgn usoek tbg Clzlrus Oetgkrltgn Ngvgcapdget Gevoraedget (ONG).


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irdQNgsokeYogw


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irdQXgpartYogw


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Autput Ngsoke

Hgcaw os l prgcodoelry ngsoke ai tbg autput tblt wocc hg kgegrltgn hy tbg haaj nltlhlsg systgd.

^bg ngsoke os hlsgn upae tbg sldpcgs O lmquorgn nuroek dy ahsgrvltoae ai tbg murrget systgd.

Haaj Nltlhlsg ]ystgd

Amtahgr 86


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Cgttgr irad Gen Wsgr


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Dggtoek wotb gen usgr

O bln l dggtoek wotb Nr Yo`ly ^locar lt Boccmrgst ]urkgry ae Ironly tbAmtahgr 86


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Egw Vratatypg Iard Ngsokes

irdQDloeDgeu

irdQNgsokeYogw

Oeput wocc hg

maetraccgn usoek

madha haxgs

wbomb wocc hg

papucltgn irad ltgxt iocg.

Lmmgss ta tbg bgcp iocg

wocc hg oemcungn oe

gvgr iard.

^bg WpNawe

ah`gmt rgpclmgs

tbg egxt len

prgvoaus huttaes

len gelhcgs tbglhocoty ta smracc

usoek tbg dausg

wbggc.

^bos wocc gelhcg lcc ai tbg

iogcns len sgt tbg rgln aecy

ra grt ai tbg iogcns ta ilcsg.


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irdQXgpart Yogw

Autput Ngsoke

^bg rgmarns wocc hg autputtgn oe l tlhcg hlsgn ae tbg stroek kron oe tbg Xgpart Yogw iard.

Xgmarns mle hg vogwgn

hy mltgkary ar raad.

^bos proets tbg tlhcg ai rgmarns

hlsgn ae tbg ngsoke hgcaw.


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Dgeu Ngsoke


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96

]tarlkg Dgnol len Iardlt

]gmuroty ai nltl

^bg cohrlry nltlhlsg systgd wocc hg usgn ta starg tbg rgmarns ai avgr 966 haajs tbgrgiarg ot os

odpartlet tblt tbg nltlhlsg os plsswarn pratgmtgn. ^bgrg wocc hg ea eggn iar usgr eldgshgmlusg tbg eudhgr ai usgrs ai tbg nltlhlsg wocc hg codotgn. Oe lnnotoae, tbg usgrs wocc lcc sblrg

tbg sldg sgmuroty cgvgc tbgrgiarg tbgrg wocc hg ea eggn ta mltgr iar noiigrget usgr lmmgss cgvgcs

len lcc usgrs wocc hg kovge tbg sldg plsswarn ta lmmgss tbg nltlhlsg. Dy gen usgr len O blvg

ngmongn tblt tbgrg wocc hg ea eggn ta dloetloe sgmuroty nug ta tbg elturg ai tbg systgd: tbg

surkgrys lmtulc ngtlocs lrg eat stargn gxmgpt tbg eldg ai tbg raads oe tbg surkgry.

[bge tgstoek tbg nltlhlsg, O wocc hg getgroek tbg rgmarns ai rglc haajs tljge irad Boccmrgst

]urkgrys cohrlry. ^bos madpcogs wotb tbg Nltl Vratgmtoae Lmt ai


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97> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds

98

Lckarotbds

Le lckarotbd os l sgt ai cakomlc oestrumtoaes wrottge ta sacvg l prahcgd. ^bgy wocc hg usgn oe

ngsokeoek tbg madputgrosgn systgd hgmlusg tbgy wocc pravong dg wotb l ngsmroptoae ai tbg

vlroaus pramgssgs tblt tbg systgd wocc pgriard. ^bg lckarotbds wocc hg wrottge oe psguna mang

hgmlusg tbos wocc lccaw dg ta iamus ae tbg cakom hgboen glmb ai tbg pramgssgs rltbgr tble wrotoek

tbgd oe l spgmoiom prakrlddoek clekulkg. ^bg lnvletlkg ai wrotoek tbg lckarotbds oeotolccy oe

psguna mang os tblt tbgrg os ea eggn ta iaccaw tbg rgstromtoaes len syetlx rucgs ai l

prakrlddoek clekulkg. Iurtbgrdarg, tbg lckarotbds lrg eat clekulkg-spgmoiom tbgrgiarg

sadgaeg gcsg maucn tljg tbg lckarotbds len wrotg tbg mang iar tbgd oe sadg atbgr

prakrlddoek clekulkg atbgr tble Ngcpbo wbomb os wblt O wocc hg usoek.

^bg lckarotbds lrg ls iaccaws0

. Nospcly tbg rgmarns7. Vapucltg tbg Xaad madha hax (len Mltgkary madha hax)9. Vapucltg tbg Haaj ON ]glrmb madha hax;. Ngcgtg l rgmarn2. Mrgltg l egw rgmarn?. ]lvg l rgmarn


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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds

9=


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9>

[BOCG eat lt tbg gen ai tbg Xaad Iocg

XGLN oeta Xaad tbg murrgetcy sgcgmtgn iogcn oe tbg Xaad Iocg

LNN Xaad ta tbg Xaad Cost

GEN[BOCG

MCA]G Xaad Iocg

GEN

>. Nospcly tbg rgmarns

HGKOE

Haaj ON ^gxthax 4 Haaj ON ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns

Xaad Madha hax 4 Xaad ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns

ôtcg ^gxthax 4 ôtcg ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns

Lutbar ^gxthax 4 Lutbar ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns

Mltgkary Madha hax 4 Mltgkary ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns

O]HE ^gxthax 4 O]HE ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsVuhcosbgr ^gxthax 4 Vuhcosbgr ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns

Iardlt Madha hax 4 Iardlt ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns

Maddgets ^gxthax 4 Maddgets ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns

Murrget Xgmarn Eudhgr Clhgc 4 Murrget Xgmarn Eudhgr

âtlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns Clhgc 4 âtlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns

GEN

7. Vapucltg tbg Xaad madha hax

^bos os tbg sldg lckarotbd iar papucltoek tbg Mltgkary madha hax.

