a house divided cannot stand the road to the civil war 1820 - 1861
TRANSCRIPT
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A House Divided Cannot Stand
The Road to the Civil War 1820 - 1861
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Past efforts to curb slavery
• 1787 - Banned slavery in the Old Northwest.
• 1808 – Prohibited the continuation of importing slaves.
• 1820 – Missouri Compromise• 1846 – Wilmot Proviso
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Past Catalysts for Slavery
• Popularity of TRICkS crops• Cotton Gin in the 1790s• Westward expansion
– Acquisition of land from Mexico
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What are the reasons for the
Civil War?
SLAVERY
•The viability of the Union•The strength of Democracy•Democratic Ideals
THE NORTH
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What are the reasons for the
Civil War?
SLAVERY
•Political power balance•Difference of cultures and economies
•Self-Determination/State Power
THE SOUTH
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S.T.A.P.L.E.R.
• SOCIAL• TECHNOLOGY• ADMINISTRATION• POLITICAL• LEGAL• ECONOMIC• RELIGIOUS
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TECHNOLOGY evaluation of antebellum South
• Invented in 1793
• Led to an economic spiral:– More
slaves and land to plant more cotton, which needs…
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Fuel for a international economy• 1840 – half of U.S.
export value was from cotton
• Britain's labor market depended on this raw material
• Can the world’s economy afford to abolish American slavery?
ECONOMIC evaluation of antebellum South
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SOCIAL evaluation of antebellum South
• plantation owners • small slaveholders • independent white farmers • poor whites • free blacks • black slaves
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SOCIAL evaluation of antebellum South
• South ran as an oligarchy– In 1850, less than 2,000 families owned
over 100 slaves
• Lived at the “big house” on large plantations– Mistresses would command large
household staffs.
PLANTATION OWNERS
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SOCIAL evaluation of antebellum South
• Only ¼ of all white southerners owned slaves.
• Typically small farmers
SMALL SLAVEHOLDERS
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SOCIAL evaluation of antebellum South
• Over six million non-slave owning southerners
• Backcountry and mountain regions• Did not participate in the market
economy.
INDEPENDENT FARMERS
POOR WHITES• “Poor White Trash”• Seen as lazy and shiftless
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Why did nonslaveholding whites support slavery?
• The “American Dream”• Racial Superiority• Compete with freed blacks for jobs
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SOCIAL evaluation of antebellum South
• 250,000 free blacks in the South by 1860.
• Why freed?– Idealism from the Revolutionary War– Mulattoes from white planters and
black mistresses
• Strong in New Orleans• Unpopular in the North and South
FREE BLACKS
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SOCIAL evaluation of antebellum South
• By 1860, 4 million slaves• Seen as an economic investment• Families were divided• Education a crime• Blend of religion• Sabotaged work as rebellion
BLACK SLAVES
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Southern Defenses for Slavery
• Greek and Roman cultures each featured slavery
• Essential to the southern economy • Preferable to the "wage slavery" of the
North • Slavery was ordained by God, permitted
in the Bible ("Slaves, obey your masters")
• Beneficial to the blacks who had traded the barbarism of Africa for the blessings of security and Christianity
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RELIGIOUS evaluation of antebellum South
• Slave owners and slaves both used the Bible to support their views.
• Northern abolitionists also used the Bible to support their cause.– Methodist Episcopalians split in 1844– Baptists split in 1845
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S.T.A.P.L.E.R.
• SOCIAL• TECHNOLOGY• ADMINISTATION• POLITICAL• LEGAL• ECONOMIC• RELIGIOUS
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Political Road to War over Slavery
• PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES, CONTROVERSIES and LAWS ASSOCIATED THEREWITH
• Federal Supremacy vs. States’ Rights (nullification, personal liberty laws)
• Expansion of slavery in the territories and Caribbean
– Missouri Compromise 1820 – Wilmot Proviso 1846– Free-Soil Party 1848– Popular Sovereignty 1840s– Compromise of 1850 – Fugitive Slave Act 1850– Death of the Whigs in 1852 – Ostend Manifesto 1853 – Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
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Missouri Compromise of 1820
• Maine admitted free• Missouri admitted slave• Maintains balance between slave
and free states in the Senate• Territory north of 36°30' in LA
territory to be free of slave; south of 36°30' can be slave
• Jefferson called it the “death knell” of the Union.
