.. ~~~--------------~--------~--------------,------------,

A HANDBOOK

OF T{IF

lIAKUA LANGUAGF.

as spoken

in the

Archdeaconry of Ruvu~a

For the Universities' l!ission to Centro.l Africa

by

H. W. Woodwarn, ?? f' . • Archdeacon of ).'agi1a, Ponde

Tanganyika Territory 1915

/'

•

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~':: c G,mSOT H E • A K U A LAN G U AGE -

'" ~e "Collections f'or a Handbook of' thE" Makua It by the Rev. •

Chauncey Maples (af'terwards Bishop of' Likoma), were published in 1~. In t h e introduction he saHl, "The Makua lanp-uage iSla step f'urther f'rom SWahili than Yao, and is on the whole more dif'f'icult to acquire upon a basis of a knowledge ot! SWahili". His "Collections" are f airlY accurate as f'ar as they go, but they are insuf'ficient f'or gaining a working knowledge of' Makua. This book is a revision of' those "Colleotions" with many ad­ditions which are essential to a practical and precise under­stan{'l.ing of' the language. vaples says "the Makuas are a very larp"e and extensive tribe, inhabiting the country that lies at the back of Mosambique, stretching inland f'or several hundred miles. Here they swarm and build large towns, but a consider­able number of' the tribe h ave detached themselves f'rom the main . body kaXR and spread to the north, settling at various spots on the Ruvuma, both above and below tk its junction with the Luje-nda". .

The IX Classes of' Substantives given by Maples are here re­duced to VI.

I Mtu II Mshamiro

III Nfl kuo IV Ntinji

V Uthakala VI Mwamunku

VII Ihatha VIII Yolia

IX Vachitu

pI. atu mishamiro analmo matinji mathakalo ashimiunku ihatha

chel ia

I II

III IV

V VI

Mtu, nakuo pl. M;lsllamiro Ihatha, Itu Ntinji Ulupela Vachitu

atu, anakuo mishruniro ihatha , chitu matinji malupelo

In the f'irst c olumn I and III practically f'orm but one class. The plurals are f'ormed in the SDme way and they take the same concords. Foth h Ave a n ob jective prpf'ix but not the other Classes. VI cannot properl y be reckoned a s a separate Class be_ cause each Class ma~¢ be made diminutive by pref'ixing mwa- and is then/ treated a s belonging to Class, I taking the c0ncords of' that Cl ass, but , if' the plural is f'or med by mi- it takes the ~ concords appropriate to Class I T. Class e E' VII and VIII are com­bined and form Class III. Class VTII had real'y but one word, itu, t hing; chitu, things . Words like yolia, cholin , f'ood, are made f'rom verbs (like t he Swahili chakula, vyakula)knaturally come into this Class. They take the same concords a s ihatha in both the singular and plural. This is now the third claps as it reprpsents the Swahili t r ird c l ass.

Maples say's that d f'inds no plac e in ~~akua. It occurs how­ever, in ikondoro, sheep, and in indarama, money, but these are probab ly of f'oreign origin ; but ushindera, to be last; and unde­rush a , to despise, appear to be true Ma kua words. D never oc­curs al r ne but always as nd. F, which is omitted cy Maples, i , f'ound in mum~f'yu, suf'f'ering, and in kurya, to miss (' ut it also appears as kupya) , but Swa' il i f' generally beco~es h or k.

.. H

In 1911 some "Translations with notes" by the Rev. Canon Por­ter were printed, but unfortunately they contain so many typo­graphical errors besides other mistakes that they are useless for the purpose intended.

In addition to the short vocabularies in this book there is a larger one in manuscript containing about 2500 words.

Interned at Kilimatinde, G.E.A. November, 1915 H.W.Woodward.

S. S. M.

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-- THE MARUA ALPHABET • The Maku~Phabet consists of twenty-seven letters as follows:-N:r; : A, B, Ch, E, ,H, I ,K&!"M,N, Nd , Ng,Ng'k 0, P ,R, Sh, T, TH, TTh, U, V ,Y., w, Y.

Vowels. The sound of the simple vowels are most nearly re-presented by the same vowels in Italian, or

a, BS in father e, as in pay i, as in keep 0, as in for u, as in food

e and i are often treated as one when occurring as a noun pre­fix, and in the ending of neuter verbs, -ell. or -ill.

Consonants have the same power as in English generally. b :::: b in bare ch :::: ch in cherry f :::: f in f'ig

f' however, very seldom occurs and only in combination with y. e.g. ukufya, to miss

h :::: h in hat ~ j ~ j in joy

k :::. k in keep k, the original gamma has disappeared in Makua, as in mono,hand.

~ 1 approches the English 1. 1 and r may not be inter-A change~ in MakuaAas in many other Bantu dialects.

m = m in man n = n in no

m and n are f'requently interchanged. mtu or ntu, man nd :::: nd in fender ng :::. ng in finger ng'= ng in singer p =- p in paint r is strongly trilled as in the French rien (C. M.~

When r follows n, a d-sound often seems to intervene,but it should not be written, e.g. nroe sounds like ndroe or ndrwe.

sh = sh in shirt t '"' t in teach th is sounded by pressing the flat of' the tongue

against the f'ront teeth of' the upper jaw with the tip slightly prOjecting, and then bringing it away sharply so a s to give it the ef'fect of an explosive letter (C.M. )

tth occurs in thitthi, father, and other words. This sound must be learnt f'rom a native. It seems not to be used at the beginning of a word.

v .. v in van v is a lip v f c rmed by bringing the lips together. w := W in win y ::: y in yonder stxt:

Two consonants together are of f'requent occurlence in Makua. This is caused by the elision of a vowel, e.g. athumme, &c. See s. 50.

When v is preoeeded f'or mvelo (pl.mivelo).

• • • by m, v becomes m; e.g. mmelo, II. broom, mmahs, · give him, for mvahe.

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Assimilation of' vowels

aa becomes a yahotuna f'or yaahotuna ai , , e mkewia , , mka1wia ao , , 0 yoponle , , yaoponle au , , 0 molupale , , maulupale ia , , a kahoroa , , kiahoroa 1ai , , e heve , , hia1ve 1e , , e kihete , , k1hiete 11 , , e aheve , , ahiive io , , o ohona , , oh10na iu , , u kihuwatene , , kihiuwatene oa , , a mhakela , , mhoakela oe , , e nemenle , , noemenle oi , , e chinera , , vhinoira 00 , , o ahova , , ahoova ou , , u wolupale f'or wo ulupale

Sometimes ou becomes 0, ihmma f'or ihouma. The initial i or e of' words in class III is of'ten elided, as wo'kuru, f'or wo ikuru, and the i of' ni when f'ollowed by ano­ther vowel, as n'apulu f'or ni apulu.

u generally becomes w , and i becomes y bef'ore a vowel. 0 may also become w when occurring bef'ore a vowel in the root of' a verb except when the f'irst letter, e.g. roa or rwa, go; alo­kwa~a f'or aloko aka.

Pronunciation. The pronunciation of' words can only be properly learnt f'rom the natives. The Swahili rule that the accent is always on the pen­ultimalf does not hold good in Makua. Wemela to stand, has the accent on the antepenultima, wemela, and so with many other words. Attention must also be paid to the tone as the mean1ng of' a word of'ten depends upon the right tone being given. In the .. word namame, owl, the tone is always lowered at -ma- and raised again at -me, na-ma-me. The tone in all mainland dialects is of' great importance f'or with the wrong tone an entirely dif'f'erent meaning may be given to a word. E.g. in Shambala the word kigha means the thigh or a water-pot and can only be distin~uished by the tone if' named without context.

The use of' honorif'ic expressions must be caref'ully studied be­cause great of'f'ence may be given by their omission. Individuals should always be addressed in plural terms. A girl may be mor­tally of'f'ended by being adressed as mnati af'ter she has been through the unyao.

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MAKUA Makuani, a Makua person; amakuani, Makua people; Imakuani, the Makua language; Umakuani, Makualand.

Makua nouns have distinguished by tive depends the erned by them.

SUBSTANTIVES two numbers, singular and plural, which are their pre~ixes. Upon the ~orm o~ the substan­~orm o~ t h e Adjec tive, Pronoun and Verbs gov-

Makua substantives may be divided into six classes. I

(s.l) Words beginning with mu-, mw-, or m-, in the singular,and which denote living beings. These are made plural by changing mu-, &c., into a- , achi- or ashi-.

mt~,a person atu, people mwanhima, a child achi hima, children mwana, a son ashana, sons

Words denoting persons, relations, &c., whatever their initial letter may be, IKax XkK iwxxxax ±B belong to this class. When the initial ia other than m- the plural is made by pre~ixing a-, but as t h is ~orm is generally employed honori~ically ~or a single person, when t h ey ac t ually re~er to more than one, manya- is c ommonly pre~ixed.

thitthi, ~ather manyi, mother

The plural is also sometimes by simply pre~ixing ma-.

a thitthi, manyathitthi, ~athers amanyi, manyamanyi, mothers

made by changing m- into ma-, or

mnati, a girl manati, girls mwene, a chie~ mamwene, chie~s

Words beginning with na-, whatever their meaning , or with the letters h,k,p,sh,t, are treated as belonging to this class; they pre~ix a- in the plural, and the concords are the s ame in every c ase as wHen re~erring to nouns in mu-.

namame, an owl anamame, owls havara, a leopard ahavara, leopards kapwiti, a gun akapwiti, guns

NOTE. In the plural o~ words denoting ~ood, t h e a- o~ the plural is generally omitted.

karaka, a sweet potato karaka, sweet votatoes M- and n- be~ore a cons onant are treated as one let ter.

mtu, or ntu, a person. mchia or nchia,a pigeon m.amhina or mwanhima, a child

n be~ore h has o~ten the sound o~ ng'. In the plural it is o~ten omitted. achihima, chi ldre~

Subs,tanbives denoting an a gent are ~reely made ~rom the verb by placing the particle 0 be~ore the in~initive.

urungusha, to interpret 0 urungusha, an interpreter The u o~ the in~initive is o~ten omitted unlalss the verb be~ins with a vowel, in which case u is retained and ~~~ becomes w.

womolela, to herd 0 womelela, a herdsman ukusha, to carry o'kusha, a carrier

Some nouns are a lso employed in the sBmte ~ay mtavi, a net 0 m av~ 11 weaver

The agent is also sO'l1etimes Made fr'om the verb 1:y chanrinp: final a into i ani prefixing m-.

mmenji 81' o'~enja, 0. fishermon, from umenja, to fich . II

(s . 2) Words which begin with ~u-, mw-, or m-, which do not de­note living beings. Theze make their plurals by changin mu­&c . , tJl(:tIlXll*Ua,. a-kearl into mi-.

mrima, a heart mirima, hearts muupa, an arrow miupa, arrows mwako, a hill miako, hiDs v

When u disappears after anl the following consonant is ~, by ass1m1lation v beco'l1es m.

mmelo, a broom mivelo, brooms (This frequently happens in the case of verbs. e.g. muvahe,

give him, becomes mmahe. ) The names of trees generally belon to this class.

III (s . 3) ords berinninp: with i or e. I becomes t y before a vowel t, ese do not change in the plural. i and e are trAate very ~uch as one letter. In one district i seems to prevail and e in an-

i') other; in words of this class inupa, a house inupa, houses ipuri, a goat ipuri, goats yuchi, the forehead yuchi, foreheads

In this class may be included t~e word itu, a thin~, an~ words beginnin~ with yo- of which there are but few. itu makes ohitu in the pI ural, and yo- becomes oho-. These all take the sa""e concord" . "

itu, a thin~ critu, things yowipa, an abscess OhowiptJ,o.bscesees f

(This olass corresponds to the SWnhili clasces III & IV or the ki ond n classes .

IV (s. 4) Words which begin with or n, ni or ny belonq to this class and make their plurals 'ty changing m, n, ni or ny into mo..

mtho.kuru, a leaf mathakuru, eave~ nchia, a pigeon machia , pi~eons nihuku, a day mahulru, days nyar~, an eor aru, ears

Two wO>:'ds are irregular in their plurals, nino, a tooth; and nitho, an eye. Their plurals are mino, teeth; and mit~omx or mentho, teeth. ~en two a's come together in tne p'uro.l they coalesce, and ai become e .

V (8 . 5) Wor s which be~in with u- which for the 'l1ost part are abstract nouns, rn the infinitives of verbs 'lscd es e bal nouns. ro~e cf the former rna e the plural by chonr,inr ~- i~to ma-, and come also change final 0. into o.

ulapela, an oath mnlupelo, oat~s ukaviher!l, help ukwa, eath dyin~

Colleotive nouns are inrlu1ed in this oloss. noshi, 'II' ter mc1"'Uro., fat, 011

(0)

VI (e •• ' ~e word vaohitu, p' ao •• Words ref'errlng to place oft_ prefix Ta- or T- and are then tretl ted .. belonglng to le 01l8"'('

vamahltheloni, a s laughter-plaoe . va~arupelon1. a .leeping-plaoe

~ere are t hree preposltions of' plaoe. Ta, u. and IIU or ...... are oalled looaUTe oonoords; the;y are ueuall:r f'olluw.4 b7 the .u1't'lx -ni.

1. Tual!lh1n1 , at the wat.r 2. uma.h1n1, to the water ~. lIIIIaehini. in the water

:DIMI1ro'1'IVBS ( •• ") "blltuti T.. are aad. d1a1nuti T. b7 pret'1Jd. ..... - te the elngular and plur.l, but in 11011. oues &IIh1- .. aobl- s.. prefix.d to the plural.

Voloto, a rlTer .... oloko a .trea. pl ... amloloko ak.te, a loat' .. akat. , 8111&11 loat' pl . .oh1ll1kate arinta, a bough ..arint.. a twig pl. uh1a1r1ftta hopa . a tiBh .. ahipa,. _all fi.h pl. aoh1hopa Ing ' ope , an ox mwang·ope •• oalt pl. aehing· .... 1I1apwa, • dog .. &l.pwa, a 11ttle dog pl. &8h11ewa

. or ubi .... It will b. observed that in sOlIe oas.. the pref'lx in the aa.. ular 1e dropped as in 1I1apra "and ihopa. . ~. oonoord. are thoe. agreelng with ol •• s I .xc .... 1n the

oa.e ot plurals in 1111-, th ••• take the oonoord", proper 1D the1at own 01 ••••

1IIW'8III10101l"0 ohinohl, aan:.. .tre ...