HGKOE

Ngmclrg stroek cost Xaad Cost

Ngmclrg oetgkgr vlrolhcg Mauet

IAX Mauet 4 6 ta Xaad Cost Mauet 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds

97

;. Ngcgtg l rgmarn

HGKOE

Ngmclrg oetgkgr vlrolhcg Mauet

NO]VCL_ [lreoek Dgsslkg (Lrg yau surg yau wlet ta ngcgtg tbos rgmarn1)

OI EaGRO^

GENOI

GC]G

OI Murrget Xgmarn Eudhgr 4 < LEN âtlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns 5 Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds

99

Mltgkary Madha hax Otgd Oengx 4 - Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds

92


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;6


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; Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds

;8

^rlmg ^lhcg

Vlss Aeg

Coeg

aiMang

Mauet Xgmarn

Eudhgr

Xgmarn

Eudhgr+ 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds

;=

Vlss ^wa

Coeg

ai

Mang

Mauet Xgmarn

Eudhgr

Xgmarn

Eudhgr

+ < 8 9 8= Ilcsg

; > 8 = 8= 79 Ilcsg

; > = > 79 = > 79


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;>

^bg nltl eaw caajs cojg tbos0

Xgmarn Eudhgr Haaj ON

< 9

8 79

7


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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^gst ]trltgky

;7

^gst ]trltgky

O blvg ngvosgn l tgst pcle iar dy cohrlry nltlhlsg systgd. ^bg tgst pcle wocc hg iaccawgn nuroek

tgstoek len tbos wocc gesurg tblt tbg nltlhlsg mle blencg lcc typgs ai nltl len tblt tbg marrgmt

autput os pranumgn. O blvg ngmongn ta novong tbg tgst pcle oeta tbrgg sgmtoaes, aeg iar glmb iard.

O wocc hg usoek l vlrogty ai noiigrget tgstoek dgtbans ta gesurg tblt tbg systgd warjs ls

gxpgmtgn len ta rgdavg ley huks tblt dly lrosg.

^bg noiigrget tgstoek dgtbans O wocc hg usoek lrg0

Hclmj Hax ^gstoek ^bos os wbgrg oeputs lrg tgstgn lkloest tbg gxpgmtgn autputwotbaut maesongroek baw tbg prakrld warjs. [bge usoek tbos dgtban ai tgstoek, tbg

maddae mlsg wocc hg getgroek l mgrtloe vlcug oeta l tgxthax ar mcomjoek ae l plrtomuclr

huttae. ^bg tgst wocc aecy iloc oi tbg autput aesmrgge os noiigrget ta tbg gxpgmtgn autput.

Hclmj hax tgstoek wocc hg usgn ta tgst tbg kgegrlc iuemtoaes ai tbg prakrld rltbgr tble

tgstoek tbg cakom ai tbg mang.

[botg Hax ^gstoek ^bos os wbgrg tbg lckarotbd oe l plrtomuclr pogmg ai mang os ruetbraukb stgp-hy-stgp wbgrg glmb coeg ai mang os mbgmjgn ta gesurg tblt ot dljgs sgesg

cakomlccy len tbg marrgmt autput os pranumgn. ^bg tgst wocc aecy iloc oi l iclw oe tbg cakom

ai tbg mang os ngtgmtgn wbomb rgsucts oe tbg oemarrgmt autput hgoek pranumgn. [botg hax

tgstoek wocc hg usgn ta tgst tbg darg madpcomltgn pramgnurgs sumb ls tbg sartoek ai

rgmarns ar slvoek ai tbg nltlhlsg iocg wbgrg tbg mang os darg noiiomuct ta iaccaw.

Ylconltoae ^gstoek ^bos oevacvgs tgstoek tbg vlconltoae lckarotbds wotboe tbg mang tagesurg tblt tbg prakrld lmmgpts lmmgptlhcg oeputs len tbg prakrld rg`gmts

uelmmgptlhcg oeputs. Ls dgetoaegn prgvoauscy, O oetgen ta usg tbrgg typgs ai vlconltoae

mbgmjs oe dy prakrld (typg, cgektb len prgsgemg mbgmjs) len tbgsg wocc eggn ta hg

tgstgn.

Oetgkrltoae ^gstoek ^bos oevacvgs tgstoek tbg prakrld oe ots getorgty hy gesuroektblt tbg oenovonulc danucgs coej takgtbgr summgssiuccy. ^bg dl`aroty ai tbg oetgkrltoae

tgsts wocc hg tgstoek ta sgg wbgtbgr tbg huttaes apge tbgor rgspgmtovg iards. Atbgr tgsts

wocc oevacvg mbgmjoek oi tbg egmgsslry vlrolhcgs lrg hgoek plssgn tbraukb tbg prakrld.

Oetgkrltoae tgstoek wocc hg oemcungn ls l sgplrltg sgmtoae oe tgstoek.

Lmmgptlemg ^gstoek ^bos oevacvgs tbg gen usgr tljoek tbg madpcgtgn prakrld lentgstoek ot gxtgesovgcy ta gesurg tblt tbg rgquorgdgets lkrggn blvg hgge dgt.

Lmmgptlemg tgstoek os l tgst ai tbg avgrlcc systgd len tbgrgiarg ot os eat usgn ta tgst tbg

oenovonulc pramgnurgs. ^bos tgst wocc hg lnnrgssgn oe tbg Gvlcultoae sgmtoae ai tbg

pra`gmt.

Lcpbl ^gstoek ^bos os tgstoek mlrrogn aut oetgrelccy wotboe tbg ngvgcapgrsarkleosltoae, usulccy pgriardgn hy l ngnomltgn tgstoek tgld. ^bg tgstoek tgld waucn

lmt ls tbg gen usgr len tgst tbg iuemtoaelcoty ai gvgrynly tlsjs tblt waucn hg gxpgmtgn


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;9

ai tbg prakrld. Lcpbl tgstoek os usgiuc ls ley huks iauen mle hg rgpartgn len ioxgn

quomjcy. Ls O ld tbg aecy aeg ngvgcapoek tbos lppcomltoae, lcc tgsts mlrrogn aut, gxmgpt

lmmgptlemg tgstoek, lrg gxldpcgs ai lcpbl tgstoek.

