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Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian DayCon 2016 A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotion 1,000,000,000 years in 40 minutes

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Page 1: A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotionsitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/A-History-of-Mostly-Vertebrate...Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian DayCon 2016 A History of

Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian

DayCon 2016

A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotion

1,000,000,000 years in 40 minutes

Page 2: A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotionsitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/A-History-of-Mostly-Vertebrate...Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian DayCon 2016 A History of

1859

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species

Page 3: A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotionsitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/A-History-of-Mostly-Vertebrate...Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian DayCon 2016 A History of

1859

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species

“descent with modification”

Page 4: A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotionsitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/A-History-of-Mostly-Vertebrate...Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian DayCon 2016 A History of

1859

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species

“descent with modification”

i.e. animals are related to each other and descended from common ancestors

Page 5: A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotionsitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/A-History-of-Mostly-Vertebrate...Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian DayCon 2016 A History of

The Timeline

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The Timeline

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The Timeline

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The beginning

Page 9: A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotionsitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/A-History-of-Mostly-Vertebrate...Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian DayCon 2016 A History of

From one cell, many

C. Eeckhout/ CC BY 3.0

Christian Fischer/ CC BY-SA 3.0

matthewjparker/ CC BY-SA 3.0

800M

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From one cell, many

C. Eeckhout/ CC BY 3.0800M

Frank Fox, www.mikro-foto.de/CC BY-SA 3.0

Page 11: A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotionsitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/A-History-of-Mostly-Vertebrate...Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian DayCon 2016 A History of

Multiple cells allows for specialized tissues

FunkMonk/ CC BY-SA 2.0

575M

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Muscle: The “Prime Mover”

575M

800M

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Muscle: The “Prime PULLER”

K.L. Feilich

575M

800M

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Muscles and Little Else

Smithsonian/ Public Domain

Matteo De Stefano-MUSE/ CC BY-SA 3.0

Hans Hillewaert/ CC BY-SA 4.0

575M

428M

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Muscles and Little Else

Jon Houseman/ CC BY-SA 3.0

575M

428M

Smithsonian/ Public Domain

Matteo De Stefano-MUSE/ CC BY-SA 3.0

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Muscles and Little Else

K.L. Feilich

575M

428M

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Muscles and Little Else

K.L. Feilich

575M

428M

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Muscles and Little Else

K.L. Feilich

575M

428M

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Bones Matter

Philippe Janvier/ CC BY 3.0

Tim Evanson/ CC BY-SA 2.0

428M

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Bones Matter, and Let You Have Joints

428M Pava/ Public Domain

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Paired Fins: The Body is No Longer the Only Motor

Citron/ CC BY-SA 3.0

CC 0 1.0

428M

358M

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Teleosts: Lighter and Nimbler

252M

Olaf/ Public Domain

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Water’s great, but land means WEIGHT

375M

NASA-Bill Stafford/ Public Domain

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Water’s great, but land means WEIGHT

375M

G

R

A

V

I

T

Y

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375M

Nobu Tamura/CC BY-SA 3.0, CC BY 2.5; Conty/Public Domain

Limbs: A solution to Gravity

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Necks: A Solution to Limbs

375M

Nobu Tamura/CC BY-SA 3.0, CC BY 2.5

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Tiktaalik

Zina Deretsky, NSF/ Public Domain

Matt Mechtley/ CC BY-SA 2.0

375M

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Improving a Fish Out of Water

367M

10M

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Bigger is Better (if you’re more Upright)

367M

10M

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Tetrapod diversity

367M

10M

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Mammals

173M

10M

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Quick Summary of 100-10 Million

100M

10M

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Quick Summary of 100-10 Million

100M

10M

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Quick Summary of 100-10 Million

100M

10M

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Questions?