(6)

V. ulupela wulupale, a gre t oath malupelo molupale, great oaths

. VI. Vachitu volupale, a great plale or places (B.9) Nouns ona. verbs may also be e ployerl a adjeotives by bhe use of th partiole -0 with the proper initial lett r which is that of the subjective personal prefix (s . 17)

itu yo 'thikineha, a won~erful thin~ chitu oho 'thik1neha, wonderful thin~s nloye no 'ke riae, a true word

A~re~ent is made with the various olnsses as fOllows:-I. s . 0, pl . 0; II. p . wo, pl . cho; III. s . yo, pl. oho; 1rv. s . no, pl. 0; V. s, wo, pl. 0; VI . s. vo.

In the same way adjectives may be ~ade from verbs, usinp, the partical 0 with its proper initial letter followed by the in­finitive. The u of the infinitive is often omtitted.

mtu o'hichuela, an ignorant person. The place of an adjective can also be supplied by a verb in the perfect tense.

ipiro ihokorombana, a orooked road . Also by a noun precee etty the verb to be.

mtu arina mhaku, a man hav1n~ wealth, a wealtwman. Tha relative tenses en ing in -ale, -ele, or -11e form • qua~i adjectives, and the negatIve of t bese oorresponding privative adjeotives .

mcharale ineema, full of grace moche yatokoteshale, well-boiled eggs miuno ohapweale, broken water pots

The ' relative tense without si~ of time Simply pr fixes 0 when the subject is a person.

mwanthiana o~ nlale a silent slave girl

List of Adjectives (s . 10 These always fo'low the substantive they qualify. In the following list irregular adjeotives are preceede by -0, those with only a hyphen are regular. bad, -0 hiloka difficult, - 0 rika beautiful, -0 rera irty, -0 nanara big, -ulupale -0 nihiro bitter -0 wawa distant, -rekama blaok - 0 ripa d~, -0 wuma blind -0 hona easy, -0 hir ika blunt, -0 hithia empty, -0 hikaletu

,J brave, - 0 hova (hlkaln itu,with-1 broad, -0 t~ua out a thin ~ cheap, -0 hliipa false, -0 wotha

oivilized, -0 nethl fat, -0 neneva, of olean, -0 rera animalS, -0 nuna olever, - 0 ' ~usho feeble, -0 &lokoya covetous, -0 thanana female, -thiana cunning, -0 penya fe -Jrcml de ~f , -0 hiwa fieroe , -0 chacha dear, -0 lipa filthy, -Q nyala different, -kina foolish, -0 puna

fresh, -kithi :t'ull, - 0 ohara generous" -0 vaha

00 , -0 ~bone - 0 rera

greedy, -0 nluln heal thy, -kulIlt happy, -0 wiohivela hard, -.0 lipa heavy, -0 lemela high, -0 taliva

-r kama i le - 0 woloa i~or nt, -0 hichuela lar e, -ulupale jealous, -0 ' nache li~ht, (white -0 tela

(not heavy -0 W lua

little, -k.ni living, -kulDi lon::r, -0 tal tva

-reke", male, -lopwann much, mnny ,-in, ,hi

-inchipa1 e narrow, -0 puren ne , -onanano

- kithi old (thinqs)-o ka­

lei, (person\ -0 wuluvala

other, -kina p tient , -0 vilela poor, -0 huva quarrelsome, -0 na-

nrokotolt quiet, -0 mala

( .,.)

raw, -kithi red, -0 k'rlhla i/ regular, orderly,

-0 ratorata ripe, -0 tokota Totten, -0 wunta round, -0 viliken sharp, -0 withia short, -0 kuvea Slow, -0 iruru,

-0 upicha smooth , -0 tereri" soft, -0 loooha sour, -0 nunya spotted, -0 manepa stout, -0 riti ala straight, strange, -0 leto I:. stupi , -0 lochoa,

sweet, -0 chivn tall, -rekama,-o tnliva thick, -0 kwathipnln

-0 witiwaln thin, -0 purea,-o vcvi­

aln; (of persona' -0 hechevala

true, -o'kekiae valuable, -0 reres~n

~white, ~ -0 tela wide, -0 uthanua whole, -kumi

strong, -0' 'curo weak, -0 shokoya

-0 cherewn

(s,ll There is no wor for 'every' in skua. Uvira, to pass, may be used ns in the fo'lowin~ exnnple~

Vavirenle nlkutba nlpindie, ni vavirenle nlimi nihi~ye. et every knee be bent, and every tongue confess.

Vavirnle mtu anowurya mashi ala. Every one who drinks this nter .

)<, Vam'11irela (vanovirela) .Tuma a pili. Every SUnday . (lit. which passea to or b' him'

In nouns o~ Class ITI initial i o~ e is often o~itte 'tu o'kuro, for rtu 0 ikuro, a at~ong an.

CO~A~ISON OF ADJECTIVES (s.12) There are no del1r"es of' cOl1lpariaon i n !aklla. The effe"t of the superlative in Enp;lish is generally iven t~ some extt"nt by the simple use of the adjeotive as if in an absolute se~se,

Ula 0 mbone, ThiD (man is the) best (lit. this good one~ Thuvi 0 bone? Which (man is the'(bePt? (lit. Whic~he ~

good one?) When t"e superlative or oomparative is joinei in Engliah to GAo. ....Lt': with n definite art~cle, or a posseasive pronoun, the ~rb upwaha, to surpass, is used. •

Ipiro yo uthanua upwaha chon"iae t the broadest road (lit, the broad road exceeding oll 1. 't'

'walo wawaka '110 withia upwaha ohon_kiae t my sh~est knife (lit. MY sharp knife surpaBsin~ al ).

wiri ula unopw'ha ule, this tree is better than thnn,

(s,13 1 2 :3

The numerals imoka pili

NUlfERAT. used in oountinu 4 oheshe 7 5 thanu 8

taru e tl1Clllu nn imoka 10 nikumi

are:-thonu na pili thnnu nc taru 9 1;hanl na cheshe

(8

1 - 5 are treate' as adjeotive Dnd take si ilar prefixes. ith a pre 1 fix i~oka beco~es - moka, pili ~ ecomes - ili, and taru be­cQ:O!'Ies -raru. With t he various clas:;-e s t l1 ey are as \\ wI! ()"fV$ I-

I atu ~oka, one erson. kapwiti ,Moka, one gun II atu eli, araru, aoheehe, athanu, athanu na m oka, athanu

na eli, atl1anu na araru, &0 . II mshaTPIiro m"'1ok"\, one pillow

mishamiro mili , Miraru, icheshe , mithanu, mithanu na ~o'a, &r . III inupn imoka one house inupa pili, taTU, cheshe, thnnu, th~nu na imoka , &0 .

IV nihuku nimoka , one day mnhuku meli , mararu , macheshe , mathnnu, mat hanu na nimokn, &c .

V ulupela umoka , one oath. malupelo meli , mararu , macheFhe, mnthanu, mathnnu n unoka, &~,

VI vaohitu vamoka, one plaoe. vachitu veli, vararu, vaoheshe , vathanu, vathanu na vamokn, &0 .

~le following ethod in oounting is sometimes employed:­Imoka, pili, taru, cheshe, thanu, nemokn, na pili, n~ taru, na cheshe , nikumi .

The number always follo s the substantive. tu mmoka . one person

If an adjective is employed the numeral may co e .ext after the substantive or the adjective, thus

miri cho ~bone miraru, goo trees, three of the~ miri miraru oho mbone, three trees, good ones

The former emphasizes the fact that the good trees are~ree in number, the latter that three trees are ood ones .

The other nu~bers are as follows: -11 nikumi kuthupn imoka 16 nikul!li kuthupl1 thanu na

12 ~ • pili 17.· .. 13 • taru 18· ~ • 14 ,cheshe 19.. y

15. • thanu 20 alrumi meli

imoka pili taru oheshe

¥uwa and v a thiru are also used in plaoe of kuthupa. also the for:ns kuwaka and kuthupaka.

nl ....

21 maku~i meli na imoka 6/ 218 makumi meli kut!tupn thnnu na imoka

30 mararu 40 .. macheshe 50 • mathnnu 60" " nn A imo kn 70.. .. • meli 80 u , u mararu

1..' ( 90" .. Maoheshe

100 makumi niku~i , or im~a or emea Imia (f wnhili mia is use loosely for any large number.

ORDINAT, UUBERS (1~ s . These are expresEed by using the variable partiole - 0, an prefixing na or ne to the numeral .

The word for f~rst is irregular being fo~ed f r om the verb upacha, to begin.

l'~ ________________ --~ __________ --___________ l

(9)

first, ,-0 paoha sixth, -0 nethllnu nemoka seoond, -0 nae1i seventh, -0 nethanu nae1i third, -0 neraru ei th, - 0 nethanu ner~ru fourth, -0 neoheshe ninth, -0 nethanu neoheshe fif'th, - 0 nethanu tenth, -0 ni' ~i

lost, -o'tu1i, -0 shindera. -0 rna11hern mwiri wo paoh~ the first tree itu yo nae i, the seoond thing mmirao 0 neraru, the third boy n10ve no necheShe , the fourth word vaOhltu vo nethanu naeli, the seventh p11l.ce

J\ once, tw;ioe, &:c ., are denoted by prefixing va- to the numeral. onoe, vrunoka six times, vathaJtu na vo.moka

(s.15)

twice, ve1i nine times, vacheshe thrioe, vararu ten ti~es, vakumi

PROOON Personal Pronouns

The fUll forns ar~ :-I, mi, minyo, minyano we, hi, hiyo, hiyano thou, \lWe, weys you, nyu, nyuo, nyenyu he, or she, yoyo they, ayo,yoyo

It and 'they when ref'errin~ to nouns other than those of the first olass are expressed by th~e Demonstrative pronounr,

It is important to note that the second and third peraona plural are a1w yo employed when spea ng to or of' equo.1 or superior, in fact in practice they ar e a1ways useQ except, per­ho.ps, by parents to their chil r en, or in speaktn" to slaves.

Nrunena , Dnd nahena, seem to be e~phatio forms of I, and we, or and I, and we.

The prepositions ni, na, with, and, may be joined wlth~ the pronouns.

nim1, and or withe niwe, and thou nuyo, and he

(s.16) The personal prefixer. use as follows for class I.

Subjeotive

nihi, nihiyo, a d we ninyu, an'2 you naya, nayo, and they

in conjugating the verb

Objeotive - '1"1- , - ;,c -I, ki-, k- .e,

thou, u-, 1 w- thee, -u- , -w-he, she, a - hi ,her, -m-, - n-

-nl-, -n-

are

we, ni:r, n- us, you, - , 'llW- you, -u-, -w- (-ni Buff'ixed)

they, a-, ya- __ they, ;.D-, -ya-the objective prefix -u-In the seoondAl2lE.z:alfperson,besidec

before the verb -nl is suffixe . ki-no-u-taro-ni , I sl011 follow you

In the thlrd person plural i is often used in place of a as a mark of respect.

The

( 10

subjective pre~ixes ~or Cl. II. ~ing. u-, w-,

III. " 1-, y-, TV. , . ni-, n-

V. " u-, w-, VI. , , V(l-

~e Ktk,.~ other c'asses P ur. C'hi-, oh-

" ohi-, ch-, , a-, , a-

are: -

no objective pre~i"!: is used with these c asseo . It is only use with noun~ un e c'ass I.

KI-no-M-opn, T shall ~1re the gun. The ~o'lowin~ a r e eX(l~ple a o~ the use o~ the subjective~ pre­~ixes an the per~ect tense o~ t he verb uroa, to go.

Cl . I . tu ahoroa; atu ahoroa II. muupa uhoroa; miupn cnihoroa

III. inupa inoroa; inupa c l lihoroa TV. nthllkuru nihoroa: methltkuru aboroa

V. ulupela uhoroa; malupelo ahoroa VI. vachitu vahoroa

a.. 1

Examples showinq the lse o~ both the subjective and objective pre~ixes with olass I.

Ki-h(o'-u-himer.ya, I have told thee u-ho-~-himer.ya, thou h nst told hi a-ho.~i-himer.ya, he has told me ni-h(o)-u-himer.ya-ni, we have told you m-h(o)-a-himer.ya, you have told them a-ho-'1' ;' thwnn kapwiti, they have bought the gun

When two vowels come together as above the 0 o~ the tense pre­~ix is eneral1y elided. r ee Tab~e o~ As~imilation o~ vowels.

The :full f'orm o~ t he personal pronoun . may be added ~or the sake o~ emphasis.

Mi kinoutunani nyuo, I love you; as ~or me I love you.

THE REFLEXIVE (s.17 The akua verb is made reflexive by inserting -i- as an objectixe pref'ix.

Wituna, to like one's self, ~rom utuna, to li~e I~ the ste"l C' ~ a verb begins wi t}l a vowel IIld:Jf :t.a ..ali hued mt~. -ch- is Inserten between i and the verb.

Ahechata (a-ho-ioh~ata), he hit himsel~. -/ Sel~ may be exryressed t y mrima, heart . When sel~ is emp10yed to give emphasis to the personal pro~oun it is expressed t y -nene, or -enene , and ~ollows the pronoun.

It vnr1.e [) as :fol1oW's:-minyano ki mwenene, I myself weyo u~wenene , thou thyself' yoyo mwenene, he himeelf hiyano aehinene, or nashinene, we ourselves nyuo ashinene, Or mwashinene, you youree v e mtu enene, the an himeel~ ipuri inene, the ~oat Itsel~ ipuri ohinene, the goats the s e ves

y -selt', alone , are expresE:ed by vek£\. or yeka, to hio the enolitio pronouns are s~rixed ( ~ .19)

by mysel:f, vekaka by ourselves, ve .ehu

(11)

by t~self, vekao by yourselves, vekenyu by hi ~elf , ve' awe by the~eelvee, vekaya

Own, owner, ar e also expres ed by -enene, -nene, -ene mwenene , rowene, owner, ohief anene, owners

POSSE'3SIVE P ONO';NS (s.18) The possessive pronouns are a WCyA plaoed after the sub­stantive denotin~ t he thin~ posceseed, end vary ooordin to alDss and nu~ber.