Hgtl ^gstoek ^bos os tgstoek usulccy mlrrogn aut hy patgetolc usgrs ai tbg prakrld.^bg prakrld os tgstgn uengr eardlc apgrltoek maenotoaes len ley huks iauen mle hg

rgpartgn hlmj ta tbg ngvgcapdget tgld. Oe dy mlsg, tbg gen usgrs ai tbg cohrlry

nltlhlsg systgd wocc hg kovge l hgtl vgrsoae ai tbg prakrld. O wocc hg kovge norgmt

iggnhlmj irad tbg gen usgrs len tbos wocc bgcp ta stggr tbg norgmtoae ai ngvgcapdget.

^gst Vcle

Dloe Dgeu

^gst Eudhgr [blt ta ^gst ^ypg ai ^gst ^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn Xgsuct

< Getgr marrgmtplsswarn

Hclmj Hax [bocg tbgplsswarn os sgt

ta arlekg getgr

arlekg.

^bg Ngsoke Yogwiard os nospclygn.

8 Getgr oemarrgmt

plsswarn aemg

Hclmj Hax [bocg tbg

plsswarn os sgt

ta arlekg getgr

pglr.

Le grrar dgsslkg os

nospclygn oeiardoek

tbg usgr tblt tbg

plsswarn os

oemarrgmt.

= Oemarrgmt

plsswarngetgrgn tbrgg

todgs

Hclmj Hax [bocg tbg

plsswarn os sgtta arlekg getgr

pglr. ^bg

oemarrgmt

plsswarn os

getgrgn tbrgg

todgs.

Le grrar dgsslkg os

nospclygn oeiardoektbg usgr tblt tbg

plsswarn os

oemarrgmt. bg

eudhgr ai lttgdpts

rgdloeoek

ngmrgdgets hy Caln bgcp iocg Hclmj Hax ^bg Bgcp huttae

os prgssgn.

^bg Bgcp.VNI iocg os

nospclygn.

7 Mcasg

lppcomltoae

Hclmj Hax ^bg Mcasg huttae

os prgssgn.

^bg lppcomltoae os

mcasgn.


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;;

Ngsoke Yogw

^gst

Eudhgr

[blt ta ^gst ^ypg ai

^gst

^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn Xgsuct

9 Vapucltg iogcns wotb

rgmarns iradCohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^

iocg.

Hclmj Hax ^bg iogcns wocc hg

oeotolccy ioccgn wotbnltl len slvgn ta

iocg. bg prakrld

wocc hg rgstlrtgn

ta tgst wbgtbgr

tbg rgmarns wocc hg

rgln hlmj oeta tbg

systgd.

^bg iogcns lrg

papucltgn wotb nltlirad tbg

CohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^

iocg.

; Vapucltg Xaad Madha

Hax wotb nltl irad

Xaad.^R^ iocg.

Hclmj Hax Xaad.^R^ wocc hg

ioccgn wotb tbg cost

ai raads oeBoccmrgst ]urkgry.

^bg madha hax os

papucltgn wotb nltl

irad tbg Xaad.^R^iocg.

2 Vapucltg Mltgkary

Madha Hax wotb nltl

irad Mltgkary.^R^

iocg.

Hclmj Hax Mltgkary.^R^ wocc

hg ioccgn wotb tbg

cost ai mltgkarogs

ahtloegn nuroek

Oevgstokltoae.

^bg madha hax os

papucltgn wotb nltl

irad tbg

Mltgkary.^R^ iocg.

? Ylconltg tbg mblrlmtgrs

getgrgn oeta tbg ^otcg

iogcn.

Ylconltoae

- ^ypg

Mbgmj

Eardlc0 Lcc cgttgrs

oe tbg lcpblhgt

(hatb uppgrmlsg

len cawgrmlsg),eudhgrs len l

splmg lrg getgrgn.

Grraegaus0 Lcc

atbgr mblrlmtgrs

lrg tgstgn

iaccawoek tbos.

(G.k. T, Z, /, f)

Cgttgrs, eudhgrs len

splmgs sbaucn hg

lccawgn. Lcc atbgr

mblrlmtgrs sbaucn eathg lmmgptgn len le

grrar hggp sbaucn hg

pranumgn.


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;2


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;?


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26

8> Mcasg Lppcomltoae wotb

Apge Xgmarns

Hclmj Hax ^bg iorst rgmarn os

nospclygn len tbg

Gnot Xgmarn

huttae os prgssgn.

^bg Mcasg huttae

os prgssgn.

Le oeiardltoae

dgsslkg wocc lppglr

tgccoek tbg usgr ta

mcasg ley ueslvgn

rgmarns.

87 Mcasg Lppcomltoae Hclmj Hax ^bg Mcasg Huttae

os prgssgn.

L maeiordltoae nolcak

hax wocc lppglr

lsjoek tbg usgr oi

tbgy lrg surg tbgy

wlet ta mcasg tbg

lppcomltoae. Oi _gs os

sgcgmtgn tbge tbg

lppcomltoae os mcasgn.

Xgpart Yogw Iard

^gst

Eudhgr

[blt ta ^gst ^ypg ai ^gst ^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn Xgsuct

89 Iocc ]troek Kron

Macude Bglngrs

Hclmj Hax ^bg Xgpart Yogw

iard os calngn.

^bg ]troek Kron os

ioccgn wotb macude

bglngrs ae iard

mrgltg.

8; Vapucltg ]glrmb

Madha Hax

Hclmj Hax Mcomj tbg ]glrmb

Madha Hax

^bg madha hax os

papucltgn ae iard

mrgltg.82 Vapucltg ]art

Madha Hax

Hclmj Hax Mcomj tbg ]art

Madha Hax

^bg madha hax os

papucltgn ae iard

mrgltg.

