a high-level topic maps-based language for the semantic web semantic web eu/nsf workshop, sofia-...
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A A HHigh-level igh-level TTopic opic MMaps-based aps-based
LLanguage anguage for the Semantic for the Semantic
WebWeb
Semantic Web EU/NSF Workshop, Sofia-Antipolis, Oct 3-5, 2001
Michel Biezunski ([email protected]),with the complicity of Steven R. Newcomb
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
HTML still needed HTML still needed
• HTML has made the success of the World Wide Web– Simple, straightforward.– Powerful enough to get the job done.– Implementable, because of its
limitations.
• The Semantic Web need something comparable.
• We need something simple that the world can adopt.
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
OutlineOutline
• What topic maps are.– How they help differentiate
what's useful for humans and what's useful for machines.
• Research project proposals– How they help building
something clear, simple, useful, and appealing.• Usefulness, Scalability, ...
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
What are Topic Maps ?What are Topic Maps ?
• A standardized (ISO/IEC 13250:2000) paradigm in which:– subjects become
objects ("topics").– Relationships
between subjects are asserted.
Web links
Topic Map
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Making subjects Making subjects addressableaddressable
• To be processed, subjects should first be made addressable.
• The purpose of Topic Maps is to make subjects addressable.
• Subjects are defined by humans, and can be (in specific contexts) processed successfully by machines.
• A "topic" is a subject made addressable:– It is a computer surrogate for a subject.– It is characterized by a set of structural
locations (names, occurrences, associations).
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Subject Indicators vs. Subject Indicators vs. Subject ConstitutersSubject Constituters
• A piece of information can indicate what a subject is.
• A piece of information can be the subject.
subject
subject
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Two faces of Topic Two faces of Topic MapsMaps
• KOAN: Knowledge, Occurrences, Associations, Names
• The core: Graph made of nodes and arcs.
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
KOAN: High-level KOAN: High-level Topic Maps conceptsTopic Maps concepts
Association
Topic
Occurrences
(Scope)
-Subject-Name(s) -Roles
-Members-Template
-Type
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
The Core: heart of The Core: heart of Topic MapsTopic Maps
S Wtormy eather
Lena Horne sings Stormy Weather :"Don't know why ..."
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
Topic Maps CoreTopic Maps Core
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
association
member
scopecomponent
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
casting
association
casting
member
scopecomponent
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
castingcasting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
CCmusicmusic
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
castingcasting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
CCmusicmusic
TTperformerperformer
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
casting
role
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
CCmusicmusic
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
casting
role
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
TTperformanceperformance
CCmusicmusic
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
casting
role
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
CCmusicmusic
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTperformanceperformance
AALena performing Stormy WeatherLena performing Stormy Weather
Is an instance of a performanceIs an instance of a performance
CCinstanceinstance
CCclassclass
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
association
template
casting
role
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
TTperformanceperformance
CCmusicmusic
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
association
template
casting
role
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting
CCrolerole
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
TTperformanceperformance
AAperformances have a performances have a
performer roleperformer role
CCtemplatetemplate
CCmusicmusic
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
association
template
casting
role
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting
CCrolerole
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
TTperformanceperformance
AAperformances have a performances have a
performer roleperformer role
AAperformances have a performances have a
music rolemusic role
CCrolerole
CCtemplatetemplate
CCtemplatetemplate
CCmusicmusic
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
association
template
casting
role
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting
CCrolerole
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
TTperformanceperformance
AAperformances have a performances have a
performer role; performer role; performers must be performers must be
musiciansmusicians
AAperformances have a performances have a
music rolemusic role
TTmusiciamusicia
nn
CCRecognized Recognized
Player of RolePlayer of Role
CCrolerole
CCtemplatetemplate
CCtemplatetemplate
CCmusicmusic
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
association
template
casting
role
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting
CCrolerole
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
TTperformanceperformance
AAperformances have a performances have a
performer role; performer role; performers must be performers must be
musiciansmusicians
AAperformances have a performances have a
music role; music must music role; music must be a songbe a song
TTmusiciamusicia
nn
TTsongsong
CCRecognized Recognized
Player of RolePlayer of Role
CCrolerole
CCtemplatetemplate
CCtemplatetemplate
CCmusicmusic
CCRecognized Recognized
Player of RolePlayer of Role
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
association
template
casting
role
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting
CCrolerole
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
TTperformanceperformance
AAperformances have a performances have a
performer role; performer role; performers must be performers must be
musiciansmusicians
AAperformances have a performances have a
music role; music must music role; music must be a songbe a song
TTmusiciamusicia
nn
TTsongsong
AALena is a Lena is a musicianmusician
CCinstanceinstance
CCRecognized Recognized
Player of RolePlayer of Role
CCrolerole
CCtemplatetemplate
CCtemplatetemplate
CCmusicmusic
CCRecognized Recognized
Player of RolePlayer of Role
CCclassclass
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
association
template
casting
role
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting CCinstanceinstance
CCrolerole
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
TTperformanceperformance
AAperformances have a performances have a
performer role; performer role; performers must be performers must be
musiciansmusicians
AAperformances have a performances have a
music role; music must music role; music must be a songbe a song
TTmusiciamusicia
nn
TTsongsong
AA"Stormy "Stormy
Weather"Weather" is a song is a song
AALena is a Lena is a musicianmusician
CCinstanceinstance
CCclassclass
CCRecognized Recognized
Player of RolePlayer of Role
CCrolerole
CCtemplatetemplate
CCtemplatetemplate
CCmusicmusic
CCRecognized Recognized
Player of RolePlayer of Role
CCclassclass
CCinstanceinstance
CCrolerole
CCperformerperformer
TTLenaLena
TTSong: Song:
"Stormy "Stormy Weather"Weather"
AA
Lena Lena performperform
s s "Stormy "Stormy WeatherWeather
""
TTMovie: "Stormy Movie: "Stormy
Weather"Weather"
SS TTSoundtrack of ...Soundtrack of ...
