a journey through the central nervous system. stimulus travels towards the spinal cord – via...
TRANSCRIPT
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A Journey Through the Central Nervous System
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• Stimulus travels towards the spinal cord – Via somatic sensory neuron
• Dorsal root ganglion – Collection of sensory nerve nuclei
• Anterior horns of gray – Synapse with interneurons
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• 17 inches long and ¾ inch thick
• Bone and epidural space – Fat and veins
• Spinal dura mater– Subdural space and arachnoid mater
• Subarachnoid space– Between arachnoid and pia mater– CSF
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A sagittal view of the human thoracic spinal cord, showing the (1) intervertebral discs, (2) vertebral bodies (3) dura mater (4) epidural space (5) spinal cord(6) subdural space. bodies.
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Lumbar Tap
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• Terminates at the conus medullaris – Ends at L1 – L2
• Filum Terminale – Extension of conus (covered by pia mater) – anchors spinal cord to coccyx – Denticulate ligaments (saw-tooth like pia mater) attach to dura
mater
• Spinal Nerves– 31 pairs move out through intervertebral formaina
• Cauda Equina – Nerve roots exit terminal end of spinal cord
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• Composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
• Run in three directions– 1. ascending (sensory inputs)– 2. decending (motor inputs)– 3. Transversely (side to side in spinal cord)
• Our sensory input moves toward the brain– Ascending fiber tracts
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• The ascending tracts are called:– 1. Dorsal White Columns
• Skin (touch, pressure, limb and joint position, upper limbs and trunk, neck)
– 2. Anterior/posterior spinalcerebellar tracts• Trunk and lower limb impulses to cerebellum
– 3. Anterior spinothalamic tract• Touch and pressure to somatosensory cortex
– 4. Lateral spinothalamic tract • Pain and temperature info to the somatosensory cortex
• Several neuron chains synapse in the ascending tracts– 1st , 2nd and 3rd order neurons
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• Anterolateral Pathways - lateral and anterior – Lateral and
anterior spinothalamic tracts
– Older pathway
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• Relays precise transmissions of inputs from a single type of sensory receptor (touch and vibration)
• Includes – Dorsal white column– Medial lemniscal tracts • Terminates in the thalamus – continues onto the
somatosensory cortex
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• Muscle tendon stretch to cerebellum
• Coordinates skeletal
muscle activity – No conscious sensation
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• Trauma– Paralysis and Flaccid Paralysis – Spastic paralysis – Quadriplegia
• Disorders – Polio – Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis
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• Processes inputs from:– Cerebral motor cortex– Bran stem nuclei– Sensory receptors (via spinocerebellar tracts)
• Functions– Precise timing and patterning skeletal muscle
contractions– Smooth and coordinated movements – Agility
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• Anatomy– 11% of total brain mess – Dorsal to the pons and medulla – Two hemispheres connect via the ‘vermis’ – Folia: convoluted surface (“leaves”)– Largest neurons: Purkinje cells (multineurons)– White matter: arbor vitae (“tree of life”)
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• Fiber tracts connect the cerebellum to the brain stem – 1. Superior peduncles: midbrain and cerebellum
• Neurons inside cerebellum to motor cortex (via thalamus)
– 2. Middle peduncles: one-way, pons to cerebellum• Pons notifies the cerebellum of voluntary motor activity
initiated by voluntary motor cortex
– 3. Inferior peduncles: medulla and cerebellum • Sensory information to cerebellum from muscles in the body
and vestibular nuclei of brain stem (balance and equilibrium)
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• Pathways- enter the medulla oblongata at the base of the spinal cord
• Both specific and nonspecific tracts
• Olives – Contain nuclei that relay state of stretch of muscles and
joints to cerebellum
• Nucleus gracilis and cuneatus – Associated with specific ascending pathway
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• Location– Between the medulla and midbrain