8? Caln Xgmarns oeta

]troek Kron

Hclmj Hax ^bg Lcc aptoae os

sgcgmtgn oe tbg

Xlnoa Kraup.

^bg ]troek Kron os

ioccgn wotb tbg

rgmarns slvgn oe tbg

CohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^

iocg.

=6 Iocc Cost Hax wotb

Xaads

Hclmj Hax ^bg Xaads

aptoae os sgcgmtgnoe tbg Xlnoa

Kraup.

^bg Cost Hax os ioccgn

wotb tbg cost ai raadsslvgn oe tbg

raad.^R^ iocg.

=< Iocc Cost Hax wotb

Mltgkarogs

Hclmj Hax ^bg Mltgkarogs

aptoae os sgcgmtgn

oe tbg Xlnoa

Kraup.

^bg Cost Hax os ioccgn

wotb tbg cost ai

mltgkarogs slvgn oe

tbg mltgkary.^R^ iocg.


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2 Caln rgmarn oeta

Ngsoke Yogw Iard

Hclmj Hax ^bg Lcc aptoae os

sgcgmtgn oe tbg

Xlnoa Kraup. ^bg

sgmaen rgmarn oe

tbg ]troek Kron os

sgcgmtgn.

^bg rgmarn sgcgmtgn

os calngn oeta tbg

Ngsoke Yogw Iard.

=7 ]glrmb Xgmarn Hclmj Hax ]gcgmt tbg ^otcg

iogcn oe tbg

]glrmb Madha

Hax. Getgr Ax oe

tbg ]glrmb

^gxthax.

^bg rgmarn totcgn

Axiarn Blenhaaj ai

Oeigmtoaus Nosglsgs

sbaucn hg

bokbcokbtgn.

=9 ]art Xgmarns

Lcpblhgtomlccy

Hclmj Hax ]gcgmt tbg Lutbar

iogcn oe tbg ]art

Madha Hax.

^bg rgmarns sbaucn

hg sartgn

lcpblhgtomlccy

lsmgenoek lmmarnoek

ta tbg Lutbar iogcn.

=; ]art Xgmarns

Eudgromlccy

Hclmj Hax ]gcgmt tbg O]HE

iogcn oe tbg ]art

Madha Hax.

^bg rgmarns sbaucn

hg sartgn

eudgromlccy

lsmgenoek lmmarnoek

ta tbg O]HE iogcn.


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28

=2 Vroet Xgpart Hclmj Hax Vroet Huttae os

prgssgn.

L rgpart ai tbg

rgmarns calngn oeta

tbg ]troek Kron os

kgegrltgn len tbos os

proetgn. Le

oeiardltoae dgsslkg

os nospclygn

maeiordoek tbos.

=? Mcasg Iard Hclmj Hax Mcasg Huttae os

prgssgn.

L maeiordltoae

nolcak hax wocc

lppglr lsjoek tbg

usgr oi tbgy lrg surg

tbgy wlet ta mcasg

tbg iard. Oi _gs os

sgcgmtgn tbge tbg

iard os mcasgn.


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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek

2=

]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek

Ls tbg aecy aeg ngvgcapoek tbos systgd, lcc glrcy tgstoek wls naeg hy dg ls lcpbl tgstoek. ^bg

aecy gxmgptoae ta tbos os tbg tgstoek mlrrogn aut hy tbg gen usgr, hgtl tgstoek, wbomb wls

maenumtgn oe stlkgs lt spgmoiom paoets nuroek tbg ngvgcapdget ai tbg systgd. ^bg dl`aroty ai

tgsts wgrg maenumtgn nuroek tbg ngvgcapdget ai tbg systgd wotb l sdlcc doearoty naeg litgr

ngvgcapdget. Oetgkrltoae tgstoek, l tgst ta gesurg tbg danucgs lcc coej takgtbgr summgssiuccy, wls

maenumtgn litgr lcc tbg atbgr tgsts.

Nuroek saitwlrg tgstoek, l vlrogty ai tgsts wgrg maenumtgn oemcunoek0 hclmj hax tgstoek, wbotg

hax tgstoek len vlconltoae tgstoek. ^bg tgsts iaccaw tbg tgst strltgky oe tbg Ngsoke sgmtoae. O blvg

pravongn gvongemg iar tbg tgsts oe tbg iard ai leeatltgn smrggesbats. ^bg mang iar glmb tgst bls

lcsa hgge lttlmbgn, wotb maddgets ta gxpcloe tbg purpasg ai tbg vlroaus plrts.

Hgiarg ley manoek maucn maddgemg, O bln ta gesurg tblt tbg iards iar tbg danucgs wgrg ioelclen madpcgtg. ^bg iards blvg hgge oemcungn ae tbg egxt plkg, tljge irad tbg Ngsoke sgmtoae.

^bgy wgrg ngsokegn oe tbg Clzlrus Oetgkrltgn Ngvgcapdget Gevoraedget (ONG) hy nrlwoek

clhgcs, huttaes, tgxt haxgs len madha haxgs (ah`gmts) ls pcleegn oe tbg Ngsoke sgmtoae. ^bg

ah`gmts wgrg mustadosgn len clon aut ls lkrggn nuroek tbg clst dggtoek O bln wotb dy gen usgr.

^bg ah`gmts pravong l dgnoud hy wbomb tbg usgr mle oeput nltl hut lcsa wbgrg tbg nltl

oeputtgn mle hg nospclygn hlmj ta tbg usgr.

Dley odpartlet ngmosoaes wgrg dlng wbge ngvgcapoek tbg systgd. Dley ai tbg ngmosoaes

krgltcy liigmtgn tbg autmadg ai tbg systgd len baw ot wls mangn. ^bg ngmosoaes wgrg

summgssiuccy dlng nug ta tbg rgkuclr maddueomltoae O bln wotb dy gen usgr. ^bgsg wocc hgnosmussgn oe krgltgr ngtloc cltgr ae.

