A. KEYSTONE VOCABULARY

1 prophecy A message or prediction from a higher power (e.g. a god).

2 tyranny Cruel and evil rule by a king.

3 conspiracy A secret plan to do something harmful.

4 assassination Murder for power or political reasons.

5 retribution Punishment or revenge for wrongdoing.

B. KEY TERMS & TECHNIQUES

6 tragedy Play with an unhappy ending/ downfall of the main character.

7 dialogue Speech between two or more people (conversation).

8 monologue A long section of speech given by one character.

9 emphasise To make something stand out and grab our attention.

10 dramatic irony When the audience know more than the characters on stage.

11 foreshadowing Sign or warning of what is to come. (writer’s technique)

12 stage directions Instructions for the actors.

C. VOCABULARY

13 omen Sign or warning of what is to come.

14 tempest A storm.

15 traitor A person who betrays someone/ their country.

16 soothsayer A person who can see the future.

17 conniving Secretly planning to do something evil or wrong.

18 vindictive Evil and wanting revenge.

19 diplomatic Fair and balanced.

20 hubristic Having overwhelming pride or arrogance.

21 virtuous Good.

22 capricious Constantly changing in mood or behaviour (mood-swings).

23 candid Honest.

24 audacious Daring.

25 wretched Desperately unhappy.

26 valour Bravery.

27 regicide Killing the King or Queen.

28 mob Disorganised group of people, usually violent or aggressive.

29 to incite To encourage.

30 mutiny Rebellion against a powerful leader.

31 to prevail To win; to succeed.

32 colossal Huge.

33 to slay To kill in violent way.

34 to condemn To blame and punish for wrongdoing.

D. RECAP

35 antithesis Opposing ideas.

36 succession The next King/Queen.

37 patriotism Enthusiastic support for your country.

38 liberty Freedom, usually in society.

39 supercilious Acting as if you are superior to/ above someone else.

40 monarchy Rule by kings and queens in a royal family.

KS3 ENGLISH Knowledge Organiser: Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar

Knowledge Plan: Week 1: Week 2: Week 3: Week 4: Week 5: Week 6:

Lord of the Flies Knowledge Organizer

Ralph Democracy and order

Jack Dictatorship and savagery

Piggy Intelligence and logic

Simon Saintliness and wisdom

The Scar The first appearance of humans in nature or “paradise”

Conch Shell Power of civilization and ordered society

Piggy’s Specs Power of science and reason, the ability to see things clearly

The Beast Power of evil and human immorality

Signal Fire Connection to modern society and civilization

Castle Rock Purgatory: Place of suffering inhabited by souls of sinners who are being purified of their sins before entering Heaven

The Sea Heaven: Home of God, the angels, and the good after their death

Philosophies of Human Nature Human Nature: qualities and characteristics that humankind possesses at birth

Thomas Hobbes (d. 1679)

Human beings are selfish and “in a constant state of war.” Life is “nasty, brutish, and short.”

John Locke (d. 1704)

Humans are a “blank slate” at birth (tabula rasa, in Latin). Naturally reasonable, yet selfish; shaped by experiences.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (d. 1778)

Humans are inherently good and peaceful in a “state of nature” In this state man is “isolated, timid, peaceful, and mute.”

Key Quotes about Human Nature “Maybe there is a beast….What I mean is, maybe it's only us.” (p. 88)

“Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy.” (p. 202)

Characteristics of Civilization Hierarchy Rank determines authority, status, and submission to those above

Respect for Authority

To show appreciation and obedience to those in a position of power

Rule of Law

individuals and government obey law crime is met with punishment, in order to enforce proper behavior

Shared Values Individuals in a society share fundamental beliefs and principles, helping them to keep faith in their society

Respect for Traditions

Show commitment to the established customs of a society and transmit beliefs from generation to generation

Key Quotes about Civilization

“We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages. We're English, and the English are best at everything.” (p. 42)

“Which is better—to have rules and agree, or to hunt and kill?” (p. 180)

Key Symbols

Common References to Christianity/Bible Garden of

Eden Paradise; where Adam, was created and later, Eve, from Adam’s rib. They were free to eat from any tree except the tree of knowledge of good and evil.