scopecomponent
association
scope
association
member
TTperformerperformer
TTmusicmusic
TTperformanceperformance
association
template
AAperformances have a performances have a
performer role; performer role; performers must be performers must be
musiciansmusicians
AAperformances have a performances have a
music role; music must music role; music must be a songbe a song
TTmusiciamusicia
nn
TTsongsong
AA"Stormy "Stormy
Weather"Weather" is a song is a song
AALena is a Lena is a musicianmusician
casting
CCinstanceinstance
CCclassclass
CCRecognized Recognized
Player of RolePlayer of Role
CCrolerole
CCtemplatetemplate
CCtemplatetemplate
CCmusicmusic
CCRecognized Recognized
Player of RolePlayer of Role
CCclassclass
casting
association
casting casting
member
scopecomponent
casting
role role
casting
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
What the assertions What the assertions means to humans:means to humans:
• Lena Horne performs Stormy Weather.• Lena Horne is a performer.• The music she performs is Stormy Weather.• The performance is in the context of the
soundtrack of the movie "Stormy Weather".• The assertion that Lena Horne performs Stormy
Weather, is a valid instance of a performance assertion.– The performer is a musician.– The music is a song.– Lena Horne is a musician.– Stormy Weather is a song.
What the machine What the machine seessees
What the machine really What the machine really seessees
casting node
topic node
association node
scope node
casting-member arc
association-casting arc
scope-component arc
association-template arc
casting-role arc
association-scope arc
Topic Maps CoreTopic Maps Core
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Two faces of Topic Two faces of Topic MapsMaps
• Human– Topic (Subject)
• Names (scoped)
• Occurrences (scoped)
– Associations• (scoped)
• Machine– Arcs
• association-template
• association-scope• scope-component• association-casting• casting-member• casting-role
– Nodes• a (association)• s (scope)• c (casting)• t (topic)
•Complex models•Multidimensional, multilingual•Multiple perspectives
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Research still neededResearch still needed
• Core of Topic Maps and RDF– Reification: early vs. late– Mathematical foundations– Scalability
• Improved Knowledge/Content Mangement– Ontology integration– Separating description from processing
• Building popular standards
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
CoresCores
• Expressing the Topic Maps Core as an application of RDF– and/or expressing the RDF Core as an
application of Topic Maps Core.
• Mathematical foundations for the data models
• Graph theory:– What are the characteristics of
systems that support the assertions in the graph model just described for the Topic Maps Core?
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Early/late reificationEarly/late reification
• Topic Maps requires "pre-emptive" (or "early") reification of assertions.
• RDF requires "lazy" (or "late") reification.
• Early: Reification is not an issue, never needs to be discussed. Taken for granted.
• Early: Things can be reliably and permanently addressed in terms of the arcs that they terminate.
• Late: They can't.
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
ScalabilityScalability
• Speed (quick response)• Scale of diversity• Sheer volume• Usefulness (control infoglut
enough and still make the result useful).
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Scalability: Quick Scalability: Quick responseresponse
• Expert systems are designed to integrate everything (e.g., Cyc).
• We need ways to make knowledge useful and findable without fully understanding or integrating it into a single expert system.
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Scalability: Scale of Scalability: Scale of DiversityDiversity
• Information resources not based on Platonic forms -> Difficult to understand.
• Likely to accumulate all kinds of inconsistency.
• Number of relationships grow exponentially.
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Scalability: Sheer Scalability: Sheer volumevolume
• What problems appear at high scale?
• Test the theory: we can achieve very high scale integration with Topic Maps while preserving usefulness: demonstrate that, say what are the problems.
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Scalability: Scalability: UsefulnessUsefulness
• Generic Platonic-form-oriented search engine technology needs to be developed. Such search engines will aggregate knowledge around a broad range of forms.
• The Platonic forms supported by existing search engines are mainly words and phrases in one or more specific natural languages. The "meanings" of these words and phrases is far more interesting than the words themselves.
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Improved Improved knowledge/content knowledge/content
managementmanagement• How can the Web become a
friendly place for all kinds of content to be "owned and exploited" as opposed to merely "published" in one or more renditions?
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Ontology integrationOntology integration
• Ontology integration and Topic maps paradigm
• Concepts need to become reliably addressable– regardless of their names,– regardless of the namespaces within which
they have those names.
• Leverage everybody's work in – identifying concepts, – describing them,– collating/organizing reference materials– codifying relationships between concepts
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Intellectual property Intellectual property rightsrights
• How can intellectual property rights be verified?
• How can a piece of content be made to "know" who claims ownership?
• How can the owner's policies be enforced? What business models are supportable, and what enhancements to the infrastructure of the Web itself can or should be made in order to support the enforcement of content owner policies?
• What kind of cooperative ownership of intellectual property must be supported?
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Build a consensusBuild a consensus
Within and between communities.– Build standards which are going
to be used, not only appealing models.
– Understand what everybody is doing.
– Open our own ears
• Remember HTML
© 2001, Michel Biezunski. with the complicity
of Steven R. Newcomb.
All rights reserved.
Machine-driven processes(DAML+OIL)
Semantic Web
A proposal for a A proposal for a global architectureglobal architecture
Knowledge Management,Metadata models
RDF / Topic MapsOntologies
Documents(SGML, HTML)
Databases(Schemas)
XML