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Wilmot Proviso (1846)
• Congressman David Wilmot proposes that there be no slavery in any land taken from Mexico
• Passes House, fails in Senate• Represents growing divide between
North and South
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Free Soil Party (1848)
• Platform: Keep slavery out of territories
• Van Buren gets 10% of vote• New York votes ensure Taylor’s
election– Whig– Sugar plantation owner from Louisiana
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Popular Sovereignty (1840s)
• Do not confuse this popular sovereignty with popular sovereignty that is a fundamental principle of constitutional government in the U.S. (i.e., the people are sovereign).
• This popular sovereignty refers to the right of the people in a territory to decide whether or not to have slavery. (Sen. Stephen Douglas, IL)
• This is simple—do not think too much about this.
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Compromise of 1850Five laws:1 California admitted as free
state (free now majority in Senate)
2 Texas boundary adjusted for $10m to Texas
3 Slave trade abolished in D.C.
4 Mexican cession organized as New Mexico and Utah territories on basis of popular sovereignty
5 Strong fugitive slave law
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Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
• Northerners were obligated to help slavecatchers return fugitive slaves
• Prompts Northern states to pass “personal liberty laws” to prohibit enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act
• Harriet Beecher Stowe writes Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Whig party breaks up in 1852 over Fugitive Slave Act
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Death of the Whigs
• Whig president Fillmore supported the Fugitive Slave Act, alienating many Northern Whigs.
• The Whig party divided, and by 1854 was no more, with Northern Whigs joining the new Republican party.
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Ostend Manifesto (1854)
• President Pierce, a Southern expansionist, wants to buy Cuba from Spain--Spain won’t sell
• Pierce diplomats meet in Ostend, Belgium and prepare report suggesting a seizure of Cuba is Spain won’t sell
• This “Ostend Manifesto” is made public and is an embarrassment to Pierce and slaveholding interests
• Heightens Northern fears and tensions
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Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
• Senator Stephen Douglas (IL) proposes that remainder of Louisiana Territory be divided into Kansas and Nebraska territories with popular sovereignty to determine status of slavery
• Free-soilers angered by this repeal of Missouri Compromise line 36°30'
• Republican Party is formed, and Northern Whigs join
• Leads to “Bleeding Kansas”• Demonstrates sectional divide is
becoming critical
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
• Written in response to the Fugitive Slave Act, the book is highly critical of slavery
• More in the North oppose slavery • Many books attacking Stowe’s work
and defending the South were written in response (Aunt Phyllis’s Cabin)
• The book enflamed passions on both sides and is, arguably, the most influential book in U.S. History
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Bleeding Kansas (1856)
• Bleeding Kansas • Free-soilers and slavers moved to
Kansas and fought to establish control
• By 1856, fighting broke out as both sides vie for power--“Bleeding Kansas”
• Fighting in Kansas “foreshadows” coming of the Civil War
• John Brown gets his start here!
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The Lecompton Constitution of 1857
• Pro-slavery faction at Lecompton, Kansas submits constitution to Congress for admission to U.S.—Congress refuses
• Northern Democrats oppose, including Sen. Douglas (which costs him Southern Democratic support)
• Lecompton Constitution crisis signals growing rift between North and South
• [Kansas admitted as a free state in 1861]
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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
• Pro-slave Chief Justice Roger B. Taney rules that Africans are not citizens and can’t sue
• Slaves have no rights• Congress cannot prohibit slavery in
territories (thus the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional)
• Decision enflamed abolitionists and many Northerners, while lifting the hopes of pro-slavery forces
• Tensions increase even more• [14th Amendment (1868) declares blacks to
be citizens, thus overcoming Dred Scott]
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates & Freeport
• In Illinois Senate race, 1858, Lincoln and Douglas have debates (Lincoln lost election)
• At Freeport, IL, Lincoln got Douglas to admit that if a people in a territory voted down slavery, it would “Stay down.”
• Douglas’s position was consistent with popular sovereignty but inconsistent with Dred Scott
• Douglas lost support from Southern Democrats, further dividing the Democratic Party (again, remember these splits as “foreshadowing” the Civil War)
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The Democrats Splinter into Factions 1860
• The Democrats broke up before the election of 1860: Northern Democrats backed Douglas, Southern Democrats backed John C. Breckenridge, and border states (slave states next to the North) backed John Bell of Kentucky
• The fracturing of the Democrats opened the door for Lincoln and the Republicans
• The breakup of the Democrats in 1860 foreshadowed the coming of the Civil War in 1861
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