The Serpent Religious symbol of deception and evil. Seduced Eve into eating a piece of forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge or good and evil.

The Fall (of Man)

The fall of Adam and Eve from innocence and obedience to God into betrayal and guilt, bringing eternal wounds upon humanity.

Original Sin Inherited from Adam and Eve, the innate tendency to sin in all humans.

Jesus Christ First century Jewish preacher. Believed to be the son of God and messiah (or savior) to humanity.

Judas One of Jesus’ Twelve Disciples. Betrayed Jesus for thirty pieces of silver, leading to Jesus’ crucifixion.

Beelzebub Another name for Satan. Portrayed as a “fallen” angel and believed to cause destruction through tyrants.

Key Literary Terms

Term Definition Lord of the Flies Example Allegory

A narrative that uses characters or events to represent ideas or events

Allusion A reference to a significant historical, literary, cultural, or political figure or idea

Archetype A classic example of a character or thing that recurs throughout literature

Foil A character that contrasts another character in order to highlight particular qualities

Hyperbole Extreme exaggeration used to create emphasis

Dramatic Irony Situation in which a reader’s awareness of a situation exceeds the characters

B. Poets and Poems – Who wrote What and

When

1. William Blake Tyger, Tyger in 1794

2. Percy Shelley Ozymandias in 1818

3. Lewis Caroll The Jabberwocky in

1855

4. William Ernest

Henley…

Invictus in 1875

5. Rudyard Kipling If in 1895

6. Carol Anne Duffy The World’s Wife in 1999

C. Questions for analysing poems: WWW

mnemonic

1. What? What is the poem about? What

are the themes?

2. Which? Which quotations and phrases

are most striking?

3. Why? Why are poetic devices

combined with striking

vocabulary?

A. KEY TERMINOLOGY

1 Imagery Words/phrases that create pictures for the reader

“Round the decay”

2 Metaphor Comparison that says something IS or WAS something else

“colossal wreck”

3 Simile Comparison that something is LIKE or AS something else

“Like a thunderbolt he falls.”

4 Juxtaposition[ing] Placing things together for contrasting effect

“If you can talk with crowds … or walk with Kings”

5 Symbolism Objects or things that represent themes or ideas

“Yours is the earth and everything that’s in it”

6 Conceit A metaphor that compares two very unlike things in a surprising way “O Rose thou art sick.”

7 Personification Non-human things given human qualities

“the heart that fed“

8 Repetition Words or phrases that are repeated

“King of Kings”

9 Alliteration Words that start with the same sound

“cold command”

10 Sibilance Hissing ‘s’ sounds

“snakes hissed and spat on my scalp”

11 Assonance Long, slow, open vowel sounds

“The lone and level sands stretch far away.”

12 Onomatopoeia Words that sound like their meaning

“a shattered visage lies”

13 Rhyme Words that end with the same sound, often to end lines

“Tyger, Tyger, burning bright / in the forests of the night”

14 Neologism Made up words

“’Twas brillig and the slithy toves.”

15 Rhythm A strong, regular repeated pattern of sound

“If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew’

Poetry – Year 7 –

Keystone Vocabulary D.