The ful l f ~~s are: --awaka, my, ine -awihu, our, ours -awao, thy, thine - awinyu, your, yours -a ,awe, h i s , her, 1ts -awaya, the~r, theirs

When two a's oome t~~ether they assi~ilate, and ai beoomes e . Cl. T. l'1 tu avra1. .... , '~y man

atu awoo, ~hy people II. mwlri wawinyu , your tree

miri ohawaya, their trees I TI . inupa yawwka, rey house

inupa ohewno, thy houses IV. ltu yawawe, his th~ng

ohitu ohawihu, our things IV. nivaka nawinyu your spear

mavaka awnya, their s pears V. ulupela wawaka, roy oath

JIkIla:nphen:a1re:J: !dB: ClII::tk.& ~alupelo awavre, his oath s

ukwa w wawe, his death VI. vachltu vawaka, my plnoe

The varying initial letters are th ~ Be of the subjeotive pro­nominal p~efixes. The above fo~ s s e em to be used where in English we ~ ight use 'own'. ~1e personal pronouns may be added to give emphas is .

alo wawaka miny ono, y very own knife al 0 avrfa mi, , t ·ey are my own

(s.19) There is a shorter form which is generally ueed unless it is intende to emphasize owner ship. these are also used as enolitios.

aka, ao, awe, ihu, inyu, nya IItwanaVa , my Bon. apwihu (opwiyr hU, our master apwiawe, his master. mWamVTaaenyu, your child

athumwanihu, our father; athumwaninyu , your father; atbumwane, his father. These are e Tplained as being a co binnt10n of athitthi, mwana and the p ronoun.

~len th i o shorter form is ueed it oes n~ t c an~e in the f'in r ular exoept in oonn.ect onr{ ith elasses IV, V, and VI.

mwiri aka, my tree miri ohaka my trees inika aka, my banana lni"a ohaka, my bananas nivaka nnka, y spear ukwa waka, my death

( 6 . 20) The enclitio forms are ueed after t he verb when t e relative is the object.

(12)

mtu amonileaka, the men whom I saw I / (lit. the '1llln who", sow l:t:l: 8. he Iv.:...... J

mtu amonilehu the man whom we . ::aw.... I Possessive pronouns ll.re somet"'ec u'ed in English where per~onal pronouns are used in Makua.

mkayamtuka miono utuli, and they tied his hands behind him (lit . and they tied him the hands behind. )

mko."tupula muru, he cut off his head (he cut him the head) . - ()"r\.kia e

(s . 21) ~t .. (-omkiae, -onkae, -omkae), all, takes the same initial letter when agreeing with a substantive as the posses­sive pronoun,

Is . onkiae pl. on~iae IV.B. nonkiae pl. onkiae II. s . wonkiae chonkiae V . s. wonkiae onkiae

III.s. yonkiae chonkiae VI.a. vonkiae

nWIONSTRATIVES

2. wonkiae 3. monkiae

(s.22) There are five fo rns of the Demonstrative pronouns. 1. this, objeots near at hand. 2. that, objects at 0 distance. 3. vore directily specific, this or that here or there . 4. this very one here. 5. thet very one there.

1 2 3 4 Class I ula ule uyo yola

ala ale ayo yala II ula ule uyo yola

chiln chile cheyo cheohi ohiya chiye chechiyo

III ila ile yeyo lya iye chila chile chiya chiye

IV nna nne ala ale

V wu ule ala ale

VI va vale wu wule rou mule

Example-:

cheyo chechiyo

nenno ayo

wouwo s:yo

vavao wouwo mO'!lmo

yela

obeohi

nenna yala

wou yala

vava wou momu

5 yole

ys:yo yole

c11.echile

yele

chechile

nenne yale

wouwe yale vnvale wouwe Momule

1 mtu ula this person; atu ale, these people • The de~onsbrative often preoedep the noun and is then rep~a~4

efter it. In this case the latter may be shortened or the final vowel. of the noun is assimilated

ula mtu'la. ~t. ala atwala. 2. ~tu ule, that man; atu ale, those peoPJe) 3. mtu uyo this person (referred to before • Tt answers to

the definite article . 4.. "1tu yola, or yola mtu:ola, this very maTI here 5. mtu yole, that very person ther~ " , mean jHs~o!nis~r~Hn~ ~ery~f~e~ ~~i!e~~BeasB6~te~B~'1H!8 ohl.

~t>N1Monkiae chi chivekelenyu chi , a11 the things which you asked for.

The general demonstrativep here an' there, are va and uwo. just there, vavale

that very tree, mwiri yole'ole just that word , nenne'nne

(6.23) There is another form which has very much the 8a~e ~ean-aK ing as 4. .x.­

I!'. thiola·pl. II. s. puyola

III. piy-ela

pl.ayo piohechi picheohi

TV.e. v.

vI.

pinena piwowu ' pivava puwo pumOl!lU

pl. piala or piyala piala or piyala

·X· . or piola

(s.24) It is I, this is it, &c., may be expressed by thi or pi followed by the personal pronoun.

Class I. thimi , it is I thihiyo, thiweyo, it is thou thinyuo thiyoyo, it i s h e thiyayo,

In the other olasses t hi or pi is joined to prefixes.

II. thiu , it, or this, is it ITI. thii,

IV. thin1, V. thiu .

VI. 1 thiva, 2 thi .... o . 3 thimo .

thichi, thiohi . thia, t hia,

it is .... e it is you it is they the subjeotive

these are they

Other forms of the Demonstratives may be ~sed with thi or pi .

The negative forms of the above are the same as for the neg­at i ve of t he Present t ense of the ver to be, akihi .... e,&.(e.76)

NOTE. When referring to inanimate obJects the ~ form used for the third person plural is thia.

THE RELATIVE (s.25) There are no relative pronouns in ,fakua. The relative

.... hen the subjeot of the verb is expressed by the direot tense. mtu noroa, the man who is going

In thp r elative pa ' t the tense prefix is I/: -a- ond the verb ends in - ale, -ele, or -ile.

karoale, T who went. mtu aroale, the person who went . The relative remote future is aleo in the direct form .

kinotuna uroa , I DaH: JQl .... ho shall go. The ob jeotive i s ins rte i n the infl'l itive.

kino tuna umwata, I who shall trike him. When the r e lative is the object of t he verb t11e proper cbjecti ve prefix (when employed ) is ad ed, and the personal pronoun fol­lows the verb.

m .... e 'le nomwivaya, t e ohief who they are kl l1n~ urushla unonaka , the disaust which I feel

(14 ) let-h. .....

nikaniar ninothe~, the o~urch which we are building mtu ~~onalenyu , the man whom you a w ipitu ivale~ya, t ~ e h1ppopot~~us which they killed mtu noloh[ we umwona the mon who he will aee mwiri ul1lohaka weaha, t'1e pole which I ahall place

(a.28) The relative of: time and place is exprease by the loc ­ative particles, va- , u-, and mu-, or m-. They represent, hen, where, at which, &c .

vanrupa'.a, where or when I am sleeping vanrupawe, where or when he 1s sleeping mwe~e vaviraleawe, where or when the ohief: went by vanlohaka uroa, where cr when I shall go vantunawe uroa, where or when he will go u.mkulnaka, f:rom whence I came Wf-/ mwankalehu, Wherein ~ stayed

The ahort fom of: the paFt can also be used . vapiaya, when they arrived

The Swahi11 - vyo ~n be expressed by thoko and va thoko vakuluvelenyu, ac ording to your f:aith (kadir1 u-

11 vyoamini ) . NOTE. Tef:ore a oon"onant the 0 of the tense pr fix - no- is generally elided. r af:ter n has usually a d-sound before it.

nrwe (pronounced like ndrwe), let us go The relative ioenerally uaed with interrogati e •

akonale pani ? who aaw me ?

(a . '017) Which is, f:o~ of: the verb

I . a i or uri, ri; IV. niri, pI

whioh are, are expresaed by using the direot to be . pl . ~ri; II. uri, pl . ohiri; III. iri, p • ohi­ari; V. uri, pl . ari; VI . vari, uri, urt .

(s . 28) To expresa Whoever, whatever, whiohever, the a~ove f:orma are use 1'ol\!,,1 )y -othe

I . s . ari othe pl . ari othe II. fit. uri wothe ohiri chothe

III . ir1 yothe chiri o'1 othe ~uri moth~ --

IV niri V. uri

VI. v ri

nothe pl . ~ri othe othe ari othe v the, w~r1 wothe,

INTERROGATIVE and other PRO~ UNS (fI.29)

upani? or pani? who? pl. apani? nyu spani ? who are you? an ani ariwo? W 0 i there ~

i Sh1anl? or aheni? what? hich? hy? -ani? -ni? what? what sort? whioh? why?

11teni? what are you wait1nR for? hy 0 you wait? unyakllla wani? what 1.S that n01se? iah1ani lI1wot'\}oacheke ipepe? wl'y do you E'tir up the 1"ud'?

ya"ani? when? . ninopia yakani va~aruloni~ when shall we reoch ca~p?

'oha1? chani? how? what? why? ohai akinoJoka 1tu? how or why am I ood f:or nothin~?

(15)

Apwinyu anehnnia chci? how is your master na~e-?

vai? where? unokuma vai? where do you co~e ~rom? owapea ari vai? where is the cook?

-uvi? which? wher ? with variable prerix. I. s. thuv1~ puvi? pl. pavi?

II. puvi? pichi vi? III. pivi? piyi? pichivi?

IV. pini vi ? pavi? V. puvi? pavi?

VI. 1 vai? 2 uvi? 3 muvi? -choi? -ohani? how many? with varying prefix.

I. aohai? IV. maohai? II. michai? V. maehai?

III . ehai? VI. vaehai? vachai? vachani? how often? how many times?

ahomwata vachai? how many times did he strike you? ninowitua vaohai vava? how long shall we rest here?

what is the price? how do you sell? .e., may be expressed thus: uno thumnni ? unothuma ehai? mneriha ohai wothuma?

wo chai wothuma? Ana, i s orten used before a question.

ana unonlani? wha;; are you crying for?

VERBS

( p .30) Makua verbs always end in a in their simplest rorm. A verla like ulralathi is no exception, -thi is merely 0. suf~ix (from vathi, down, below), and joined to ukala means to sit nown . (NO doubt thi comes from the same root as ~ehi in Swo. , fhi , in Shambolo, ~c.)

The si~plest ~orm or the the verb is the singular imperative and the plural is formed by addin ... -ni. These forms arc only used in addre"sin" slave~ end inreriors.

panga! do ! panganll do yer The for iF~er should always use the respeet~l fo~s.

The INFINITIVE IfOOn (s.31) The infini~ive is formed by prefixing u- to the simple form 0" the verb.-~-

upanqa, ' to do uroa, to go The u beoomes w before a vowel. The infinitive ~ny alw~ s be use1 as a substantive li ' e the English verbal substantive in -in~.

upanga, dOing ukwa, dying These have been placed in Clnss V as they take the same concord~. - ~---

.~. NOTE. The original Dantu k,t,p, are, in "akua chanp;ed to ',r,p, (Meinho~ this ac ounts ror the ~requent absence of k where we should expect to find it. e .F. ~ono for mkono, upin (kUfika), uthen (kuoheka) and u for ku in the infinitive, &c.

(16)

The inf lnitive may be use' before any finite form of a verb to intensify the neaning.

utuna kinotunn, anttn, I want (i . e . I want exoee ingly) When any finite f r:n of the verb would be ""ollcwed by another verb int the same form, or conneoted with the fo~er by the . Simple copula "n t ·' the second verb may be put in the irii'ini ti ve mood . Ni may take the u of the infinitive or i may be elided.

anolapelia n'ushipia, who is worshipped and glorii'ie'

INDICATIVE 'OOD (32s ) The present tense, which is also used for the immediate future, ~ is formed ike by the tense prefix - no - whioh is placed between the verb and the personal sien. t~e perscnal signs are of ten omitted when no am ~igu1ty is caused by such omis E: ion.

The meaning is I want, or I shall want .

k~= }no-tuna . n!= } no-tuna a- a-

The persona Eigns for the ot er c lasees are as follows:-Sin~ . u-. i-, ni-, u-, va- no-tuna Plur. chi-, chi-, a- . 8-, no-tuna

Thes e signs wi11 nqt be given with other tenses. An habitual fom of the above tense is ~ade by suffixin~ - ka

kinotunaka, I am acoustomed to want Customary actio n oan also be expre sed by prefixing ku- to the ~ verb with or without the suffix - ka. "$hiS answers to the Swa. hu-' 1

kuthamaka. one departs , they depart, every one departs ' kwiria , s~ying . they~ say, every one says , &0 .

(s . 33) There is a tense formed with the auxllliary verb ukela. to go, enter, • c . , in the present tense followed by the Infln~ve .

kinokela utuna, I am wanting kela-u may be shortened into ko. klnokotuna, unokotuna, &0 .

(s.34) The Present Perfeot is ~ade by the prefix -ho-; it denotes an action oomplete at the time of speakin<" . ll- ~1'''e.<;~~ /l.t "'~su.l(- "1' a.",

~= }HO_:~:ve wante~!=&}o~o_tun ~:~ Y .. lk~ ... 1kA",.. ~ a- a-

kiho- 1s sometimes shortened into 11 0-; kolaw1ha , ! have tnsted In verbs denot1ng a state or t he possession of a quality the

present has the meanin~ of to enter upon, to aoquire or beoo e J What the verb denotes. The -ho- tens e must then be tr~slnte

1", bY"have or to be, &:0 . , ohihonta, it is gettln~ putrid

chihonta, it is putr1d ahok In mlcwiri, he i 6 a wizard

(6. 35) The Past or Aorist tense if formed from the a ove by in­serti ng -a- before -ho-; it denotes an nction co plete in pnst time. It mu t sometimes '\: e t r anslate bJt )tali in En~lish by the

( 17) (17)

tensp with han but mo~e co~~on'y it represents the inde~inite 1 past which usually ends in - ed.

7be i of' t'-e f'i~c t perso"! r-in.C"Ular an plur 1 is elided be­the vowel of the tense prefix.

I 11' nted , &c .

!=} nbo-tuna 1!1~= } a o-tun - y-

r OT The thir1 person p'ural in pa~t tensee is always ya- . The a- o£ the third person singular (really aa) has n steess

on it (per aps a rise in t he voice ' t o dist ln .... ·, ish i t from the perfect tense . Ih the latter the - ho- ie e~phasizeo .

r/ A sho~er £orm is made by simply inserting -a- between the 1 verb and the pe r sona si~.

~= } a-tuna n - } 11'- a-t :.ma y-

( ~ . 36) A tense akin to the ~wahili narrative past is formed by p 'efh:in'J: mka- or nka- to the shor t form of tbe past. It in­clude' in itself t Je power of the conjunction and. In narration it ay be use after the f l rst ver , either the long or short form of past, or it ~ay beu~ en at the beginning an throughout the sent ence. In some districts i s seldom used in ct hers it'is in frequent use .