O mldg lmrass sadg prahcgds nuroek saitwlrg ngvgcapdget len tgstoek. ^bgsg prahcgds blvg

hgge bokbcokbtgn oe tbos sgmtoae len O blvg sbawe baw O avgrmldg tbg prahcgds hy l

madhoeltoae ai iurtbgr mang ngvgcapdget len tgstoek. Gxldpcgs ai tbos oemcung tbg mang iar tbg

Ngcgtg Huttae pramgnurg len tbg Vrgsgemg Mbgmj pramgnurg.

Aemg tbg systgd os madpcgtg len lcc tgstoek bls hgge maenumtgn, tbg ioelc prakrld wocc hg sget ta

hg gen usgr iar lmmgptlemg tgstoek. Oe lmmgptlemg tgstoek, dy gen usgr wocc mbgmj tbg systgd

lkloest tbg lkrggn rgquorgdgets.


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2>

Oetgrilmg Ngsokes

irdQDloeDgeu

irdQNgsokeYogw

irdQXgpartYogw


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27

Cohrlry Nltlhlsg ]ystgd

O blvg novongn tbg saitwlrg ngvgcapdget len tgstoek oeta tbrgg sgmtoaes. ^bos marrgspaens ta

tbg arngr oe wbomb O ngvgcapgn tbg danucgs.

^bg sgmtoaes lrg0

]gmtoae Aeg0 Dleopucltoae ai rgmarns oe Cohrlry Nltlhlsg Ngsoke Yogw ]gmtoae ^wa0 Calnoek, sartoek, sglrmboek len proetoek ai rgmarns oe Cohrlry Nltlhlsg

Xgpart Yogw

]gmtoae brgg0 Dloe Dgeu ]ystgd]gmtoae Aeg0 Cohrlry Nltlhlsg Ngsoke Yogw

^bos ueot nglcs wotb tbg dleopucltoae ai rgmarns lnnoek, slvoek len ngcgtoek rgmarns. Ot lcsalccaws elvokltoae hgtwgge rgmarns.

^bg iaccawoek tlhcg bls hgge tljge irad tbg tgst strltgky oe tbg Ngsoke sgmtoae, bawgvgr wotb

glmb tgsts autmadg. Glmb tgst wocc hg namudgetgn oe darg ngtloc iurtbgr oe tbg rgpart.

^gst

Ea.

[blt ta ^gst ^ypg ai ^gst ^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn

Xgsuct

Lmtulc Xgsuct ^gst

Vlssgn1

9 Vapucltg iogcns

wotb rgmarns

irad

CohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^ iocg.

Hclmj Hax ^bg iogcns wocc hg

oeotolccy ioccgn

wotb nltl len

slvgn ta iocg. ^bgprakrld wocc hg

rgstlrtgn ta tgst

wbgtbgr tbg

rgmarns wocc hg

rgln hlmj oeta

tbg systgd.

^bg iogcns lrg

papucltgn

wotb nltl

irad tbgCohrlryNltlh

lsg.NL^ iocg.

^bg iogcns lrg

papucltgn

wotb nltl

irad tbgCohrlryNltlh

lsg.NL^ iocg.

_gs

; Vapucltg Xaad

Madha Hax wotb

nltl irad

Xaad.^R^ iocg.

Hclmj Hax Xaad.^R^ wocc hg

ioccgn wotb tbg cost

ai raads oe

Boccmrgst ]urkgry.

^bg madha

hax os

papucltgn

wotb nltlirad tbg

Xaad.^R^

iocg.

^bg madha

hax os

papucltgn

wotb nltlirad tbg

Xaad.^R^

iocg.

_gs

2 Vapucltg

Mltgkary Madha

Hax wotb nltl

irad

Mltgkary.^R^

iocg.

Hclmj Hax Mltgkary.^R^ wocc

hg ioccgn wotb tbg

cost ai mltgkarogs

ahtloegn nuroek

Oevgstokltoae.

^bg madha

hax os

papucltgn

wotb nltl

irad tbg

Mltgkary.^R^

iocg.

^bg madha

hax os

papucltgn

wotb nltl

irad tbg

Mltgkary.^R^

iocg.

_gs


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29

? Ylconltg tbg

mblrlmtgrs

getgrgn oeta tbg

^otcg iogcn.

Ylconltoae -

^ypg Mbgmj

Eardlc0 Lcc

cgttgrs oe tbg

lcpblhgt (hatb

uppgrmlsg len

cawgrmlsg),

eudhgrs len l

splmg lrg

getgrgn.

Grraegaus0 Lcc

atbgr mblrlmtgrs

lrg tgstgn

iaccawoek tbos.

(G.k. T, Z, /, f)

Cgttgrs,

eudhgrs len

splmgs sbaucn

hg lccawgn.

Lcc atbgr

mblrlmtgrs

sbaucn eat hg

lmmgptgn len

le grrar hggp

sbaucn hg

pranumgn.

Cgttgrs,

eudhgrs len

splmgs lrg

lccawgn. Lcc

atbgr

mblrlmtgrs lrg

eat lmmgptgn

len le grrar

hggp os

pranumgn.

_gs


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,


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2?

88 Ngcgtg Xgmarn Hclmj Hax ^bg sgmaen

rgmarn os

nospclygn len tbg

Ngcgtg Xgmarn

Huttae os

prgssgn.

^bg usgr os

lsjgn

wbgtbgr tbgy

lrg surg tbgy

wlet ta

ngcgtg tbg

murrgetcy

sgcgmtgn

rgmarn. Oi _gs

os sgcgmtgn,

tbge tbg

rgmarn os

ngcgtgn len

tbg Murrget

Xgmarn

Eudhgr len

^atlc Eudhgr

ai Xgmarns

lrg

ngmrgdgetgn.

Le

oeiardltoae

dgsslkg os

nospclygn

litgr tbg

rgmarn bls

hgge

summgssiuccy

ngcgtgn.