1. Syllable A unit of sound in a word

2. Verse Writing arranged in a rhythm (often rhyming)

3. Free verse Poetry without rhyme or pattern

4. Rhyme scheme A pattern of rhyme in a poem

5. Stanza Set or grouped lines in a poem

Ancient Ro-mans

Marcus Cicero Politician, senator and lawyer for the republic

Julius Caesar Army general, politician, senator, rebel, dictator

Cleopatra Seductive Greek Pharaoh-Queen of Egypt

Mark Anthony Army general, senator, orator, dictator, husband to Cleopatra

Octavian Rome’s first Emperor, renamed as Augustus

Ancient Roman Political

concepts

Definition

Monarchy Rule by kings and queens in a royal family

Tyranny Cruel and evil rule by king

Democracy Power of the people, deciding their rulers in elections

Republic A state with no king, queen or monarch

Election A vote to decide elected representatives

Senator An elected representative leader

Dictator One ruler with total power

Assassination Murder for power or political reasons

Timelines

509 BC Tarquin exiled—Rome runs dem-ocratically

58 BC Caesar conquers many European countries

48 BC Caesar becomes dictator of Rome

44 BC Caesar is assassi-nated in Rome

Rhetorical Devices

(DAFORREST ) +

Definition

Direct address Use of ‘you’ to speak to the audience

Alliteration Words that start with the same sound (consonants)

Fact Use of true information to persuade

Opinion Using your own personal thoughts and those of others

Rhetorical question A question with an obvious ‘right’ answer

Repetition Repeating particular words and phrases to emphasise importance

Emotive language Language designed to make the audience feel something

Statistics Use of numbers to persuade (90% of people believe…)

Tricolon Three words or phrases one after the other

Antithesis An opposition of two ideas

Anaphora Repetitions at the start of phrases

Epiplexis Multiple rhetorical questions consecutively

Year 7

Roman Rhetoric

C. GENRES

Science fiction Story set in an imagined future

A. SUBJECT TERMINOLOGY

Description Writing that creates a picture in the reader’s mind

Narration Writing that tells a story

First person A character tells the story using ‘I’

Third person A narrator tells the story

Flashback Story goes back in time

Exposition Beginning of a story that provides background information

Climax Most exciting moment of the story; turning point

Resolution Solving of a problem or conflict at the end of the story

Cliffhanger Dramatic moment that creates suspense over what is to happen next

Chronological When the events in a story are told in the order they occurred

Symbol An object that represents something else

Onomatopoeia A word that imitates the sound it represents

Personification An object or animal is given human qualities

Alliteration Repetition of consonant sounds

Metaphor A comparison between two things

Extended metaphor A comparison between two things that continues beyond one sentence

Simile A comparison between two things using ‘like’ or ‘as’

Connotation Ideas or feelings that are associated with a word

Imperative A command

Pathetic fallacy Description of the weather reflects the mood

Foreshadowing A sign or warning of what is to come

Juxtaposition Two contrasting ideas are placed close together

Sensory imagery Description involving sight, sound, smell, taste and/or touch

B. AMBITIOUS VOCABULARY

Enchanting As if made by magic

Exquisite Something with a special, rare beauty

Radiant Emitting rays of light or bright with joy and hope

Resplendent Shining brilliantly

Abhorrence Strong feeling of extreme dislike

Timid Lacking confidence

Tremor Shaking of the body caused by fear

Trepidation Feeling of alarm/anxiety

Melancholy A depressed/gloomy state of mind

Isolated Separated from other persons or things

Nefarious Extremely wicked and/or criminal

D. SENTENCE STARTERS

Present tense verb Grabbing her bag, the woman stormed out of the shop.

Simile Like a predator stalking its prey, the thief approached the boy.

Preposition Under the dark clouds, the lamppost gleamed brightly.

Adverb Cautiously, the girl reached out to touch the creature.

Connective Despite the weather, the girl plunged into the sea.

Past tense verb Petrified, the dog stood rooted to the spot.

Pair of adjectives Pale and bright, the sun cast its light across the forest below.

Verb adverb Perched precariously on a thin tree branch, a small robin sang.

Triple noun: Owls, crickets, mice: the woods were alive with noise.

Triple adjective: Thin, bare, skeletal: the trees towered over me like fingers.

KS3 ENGLISH Knowledge Organiser: Short Stories

Dystopia Imagined society in which there is great suffering

Crime fiction Story involving a detective trying to solve a mystery

Gothic Writing that creates a sense of terror usually with supernatural elements

Fantasy Story that is set in an imaginary world