I wante~ , or and T want

lta- or nka- j ~=} "-t una "kn- or nk/) - {",~= } a-tuna t - .Y-

'nkapia u Ni"ureshi ",kal'ono inupa yo rer a chinene, I arrived T,uruledi and saw a very fine house.

Valapueleaya nkanapia iwani imoka inet ani n n>we uru , when we had crossed ( t h e river' we came to a villa e c 11eo ~wekuru.

Nahopia mwithupini nkanarupa, wiohishu mkcnJ.mgwaJ'l', nkanarwa, e ar­rived at tha forest and slept, and we oke early and departed .

(s . 27) irct or i~edi8te uture This 1s the same as the present tense. kinot una, I shall want

~eoond or rem te F ture (e . ~8) Th1s is formed by the r ux1 liary verbs, utuna, to want,

uw , to Oo~!=} : : : {u~~::'} ::~a need~i~o}l~::e{~tn t}h:t:::in1tive.

a - loha t' - loha (uloha, t o drea~ , also, to heed , regard, and probably some other

ro: ean.nc:r also) This t ense i s used wi~ reference to so~e act1o~ to ~e done at some d1sta"lt time, or of whioh there is some doubt 8S to the per~ormanoe .

anows ulamula,akuni nayo 0 okwa, He 111 co e to iud~e the Quick and the dead

o et1mes the two verbs are er~ed i nto one. ohinowakala (for ohinowa uka a , they shall be .

(18

PARTICIPI I. T s:;' (s.39) This tense is ade by p r-efixing the personal Signa to t he simple fo~ of the ver~ and su~ixing - ka, and may be translated by the English present partici pial.

u- tuna-ka ~- tuna-ka k1- } ni-l

a=. a- J Mokona arupaka , he foun' me sleepin .... kahomona arapaka . I aaw him bathin~ ahoroa anlaka, he went away c ryinp.:

CONDITIONAL TENS S Actual Con1itional

( s . ~O) This ten r e is fo~ed from the above by insertin - - ce­twee"! t'-e verb and the personal preftx; it may be translated by as , if when, c . , or by any other word by which the zia*« idea of a ptate of ·things can be int ~oduced and oonnected with the rest 0 t e sentence

~= } a-tuna-ka m~= } a-tuna-ka

Yohllna aw ~a, mumhimerye, if John comes tell him nohokoleaka ninomwona, a n we return we sholl see him

Possible Conditional (s . ~l) l~ i s is fomed by the tense prefix -ana-, nnd puts case, it generally implies that the case i s an extreme or likely one. It may be t r ans1 ateo ~-y though, even if, • c . may be Bu:r"ixed .

k-} ~- ana-tuna(ka n - } • m~- anll-tuna(ka'

kanawehakll, t h ough, or even if I look

Past possible Conditional (s . 42 • is 1s made fDom the Past tense by cuff lxing -rn.

Though , or even if" I had wanted

~= } aho-tuna-ru I!I~= } aho-tuna-ru

Past Conditional

11 un­-ka

(s . ~3) The tense s ivn is - a- and t he f tnol -8 of the verb io ohanged into ~ale, -ele, or -ile. the f i rst sylla~ le is ac­oented to distinguis l it from t~ e re1at1ve. Th1s tense ie e~­ploye~ in t he dependent sentenoe.

k- , n-} ~- J a.-tunale m~- a.-tunale

If I had, or shou1d have wr. .ted. t awanoleni, nkMowatani, if T had seen you I s ould have

beaten you.

•

(19)

Present Contin~ent (s. 44) The "erb is put in the eubjunoti ve ith the suffix -ke and is preceeded by the perfect of the verb to be. It puts-t~e resuLts of a condition as present, and has the ~eDninq of

I should be wantinn: (it! something elee h ppened

k-} {ki- } n-} {ni- } ~- ari ~= tuneke m~"! ari ;= tuneke

Past or fture Contin~ent (s.~5) This tense i. formed by placin~ -knho- between the verb and the personal sign. It is used in the principal sentence of a contingency and implies that neither the contingency or its results are in existence.

I should have wanted or Ishould want. n- or ki-} ~ niL..}

u- lraho-tuna m- kaho-tuna a- aT' ya-

Knmwiwale, nknhowoya, had I hearj him I should have feared

Another form is ade by -omu-I which may be sh~rtened into -a"'-, or -an-.

k - } BoiIloll.'1.l1ol4t'lolli",,,,.a1 n - } w- omu-tunn mw amu-tuna

- or y-kikakalanne rupin, kamumthuma shone, Tf I had a l~pee I

should buy (soMe) tobacco.

RELATIVE TENSFP (s . 46) The relative present, the immediate and remote future, ere expressed by the direct form.

kinotuna, I who wont or ehall want kinowa utuna, I who sbal want

(~ . ~7) Th re is a relative tense without Sign of time. It is fo~ed by changing the final -a of the verb into -ale, -ele, or -ile and prefixin~ the personal signs It also indioates the verb idea as bein~ constantly realize, i.e. not only as a fact but as. in Bot or being. Tt '.y Iso FOl!1etl"'e~ be render~d 1:y always.

y~=} tunale

~cha~ale ineema, (you)

(s.A8) To form the relative ann the personal sign of the

I who wonted

ni-} ~- tunale a-

being full of race

past insert -a- between the verb above tense.

n- } "111'- tunale y-

~= } a-tunal e

Poth theee tense 8 in -ale, jective. tee e.9

&c ,. nre ueed to form qunsi nd-

( s.49 Relatives of time and place are expressei by the use of the particles va-, u-, and mu- or ,which are prefixe to the XEXB .ttk=-t ter ~e ai followed by the simple form of the verb an~ the pronoun is suffixed.

Present, When I ""nt, t c. . {ka -{tune Jhu va-no-tuna- 0 va-no- -lnyu

we tuna--ya In the first and second persons p ural the finnl -0 of the verb coaleeces with t he i of ihu an inyu~

Imperfect, When I om wantin •

:'!-no-tunale- { ~a vo-no-tunale- {~~ awe aye

Past. When I wanted . I eka { hu

v- n-tunale- ~ 0 v-a-tuna1e- nyu - l awe aya

Remote future, ~e I shall want.

va-no-tuna- {~:} utuna va-no-f:::!;~ } utuna

When neces sary the objeotive prefix must be inserted. vanomtunaka, when r want him vanlohaka umtunakn , hen r shall want hi

Whe r e , t c., is expressed by the same particles. vnnetawe, where he is wa lking umkelawe, whither he is going (or enterin~ ' mkela1eaya, whe r ein tl- ey went varwe1enyu, whe~~ you went vakelnleaya, whither they went

Pa= is somet i me used in the s "me way. P holloleayn uwnnyaya, when they returne" ho~e .

(s . 50) The forms en Lng in -ale, -ele, and -i1e arb frequently contracted. This effecte l~y the elision ~f the vowel af ter ch ,~,l, m,n,r,t , &c .; whe~ 0 l's c eme totether the fo~er be~ comes n (cf' . unJa, t o cry, from 1tl ~',rl becomes nr, ml and n1 become m~ r n nn, kl an t1 beco~e nk and nt &c .

The endin~ -oha1e baoomes -nche , , " -kale , , -nke , , -la1e, , -n1e , , , , -rna e , , , , , , -na1e ,,, " " -ra'e " " ,,-tale "

ol'.lmachn1e, he who told, bee.:. ari"a1e, he Wl0 drew( water)" aohue1a1e, he ho Imew, , , athuma1e, he who boucht, " atuna1e, he kho wanted " avirale, he who pasr ed, , apati1e , he who ('tot , "

-mme - nne -nre -nte

e s olumanche arinke achuen1e

athumme ntunne nvinre apnnte

J

(21)

OTE. It ls not necessary to shorten the above forms but lt is frequently done.

THE nWERATIVE (s.51) The dlrect i'!lperatlve ls only used in adressinp' inf'eriors

Panga! do! Pnnganil do ye I The subjunctlve is com only used f'or the i peratlve.

upan~el dol 'pangenil do yet T~e most polite !'O!'l!l is, lpangel

lpange mitheko aya, do your work. (see note to 0. 30)

THE SUBJUNCTIVE (s . 52) The subjunctive is made by pre!'ixin~ the personal stgn~ to the verb nn~ changin~ the final -a into -e.

Thn~!~Jm:~:ant, letn!~lw~t a- 4fte a!

When used with an interrogative it ~ay be translated Am I to do ? ~c .

nipangeni ? what are we to do ? ;( The 81lbjW'lkive ls the proper foI"!:! to expreAs purpose or object.

That I ay, c., and ust be used ln every case where in Eng-11sh the ln~lnitive ls employed.

mumlele akakule, tel' hlm to answer e. Where no purpose is lmpJied the infinitlve is used DS in Ent-11sh. ,

kino tuna urupa, I want to sleep - ke suf'fixed to the subjunctive r:ives the idea of' continuity.

THE NEGATIVE CON.TT1GATION (s.53) The negative of the infinltive is ade by preflxing -hi- to the verb.

uhltuno., not to want, not wanting The ne~ative infinitive is often used to form privative o.djec­~ives and common nouns, rcversinr. the meanin~ .

WOhl-(wo uhi- must often be rendered without. -0 lipa, hard -0 hilip , oheap -0 ripa, difficult -0 hiripa, easy

lJ '0 wova, 0. coward. 0 hova, a brave man wohivelavela, ithout end.

Jegative of the Indicative ~ood (8.54) The tense, of the Tndioative moo arc made negative ~y prefixi ~ ka- to the personal signs.

I. kaki-, hnkiT' nki- I. Knni-u- (kau) kom-,

kn(n)- 0.(0 T, k ya-II. ku-(knu II. knchi-

TII . ki-(koi' III. kaO?i) IV. knni- IV. ka- 0)

V. ku-(kou) V. kn(D -VI. nva-

(22)

The Negative Present (e . 54) This is ~orme from the affi~ative by prefiT.in~ "0- to the personal s'gns as shown above.

Kaki, (h aki-} . kllni-} .\-u- n.o-tuna k,:;-'ll- no-tun

8- 8-

ku-,ki-,kani-lno_tuna kaohi-,kachi-,kn- }no-tuna ku-, ka'-a- f ka-, kavo-

This tense mtlY be translated, I do not want, or r shall not wont, of the im~ediate future, or the relative, I who do not want . Another form of this tense ie ade by the omission of -no- an·1 the addition of the euf'f'i,; -ka.

ftLitunaka, kutun8ka, katunaka, &0 .

The Negative Past (s . 55) This is Made from the short ~orm of the Past by chan~lng the f'ina1 -a of the verb Into -ale, -~le, or ~ile, and prefix­ing ka- to the personal eigns.

I dld not, or' have not wnnted. kak.t-, (h )ak.t-J kl11l- }

kw- a-tunale kamw- a-tunale k- kay- ,

Another ~orm is by simply pref'iv"the 1'l:egative slgnfkka. ':.7/ kak- or (h)a'at na, kwatuna, ~~tuna, k natun , '0 .

The "'fOT YJ"'T" tense "",.,.u..1 (s . 56' There is a tense~by 1nsertin~ -n8- between the verb and A / the negative personal signs, whioh is a sort of ne~ative pre-ent perfeot, denying th~' aotion up to the time of' apeakinp:. THe final -a is sometimes ohaneed into -e.

kaki-, (h)nki-} {tuna !lani-} {tuna ku- na- tune kam- na- tune ka- -

Another form is mal'le by the uae of -111- and t1 e f ll'1!!ntive slms . kihlnatunll, uhin (I::tuna, ahlnntunl'l, nlhinatunn, &c .

The Negative Future (s . 57) The negative of' the first future is t e sa e as the ne _ at1ve present. The remote future is mnde by prefixing ka- to the affirmative tense

k/\ .1-, (h akl-} Ga}" kani-} (wa } ku- no- tuna 1 ka'll- na-~tunn utuna kD.- loh";:r ka- Uoha

The 1egative Participial tense (S . 58) Thls tense is made from t e nffirrnative by in ert1ng -hi- before the ~er .

k!: } hi-t~::: wanti~~;}hi_tun"k a- Q-

."..

(23)

THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONAT. TENSES Negative Actual

Co'!ditionll.l (s . 59) This tense i8 ~ormed by inserting -ahi- between the verb ant bhe personal prefixee of the affirmative and changing ~inaJ - a into -e. The surfix -ke is often added. It expresses the case of not being or not doing, and,mBy be translated by i~, when, &c • • , or by any other word by whioh the Oase of not being, hav­ing or doin~ may be introduced. (It answers te t~Swa. -s12O=).

;~ } Ilhi-tu'1e(ke m~= } Ilhi-tune(ke)

This tense may also be used to translate an En~lish Ilffirmative preceeded by except or unless.

mtu ahiyarie naeli, except a ma~ be born again. ahiohuele, unless he knows • .

The Ne~ative possible Conditional (s . 0) Tllis is fO!'1lle by inse"'tinp: -hina- between the verb an'" the personal pre~ix. .L

Though, or even i~~ do not want.

k;= }hina-tune(ke) m~= }hina-tunerke' a- a-

T

Tne egetive past poss:tble Conditional (~ . ~1) This is made from the Ilffirmative by insertin~ -hi- be­tween the verb and xm. 1IIll9:CIJld .XJUIsr: - nho-.

Though or even if T did. not went

w- llho-h1-tuna-ru mw- aho-hi-tunn-ru -} n~} - y-

The Negntive preeen~ Contingent (s . 132) This is fOI"!'le by the perfeot tense of the verb to ""e Dnd the negative of the subjunctive.

I should not be wantin~ (if somethin~ else han happened'

k-} lki-} n-} J'ni-} ~- aril~- hi-tuneka rn~- ari l:- hi-tuneke

Or by the negative of the verb to be.

:= }orljk!= }tunel~e ,!:~= Jari k- l a- k-

ni- J !!\- tuneke ll-

The Negative of the Conoition~l perfect (s . 63) This is formed by 1nsertin~ -ka- bet een the verb endin~ in -ale and the negative per~onnl sirns.

TIa" I not, or 8l0uld I not hll.ve wanted

kaki-, k:~= }ka-tunale k:~= }kll-tunale ka ka-,kaya-

The alternative ~orm is, Akcl!Iutuno, kwamutunn, krunutunll., kanll.mutuna, lcrunwll.mutunn, kn­

or kayo.mutuna.

;

(24 )

-amu- is oftened shortened into -am, or -an-.

