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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition

Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger

THE AMERICAN JOURNEYA HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

Brief Sixth Edition

Chapter

Battle Cries and Freedom Songs: The Civil War1861-1865

15





Battle Cries and Freedom Songs:

The Civil War 1861-1865

• Mobilization, North and South

• The Early War, 1861–1862

• Turning Points, 1862–1863

• The War Transforms the North

• The Confederacy Disintegrates

• The Union Prevails, 1864–1865

• Conclusion





Awaiting combat, 1861: Union soldiers from New

York relax at camp





Learning Objectives

• What were the North’s key advantages at the outset of the

war?

• How did the two sides’ objectives dictate their strategies

in the early years of the war?

• What convinced Lincoln to issue the Emancipation

Proclamation?

• What impact did the war have on the North’s economy?





Learning Objectives (cont'd)

• How did the war affect civilian life in the South?

• What was Grant’s strategy for ending the war?





Mobilization

North and South





War Fever

• After the fall of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln mobilized

state militias for 90 days, but Virginia, Arkansas, North

Carolina, and Tennessee seceded from the Union.

• The general belief was that the war would be brief and

both northerners and southerners strongly supported their

governments.





War Fever (cont'd)

• War fever led many to volunteer for military service.

• The initial enthusiasm for serving faded, leading to drafts

by both the Union and Confederacy.





The North’s Advantage in Resources

• The North had human and economic advantages over the

South.

• Approximately half the men of military age fought in the

North and their numbers were supplemented by African

Americans and Irish immigrants. In the South, 90 percent

of the eligible population served.





The North’s Advantage in Resources (cont'd)

• At the beginning of the war, the North controlled 90

percent of the nation’s industrial capacity.The northern

railroad system was twice that of the South.

• The North has more abundant financial resources than

the South.





FIGURE 15–1 A Comparison of the Union and

Confederate Control of Key Resources at the

Outset of the Civil War





Leaders, Governments, and Strategies

• Jefferson Davis had to build a government from scratch

while Lincoln had an established structure and

organization. Lincoln’s personality was better fit for

leadership than the aloof, uncompromising Davis.





Abraham Lincoln and the North

• Lincoln and other northern leaders secured support for

the prolonged sacrifice of the Civil War by articulating the

importance of preserving the Union.

• On a human level, Lincoln’s folksy personal skills, simple

eloquence, and humor enabled him to connect with

people and handle disagreement better than Davis did.





Lincoln’s Fight for the Border States

• Lincoln adopted a soft strategy to keep the border states

in the Union. Maryland and Kentucky never seceded

while a guerilla war broke out in Missouri.

• Although Virginia went with the Confederacy, some

counties in the western part of the state established

themselves as the pro-Union state of West Virginia.





The Southern Landscape

• The southern landscape played a significant strategic role

in the Civil War, and its idiosyncracies led to several tragic

errors of judgment involving the realities of the southern

natural environment.

• The South’s dense forests, uneven terrain, heat, and

humidity hampered traditional battle tactics and

exhausted the troops.





The Southern Landscape (cont'd)

• However, eventually the Union’s technological superiority

would enable it to transcend environmental barriers.





The southern landscape played a major role in the

Civil War.





The Early War

1861–1862





First Bull Run

• Union forces under McDowell confronted Confederate

soldiers under Beauregard at Manassas, Virginia.

• At the First Battle of Bull Run, the Union seemed headed

toward victory but wound up losing.

• Bull Run dispelled some illusions about the war but also

boosted southern confidence in their superior military

ability.





MAP 15–1 From First Bull Run to

Antietam: The War in the East,

1861–1862





The War in the West

• Forces under General Ulysses S. Grant captured the

strategic forts Henry and Donelson.

• Grant moved south and won victories at Shiloh Church,

Tennessee and Corinth, Mississippi.

• Admiral David Farragut led a naval force that captured

New Orleans.





The War in the West (cont'd)

• The fall of Memphis meant the only major river town

remaining in Confederate hands was Vicksburg.





MAP 15–2 The War in the West,

1861–1862





A surgeon prepares to amputate the leg of a wounded

Union soldier after the Battle of Gettysburg.





A Federal field hospital, Savage Station, VA,

June 1862





The War in the East

• General George McClellan assumed command of the

Union army in the east while General Robert E. Lee was

named head of the Confederate Army of Northern

Virginia.

• Lee attacked McClellan’s forces twice and was repulsed

both times but casualties numbered in the tens of

thousands.





The War in the East (cont’d)

• When McClellan withdrew, Lincoln replaced him with John

Pope who lost the Second Battle of Bull Run to Lee.





Nurse Ann Bell tends a fallen Union Soldier.





Turning Points

1862–1863





The Naval War

• The Union naval strategy was to blockade the southern

coast and capture its key seaports and river towns,

destroying the South’s ability to carry on the war.

• Neither the Union nor the Confederacy had much of a

navy when war erupted. As the Union navy grew, the

blockade became more effective.





