a holisc veterinary approach to capve wildlife...
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Aholis(cVeterinaryapproachtocap(vewildlifewelfare
DrHeatherJ.BaconBScBVScCertZooMedMRCVSJeanneMarchigInterna(onalCentreforAnimal
WelfareEduca(onUniversityofEdinburgh
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Theroleofthemodernzoo?
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Whyisgoodwelfaresoimportant?
• Conserva(on– Popula(onsmustbefitforbreedingandreintroduc(onpurposes,poorwelfarecanleadtostress,suppressionofimmunefunc(onandadecreaseinreproduc(vefitness
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Whyisgoodwelfaresoimportant?
• Educa(on– Animalsshouldexhibitnaturalbehaviourstoeducatethepublicabouttheirnaturalhabits
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Whyisgoodwelfaresoimportant?
• Research– Healthyanimalsexhibi(ngnaturalbehaviourscangiveusvaluableinforma(ononhowtheirwildcounterpartsliveandbehave
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“Theroleoftheveterinarianisessen/al”• Adequateveterinarycare:“Promo/ngananimal’shealthandwelfare…providingguidanceandadvicebasedonbestprac/ce.Theveterinarianshouldhavetheauthorityandresponsibilityformakingjudgementsregardinganimalwelfare.”
• Governanceandcommunica(onarevital
OIEWorldOrganisa(onforAnimalHealth
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Whatiswelfare?
“Goodanimalwelfareimpliestheabsenceofpain,
fear,andhunger;enablesahighlevelofbiologicalfunc/oning(i.e.,normalgrowth,freedomfrom
disease);and(morecontroversially)enablesanimalstoexperienceposi/veemo/onal
experiencessuchascomfortandcontentment”
Fraseretal.1997
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“...animalsexperiencingenhancedwelfareshouldbefreeofbehaviorsthatareabnormalorindica/veoffearandfrustra/on.They
shouldac/velyexploreandinteractwiththeirenvironmentanddemonstrateadiversityofbehaviorsimilartothattypicallyobservedin
thewild..”
Posi(veReinforcementandenvironmentalenrichment:enhancinganimalwell‐being
JournaloftheAmericanVeterinaryMedicalAssocia(on
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FiveFreedoms
• 1.FreedomfromHungerandThirst‐byreadyaccesstofreshwaterandadiettomaintainfullhealthandvigour.
• 2.FreedomfromDiscomfort‐byprovidinganappropriateenvironmentincludingshelterandacomfortableres(ngarea.
• 3.FreedomfromPain,InjuryorDisease‐bypreven(onorrapiddiagnosisandtreatment.
• 4.FreedomtoExpressNormalBehaviour‐byprovidingsufficientspace,properfacili(esandcompanyoftheanimal'sownkind.
• 5.FreedomfromFearandDistress‐byensuringcondi(onsandtreatmentwhichavoidmentalsuffering.
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PhysicalHealth
• Preven(veVsProac(ve• Nutri(on• Biosecurity• Howmuchdowildlifespeciesdemonstratephysicalpain?– Osteoarthri(s– Dentaldisease– Oculardisease
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Behaviouralhealthanddrives
• Animalsexperiencestrongneurobiologicaldrivestofulfilcertainself‐rewardingbehaviouralac(vi(esevenifallphysicalneedsaremet
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Howdoweknowwhatanimalsneed?
Mostofthe(me…
…Wedon’t
Opportuni(estomaketheirownchoices
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DefiningbehaviourNaturalbehaviourhasbeendefinedasabehaviourthatis“typicallyobservedinthewild;itisadap(veintheevolu(onarysense…(i.e.)hasevolvedbynaturalselec(onwhichallowsanindividualtosurvivemoreeasilyinitspar(cularenvironmentandsogivesitabederchanceofleavingoffspringthanananimalnotsoadapted”(Poole,1988b,p.3).
Unnaturalbehaviourisdefinedasabehaviourthatis“notseeninthewild.Notallunnaturalbehavioursareregardedasabnormal,however,astheymaypromotesuccesswithinthecap(veenvironment”(Poole,1988b,p.3‐4).
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DefiningBehaviourNormalbehaviourwill“promote the success and survival of the individualanditsgene(ccontribu(ontothepopula(on”andis“clearly appropriate to the par(cular situa(on”. Itmay also “be either natural or unnatural” (Poole,1988b,p.4).
Abnormalbehaviourisdefinedasabehaviourthatis“rarely seen in wild popula(ons and does notpromote the success and the survival of theindividual or its close rela(ves (i.e. it does notincreasefitness). Itappearsnot tobegoaloriented,sothat its func(on isnotapparent.” It“may includeelementsofnormalac(vi(es,buttheyareperformedinaninappropriatefashion”(Poole,1988b,p.4).
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AbnormalBehaviours–amentalhealthissue?