The Negative of the Pluperfect Conditional (s.64) This tense is formed in various ways:-

If I had not wanted, or Ishould not have wanted 1. ki- or n-katunale, ukatunale , akatunale, &c . 2. nkahatunale, ukahatunale, akahatuna le, &c. 3. kihikatunale, uhikatunale, ahikatunale, &c.

In this form the objective is inserted between ~hi- and -ka-. 4. kahatunale, wahatunale, ahatunale, &c. 5. kihakatunale, uhakatunale, ahakatunale,&c.

Negative of the Relative tenses (s.65) The negative of the relative presedt is the direct form which also seYVes for the future.

klhinotuna, Iwho do not or shall not want.

Without Sign of time (s.66) Thi s is formed from the affirmative by inserting ~.K -hi­before the verb. ( See s. 4 7 )

k~= }hi-tunale n!= }hi-tunale a- .a-

The Negative of the Relative Past (S.67) This is formed from the affirmative tense by adding ¢ -ha to the tnanse prefix -a-.

I who did not want k8 ] lilA.. 1nlft!:l II n - } w- aha-tunale mw- aha-tunale

y-

The Negative of the remote FUture relative K/ (S.68 ) Thi6~made by inserting -hi- in the infinitive or before ~ the tense Bi~ of the auxilliary verb, or again the negative Sign

ka- may be prefixed to the affirmative. I who shall not want

kinowa uhituna, unowa uhituna, anowa uhituna, &0. or, kihinowa utuna, uhinowa utuna, ahinowa utuna, &c. or, akinowa utuna, kunowa utuna, kanowa utuna, &c .

(a.69)

(8.70)

Time and Place These tenses are f ormed by prefixing ka- to the affirmative.

kavanotunaka, when I do not want kavanotunaleaka, when I am not wanting kavatunaleaka , when I did not want kavanowaka utuna, when I sha~l not want

The Negative Imperative The negative of the Subjunctive is generally used.

ihire chicho, let them not act so mhiroe (mhirwe), do not go

(25)

The Negative Subjunctive (s.71) Thi s l s made ~rom the a~~irmative by insertln -hi~ ce­t ween the verb s"I.d the pel'so!'la1 !"ir'l,

That I may not want

k~= } hi- tune n!= 1 hi-tune a- a- J

The i of hi disappears before anot~er vowe'; if ~ol owed by ano­ther i tbe two's become e .

aheye, for a-hi - ive, tbat he may not kill -ke ""D:il be suffixed ,

( s . 72) "NOT YET" A ~orn of t he "ubjuncti ve wi'!;h "not yet" is made by -llhina- Ilnd thl' aff1r:nat lve persona] signs,

That 1 may not yet ' ave wanted

~= } ahina-tuneke ~= } nhina-tuneke

Or by the verb to be in the su' .1unctlve and the short foI':'J of t he Past tense .

kihlwe katuna, OOiwe watuna, ahiwe atuna, &c , Thece may often be rendered by "a1relldy and "befr.re" •

• THE PAflSIV . V'1ICE

(s . 73) There is no rerular Passive in akuo . The 'euter or Quasi­passive is used instead. Pee s , P~

mE VERB TO FE (s . 74) Uka1a, to become, to sit, to re~ain, is conjugate1 regu­lar)y ~ and may be used for to be .

The defective verb ri ls also use~ to form a present and a Past tense.

The present 1s fOI'""e" by prefl )(i 'l P: the persona signs. klrl, uri , ari, nirl , mrl, ari.

The other elas es nre uri, iri, niri, uri, vari; pl . chiri, c~iri, ari , ari, vnri,

Then a noun , pronoun or a demonstrative is ~ollowed by an ad­j ective the verb to be must frequently be understood .

l la inupa ila yulupale, this house is lar~e ml mrekllma, I am tall

The present is also e~ressed by the partlcles pa,pe,pi,po,pu, for all persons and bot h numbers . The vowel usually correFponds to the ensui ng one. These partioles are also used as subjeotl ve prefixes in the t~ird person slngu1ar.

aywlaka pa rowene , my master is chief pari awe ~tu, there WIlS a man p1rl , it is he

They often represent thi~p , it is , (s . 2~) use1 emphntica11y. weo pi weo, it is you, yeu or the very one

The Eubjective prefix for the. first person Singular is also used in t he same WDY.

k1 mwene, I am ohief

(26)

(S . 75) The Past tense i~ ~ormed by the particle - a- . kari, wari, ari; nari, rowari, yari.

Where locality is part of the idea t he particles va , wo , a~d 0, are added .

ariva or riva, he is here ariwo or riwo, he is there arimo or rimo, he is in here or there kariwo, I was t here, &c .

These forms are also used to express the relative . -ha- with the personal sign and the locative su:rfix ls also used.

ahava, he 1s here; shawo, he is t here; shamo, he is in here,&c . ahamo atu anchi, there are many pe~ple chlhamo mihalu, t here are su~ar-canes here vsha, there is

The verb ukala is also used. chokala ikalava vakuvlru? chokala (cha-ukala) .

are t here iny canoes near? t here are itu yohikala yo ike -iae, a thing whi oh is not true .

(s . 76) The N'egati ve of the Present is f'ol'!lled i n various ways . 1. kihiri, uhiri, ahiri; nihiri, mhiri, shiri. 2. (h akihiwe, kuhiwe, kahiwe; k anihlwe, kamhiwe , kahlwe.

or hakihiye, kuhiye, kshiye, &0. 3. hakihena, kubena, kshena , &0.

The Negative of the Past ls, hutar i, kwari, kari; kanari, kamwari, kayari

These Jegativee also suff'ix .t o'e locative partioles. The Nagati ve siE'1l -hi- may be used with the personal sig"l alone.

nihi, it i s not we. kahi, it is not chitu ohohi ohawihu, t hings whloh are not O'lrs ihi yo ukwa, whioh is not of death

The locative partioles may be suff'ixed. Kahiwo, t hre is not There is nnt, &c . , moy also be expressed by the negntive sign kn­and the locative .particles.

kava mtu, t here is no man (or no one ) here knwo mtu, , , "", , ", , , , there k8ll!o mtu, " "", , '" , , , in here or there

ka, and ngati, also expre ss not (npati is probably pure Yao • ka itu, ka mshambo, it is nothine , it is no matter ngati iheller ru, not merely hellers

The verb TO HAVE (s . 77) There is properly no verb to have in Mllkua. Ukalana , to be with is employe in all its tenses. The no. or ni i o frequently su~ixed . In this case it chan~es in the sub j unctive and beco~es ne . The Present t ense can always be erpressed by adding no. or ni to ri.

kirinn, urinam arinn; n1rina, nrina, arina. or by -hane with the perl 0'0.1 signs

kihana, uhane, shana; nihana, rohana, shana The Past' tense is

karina, warina, arina: narina, mwarina, yarinn

(27)

(s.78) The eg~ tlve Present is:-1. haklrlna, kurina, knrina; ka ' irina, knmrina, karina 2. ki" irina, uhirina, nhirina-; nihiri n a , mhirilla, ahirina ~. akihiwenn, kuhiwena , kohiwena; kanihiwena, komhiwena,kahiwena

The Negatlve Past ls:- -hakarina, kwarina, karina; kanarina, knmwarina, kayarinn

There is a "not yet" ten" e f'oI"lled with -hi- f'ol'owe 'by -nawe or naye

kihinoye, uhlnaye, nhinaye; nih1naye, mhinaye, ah1naye A~other f'orm 1c made by pref'1x1ng the negative sign ka-.

hakinaye, unaye, kannye; kaninaye, krunnaye, kannye Eoth these tens e s may end in - a or -e. They may be translate , not having, not yet havin~, not be1n~ with, or l y before, with­out, 8: 0 .

ishiri ohlla plli kaohinaye umala, t hese two walls are not yet finished .

ahinaye urnwona, before ha had seen him en the relative 1s the objec t of' the verb it is expresse as

e xplaine1 above (s . 25) . ohitu ohirinaka, the thin~s whioh I have

With , havin , must generally be t r anslated by the present tense of to have.

mtu ari n1 mhal·u, a llI an wit property, a rio'1 man.

AUXILT,IARY VERBS (s . 79) Vel-' El use as auxilliaries are, uwn , t o oome; utuna, to want; ulOh~ , to 7 ; umala, to f'inish; ukaln . to become, be; and Ukela, to FO; enter, &0 . Can, is Depresented by the appropriate tenses of' worya, to be able . VU8t , ought, are expressed t y the use of' upwanela, to ooncern, or to come to oonoern, either in the aotive or neuter pas~1ve.

uhok1PWanela,}1t oooens me, I must kihopwanelia, kinopwanelia'}I am ooncerned to be , I must kipwanelie, kakipwanela, tit does not conoern me, T must not akipwane11e , ) • mpwanel1en1? what h ave you to do with it. upanga ohinr~hu wopwanel1a, to do what we ought

!lay, and might, may be r c-presented l:y worya , whe "e t hey 1Ti'1ply power, by uloka, to be r ght, where they imply law1'ulness, and by the subjunctive mood wher e they imply a purpose.

~WB, utuna, anl uloha h e lp to e xpress the remote fUture os al­ready exp1ained. Ukela 1s used aD in 8. 33. Omala may be of'ten render e d by already.

(a . 80) To

nhomala uwa , he has already oo~e kihomo.lll ulya, I have done eating

CO'JPOUND TENSE be, is used very muoh as ~ English . kir1 uroani, kirimo uronni, I oontinue to

OM still going, I bein~ ffoing, while be f!oin,.., goin(7

(ae) .

""Pi wl1ea1. I b.1q son., haYing soae ~ Jd.l'Oab, I ".. goa., ha'ring goae bft Jet.aNl., 1:J/"..a PIle, had gone 1raI'1 Jrf ..... l. U1"O., I had alNa4:r gone,f kUt baN., I eb.ould h..... lOll. k1Pl Jrf.l'Oeb, I shall be in the .ot o t 80iag "'MMal_, I •• 11 be aone Jrf __ alll. U1"O., I .h.l' ha ... e .lread7 gone 'IIllId. Jrfal Jrf.ro., I eb.all be he who h •• aron., I nall. b ...

&OIle, I ahall h ..... gone to, or been .t kart ktbl11.ata, I ya. not hoelng

tmRIVA'fIVl!: YDBS

(a.81) A ftIIb ta lfakua lUI' be •• do reclJ1roo.l, neat.r, ...... 1 .. : or tat ..... _ ohanging the tor.ln.tlO1l. Ano her 011.... lSO,ll •• the )lla .. 01' a prepo.ltlon and 1. oalled tho prepo.lti enal or ... plted f'ora.

1. !'b. Applted f'or. 'l'ht. 1e lI&4e _ ohanging the final -a into -ela, bQt; U' the JII'8-o.e41q lett.r 18 h or 1 1 t 1e ohanged into -.1'&. -el.... • .. ar e aot iat.l'Oban,..blo a. in .Glle di.leot. beoau.. in ~. and l' are qw1te ai.tinot. '

........ to aalte, do upangola, to .ake ~or uthla., to bVJ' uth.ol., to bU7 tor .ttaaka, to ran ut1aa~ol.. to run to ..tha, to bring uwihora, to bring to or tor ubia, to lea ... o uhlora, to l.a ... e to or ~or

(1n eOile t r anelatlons upiela and upiera, to "oott iI~' bOth ap-p.ar, alao 1Nft78ra t r Oll yonya. to .rr.) ..... ,..~

.... tta.P ~o t.l'II1naUon i. doubled, .. dh. -.0 h.lp, ukaYihora or uka ... lherezoa, to pont help to 1Ihla, to l.a ..... ubiora, to l.avo to. ubl.Nra, to aoq111t.

to relea •• , to rorp.i ... e alp, to eat, maltO. u1017& , to eat Ylth, & •• akwa, t o dle. Qtwel.,to 410 tor. Ukwe1. i. al.o U804 tor to

co .... t, or to lOftg tor V.17 muoh, thE' ldea boing th.t the thl~ 1. a.ebed .0 ..,h that one woald die ror It. Mhinelo oh1tu oha atu, '!'bou .helt aot ooyet thy ne1ghboure goode.

urih.r", ha. aleo the m.~ning or to do &Raln, to 80 OIl doing.

~. tbe Oaueatl ... e tora . (e. 81) 'lb ..... rb 1. nad. oaul!laU ... e by ohanging the final -a into -lba Or -ella, or -aha whon the v.rb end ln -lla.

_haft, to be t'u11 uohariha, to fill _. to art.... Qiha, to c 8 UI!IO to .Z'I"l .... walu., to ~.11 uwalUba, to nak. ~all . 1POOh.a, to be Ured yooheba, to tiN dbl1r1 .a , to yonder uthiklneh., to awprt ..

UJik117& (or QtIr 1Ik1p117a' .. 1'011, aak •• th. o - lI."tb. 1qli1d.rl.ha

I. 'l'h. Int_ai Te ton ( .... , '1'Ile lnteaal .... toa t. .ad. in ... art.""878 n ,oeau,. ~o

(29)

idea or bein~ or doing e~ceedin~ly what is expresse by the verb . 1. By ch~n~L)' the rinal -a into -eBha.

utawa, to run utawesha, to run very fast uchukula, to be sorry uchuku1eBha, to be very sorry

2 . By the suffix -cha uriha, to throw awr.y urihllcha, to E'oatter about wot~oa, to stir wothoaoha, to knead uthikila, to out uthikilacha , to out in piece~ woloa, to be soft woloaoha, to be very sort

3. Ey -kn - oha, or -ka - oha - ka weta , to walk. wetakaoha or wetakaohaka, to walk about

4. Fy -ru whioh conveys the idea or unqualified ooncent, 00'11-pleteaess of aotion; thorough, entire, &0 .

amalaru utuna, he entirely ooneented 5 . Doubling the verb gives the idea o~ thoroughness intensity,

&0 . uthea, to laugh . utheathea, to be very merry

OTE. When -oha is suffixed to the verb it is trente as part of it and changes acoor in~ly.

ulu~acha, to talk ulumachera, to talk against mhithikinache, be not surprised

Urunya, is a kind of intensive ver0, meaning to do t~or~ughly kahorunya ulumacha ohinene, I we~t on to speak loudly

~/ uhi'unya, to restrain one's self ee a 00 chinene, (s.91)

4. The Neuter or Quasi-passive form (S . ~4) This is made by ohanging the final - a into - ea or -ill. .

I I T~' " is no other form of pnssi ve except this . " untha, to brenk unthea, to be or become broken

wutha , to wipe wuthea, to be wiped uriha, to lose urihia, to be lost

When the verb ends in -uln the I 1e elided . uwukula" to decrease uwulrua, to become less

(S . 85) this form 1s also used (like the English passive) to denote what 1s generally done or doable .

ulea, to be eaten or eatable wahulea, to be torn or tearable utawea, to be able to run

uchuela, to know, makes uOhuanea, to be known or knowable The ending -ula is also a reversive.

utuka , to fasten utukula, to unfasten ukunela, to oever, ukunula, to unoover •

5. The Reoiprooal form (s . 86) This is made by ohanging the final - a into -ana.

Wiwa to hear wi ana , to hear one another wata ' to beat watana, to fight

When ea is ~hange into eana, it may be translated by to be to be . upateana, to be to be got woneana, to be to be seen

(30)

~e applied fo~s a~e in every conju~ated and treated as though they were origina1 words , and other derived forms may be made from them to any extent that may be required.