The Naval War (cont'd)

• Southerners believed recognition by foreign governments

would legitimize their cause and that cotton would be an

important diplomatic bargaining point.

• Neither Great Britain nor France recognized the

Confederacy and France invaded Mexico.





Antietam

• Recognizing that the South could not sustain a prolonged

conflict, Lee moved into Maryland in September 1862,

hoping to cut railroad links in Pennsylvania. He was

convinced McClellan would not attack. Copies of Lee’s

orders fell into Union hands and McClellan pursued Lee.





Antietam (cont'd)

• The Battle of Antietam caused thousands of casualties,

was a tactical draw, and forced Lee back into Virginia.





Antietam (cont'd)

• Antietam was a turning point because it kept Lee from

threatening Northern industry and financial institutions. It

also prompted Britain and France to abandon plans to

recognize the Confederacy and allowed Lincoln to

announce the abolition of slavery.





Emancipation

• Pressure had mounted in the North during 1862 for some

form of emancipation but it was not favored by a majority

of northerners, including Irish immigrants. But freeing the

slaves would appeal to the British.

• The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in the

states still in rebellion against the Union.





Emancipation (cont'd)

• The proclamation raced through the slave grapevine and

continued the process of running away to Union camps

that had begun earlier.

• Of the approximately 180,000 black soldiers and 20,000

black sailors who fought for the Union, over 80 percent

were from the South. Many faced discrimination but

fought valiantly.





Emancipation (cont'd)

Emancipation Proclamation

- Decree announced by President Abraham Lincoln in September 1862

and formally issued on January 1, 1863, freeing slaves in all

Confederate states still in rebellion.

Confiscation Act of 1862

- Second confiscation law passed by Congress, ordering the seizure of

land from disloyal Southerners and the emancipation of their slaves.





Theodore Kaufman (1814–1896), “On to Liberty,”

1867, Oil on canvas





Black Union troops—former slaves—repelling

Confederates at New Bern, NC, February 1864





From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg

• General Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan and

moved against Lee’s army, but was repelled at the Battle

of Fredericksburg.

• General Joseph Hooker replaced Burnside but was

defeated by Lee at Chancellorsville, leading Lee to plan a

bold move north.





From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg (cont'd)

• General George Meade replaced Hooker. At the three-day

Battle of Gettysburg, the Union army defeated Lee’s

forces. It was the bloodiest battle of the war, boosting

Union morale but draining Lee of men and material.





MAP 15–3 From

Fredericksburg to

Gettysburg: The War in

the East, December 1862–

July 1863





MAP 15–4 The Battle of

Gettysburg, July 1–3, 1863





The goddess “Columbia” (a popular depiction of

America in contemporary cartoons)





Timothy H. O’Sullivan’s photograph of dead Union

soldiers at the southern end of the Gettysburg

battlefield, July 2, 1863.





Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and the West

• Grant captured Vicksburg after a siege.

• Confederate forces confined a Union army at

Chattanooga, but Union reinforcements divided the

Confederate army and broke the siege forcing the

Confederate army to retreat into Georgia.

• In the Trans-Mississippi West, several Native American

tribes battled Union forces for land and resources.





Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and the West (cont'd)

• Confederate hopes for securing Texas fell short as the

naval blockade tightened and Comanches raided western

settlements.





MAP 15–5 Vicksburg and Chattanooga: The War

in the West, 1863





The War Transforms the North





Wartime Legislation and Politics

• Lincoln used executive authority to silence opposition

through several controversial actions, including

suspending the writ of habeas corpus. Executive

sanctions fell hard on dissenting Democrats called

“Copperheads.”





Wartime Legislation and Politics (cont'd)

• To boost the economy, Congress passed the Homestead

Act of 1862 and the Land Grant College Act. A protective

tariff helped manufacturers and the National Banking Act

of 1863 established a uniform national currency.

• The draft aroused conflicts including the New York Draft

Riot that began with an Irish mob protesting conscription.





Wartime Legislation and Politics (cont'd)

Copperheads

- A term Republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those

suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the Civil War.

Radical Republicans

- A shifting group of Republican congressmen, usually a substantial

minority, who favored the abolition of slavery from the beginning of the

Civil War and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated South.





War Transforms the North (cont'd)

Homestead Act

- Law passed by Congress in 1862 providing 160 acres of land free to

anyone who would live on the plot and farm it for five years.

Land Grant College Act

- Law passed by Congress in July 1862 awarding proceeds from the

sale of public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural

and mechanical (later engineering) colleges. Also known as the Morrill

Act, after its sponsor, Congressman Justin Morrill of Vermont.





War Transforms the North (cont'd)

New York Draft Riot

- A mostly Irish-immigrant protest against conscription in New York City

in July 1863 that escalated into class and racial warfare that had to be

quelled by federal troops.





The lynching of a black New Yorker during the Draft

Riot in July 1863.