^bg usgr os

lsjgn

wbgtbgr tbgy

lrg surg tbgy

wlet ta ngcgtg

tbg murrgetcy

sgcgmtgn

rgmarn. Oi _gs

os sgcgmtgn,

tbge tbg

rgmarn os

ngcgtgn len

tbg Murrget

Xgmarn

Eudhgr len

^atlc Eudhgr

ai Xgmarns

lrg

ngmrgdgetgn.

Le

oeiardltoae

dgsslkg os

nospclygn

litgr tbg

rgmarn bls

hgge

summgssiuccy

ngcgtgn.

_gs

8= Apge tbg Xgpart

Yogw iard

Hclmj Hax ^bg Xgpart Yogw

huttae os prgssgn.

^bg Xgpart

Yogw iard os

nospclygn.

^bg Xgpart

Yogw iard os

nospclygn.

_gs

8> Mcasg

Lppcomltoae wotb

Apge Xgmarns

Hclmj Hax ^bg iorst rgmarn os

nospclygn len tbg

Gnot Xgmarn

huttae os prgssgn.

^bg Mcasg huttae

os prgssgn.

Le

oeiardltoae

dgsslkg wocc

lppglr tgccoek

tbg usgr ta

mcasg ley

ueslvgn

rgmarns.

Le

oeiardltoae

dgsslkg wocc

lppglr tgccoek

tbg usgr ta

mcasg ley

ueslvgn

rgmarns.

_gs


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?6

87 Mcasg

Lppcomltoae

Hclmj Hax ^bg Mcasg Huttae

os prgssgn.

L

maeiordltoae

nolcak hax

wocc lppglr

lsjoek tbg

usgr oi tbgy

lrg surg tbgy

wlet ta mcasg

tbg

lppcomltoae. Oi

_gs os

sgcgmtgn tbge

tbg

lppcomltoae os

mcasgn.

L

maeiordltoae

nolcak hax

wocc lppglr

lsjoek tbg

usgr oi tbgy

lrg surg tbgy

wlet ta mcasg

tbg

lppcomltoae. Oi

_gs os

sgcgmtgn tbge

tbg

lppcomltoae os

mcasgn.

_gs


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?7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek

?8

pramgnurg gnt Qo sheJgyVrgss(]gengr 0Âh` gmt : vlr Jgy0 mblr ):

pramgnurg gnt Qpuhc o sbgr JgyVrgss(]gengr 0Âh` gmt : vlr Jgy0 mblr ):

pramgnurg gnt Qt o t c gJgyVr gss(]gengr 0Âh` gmt : vlr Jgy0 mblr ):

pramgnurg Iar dMc asg\ugry(]gengr 0Âh` gmt : vlr MleMc asg0 haac gle):

pramgnurg Iar dMr gltg(]gengr 0Âh` gmt ):

pramgnurg Iar dDausg[bggc Nawe(]gengr 0Âh` gmt ):

pramgnurg Iar dDausg[bggc Wp(]gengr 0Âh` gmt ):

pramgnurg dgdaQmaddget sJgyVr gss(]gengr 0Âh` gmt : vlr Jgy0 mblr ):

pramgnurg WpNawe6T:

Lut bar 0 ]troekZ86T:

Mltgkary 0 ]troekZ86T:

O ]HE 0 ]troekZ


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?=

;. Vapucltg Xaad Madha Hax wotb nltl irad Xaad.^R^ iocg


^gst

^gst Nltl

Wsgn

Gxpgmtgn

Xgsuct

Lmtulc Xgsuct ^gst

Vlssgn1

VapucltgXaad MadhaHax wotb nltliradXaad.^Rîocg.

Hclmj Hax Mcomj tbgXaadMadhaHax

^bg madhahax ospapucltgn wotbnltl irad tbgXaad.^Rîocg.

^bg madhahax ospapucltgn wotbnltl irad tbgXaad.^Rîocg.

_gs

Hclmj Hax ^gst0

Mang ngvgcapdget0

^bg mang ta papucltg tbg Xaad Madha Hax wls ngvgcapgn irad tbg lckarotbd0

=. Xgln tbg Xaad Iocg oeta tbg systgd (len Mltgkary Iocg)

^bg lckarotbd bls hgge lttlmbgn ae tbg egxt plkg hut mle lcsa hg iauen ae plkg 7? oe tbg

Lckarotbds sgmtoae.

^bg cost ai raads bls

hgge getgrgn oeta tbgXaad.^R^ iocg.

^bg Xaad Madha hax os papucltgnae iard mrgltg wotb nltl irad tbg

Xaad.^R^ iocg.


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Mang ta papucltg Xaad Madha Hax0

^bg iaccawoek pramgnurg rglns tbg raads irad tbg raad.^R^ iocg oeta l stroek cost.

pramgnurg No spc lyXaad:vlr

XaadIo c g 0^gxt Io c g:r aad0 ]troek:XaadCo st 0^]t r o ekCo st :

hgkoeLsso keIo c g(XaadIo c g, ' r aad. t xt '):Xgsgt (XaadIo c g):/ / ^bo s mr glt gs l ]t r o ek Co st , usgn t a st ar g t bg r aads t gdpar lr o c yXaadCo st 04^]t r o ekCo st .Mr glt g:wbocgEA^ GAI(XaadIo c g) na

hgkoe/ / ^bo s r glns glmb c o eg i r ad t bg Xaad. ^R^ i o c gXglnc e(XaadIo c g, Xaad):/ / ^bo s lnns glmb c o eg t a t bg Xaad ]t r o ek Co stXaadCo st .Lnn(Xaad):

gen:Mc asgIo c g(XaadIo c g):

gen:

^bg iaccawoek mang rues tbg NospclyXaad pramgnurg ae Iard Mrgltg. ^bg Xaad Madha Haxos ioccgn wotb tbg raads irad tbg Xaad ]troek Cost.

pramgnurg^i r dQNgso keYo gw.Iar dMr gltg(]gengr0^Ah` gmt ):vlr

o 0 o et gkgr :hgkoe

No spc lyXaad: / / ^bo s r ues t bg No spc lyXaad pr amgnur giar o 04 6 ta XaadCo st .Mauet -


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?7

2. Vapucltg Mltgkary Madha Hax wotb nltl irad Mltgkary.^R^ iocg


^gst

^gst Nltl

Wsgn

Gxpgmtgn

Xgsuct

Lmtulc Xgsuct ^gst

Vlssgn1

VapucltgMltgkaryMadha Haxwotb nltl iradMltgkary.^Rîocg.