The applied form of an applied form generally signifies to do a thing to of for a person for a purpose .

SUFFIXES (s . A7) These are - ka, - oha, and -ru

- ka (its vowel ~ follows the final vowel of the verb and may be -ke, or ·ki gives a oontinuative or frequentative

meaning to the verb. Kinopangaka, I continue doing, or am aooustomed to do kipangeke, that I m~, or let me oontinue doing chirik1 (participial) being akalathiki" if he remains or continues to stay

- oha m:>y be suffixed to any verb whioh cnn have its meaning intensified, os upanga, to do, upangac~a, to mend

- ru oan be suffixed to verbs and adverbs It menns that the idea. expressed by the verb is certainly intende or Oompletely aocomplished, &c. , or merely utter­ly, entirely.

ohioha ni~ow1tuohihia wopuela a ina vnnovekelehu, ngati wiohupuelaru, thus we are taught to reme1!lber others when we pray, not merely ot' rselves. urungu wo 1hekalu nkawahuo iriar1ru, the veil of the

temple was rent right in the m¥l,t. mi kineya mwiohi vari vothe konnkaru, I kill a wol1'

wherever I fine'! one nanano, now. nananoru, imll'ediately wioh1ehu, unn! early morning. Wi chi shuru, very early

morn1ng

The verb WIRA (s . 88) Wira has a variety of mesnings and is 1n oonstant use . I t see s to menn any kind of action, as speaking, thinking, doing or being.

Exrunples Of its use:-nirta, allYing, they say. e r aka, (he'say1n"( , ahera, he

sid. erllke, that he may t "' ink, suppose. eral e, who said. mriheke I £lay ye I ashulup 1 e peraya, the elders eaid . nera ohai chr i? what shal' we sny?

ohenrenya "ohi-a-irale-aya paoho, as it was in the beginning

]

OhinrellYa:: chi-lrale-Ilya, as i~ is ohintunaya wira, Tas it s'bal be chinerehu '" chi-no-lra-ihu, as we do, are, 0 .

ohirie uwanyaka chinrenyu wohimya, be it unto e aEl thou cayest

(s . 89) panaka, I ee:r or said; panawe, panaya, he or they oatd . These f'OI'lllS are ver·y much used in narration.

(31

(s . 90) AdverbJ in akua fOllow the wcrQs they modify. /hive chinenel sPeak out! mbone chinene , very {"Ood

Verbs in the infinitive and SUbstantives generally may be made to serve as adverbs by the use Of the preposition WO o

wo'kuru, stronrly wo uchue] a, knOWingly

The initial 1- of a noun and the u of the infinitive are usually elided . 'any English adverbs may be translated by chinene, very, whioh intensifies the action or quality expressed by the word to whioh 1t is subjoined .

mpurule chinenel PUll hard I mmare ohinene I hOI tight! rnroe chinenel E;o fast I

or the intensive form of the verb may be used, or the SUffixes, B. 87. t f A

(s ' ~l) L1s 0 d"erbs Above,up ,~c . ,mchulu, (on Downwards, vathi

higher groun " vachulu arly (in the morning'. After, utu i wiohishuru, mapikosho afterwards, utuli waya F,~ntirely, -ru Dee se.S , 87.

UI'I la way a IIs!>ecially, thepi Again, thoni , thottho Even , anakala J{ second time, veli Everywhere, "on lae, wonkiae Ago,long aF.o, ikalai Monkiae Alike , wo'likana Exactly, 11'0 ratarata Already, see ss . 72 79,89 , Far, far off, utai Al~rnoBt, wakuviru Fast , yakuva Alone , veka,yeko-(with anol , Pirst, kae: tell him first , m-

prone ) ,vekaka, I alone, himye kae; ovekaru, one person only to gc _, holela

Always, rnnhikwene, mahukwene inally, 11'0' ehindera, wO'rnalihera Altogether, vamoka Pormerly, wo'kalai Also , naye Forward, miholo , uholo Anywhere, vari vothe gently, rnrimamrima, ratarata Apart, wo uta1, wo mtemerani Here, va

t( ASide,wo uthotho hereafter, utuli waya 4 Away , he is n-bt here, Hither thither, uwo ni uwo

ka~a , kawo,c . 8itherto, mpika nanano,mpika 1e10 Paok, utuli Immediately, nananoru,nanano vava,

on the - , ikalakota wo'hipicha Backwards , vatuli InSide, mhina, mpani Before, in front. miholo, Indeed, chinene

uholo . (of t1me ,-hinnya Kxtn •• great _, -ulupale chinene w1th infinitive. Likewise, chicho, ohtchaJ:lWe, cha,cho

- long, vaholo vaya 'erely, thu, -ru on hi ~ Eehal l' , wo mlatu 8ya l.lore, upwaha, thepi 'ehind, utu1i , vatu1i 'e~rly vakuviru 0 kuvea

Felow,at the bottom,vnthl No, me~e '

Feneath , muthi ~ver, not at all, mpalapa1ene Cert ainly, wo'kekiae kw ot, ka, ngati, - hi- in verb Daily, mahi kwene, mahu ene No", nanano, "ano Down, -thi, vcthi Often, veliveli, vanchi

On purpose, mwai~i, mwene Only, thu Otherwise , vekina Out , outside , vathe Over , mohulu Perhaps, vekina Privately, vamtemerani

wo witu Presently, vaholo vaya QUiokly, vakuva

( 32)

Soon, vaholo vaya SUddenly, wohipicha Then, pivao There, vale Today, ilelo Together, vamoka Tomorrow, melo Truly, wo'kekiae Under T muthl Up, mchulu

Pecretly, vamtemerani Slowly , wo iruru, wo upicho So (thus) , cha , cho,chicho

Vainly, vathiru, wo chicho Very, chinene

ohichamwe Separately, imokemoka Sometimes, vekina

Well, rata, urera Within, mhina Without, vnthe, wohi-Yes eyo , chicho

PREPOSITIONS (s . 92) There are very few preposi tiona in MakUa. Ni, na, nu , with, along with, and by of the agent after a pass­ive . Cbe vowel i~ frequently elided a~X.~ when followed by another vowel or 1s ohanged into the sarne.

n'anachoro, and the gazelles n'1hopa, an~ a fish nu or n'uthimiohia, and to be honoured

-o(or -a honor1fic) of, with its appropriate initial letter. The prepos1tion of purpose, for, is expressed in the sa~e way. Wo (w[J), is for, by, of means; to of D. person , or of' the place of' his restdenoe: after the manner of, &c . va, u, mu or m, are used of' place, at, in, to, from: va, for rest; u , for motion; and mu or m, for in, inside. Va and mu are used w1th the infinitive to express during, or While, va weta, in walking; va ushoma, while reading; m'ukuma, 1n go1ng out.

(s . 93) - ni 1s usually suffixed to the substantive when preceeded by the locative partioles. va "llashini, at the water. Sornetimec mu 1s put before a demonstrative, thus:-

11; m'nenna nlove nna, in this word or law m'oheiyo" in these (things)

(s . 9 11 ) The force of the preposition in En~lish is often expressed by the app11ed form of the verb. See s . 81

Other prepos1tions are made f'rom adverbs by the help of' ni and -0, as, vafrhulu vo, above: va~v1rit" near ·to . 'f'1 (B . 95) About, oho va Above. mchulu vo

<-List of Prepostions

Accordin~ to , malinga(malika) ulikana, ch1rilc1

After , vatulWo, utu11 wo Amidst , ir1aM yo

" As far as, mpikll , Before, uholo va Behind, utull va Belew, vathi va Beside, mchereshere Between, 11'iari yo

mpoka

wo

(33)

Eeyond, 00010 By , YO j af't. paso. ni,na, Bxoept, ih1ka1e, Ikino. For, -0 or -a; beoause of,

YO mlatu wo From, ukUma In, into, mu, m, mhine. mo Instead of', nipuro no, vaohitu va Near to, vakuviru ni, wo kuvea n1 Next to, -0 nae1i wo

'Q,0f', -0, -a, Cl.I. 0 a

II. wo w. III. yo ya.

:IV. no na. V. wo wo.

VI. vo va

o cho cho o a

He died of" his woun~s, AholtWa ni nikwata aya.

0.

oha. oha. a a

CON.JUNCTION

On upon, vaohulu, va--ni OutsIde, vathe eince, upachera,uohokoa So far as, up to, mpika, mpaka To, u, wo Through, wo Together, vamoka na Under, mkwikwioh1, muth1 W1thin, mhlna mo Without, vat~e vo

(not having), -hikal~ no. e/

(0..96) Con~unotions are often dispensed with by using the mka­tense (0..313). And, but, to., or any other mere conneotive is unoeesary where this tense is employed.

If' and other oonjunotions introducing a state are generally expr~eeed by using the Aotualoonditional tense. In order that, and all other WOMS denot1n8' purpose may be expresaed by the use' 01' the eub~unotive, or by the word mwa1ni (mwene" on purpose. (s 97) List of" Conjunotions Af'ter: vatuli Both,80nkiae, -111 LIkewIse, ohlcho Mt ..... rds, vatuli But, nansho, nanko I.est, -lhlkale

vaya Either--or, veklna- Or, mene, anakaIa, veklna A1eo, ni, no. vekina; hango.-hanga NO", nanano And, ni, no Exoept, 1hikale SInce, lVokala, ukolo.

n/

And T ,eheni, nlml For, ukala w&,ya, ukn-That, .. Ira, ohlrlki and he, nlwe la, wOko.la... Then,n'umaIa, pivao and we, nihi,&:c. However,n~ho, nanko Therefore, meno, mene

As, thoko,mkathoko If".l.w1ra, hera Till, mpika, mpnka A.

mo.l1nga(ma1ika) ,v-ot.cond,tense) Though, eee s.41,42 E-eoauee , wo mlatu, In order that,lIIWa1n! Too, no., nl

uka1a waya ~or the SUbj.) Without, Ihikale

INTERJECTIONS (s. 98) 01' euprise ohail ohanil chi I kul lo.phal j1l

Of' entreaty chontel Of' nneuiBh mail all ulUI Of' negation elrul eyal ohol unl Of' af'f'irmation eyol ohichol

Salutations Bef'ore entering a house, 'oyol 1II0yoi Reply, Ke1akanil enter I Knlathil take a seat. Vreteleni? What new8? Kinomngwelela T am .. ell. lIU1\ongweIela? are ;you well? Halakal HaIokaniT Fe.rew~lll

t-I\. It ... "'sk.

I

(34)

VOCABULARIES A. Parte of' the body

Arm, mono mi­Armpi t, ikwapa Baok, mthana mi-Beard, iroro Bile, YBmwe Blood, ipome Body, irptu Bone, nikUva ma-Frllin, ukokn

>'7Breasts, mopele Prellth, ipumu But.tock, nikutu ma-Co.lf' (of' leg), nD.thakw1 0.­Cheek, nrBmIl ma-Ear, nyaru mllru Elbow, 1kokUno ~e, n1 tho, mi tho or montho ~ebrow, nikWikwi mo.­Face, wi tho ; ikoye

L I Finp-er, n,koko mD.­index - , nthonyo ma­little - , naapene a­

Fist, ikwip1 Flesh, innma Foot, mnyani ma­Hair, 1karari Hand, palm, nthatha tna­Rend , muru mi­Heart, mrimll mi­Intestinee, marupo Jaw, ntere ma­Joint, ioh1varo

BrellF.>t, iknkacho

Kidney, iropio, impyo Knee, nikutha ma­Knuckle, nluto ma-T.ef't hr.md, mono wo iroushi I,eg, mweto mi- (meto) Lip, nlaku ma-Li ver, hapa a-JJoins, iyunu Mouth, iynno, iwano Nail, ihatha Navel, mtheku mi­Nose, ipula Privates, rnathepa Fib, iparari, niparari rna-Rirht-hand, mono wo wilopwana Scar, nrotela ma-Shin. mpanja ma-8houlder, nikatha ma-Skin, nrapala mu-Sore, nikwata ma-Spittle, ishenye, iehene Spleen, mshetelela 7' Sweat, mtukuta Tears, mithori (no sing) Teat, inyani Thigh, nakitondoro a-Thu-nb, nikoko nulupale ma- o 1M. _ Ton~e, nlimi ma-Toe, nikoko no lyani, l'1ak- "'­Too·th, nino, mine UVula, nanlokoloko a-Wrist, nreche no mono, mar- a.