The Northern Economy

• After an initial downturn before the war, the northern

economy picked up quickly. New industries boomed and

new inventions increased manufacturing efficiency.

• The productivity of northern agriculture grew as well,

fueled by the emergence of farm machinery.





Trade Unions and Strikebreakers

• Though wages increased during the war, prices rose

higher, reviving the trade union movement. By 1865,

200,000 northern workers belonged to unions.

• The prospect of large profits bred greed and corruption.

Profiteers traded with the enemy, swindled the

government, and sold shoddy goods to the army.





Trade Unions and Strikebreakers (cont'd)

• The northern economy, however, fed, clothed, and armed

the Union soldiers as well keeping most civilians

employed and well fed.





Northern Women and the War

• More than 100,000 northern women worked in various

industries during the war.

• Women also worked in the expanding government

bureaucracy and as nurses.

• But the war also left thousands of women widowed and

devastated.





Northern Women and the War (cont’d)

• The new economic opportunities created by the war

opened up women’s options, including admission to

higher education.





The Confederacy Disintegrates





Southern Politics

• Southern politics was hindered by dissent that grew

stronger as the Confederacy’s fortunes declined.

• States’ rights was a major obstacle to the development of

central authority.

• Because their were no political parties, Davis could not

appeal to party loyalty to control dissent.

• Calls for peace arose as early as 1863.





Southern Politics (cont'd)

• Attempts by Davis and other Confederate leaders to build

a strong sense of Confederate nationalism failed.





Southern Faith

• In a devout society convinced it was waging a holy war,

white southerners interpreted their mounting losses from

different spiritual perspectives.

• Black southerners also found hope and biblical

confirmation that the war was fulfillment of prophecy.





The Southern Economy

• By 1863, the South experienced difficulty feeding its

population. Bread riots broke out in Mobile, Atlanta, and

Richmond.

• As the war progressed, Southern soldiers had threadbare

uniforms with many garments and arms taken from the

Union. Their families suffered under similar conditions.





The Southern Economy (cont’d)

• The Union and Confederate armies threatened civilians

with robbery, rape, and murder.

• Many slaves stopped working and abandoned the

plantations.





the 1863 food riot





Southern Women and the War

• Southern women managed plantations, working in fields

alongside slaves.

• Southern women also worked in factories making

uniforms and munitions, government offices and they

taught school.





Southern Women and the War (cont’d)

• As the war continued, many women helped their

deserting husbands and relatives elude Confederate

authorities.

• By 1864, many southern women had tired of the war.





The Union Prevails

1864–1865





Grant’s Plan to End the War

• Grant was appointed commander of the Union forces. He

coordinated the Union war effort and changed the tempo

of the war.

• Grant’s strategy was to hammer the enemy continuously.

Sherman was advancing through Georgia and Grant’s

major focus was on Lee.





Grant’s Plan to End the War (cont'd)

• At the Battle of the Wilderness, Grant surprised Lee by

not withdrawing after both sides endured heavy

casualties. Grant pursued Lee fighting at Spotsylvania

and Cold Harbor but heavy casualties led to criticism.

• Sherman moved through Georgia and captured Atlanta.





MAP 15–6 Grant and Lee in Virginia, 1864–1865





White family “refugeeing.”





General Ulysses S. Grant had the pews from a local

church moved to a grove of trees where he and his

officers planned the following day’s assault





The Election of 1864 and

Sherman’s March

• George McClellan opposed Lincoln in the 1864 election.

• The fall of Atlanta and later victories boosted support for

Lincoln who won the election.

• The Thirteenth Amendment outlawing slavery was passed

in 1865.

• Sherman marched from Atlanta to the sea leaving ruin

and devastation in his wake.





The Election of 1864 and

Sherman’s March (cont'd)

• Some Confederate leaders proposed arming slaves but

the slaves responded with little enthusiasm.

Thirteenth Amendment

- Constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that freed all slaves

throughout the United States.





MAP 15–7 The Atlanta Campaign and Sherman’s

March, 1864–1865





“Miscegenation Ball” 1864.





The Road to Appomattox and

the Death of Lincoln

• Lee’s army remained the obstacle to Union victory. He

abandoned the defense of Richmond which fell to Union

forces.

• Grant’s army caught up with Lee’s forces at Appomattox

Court House in Virginia where Lee surrendered, ending

the war.

• In Washington, celebration greeted the Confederate

surrender but it was muted by the assassination of

Lincoln.





Major Battles of the Civil War, 1861–1865





General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox

after his surrender to Union General U.

S .Grant on April 9, 1865.





Conclusion





Conclusion

• The Civil War caused over one million casualties, dead

and wounded.

• It left the South devastated. One in four men between 20

and 40 died. Forty percent of the livestock were lost and

so was half the farm machinery.

• The Union victory solved the constitutional problem of

secession and ended slavery.





Conclusion (cont'd)

• For black Southerners, emancipation was the conflict’s

most important result.

• The Civil War also stimulated a host of diverse changes

that unfolded over time.

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