• DisplacementBehaviors–arisingoutofconflictwhenananimalisdriventoperformtwobehavioursatthesame(mee.g.whenanaggressivekeeperoffersfoodtheanimalmaybeconflictedbetweenthefearofthekeeperandthedesiretogetthefood–ojendisplayedaslicking,grooming,locomo(onorvocalisa(on
• RedirectedBehaviors‐ Activity directed away from the principle target and toward another less appropriate target E.g. redirected aggression – often seen in primates
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Whatisstereotypy?
hdp://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~gmason/StereotypicAnimalBehaviour/library.shtml
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Whatisstereotypy?• Repe((ve,invariantbehaviorpadernswithnoobviousgoalorfunc(on
• Derivedfromnormalmotorpaderns
• Developslowly;earlyonmaybemoreflexible
• With(me,padernsbecomemorerigid
• Eventually,theyareperformedevenwhenoriginals(muliisnotpresent
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Whatcausesstereotypy?
• Sub‐op(malenvironments• Lackofsocialcontactors(mula(onasayounganimal– Fewerneurons,decreaseddendri(cbranchingandreducedsynap(cconnec(vity
• Gene(cpredisposi(on• Lackofopportunitytoexpressnaturalbehaviouraldrives
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Whatcausesstereotypy?
• Unavoidablestressorfear• Lackofsensorys(mula(onandorbehavioralopportuni(esthatleadto:– Frustra(on– Conflict,etc.
• Alwaysassociatedwithasub‐op(malenvironment
• OnecommonfactorFRUSTRATION
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Originsofstereotypy
• FrustraHon‐Whenanindividualishighlymo(vatedtoperformabehaviorbutIsrestrictedfromdoingso.
• Conflict–Whenanindividualismo(vatedtoperformtwoopposingbehaviorsatthesame(me.
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• Whatevertheoriginalreasonforrepea(ngthebehavior,repe((onstrengthenstheperformancebysensi(zingtheneuronalpathwaysinvolved!
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Eustress�
MentalHealth‐Stress�S(muliorstressorscausinganaltera(ontoanorganisms’physiologicalhomeostasisand/or
psychologicalwell‐beingDistress�
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Eustress�
• “GoodStress”• FightorFlightResponse• Abletoadapt,copeandregainphysiological+/‐psychologicalhomeostasis
Distress
• “BadStress”• Cumula(ve/ChronicStress• Unabletoadapt,cope,andfailtoregainphysiological+/‐psychologicalhomeostasis
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ImportanceofMinimizingStressinCap(vity
“Recentadvancesinstressresearchhavenowleadtotherealiza(onthatcertainpreclinicalandclinicalsymptomsmayberesul(ngfromphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistressinthecap(veenvironment.Freedomfromdistressthusrepresentsanotheressen(alcomponentfortheestablishmentof
overallwell‐being.”
JournaloftheAmericanVeterinaryMedicalAssociaHon
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BehaviouralManagementStrategies
• Behaviouralmanagementallowsthedevelopmentofproac(vestandardsforthecareandpsychologicalwell‐beingofcap(veanimals
• Behaviouralmanagementincorporatesappropriateveterinarycare,environmentalenrichment,training,animalbehaviourissues,andexhibitarchitectureandhusbandry.
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BehaviouralManagementStrategies
• Requiresaholis(candcoopera(veapproachfromveterinary,animalkeepingandmanagementstaff
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Enclosuredesign
‘manystudieshavedemonstratedthatanimals’prefertheirenclosuresto
includecomplexity,variety,challengeandop(ons,ratherthanjustspace’
BIAZA
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EnvironmentalEnrichment1. Food
– Scaderfeeding,smears
2. Auditory– Music,vocalisa(ons
3. Tac(le– Substrates,toys
4. Cogni(ve– Puzzlefeeders,coconuts
5. Olfactory– Essen(aloils,dung
6. Visual– Banners,flags,mirrors
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Enrichment
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EnrichmentCalendar
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OperantCondi(oning
• Canbeusefulasamanagementtool
• Mustbeenjoyableandprogressive
• Maybehelpfulasaneduca(onaltool
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Humananimalinterac(onStaff Visitors
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Rou(neHealthscreening• Dailykeeperchecks• Regularteammee(ngs
• Rou(nevisualand/orphysicalscreening
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VeterinaryInterven(ons
Pharmacology• An(‐psycho(cs
– Haloperidol,thioridazine,risperidone,sulpiride.• Anxioly(cs
– Diazepam,alprazolam
hOp://www.ivis.org/proceedings/eazwv/2004/Anaesthesia/Anesthesia2.pdf
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Summary
• Asveterinarianswearesponsibilitytoensurethephysical,mentalandbehaviouralhealthofouranimals
• Thisrequiresaholis(c,integratedapproachamongstthedifferentzoostaff
• Behaviouralproblemsmaybemul(factorialandcomplextoaddress
• Preven(onisbederthancure!
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Thankyou