B. Ashes, 1tura

ROuse and household things

Bag, mhuko m1-, of Skin, mru­pat T"la-; mattin~ -, n1ko.nda ma-

Par (of door , mtelo tn1-Basket, n1kaya ma-: ~tnall _,

ipache; oif'tina -, 1thelo' covered -, niuku lUa- '

Bedstead, ikori; of ~amboo ulil1 '

Bowl, inyipo Broom, romelo, mivelo BOX, nlkas'1a ma­Chllir, stool, ihiche Charcoal, roakala Cooking-pot, iopwej rowa~u mi­

- f'or porridge, ikariko Corner, 11lJly"aka ma-

•

(35)

Cup, ichikomb~ (SWa. Door, nohele ma-, mkora mi­Do 0 rwoy , mlo.ko mi-Duet, ntukuruku Favee, mpiroti ma-

- posts, nipote ma­Fire, moro l!!i-

- place, viko, ihuri - wood, ikuni, nuni

Flll'!le, nlimi no moro, ma­Handle, mmini, mivini House, inupa Iron, iyuma Knit'e, mwal0 mi-I.e.dder, nivllta ma-Letter, ibnrua (Elva. I.id, yokunela oho-L1me, ishwakara lIat, ntato ma-" eOBure, imbishi ortar, t'or oleaning J;aD grain, lr1awe

Needle, shingano Peg (in the ground , ikomo

(in the wal1),mthomeo mi­Pestle, mwi thi mi-Poat, mkurio l!Ii-.:. With t'orked head, lpata evtaherd, nivali ma-

Rafters, ipatho Rag, mono mi­Ridge-pole, mkOmba mi-Ring, choka; lip -,mthathi mi­Root', mohara Rope, mItoi mi-Soum, niporu ma-Sheath, nikonero ma-Site, ipua Smoke, I!lwishi Soap, shabuni Spoon, ikope Stable, pen, ihili Stick, ikopo sticks f'or Making ~ire, nimnku

ma-Stone, nlulru ma-Stones 1'or 4upporting pot on

the f'ire, mtua ma­Store-house, nilrupi ma­Strap, ipende String, nripwe ma­Thatch, manyashi Thread, ntoche ma­Threehlld, nipltingwa ma­Wall, iehiri Water-jar, muno, Mluno Well, ihime, ilushi

C. Persons, trades, &c .

Attendant karumia a­Aunt (pat: athitthi

(mat . ), manyi, mnnyamanyi iaby, mwanhima, mwankani aChelor, 0 'hi thela

Pegrar, 0 'vekela Heok8mi th, 0 'hana Poy, l1!!tirao a-l'rother, siater, nrolrora a-,

anyaro'tora Younger -, mwanrokora,

II1hltna, aohihima elder _, am un a , manyamuno. OUr brother or sister,onihu

"your , , , • "oninyu " ro, Or sister-in-law mlamu

a" manyalamu Child, wanhimo., aohihima

Carpenter, o'hemaoha Chief', mwene a-, mamwene Companion, mtunano. a-, mkwa- a-

These are 1'ollowe1 by the en­olitic pronoun. tunanaca, my

oompanion Cook, o'tereka Daughter, mwana 0 thiano., wano.

o athiana Dwarf', 0' kUvea Father, thitthi a-, manya­

our -, athumwanihu your, athwawaninyu ~is -, nthumwane

Fiel -labourer, o'lima Foreigner, o'leto Friend, mwathitthi manyn­Fur:itive, o't~w

(36 )

Girl, rnmirao 0 mthiann, ami­roo athicnaj before the unya~, mnati a~; after the unyao, Ilwali a-

Grandohild, mwanohulwa aohi­GOD. MLUKU ("'i-:o. Guide, 0 'h~lela f"unter, o'lupatD. Husband, owanya .:rudge, 0' 1 amula T,1.or, ill wotha ~nn, mtu a .....

Master, pwiya a­edioine-man, 0 mirete

l'ediat~, 0 , kanyulanihin fidwife, namktl n-other, manyi a-, many.­our,-, anumwnnihu your -, anumwaninyu his -, anumwane, their, anumwanaya

Suoh an one, eo Dnd so, nesne. Ne is prefixed to names by way of respeot.

neighbour. mloko a-, manya­Old person , owuluvala Porson, mtu a-Porter, o'wea, o'kusha Potter, 0 wupa ~iater, ace brother Slave ipota Soldier, ashikari (Swa. ) Son, mwena 0 mlopwana, JI#~ ~~ 2~t.Bk .. , ~l*Pw~a. ashana 0

alopwana Spinster, o'hithela Spirit, mnepa mi­SWeetheart, am.etyaka Tailor, mtoti a- . Thief 0 'wiya Trader, o'pan~a maronnn ~tranger, o'leto Traveller, mwetakaohn Uncle (pat. ) mjomba a-

(mat. , ethattha Widow, widower, namkweli a­Wi7.ard witch, mkwiri, a­Woman, mthinna a-, opani Worker, o'panga

D. Dress, weapons, &c.

Adze, ishelelo Anvil, nihulave ma-Anklet of brass, nikori ma­

of iron , nikwlnjiri ma-Arrow, muupa mi-

of wood, mshonga mi­shaft, mtere mi-the notoh, ihero

Axe, ipacho 'It/ Tead, ,4kova ma-Eow, mura, mi ura Eracelet, ntkori ma-

of ooiled wire, lshengo Pullet, lpolowolo

)( >-rutton, i tukelo Gun, kapwitl,a-

- barrel, mthuthu mi-- butt, mrende mi-

l,) .p.J... 1 r' C1l.....- orJ -'" u.0/6 ~ '" h.a-u.. . u+ - ~

(gun oap, nluku ma- (flint - charge, mshindo mi-- lock, ikope - nipple nampiri /1-

- powder, uka - ra~rod, ikapetho; inako - stock, inshita - trigger, . namthupya a-

--YTll t i vihi r:!. Pincers, ipano Rin.:r, onoka

,

8andals, ikokwata Sheath, nikonero ma­Shield, ichikopa fhirt, malaya

.ircap , lohushuro 8nUf'f'-box, magari • Chisel, ikakelo f.t1ck (walking), ikopo ~(: Cloth, clothes, ikuwo <"tringeCl instrument, rimpa

JlClUb, indonga Trap, ithapa, nranko mi-Coat. waistcoat,mwinjiro mi_ hr1l!mq mXeQtll mall" J Comb, ivaohero f'ish trap, mthololo mi-~ Drum. ikoma, nakwalll 11- ___ Turban, ~ho mA-

r-, 3. Animals and llQ:1.mal produce, &c,

Ants f'lying, InE"'.lmbl soavenger, Ithaleku term'tes, uweshe

other kinds, inenele, nrlya, nchocho, ipepechu, ntukwl

Ape, kole a-Ass. pUl"U a-Bat, nanth'lthu a­Eee. inui .Bird, lIIWashanuni, asha­Buf'f'alo, inari Bug, lkukuni Pul1,nshoka Cat, mbaka a-

wild -, kehupwe 11-Cattle, ing'ope Centipede, iyalalll Chameleon, namanria a­Cook, mthupi ml-Civet ollt, ituko Cow, ing'ope yo mthlana Crooodile. ikonya Dog, mlapwD., ashl1epwD. or

ashipwa Duok, nrata ma­Eland, ipakala Elephant, itepo

trunk of -, mpanta Egg nyoohe, moche y~lk of' -, irim£l.rirna shell, nikarapia ma­

Flea, utitiri Fly , ipepele i Fire-f'ly, imanyi.many Frog, marapi a-Goat, ipuri Gnu, Inyupu Guinea-fowl, ikaka Hare, rabbit, hu..lnlla a-

Fien, mtehi ma­Fiippotamus, ipitu Fiide, nrupala ma­Fioney , urao Jrorn, iny'lka Fiump, intumura Fiyena. kaohupa a­tnsect,. kH** .R .. eXR~

mwametu, pl . aohimwarnetu 'Jigger, ntekenya 'lI1l-.) ackal, mwi c11i m i-Leopard, havara a-Lton, karamu Il-~izard, nampara a-

,I Losust, nashombe a-~o( ~·anro.tste, nthulu

~antis, mpweSha mwapu " ilk, mapele ~ri llipede, mongolo ,fOn! tor, inE'" oto .fol e nahuo a-l. ,

'Onkey, mshapwe mll-, tupili <I'i-ishangll

~sqUito, iShenjema ""'1, nrunrune 11-~ig, ikuluve

ie-eon, lkUndo. ~11d - , nohia ma­

PO~cuPlne, nashimuku a­~at'(house), niku1e mD-

(f'ield), toro a­~inooeros, pelD 11-~ho~plon, nanrere a­Seep, ikondoro nlll(e inoa

811ide;" nn.'lIthuthu a­T Web, randllshl !l11, mwila l:1i-

TiCk (doE"), nlku(;hu ml1-TO~tolBe, kapa a­

~dcle~, nlpele ma-~ ol'ln, inyongoroshi Bbt>a, iputa

--

..

P. Trees ,

Faobl'b tr-ee, m1apa mi­Pamboo, mthale mi­Panana p1ant, ~nika

kinds o~ - nlkumbukwa, IIwe11 , namahllku, lnlka_ inlka klshukari

Eark, nikulll ma-Beans, nachope a- , ipwlrl,

holoko, nanara a­reer, uthekll I oras sus palm, mkunda mi­Cassava, manangwa Cha~t', nttnkanka. 0.­

cust£'rd apple, nirepi mn­Ear of cor~ , nChashi ~a; Ebony, n~iko, miviko Flg-tree, mthapo mi-

fig, i ttl opo Flour, ipepll. Flower, ituyo Fruit , ihokf)roko Grass, ninyashi ma­Gunvll, ilukuthi Leaf, nthakuru ma­"aize, nakuo lI.-r'ane:o tree, mwembe mi­

f'rui t, iyembe

( 38 )

vegetables, & c .

'i1let, mele Pawpaw, nipaipai ma.­Pepper, black ,lonko 0 maka

red, lonko makK~ m£'kani Pine-apple, i chikowo Produce, ~ruit, yolma cho­Pumpkin, nraka ma-Rice, l'!XI2lImU ~muka.'t oleaned,

mchoro ; cooked, mrama Root, mthitharl mi-Seen, mbeyu SnUff, sh~ 0 makll stem, mrinta mi­Sugar-cane, mhalu mi­Tamarind tree, mwepll mi-

nl "

frui t, wepa a­Thorn, mwiwa mi­Tobacco, shone (e] . I Tomato, ithumnt 1 Tree,mwiri mi-Trunk, isha Vepetabl ps, rnachuku Yam, nipetha ma­''Tater-melon, niwuryo ma-

-----------------------G. Natura.l Objects

r ank (river), ~chinka ma­Tridpe, mthllkelo mi ~ ~ rook, ~wamolokc CShi mioloko Cave, nikuku mn-Clay (potter's ) ,uloko C1oo, nikoto ~waln Cloud, nihute "0.-Cold, ipyo Country, llapo D!l rlmess, lpipi Daylight, utha.na Desert, ipupul:'U Dew, ukrune Fog , itapwe Hail, ipula yo. Il1nluku Hill, mwako mi-Hot season, elimwe Island, ntinji ma­Lake, ntla ma-r,ight, l!Ithuko

of moon, waria

LightenlnR, uverunya " oon, rj!ri mi- wi

full - , mweri mJrumi'" new - , mweria wonia moonlight, warin

Mountain, mwllko mi­Mud, ipepe Pit, nliti ma- , nllkiti ma-

- fall, ikokwe Place, vachitu Pnin, ipula Rainy senson, iyitha Rock, mwala mi­Sand, mhava mi­Shadow, irungu st ar, i totwa Sun, nchuwa I'la­Thun,l er, i thari Valley, mshepa ma-Water, mashi; c?ln -,moshi oreria

hot - , mash~ 0 viha Wilderness, uthako Wind, I pio, ipyo

(39 )

H. Miscellaneous Lie, wotha Aoti"n. mshambo m1-

Advioe. nloye ma-, ntemera Agreement. ulehano ma­Avarioe, itama fait, inyam'o Farrel., nipipa ma­Fennninp:, mapacho Dook, ik1tll1:u '8- . ' Bottom, vath1, Pralls wire, oh1ku:1p,u Prink, mcheresilere Purden, mrind1 mi­Business, mltheko Canoe. ikllla:yD. Cough. nikokoto Cramp, nan thirla Crowd, maunjlrl DQ. nlhuku mD.-Death. una Dirt, ntupi ma-Diseuse, ureta Dream, 1 tora pl. mitora Drop, nimoro1'1oro,ma-End, point, wlkan1 Entertainer, mwene 11-Envy. ihache Evenin!", uchochilo,uchechl1o Fable, ichitllu Famine, i thala. Fear, wova Folly, upuua Food. yolya cho­Footprint, inya Fun. moheohe Game, play, mohoma 1118-Go"ds, riches, mhaku m1-Henp, mhuku mi-; ash -, vllta-

rani; rubbish -, nclialll ma­Heat, T!Itukuto. Hole, open1nll', 1paro Hunger, i thnla Idleness, wOloa Itch, uyele .Yoke, mcheche

Limit, mwinano rni­Madness, ihalahala Uedicine, mrete mi-Vemory, upuela Mercy , pity, iklriri Jfodesty, ishoni Horning, "I7:ichishu Name , nchina ma-Night, uhiu; tqhight, uhiu ulo

last -, uhiu wo nohana Noise , unyakula Noon, nchuwe. va muru Oath, ulapela. ma-o Offering (ceremonial},ipepa Open space, ipua Origin, iyarelo Pace, step, nilipa ma­Pain, U\'{erya Peaoe, mpuha, uhithemwa Pledge, nrinta mi­Pimple, ithuku Pleiadee, ilumelo poison, ukwiri~ uohungu Portion, niunjiri ma­Prayer, ilapelo Present, ituva, mituro Pride, wlohona Revenge, wihokoloshera Riches, property. mhalm mi­Ro e.1it , iplro Rupee, rupia a-Rust, mrenje rni-Salt, maka Secret, wtemera rni­Shape, wupa f'ize, nohushe Arnall-POx, inauvi Sleep, ikove.e Gon@" iohlpo

(iko~~ )

Ppark, imanyimanyi state, condition , lkalelo f'trenpth, ikuru

Journey, mkw.:!hll, ureto Klngd"m, imwene Knot, nluto ma­I,abour, mtheko ml­T~an(!Uage, Malove

Tale, ithell, indango Thin;;, itu, chitu TodDY, ilolo

.'" TOTl1orrow t T!lelo; day after - ,mroto ToP (toy), kwiliwili YesterdAY, nohana

T,augh, matheo- - dDY be~oro - . nchuri I,elld, Ipolowo'o Length, utali va, ureklll'!l1

(40)

As it i r,1E't o f' Verb~ 6 neoes&.ory to put to b:r • t

the Infinitive 60 it i -- e. ore he English verb to make the Infinitlve'ln ~L-_ s necessary to pref'ix u- to X«e make

b ~ua .

e Able, oryn Abuse (with words), ~unnn rubble, vavava Aooept , tuna , chi vela Build, theka

(take), akelll Burn, parela Aooo~pnny, varn na Bury, vitha Aoouse. chonjer~ Call. ihana, itann Aooustom. le-r.nleliha. give a name, r-omola

, be accu"torne", le"lnlela Carry, win, well, kusha Aohe. weryn Cheat, thepya Add to, ncherern Choose, thanla Adjoin, himnna Clap the hands, kwata Adz~, hema be Clean, hapihia A~rec, iranll Clear ground, vera Annoy, huviha Climb, wela Answer. Illmla Clothe, wariha Arrive, pia Collect, n . th~thokana vj