• Anatomy– Composed of conduction tracts • Deep projection tracts connects higher brain centers
and spinal cord
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• Location– Between diencephalon and pons
• Functions and Anatomy - nuclei– Corpora Quadrigemina • Superior colliculi – coordinate visual reflexes like head
and eye movements • Inferior colliculi – auditory relay ear to sensory cortex of
cerebrum – Peduncles (associated with motor tracts)
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• 1. Hypothalamus• 2. Thalamus • 3. Epithalamus
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• Location– Superior to brain stem – Makes walls of 3rd ventricle
• Function and Anatomy– Mammillary bodies – Infundibulum and Pituitary gland – Other functions (page 446)
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• Location– Superior to the hypothalamus
• Function and Anatomy – Connected by intermediate mass – All ascending tracts move through the thalamus to the
cerebral cortex through nuclei – Many nuclei
• Ventral posterior lateral nucleus– Impulses from general somatic sensory receptors for touch, pressure ,
pain)• Geniculate bodies
– Visual and auditory relay centers
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• As the fibers move up to the higher brain centers: – Form Projection tracts – Corona Radiata (radiating crown)• Tracts pass through internal capsule • Radiate out and eventually reach the cerebral cortex
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• 2 Cerebral Hemispheres (83% of total brain mass)– Lobes and fissures – White matter and Gray Matter (Cerebral Cortex)
• Giri and Sulci
• Cerebral Cortex – The conscious mind– Composed of sensory areas
• 1. Primary somatosensory cortex • 2. Somatosensory association cortex • 3. Primary visual cortex (striate)• 4. Primary auditory cortex • 5. Olfactory cortex • 6. Gustatory cortex • 7. Visceral sensory area • 8. Vestibular cortex
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• 1. Visual
• 2. Auditory
• 3. Multimodal Association Areas – (a). Anterior – (b). Posterior – (c). Limbic
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• 1. Primary (somatic) motor cortex– Pyramidal cells and corticspinal tracts
• 2. Premotor cortex – Skilled motor activities – Planning movements
• 3. Broca’s area – Left hemisphere only– Motor speech area
• 4. Frontal Eye Field– Voluntary movement of the eye
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• 1. Pyramidal (Direct) Tracts – Lateral and corticospinal tracts
• 2. Extrapyramidal Pathways – Tectospinal
• Motor impulses from midbrain – coordinated movment of head and eyes
– Vestibulospinal• Motor impulses for muscle tone; activates limb and trunk extensor muscles that
move head; balance (standing and moving)
– Rubrospinal• Muscle tone of distal limbs
– Reticulospinal • Muscle tones; visceral motor functions; unskilled movements
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• Hypothalamus- Visceral Control Center (page 446) • Midbrain
– Cerebral peduncles • Corticospinal tracts
– Cerebellar peduncles • Connect midbrain to cerebellum
– Red nucleus • Relays motor pathways for limb flexion
• Pons – Middle cerebellar peduncles
• Connect cerebral cortex to cerebellum
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• Corticospinal Tracts cross-over – Decussation (a “crossing”) of the pyramids
• Control– 1. Cardiovascular center – 2. Respiratory centers – 3. Vomiting, hiccuping, coughing, sneezing
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• Enter the ventral and anterior horns of gray and lateral horns of gray
• Exit anterior horn
• Enter the spinal nerves
• On to the effector organs – Somatic (skeletal muscles)– Visceral (visceral organs)
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Ventricles Openings in the cerebrum which contains Cerebral Spinal Fluid.
Will circulate in parts of the brain and eventually spinal cord
Lateral, 3rd and 4th
Subarachnoid space (page 466)
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• In cerebral white matter
• Nuclei – 1. Putamen and globus pallidus (lentiform nucleus)– 2. Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
• Corpus striatum • Input from cerebral cortex and other nuclei • Influence muscle movement
• Other functions– Starting, stopping, slow or stereotyped movement – Nuclei associated with substantia nigra of midbrain
• Dopamine releasing neurons degenerate – Parkinson’s
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