Hclmj Hax Mcomj tbgMltgkaryMadhaHax

^bg madhahax ospapucltgn wotbnltl irad tbgMltgkary.^Rîocg.

^bg madhahax ospapucltgn wotbnltl irad tbgMltgkary.^Rîocg.

_gs

Hclmj Hax ^gst0

^bg cost ai mltgkarogs

bls hgge getgrgn oetatbg Mltgkary.^R^ iocg.


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?9

Ngmonoek upae tbg dast suotlhcg dgtban ai oeputtoek tbg raads len mltgkarogs oeta tbgorrgspgmtovg madha haxgs wls l jgy ngmosoae iar dg. Oestgln ai tbg usulc pramgnurg ai manoekgvgry coeg (sgg tbg pramgnurg iar papucltoek tbg Iardlt madha hax), O ngmongn ta rgln tbgotgds irad l tgxt iocg. ^bos dgles tblt oe tbg iuturg, oi tbg mltgkarogs ar raads mblekg, tbgetbg nltl oe tbg tgxt iocgs mle hg glsocy ldgengn len tbgy wocc eat hg blrn-mangn oeta tbgsystgd.

Mang ngvgcapdget0

^bg mang ta papucltg tbg Mltgkary Madha Hax wls ngvgcapgn irad tbg lckarotbd0

=. Xgln tbg Xaad Iocg oeta tbg systgd (len Mltgkary Iocg)

^bg lckarotbd bls hgge lttlmbgn ae tbg egxt plkg hut mle lcsa hg iauen ae plkg 7? oe tbgLckarotbds sgmtoae.

^bg Mltgkary Madha hax ospapucltgn ae iard mrgltg wotb nltl

irad tbg Mltgkary.^R^ iocg.


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?;

Mang ta papucltg Mltgkary Madha Hax0

^bg iaccawoek pramgnurg rglns tbg mltgkarogs irad tbg mltgkary.^R^ iocg oeta l stroek cost.

pramgnurg No spc lyMltgkar y:vlr

Mlt gkar yIo c g 0^gxt Io c g:mlt gkar y 0 ]troek:Mlt gkar yCo st 0^]t r o ekCo st :

hgkoeLsso keIo c g(Mlt gkar yIo c g, ' mlt gkar y. t xt '):Xgsgt (Mlt gkar yIo c g):/ / ^bo s mrglt gs l ]t r o ek Co st , usgn t a st ar g t bg mlt gkar o gs

t gdpar lr o c yMlt gkar yCo st 04^]t r o ekCo st .Mr glt g:wbocgEA^ GAI(Mlt gkar yIo c g) na

hgkoe/ / ^bo s r glns glmb c o eg i r ad t bg Mlt gkar o gs. ^R^ i o c gXglnc e(Mlt gkar yIo c g, Mltgkary):/ / ^bo s lnns glmb c o eg t a t bg Mlt gkar y ]t r o ek Co stMlt gkar yCo st .Lnn(Mltgkary):

gen:Mc asgIo c g(Mlt gkar yIo c g):

gen:

^bos rues tbg NospclyMltgkary pramgnurg ae Iard Mrgltg len tbg Mltgkary Madha Hax os

ioccgn wotb tbg mltgkarogs irad tbg Mltgkary ]troek Cost.

pramgnurg^i r dQNgso keYo gw.Iar dMr gltg(]gengr0^Ah` gmt ):vlr

o 0 o et gkgr :hgkoe

No spc lyMltgkar y: / / ^bo s rues t bg No spc lyMlt gkary pr amgnur giar o 04 6 ta Mlt gkaryCo st .Mauet -


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?2

?. Ylconltg Mblrlmtgrs getgrgn oeta ^otcg Iogcn

[blt ta

^gst

^ypg ai

^gst

^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn

Xgsuct

Lmtulc Xgsuct ^gst

Vlssgn1

Ylconltgtbgmblrlmtgrsgetgrgnoeta tbg^otcgiogcn.

Ylconltoae- ^ypgMbgmj

Eardlc0

Lcc cgttgrs oe tbglcpblhgt (hatbuppgrmlsg lencawgrmlsg),eudhgrs len lsplmg lrg getgrgn.

Grraegaus0

Lcc atbgrmblrlmtgrs lrgtgstgn iaccawoektbos. (G.k. T, Z, /,

f)

Cgttgrs,eudhgrs lensplmgs sbaucn

hg lccawgn.Lcc atbgrmblrlmtgrssbaucn eat hglmmgptgn lenle grrar hggpsbaucn hg

pranumgn.

Cgttgrs,eudhgrs lensplmgs lrglccawgn. Lccatbgrmblrlmtgrs lrgeat lmmgptgnlen le grrar

hggp ospranumgn.

_gs

Ylconltoae gst0

^bg Eardlc nltl wls lmmgptgn ls gxpgmtgn - splmgs, hlmjsplmgs, sboit, eudhgrs lencgttgrs (hatb uppgrmlsg len cawgrmlsg) wgrg lmmgptgn.

^bg Grraegaus nltl wls eat lmmgptgn ls gxpgmtgn len tbos pranumgn le grrar hggp.


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??

Mang ngvgcapdget0

^bg mang ta vlconltg tbg mblrlmtgrs getgrgn oeta tbg ^otcg iogcn wls ngvgcapgn irad tbglckarotbd0


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Mang ngvgcapdget0

^bg mang ta vlconltg tbg mblrlmtgrs getgrgn oeta tbg O]HE iogcn len tbg mang ta vlconltg tbgcgektb ai tbg O]HE iogcn wgrg ngvgcapgn irad tbg lckarotbds0


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Mang ngvgcapdget0

^bg mang ta papucltg tbg iogcns wotb tbg rgmarns stargn oe tbg CohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^ iocg wgrgngvgcapgn irad tbg lckarotbds0

8. Xgln tbg Cohrlry Iocg oeta tbg systgd>. Nospcly tbg rgmarns

^bg lckarotbds blvg hgge lttlmbgn hgcaw hut mle lcsa hg iauen ae plkg 7? oe tbg Lckarotbdssgmtoae.