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Finally, Humans and Ancestors

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1859

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species

“descent with modification”

i.e. animals are related to each other and descended from common ancestors

Page 38: A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotionsitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/A-History-of-Mostly-Vertebrate...Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian DayCon 2016 A History of

1863

Thomas Henry Huxley

(a.k.a. “Darwin’s

Bulldog”)

Man’s Place in Nature

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1863

Thomas Henry Huxley(a.k.a. “Darwin’s Bulldog”)

Man’s Place in Nature

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APESintelligentarboreal

quadrupedal

HUMANSvery intelligent

terrestrialbipedal

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APESIntelligentarboreal

quadrupedal

HUMANSvery intelligent

terrestrialbipedal

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APESIntelligentarboreal

quadrupedal

HUMANSvery intelligent

terrestrialbipedal

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LCA (6-8 m.y.a.)

probably chimp-like

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“hominins”

LCA (6-8 m.y.a.)

probably chimp-like

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What is the defining characteristic of hominins?

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What is the defining characteristic of hominins?

Brain Size?

Page 47: A History of (Mostly Vertebrate) Locomotionsitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/A-History-of-Mostly-Vertebrate...Kara Feilich and Andrew Yegian DayCon 2016 A History of

What is the defining characteristic of hominins?

Brain Size?Buckner and Krienen (2014)

chimps

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What is the defining characteristic of hominins?

Brain Size?Buckner and Krienen (2014)

chimps

NOPE

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What is the defining characteristic of hominins?

Terrestrialism?

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What is the defining characteristic of hominins?

Terrestrialism?

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What is the defining characteristic of hominins?

Terrestrialism?

NOPE

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What is the defining characteristic of hominins?

Bipedalism?

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What is the defining characteristic of hominins?

Bipedalism?Sahelanthropus

(7 m.y.a.)Orrorin

(6 m.y.a.)

Ardipithecus(4.4 m.y.a.)

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What is the defining characteristic of hominins?

Bipedalism?Sahelanthropus

(7 m.y.a.)Orrorin

(6 m.y.a.)

Ardipithecus(4.4 m.y.a.)

YES!

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WHO ARE THE HOMININS?

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Early Hominins

7 – 4 m.y.a.

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Early Hominins

7 – 4 m.y.a.

The Australopiths

4 – 2 m.y.a.

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The Australopiths

4 – 2 m.y.a.

Homo

3 m.y.a. – pr.

Early Hominins

7 – 4 m.y.a.

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So why are hominins bipedal?

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Aquatic Ape Hypothesis

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Aquatic Ape Hypothesis

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Tall Grass Hypothesis

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Tall Grass Hypothesis

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Pugilist Hypothesis

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Pugilist Hypothesis

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Carrying Hypothesis

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Carrying Hypothesis

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Thermoregulatory Hypothesis

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Thermoregulatory Hypothesis

Maybe?

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Energetic Hypothesis

Sockol et al. (2007)Mo

vem

en

t C

ost

(en

ergy

)

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So why are hominins bipedal?

Energetic Hypothesis

Sockol et al. (2007)

Pretty well supported

Mo

vem

en

t C

ost

(en

ergy

)

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THE EMERGENCE OFHUMAN ATHLETICISM

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Human Athleticism

STRENGTH SPEED

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Human Athleticism

STRENGTH SPEED

We are not very strong… …or very fast!

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Human Athleticism

We are very good at endurance activity

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Homo erectus: The Endurance Runner

Homo erectus marked the emergence of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle

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Homo erectus2.5-0.5 mya

The first fully human body

• Long legs

• Short arms

• Gracile body form

• Balanced head

• Stiff foot

• Large tendons

ALL ADAPTATIONS

FOR RUNNING

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Homo erectus: The Endurance Runner

The ability to run prey to exhaustion allowed meat to become part of the

diet…

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Human Athleticism

…and allowed for expansion of the energetically expensive brain

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Human Athleticism

One consequence: humans are very fat!

Women: ~25% body fat Men: ~15% body fat

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Human Athleticism

One consequence: humans are very fat!