Ascend, wela a. thothokantha Aecertain, chueleshn Come, wa be Ash=erl, one. ishdml, - out from, kumn

lye muru - out (as a h0e f'rom its make - , hela ishonl handle), kulia

Ask (a quection;, koha Concern, pwanela Awake. uwn, ungwa Consider, thananiha Bake , osha Cook, a.pie, apea Fnrte", 1l1rnknn" Cough, kothomoln rathe, rapn Count, alakeln Fe,t!'emain, s1t, u"D.la Cover, kunela Pear, esp. children, Yllrr. Creep, apacha

_ fruit, imma be Crooked, korombana _ with, vilela Cry, unla, nla

Eert, eta Cure, lamiha Be[,", vekela CUt, thlkila Eegin , pacha, chokola hair, hama fend, pindu in two, mianiha BinQ, tuka through, thutlulll Eite, luTtlIl open, pula -Blaze, parela Dance, thO-tela, inA Blow (of' wind), l'UIlla Decide, thikiln mlllove

(wi th the mouth), nohelela Desire, thanana -El. horn, :!ramullopa Destroy , hohonooha

Bore into, temula Die, kwf' through, temulacha Dig, thlpa

Pox the eors, uta nl nthatho. Divide, mianiha Irenk across, a. ntha Drew, drar-, purnla

n . nthea - neor, atama _ in pteceB, 8. pwesha - water, rikEl. mashi

n . pwea Dream, loha Ereathe, mumula Dress, wariho., n . warn Erin"", wihe. DrinJ~, vrurya

Drive away, omola be Drunk, hapalia Dry, a. umlha, n. UIla

put out to - , Illlea Eat, lya, pass. lea Empty, riha, ita Endure, vllela be Equal, llkana be &lough, , thosha

go round, anela Enter, kela, kel!llla Erect, emesha Err, wonya, teka Exalt, thlmioha Exohange, tlndana Faint, komoa Fall, uluwa, wulu'

(as leavef'), mora (of raln) , rupa

Faste", tuko p-et Fat, neneva

( 0 f anlmafS"), nlJlil Fear, ova Feed, 11ha Fight, menyana, att'll Fill, chariha Find, ona Finish, mo1iha

(have done), mall Fly, vava Fold, plnda Follow, tara, twara Forbld, athellha Forget, 11ala Forgive, hierera Frighten, opop~a Fry, arlka be Ful], ohara I Gain, pata 0/; Gather .. , ukan1hl

- frul t, rukula - up, kupa, 10kola

Get, pata - well, wona, It.! - large, nnua

Give, vaha give him, mmaha

be Glad, tell!). Gnaw, pwotha Go, eta, away fl'O!, lOa

before, holela down, kurua out, kuma, fu:a

«li ) (41. )

Grow, mela . GU8B~, shunga, lite1ela Rang up, thomia be Hard, lipa Hasten, akuva Hate, nanarela Hear, iwa Help, kaviha Hide, vltha Hurt, ll(BJCK werya Inherit, ke1a inupa Increase, ncherena Judge, lamula .:rump, thupa Kill, iva Kneel, koroma Know, ohue1a be Lame, tubela Laugh, thea Lead, holela e Lean against, pithria

" Lel've, hia Let down, kurusha Level, likaniha Lick, latha Lie, otha Lie down, rupathi T 1ft, thesha Light, to show, mwalea

lkind1e), parehela be - in weight, alua be - (not dark), aria

r,lsten, lwelela Live, kala, lama I,oad a gun, helela

- a man, riha Loiter, pichapioha Look, weha

_ for, ayya, thotha _ after, shunga

Loose, thapula be loose, tondova loosen, tondovlha

Lose, riha be lost, rihia

Love, chivela, tuna Make, panga . _ friends with, paka umathl tthi

_ pots, upa _ peaoe, iraniha

Mark, hela lohueliho with tri~al sign, hela inepo

!larry',o:f a man, thela - ot: a woman, thelia - of' the parents,lhel1lia

Measure, pima Meet, onl.lna

"- with, pwanya., himana go to - , mwikamela

Melt, thothoa Mend, pangaoho. Milk, o.ma 'ix, tha.kllnihll

Mount, wela Mourn, kupanya Move, ohushera

n. thokunya ohange abode, thAla

No.me, romola Open, :rllllllllb hula

- a book,&:o., pata.tula - the mouth, ath/llllushl

Pass, vira Perspire, kuma mtukUta Pick :fruit, rukula

- out , kakarula - up, lokota

Plait, tava Plant, sow, ala Plaster, mara Please, ohiveliha

be pleased, chivelll PI uck a :fowl, nyoohola Plunder, huka Pound in II mortar

1st. time, wohola 2nd. " pwaohD 3rd. " thitha

Pray, lapela, vekela Priok, homo. Pullout, pela Quarrel, ana Raise, thesha Reach, pia Reap, maize , kopola

mi11 et, thikila Redeem, opola Re joice, shangarara Remain, stay, kala

be lef't, hala Rem~be:r, upuela ;1 Remdlhd, upusha Resemble, likans Rest, itua ' Return, hokolea

give back, hokoloslil

(42 )

be R ipe, tokota R:lse, get up, uwa, emela

- of t h e sun, sha , kuma Ro".1. J., pirikia

c aus. pirikisha Ro t, unto., nta Rub, lruta Ru.st, vara mr enje R~~, tawa, tyawa

- away, nyanyala - to, timakela

Sa.:tute, kohacha b e Sa:t1:~tisfied with f'ood, rupala Say, himya l' SeClY"&, Hu:r a. .... ..... la.. ScattE" r, micha, 1likabaoha Scold, ulumela S corn, luohweha Scr atoh, karo.mulo; - about as

a fowl, valatha Bee, ona Be ' ze, vara Sell, thuma, echiha Send (a person ) , rumll

( oonvey ) , velela ~et (of t h e sun', 110.

- on fire, paba S e w, toto. ~ake , tetemela , tik1nya

- out dus t,&:c ., kukuta Shave, uwul a Shame , ho.mbusha Shine, aria Shoot, ( s prout pua

- with a weapon, opa Shout, kua Show, oniha

point out, thonyera Shut"9l tea be Sick, wereia

( vomit ), rapla Sift by shakinp. , vera be Silent, mala Sinp: ipa Sink, :rallllt rela Slander, oth erya Cit down, kalathi Sleep, rupa Slip, thererya Smear, hika Smell, nuka Sneeze, itinmurya b e SOJ'ry, chukula Speak, uluma(cha Spill, r:lha

't(

(43)

Spoil, hononn(chn) Stand, emela Startle, thuthusha

be startled, thut!lUIl Stelll, iya be Straight, okoa SStreoh, okola, wamba Strike, ata, pitha Suok, tola; the breast, amwn

- sugar-oane, pot/la Swallow, mirya SWeep, kweoha Swell, ipe. 8way, thetherua Toe, kusha, wea

- leave, leha.na Talk, ulumacha Tame, hue. Taste, le.wlhe. Tear, ahule.

be torn, ahue. Teach, Ituchiha Tell, himerya, le111 Thatoh, tunelll Think, upuelll, th~anihll

( suppose), anyillera be Thirsty, ola ntona Throw, wonya; - away, rihll Tighten, tit:t,ha Tire, ocheha, be tired, oohea Touch,kwakwanya Trap, rea, ria Trllvel, eta mkwllllD. Tremble, tete'"elll Try, lika Turn (change), titldaniha

- over, rukunual1a - round, ~ukureria

Twist, popotelll Unoover, kunela Under~tllnd, chuela Undo, thapula Undress, rula Unite, luta be Vexed, thunala Vomit, rapia Wap;, I1niha Wait, lita

- upon, rumela Wolk, eta

- about, etakacha Want, tuna, thanana

(lack), pererya Wash, hap1ha

- olothes, puputa - t he face, kuohn - the hands, nyllwa

Watch, sheleliha be Weak, shokoya Wellve, tava Weep, unla, nla Weigh, pima Whisper, apela Wipe, wutha Wonder, thikinacha Work, theka

panga mi theko Wound, rakallha

stab, lIc ., homo Wrap, vilikelela Wriggle, nyung'unya be Wrinkled, nyatia Write, carve, keryn Yawn, aramurya

~-----------------------A MAKUA STORY

(cf. "J3rer Rabbit" - the "Tar baby")

Hukula (the Rl1b~it) yayo (those) mohukwayo (those days) anopo­pihll (he frighte~P atu (people). Atu mkalima (people cultiva­ted) imata (rieJdS), nkachalia (they planted) itaa (ground nuts). Itaa nkachamela (the nuts grew) mkachakomala (anrl they ripened): Atu mkerll (and -tbe people said), "l~nr:we (let us go) nithipe (thllt we may die: up) Itaa (the nuts)." Atu mko.rumelela (and the people responded), "~o, mngweke"(Yes, let us go) . '~arwa (and they went) uth1.pa itaa (to die up the nuts) . ChlhotJi>ia (tl1ey i were dug up), ,,}:lekinn mkachapela (and some were oooked). Rukul a (the rabbit) wonneawe (when he saw ~ s.49,50' yo wira (that)

itaa chIhal?ein (chl-ho-a-peiB, the nuts wer' oooke?,) r:lknf,/J."-a- Ii tt.aramula (he sc.o.re"I. the"') wopa (bcatln~) iko'Zla (£I. dru.'!I' ero.ka (ea.vIng), .a:l:oto! mtawel Il:oto! mtawc! (do.nger or wllr' run aw.::.yl~. At\!. )l mkotnw!l (and the people rem away). -ukUln mkawa (Anil the rnbbit oamel lIIkalyo. (and ate~ Hao. (the nuts). Wlchlohu (early ~orn1ng mkDwa (t~ey came' ntu mkathlpn Ito.n (the peop'e cane a.1 ~U8 up nute), chikina (llO!!le' "Iko.pla (they co01l:ed', tlkacha­tokoto. (Ilnd they were done), m'tnchupulla {end th.ey took thcl!l of f: thef'ire'. rtUkollc. 1Ukona ( the rabbit saw' wira (that) chihe­pulio. (they were taken off') mkl'athnramulc. (n 1d he s(,ll.re"i then) Ikt'>tolmtllwe ' Ikotol mtawel (De.nrerl run awayl). Atu mkato.wll, (and tl;le people ran away 1. Yukula mko.wa (The rabbit oN'le) mknlya\ j.:t.ne ~ Land ate the nuts) oh11e (those) mkarwo. (and oeparted). 'Ihuku ~imoka (one "ay) l\tu mkero. (t'1 e people eaid), ""np.we {let ue po' nipnnge (that we "lay "lake) Ichinyeo (an imo.ge)". ""Kwiria (s . ... £1 JJ

/They say) "Ynpweke" (let Ull eU • 'ntapan"'a (and they l'Io.de) thc}-o P (llre) mtu (0. man) mkayapnrelelihn (and they sme~red) ul1mbo

(bird-lime), rnkayawea (nnd they tock it) rnkayakela (and they went) emeshio. (it was made etand) m'mntnni (in tl'e 1'ield'. ,1-ohishu)In the early ornlnp) ntu rnkarwo. (went out) uthlpo. (to diEJ' 1 tao. (nuts), ohikino. (eol!le) mlto.oho.pela {they cooked \ "'ka-chctokota (they we~e done' mknohnpulla (and they took t~e~ ofr).

I Hukula mkon!l (end the rabbit sllw),t'wiro. (that chiho.pu1ia (t'hay were tnken of4') ml:apaoho. (he bcga?1)," Tkoto I "IttlWC I lJc!lto I T!ta'"'e' " (dan"'erl run Ilwayl) . !'lwtawn (nnd they rnn awo;y'. '{ul:u1l' l:!'-I'-"I'., ~ (ant! the ra' ,blt cfl.!'1o) .... kent (ondi sn-.-' lchitao (the 1nu'~'e) '1e­menle (c . 11 standil'lg' th'lkc 1'ltu (11ko n '!lo.n). 'u:'-ulo. Mern (Dnd the ro.bl1t salin, "Owe I'lpnn1"" (who o.r rou,:) Ichltao (tlJ.c 1'1£­urc) wohakula (wa u-h1-akulal not answerin"'\, 11U'~·1('. "'kern (tlJe

! ro.bb1,t enl'i "Kunewa? (kU-no-lwn flo you not hear'?'. ut'lwe (~?1 . rway \ (f"'O<'! t lkoto (dnn("er) Tf • Iohi tao m'-ayl'mlllo. (thE'! f1Mlre re-

maine" silent) nnakalc cren not) wcl:u' 0. (nnsweri:'1p". !!ukUln mkcra (and the rabbit sa1d'~Y "kinotawa" (ral!' r01n'" to run o.WIlY). '%o.tcwa (and he ran) vnknni (n little' nl~emela (and otopped'. '1u'~la n·-llhokolf"o. (and t'1(' rab't it went back) mknoho.chi'l ({'\?1d wne a~~ ucho.ohero. (scoldlnc) lchltno (the Image', ~kera (and acid', "Kinoukomn" I oho.ll hit you). 'kako!!'a (0.'1"1. he hit )(tJlfliohHri) ~ (the 1mtl~e', mkawo.ya (an~ '00 co.urht by' ul1mbo (the blrd-li~e~

' J _. wopare'lhla (be1ng fIxed to the' 10h1tno (1'!lage', rukulo. mkero., I' 1 ~i: Cond the rabbit sald', "1f;:10up1tha I'll "'"eto (I shal' otrl!:e ;you

{ 1 " with tl'e fOl"t," l!'kaatn {nnd l>e struclt hll!1' , mknwayo. (nnd was . ~ o~urhtO chichamwe (in the same way) . ftu mko.wll (a~d people c(1~e'

m!tcmmo.ra ("'ko.-m- varo. o.nd selzeil him'. TTuk.1J n .-J;era (and t'l1e rab-bi t said', "mki~are (11'. you hol" T'lc) mwilo. (the tail', r,l:lltrle ;) «(\n~ rtrU"c Me vathl (down on the eround).·' Atu mkIlr.1T'1"T'1l (a:'1d t e people seizet" hi'll' l"klll"lwatelo. (and "truok him' vl'th -' (tl-c

, . rrround'. rukulrl mkatcwo (nnd th,. rabbit ran mvay) . ,

• J +.

Collection no: AB358 Collection: Herbert Woodward, Handbook of the Makua

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DOCUMENT DETAILS: Document ID:- B358-001 Document Title:- A handbook of the Makua language (original copy) Author:- Herbert Woodward Document Date:- 1915