8. Xgln tbg Cohrlry Iocg oeta tbg systgd

HGKOEâtlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns 4 6L]]OKE Cohrlry Iocg ls CohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^ IocgXG]G^ Cohrlry Iocg

[BOCG eat lt tbg gen ai tbg Cohrlry IocgOEMXGDGE^ âtlc Eudhgr ai XgmarnsXGLN tbg murrgetcy sgcgmtgn iogcn oe tbg Cohrlry Iocg oeta tbg murrgetcy sgcgmtgnCohrlry Xgmarn

GEN[BOCGMCA]G Cohrlry IocgMurrget Xgmarn Eudhgr 4 . Nospcly tbg rgmarns

HGKOEHaaj ON ^gxthax 4 Haaj ON ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsXaad Madha hax 4 Xaad ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarnsôtcg ^gxthax 4 ôtcg ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsLutbar ^gxthax 4 Lutbar ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsMltgkary Madha hax 4 Mltgkary ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsO]HE ^gxthax 4 O]HE ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsVuhcosbgr ^gxthax 4 Vuhcosbgr ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsIardlt Madha hax 4 Iardlt ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsMaddgets ^gxthax 4 Maddgets ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsMurrget Xgmarn Eudhgr Clhgc 4 Murrget Xgmarn Eudhgrâtlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns Clhgc 4 âtlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns

GEN


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Litgr tgst0

MurrgetXgmarn

Eudhgr

ngmrgdgetgn

Iogcns lrgrgioccgn wotb

nltl irad 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek


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6

Ls tbg systgd wls ngvgcapgn, O tgstgn gvgry dl`ar odpcgdgetltoae. O blvg lttlmbgnhgcaw gvongemg ai tbg tgstoek iar tbg Ngcgtg Xgmarn pramgnurg.

Lcpbl ^gstoek - Hclmj Hax ^gst0

Ngcgtg XgmarnHuttaesgcgmtgn

Maeiordltoaenolcak sbawgnlsjoek usgrwbgtbgr tbgy

lrg surg tbgywlet ta ngcgtg

tbg rgmarn

_gs os sgcgmtgn

Oeiardltoaenolcak lcgrtoekusgr tblt tbgngcgtg wlssummgssiucbawgvgrrgmarn bls eat

hgge ngcgtgn


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7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek

8

^bos coeg os eat gxgmutgnls tbg Murrget Xgmarn

Eudhgr os krgltgr tble


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=

Dgsslkg nolcakoemarrgmtcyoeiardoek usgr tbltrgmarn bls hggengcgtgn.

Vramgnurg gens.Xgmarn os eatngcgtgn.


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>

Ioelc0 Mang ta ngcgtg rgmarn

Iaccawoek tbg tgstoek ai tbg oeotolc ngcgtg rgmarn mang, O blvg lnngn l hgkoe len le genhgtwgge OI stltgdgets. ^bos bls dlng tbg mang darg madprgbgesohcg len bls rgnumgn tbgeudhgr ai grrars.

pramgnurg^i r dQNgso keYo gw.ht eQngc gt gr gmar nMc o mj(]gengr0^Ah` gmt ):/ / ^bo s pr amgnur g ngc gt gs t bg mur r get c y sgc gmt gn rgmar nvlr

Mauet , Hut t ae]gc gmt gn 0 O et gkgr:hgkoe

/ / ]baws l maei o r dlt o ae no lc ak lsjo ek usgr wbgtbgr t bgy wlet t angc gt g tbg rgmar n

Hut t ae]gc gmt gn 04 DgsslkgNc k(' Lr g yau surg yau wo sb ta ngc gt gt bo s r gmar n1',dt [lr eo ek,Zdh_gs,dhEaT,6):

/ / ]baw t bg hut t ae t ypg sgc gmt gnoi Hut t ae]gc gmt gn 4 dr Ea tbge gxot:oi Hut t ae]gc gmt gn 4 dr _gs tbge

hgkoe

/ / O i t bgr g lr g dar g tble aeg r gmar n o e t bg lr r lyoi (Murr get Xgmar nEa 4


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7

8=. Apge tbg Xgpart Yogw iard

[blt ta

^gst

^ypg ai

^gst


Xgsuct

Lmtulc

Xgsuct

^gst

Vlssgn1

Apge tbg

XgpartYogw iard

Hclmj

Hax

^bg Xgpart

Yogw huttae osprgssgn.

^bg Xgpart

Yogw iard osnospclygn.

^bg Xgpart

Yogw iardos nospclygn.

_gs

Hclmj Hax ^gst0

Xgpart Yogwhuttae

prgssgn

^bg Xgpart Yogw iard os nospclygn bawgvgr tbg ah`gmts ae tbg iard blvg eat hgge mangn

ygt tbgrgiarg tbgy blvg ea iuemtoaelcoty.


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9

Mang ta apge tbg Xgpart Yogw iard0

pramgnurg^i r dQNgso keYo gw.ht eQr gpar t vo gwMc o mj(]gengr0^Ah` gmt ):hgkoe

i r dQXgpart Yo gw.]baw:gen:


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;

8>. Mcasg Lppcomltoae wotb Apge Xgmarns

[blt ta

^gst

^ypg ai

^gst


Xgsuct

Lmtulc

Xgsuct

^gst

Vlssgn1

McasgLppcomltoaewotb ApgeXgmarns

Hclmj Hax ^bg iorst rgmarnos nospclygn lentbg Gnot Xgmarn

huttae osprgssgn. ^bgMcasg huttae os

prgssgn.

Leoeiardltoaedgsslkg wocclppglr tgccoektbg usgr tamcasg leyueslvgnrgmarns.

Leoeiardltoaedgsslkglppglrstgccoek

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