Women: ~25% body fat Men: ~15% body fat

Chimp: ~2% body fat

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Human Athleticism

WE EVOLVED TO BE ACTIVE ATHLETES

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Human Athleticism

Inactivity is a mismatch with our evolved bodies, leading to health problems

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The evolutionary history of vertebrate cranial placodes ...The evolutionary history of vertebrate cranial placodes – I: Cell type evolution Cedric Pattheya,n, Gerhard Schlosserb,

Vertebrate notes

Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico. New Mexico …Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 2, 1993 QUATERNARY VERTEBRATES

Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles What Is a Vertebrate? Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Vertebrate History in Rocks Table of Contents

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Vertebrate Slideshow

Vertebrate Body Structure. Vertebrate Body Vertebrate Tissue Types

Comparative Vertebrate Physiology Vertebrate Respiration Systems

Joel Cracraft American Museum of Natural History Chair, Division of Vertebrate Zoology

Mostly True: An Exploration of My Family History

A (Mostly) Complete & (Mostly) Accurate History Of Location (Abridged)

Code of practice for the use of vertebrate traps - … · Code of practice for the use of vertebrate traps September 2014. 1. Background information 3 1.1. History 1.2. Scope 2. Legislation

Vertebrate History and Evolution - James Madison …csmgeo.csm.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/GeoBio405/VPFinal-03...Biology/Geology 405 - Vertebrae Paleontology Final Vertebrate History

Invertebrate/Vertebrate Pretest. Invertebrate or Vertebrate?

The Holocene History of the European Vertebrate Fauna Mode

Ch. 11 Fishes, Amphibians, & Reptiles What is a Vertebrate, Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, & Vertebrate History in Rocks

-(od,sf,cp)Vertebrate Grab Game - Fort Wayne …kidszoo.org/.../uploads/2014/02/Vertebrate-Grab-Game.pdf · 2016-01-28 · Vertebrate grab game ... • Read one of the vertebrate

HISTORY OF THE VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE › files › 78025.pdf · historical account of the Vertebrate Pest Conference and its organizing Council highlights important and sometimes

WHAT IS HISTORY?. People Disagree History: An account, mostly false, of events, mostly unimportant, which are brought about by rulers, mostly knaves,

VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS

Report Vertebrate

166A © 2010 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology · 166A © 2010 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology well as some metapodial elements and many phalanges, mostly preserved

Vertebrate Diversity

Vertebrate Animals

AN IDIOSYNCRATIC HISTORY OF FLORIDIAN VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY · AN IDIOSYNCRATIC HISTORY OF FLORIDIAN VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY Clayton E. Ray1 The history of vertebrate paleontology

Geography - Rhodes Avenue Primary School · Vertebrate Invertebrate X Whole Class . Vertebrate Invertebrate X Whole Class . Vertebrate Vertebrate X Invertebrate X Whole Class . Vertebrate

Amblyrhiza and the Vertebrate Paleontology of Anguillean Caves · The history of vertebrate paleontology in the northeastern Caribbean began as an incidental result of phosphate operations

By: Calista & Korey. Vertebrate Jawless fish are vertebrate. Vertebrate means it has a back bone

Vertebrate Swimming

AN IDIOSYNCRATIC HISTORY OF FLORIDIAN VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY

The Vertebrate (mostly human) Digestive System … 2.pdf · The Vertebrate (mostly human) Digestive System Mouth - mastication, ... Secretion of saliva controlled by the nervous system

Vertebrate Development

HISTORY OF EARLY CENOZOIC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY IN …gingeric/PDFfiles/PDG089_HistoryBHB.pdf · of American vertebrate paleontology. The history of paleontological research in

Post-Gondwana Africa and the vertebrate history of … › blog.smu.edu › dist › 2 › 155 › ...The vertebrate fossil record in Angola extends from the Triassic to the Holocene