A Great Celebration of Science and Natural Phi losophy Univ.prof. Liviu Alexandru SOFONEA, PhD

President of the Braşov Branch of the Philosophy and History of Science and Technique Committee of the Romanian Academy

Col.univ.prof. Mircea COSMA, PhD Correspondent member of the Romanian Academy of Science

MEMENTO: O.N.U. & U.N.E.S.C.O. decided in 2004/2005 that “the hour glass

moment” from Tempus Historiae, 1905 A.D., should be declared The International Year for Physics

The year 2005 – marking 100 years since the formulation of the Theory of Special Relativity, has been declared as an international Year of Physics. The authors emphasize the importance of the Theory of Relativity (mainly the special/restricted one) and the prestigious contribution of Albert Einstein. An estimation of the importance of this theory in Physics is made, and also, certain philosophical considerations are briefly presented.

Keywords: theory of relativity, theory of special relativity. § I. Das ewig unbegreifliche in dieser Welt ist ihre Begreiflichkeit! /The eternal world mystery is its intelligibility itself … the fact that it

is intelligible is a Miracle!/ Albert EINSTEIN

Strange/odd, gambolling, … is this being – Homo – speaking, endowed with memory, living on the bio-phileI and even bio-phorousI Terra planet, , that has written in its “programme”⊕ II,III the knowledge desire as well!

The research is the “kind”/goal/ of the bio-species Homo Sapiens & Philosophans: the researches are often exclusively concerned with research applications that can defend and improve their modus vivendi and those of numerous beneficiaries of their hard workings and skillsIII; sometimes, these axiological hypostases1,2 are attracted/ established by the restless state of the fundamental questions3 that animate the research4 of an understanding3,IV “somehow acceptable” of the own existenceV in the World and that of the Surrounding Reality it belongs toVI,I,II.

We are here and now to celebrate a feast of the Spirit – a holly day of Homo Sapiens Scientifer Philosophans Ingenius and other axiological hypostases VII that are solidary to this one – i.e. we live a special moment: a sacral one, contained in the opened Curriculum Historiae, in “the relative present” ↓T = 2005 A.D. that we perceive to be a complex “instanton” of the

Tempus – Curriculum Historiae which is not represented by a unique theory, but it represents a Spirit adventureII.

We – all that find meditation a faithful* profession – ascertain that there are recent/contemporary mutations – some of them overwhelming, paradigm changes that form (concerted and ineluctably) a new Imago Mundi.

Such a moment – “hour glass”, that opens new eon –, was the annus mirabilis 1905, when – by means of the contributions of some eminent scientists (physicists, mathematicians)� among which the outstanding personality of Albert Einstein imposed itself (1879-1956) – it was founded:

a. The Einstein’s Relativity Theory� b. The optical/photonic Mechanics – the first stage of the Quantum

Mechanics� c. There were provided theoretical and experimental arguments that

convincingly interpreted the Brownian movement – a macroscopic** phenomenon, known, enigmatic, that translates the real existence of the molecules – structural objects/sub-microscopical components within the continuous thermical stir.

We are, therefore, now – in 2005 A.D. – in a magnificent, solemn anniversary; such a special moment should/has� to be met with a whole, responsible euphoria: with all the valences that our intellect possesses5!

§ II. The Physics Concepts are free creations of the Human Spirit and they are not … established by the outer world

Albert EINSTEIN In ↓T = 1905 the young physicist Albert Einstein – a Jew from

Germany, educated in Switzerland and in his native country defends his thesis and publishes many articles in the famous German Scientific Review Annalen der Physik.

Four of these exceptional, condensed, visionary studies of genius, which were sent for publication in the historical period T∆ = (March -September) 1905, have had an exceptional echo!****.

Their exegetes**** in ↓T = 2005 A.D. emphasises numerous aspects:

� The exciting Theory of the Restricted/Special Relativity – a “pillar” of Non-Classical Physics:

A. Founders of the classical mechanics: Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, specialists; B. Founders of the Electro-dynamics: Michael Faraday, James Clerk Maxwell, Hendrik

A. Lorentz, Heinrich Hertz; C. Theoreticians: Waldemar Voigt, Herman Minkovski, Henri Poincaré etc.

a. In ↓T = March 1905 ⇒ The paper called Über die einen Erzeugung und Verwandlung des

Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt/On an euristic point of view regarding the light producing and transforming/.

The authors sent the article to the prestigious review Annalen der Physik in the middle of March; it was immediately published6.

The work patterns: – it is assumed the idea =ℑ «the light energy is “spread” by means of

quanta/discrete measures/»; – the energy of the quanta is (always) proportional with the frequency

of the light/electromagnetic monochromatic wave/ E = h (1)

h ≡ universal constant: [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]≡≡⋅= ATEh action (2)

– it has been assessed and decisively proved how the following phenomena “develop”:

a. the photo-luminescence: i.e. an illuminated body absorbs the light and it sends the absorbed light on other frequencies;

b. the photo-ionization; c. the photo-electric effect; the phenomena explanation: the light

quanta, (γ), gets in touch with the metal, while transmits a part of its energy, υγ hE = (1); it is explained why under a certain frequency of the incident radiation, 0υυυ ≡= prag , no electron from the metal is transmitted.

20

2

0.υυυγ

mhPPPhE kinextractioniz ++≡++=≡ (3)

Pioniz. metall ≡ 0 (3’) ( )

mh 02 υυυ −

= (4)

v = 0 when thresholdυυυ ≡= 0 , 0υυ < ; v = imaginary; 0υυ > , (5) 0≠vIn ≈↓T 1905 the article was received with a lot of scepticism by an

important part of the scientific community7. In ↓T =1921 the scientist is awarded the Nobel Prize! b. In ↓T = May 1905 ⇒ The paper called Über die von der molekular-kinetischen Theorie der

Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen/On the suspended particles movement in a fluid involved in the heat cinetic molecular theory/.

The paper patterns: – the main idea and the argument were quite simple: ℑ ≡ it is

proposed the study of the motion of some very small objects/ macroscopic (macro-scopic**) particles that are permanently stirring in a liquid.

– it is considered that if one gets to notice the movement of these small particles and to describe/determine the movement laws, this successful action will provide information on atoms, will prove that the Brownian movement corresponds to the molecular thermo stirring and will test the validity of the molecular kinetic theory***;

– it is succeeded in describing/calculating the average displacement of the suspended molecules, and it was established Avogadro’s number,

molecules/mol. 2310≈ANImplications: the theoretical predictions from the paper had been

experimentally tested7, the effective existence of the atoms had been confirmed versus the opinions of some energeticiens8; the importance of the probability theory appliance has been certified in some physical situations (stochastically processes et al).

c. In ↓T = June 1905 ⇒ The paper called Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper/On the electro-

dynamics of moving corps/. The paper patterns: – the paper is vital: because in this study the basic concepts of Physics

are redefined – time and space; – it was founded the basis for a new Cinematic, “placed” on two

apparently incompatible postulates: a. ≡ the laws of Physics are the same in all the references that do

not move one with regard to another with a relative acceleration; ℑ

b. ≡ the light propagation is independent of its source movement; ℑ– a complete reassessment of the simultaneity concept frames this new

theory/Cinematics/ – which is the base for Einstein’s relativity theory (theory named of Special/Restricted Relativity);

– the author has “strived” to establish this text during some years; the final form was reached in a quick manner: an asymmetry in interpreting an experience that settles Maxwell’s equations have played an important role in the thinker’s way of reasoning. The expert – 26 years old, from the Federal Bureaux of the intellectual propriety from Berna wrote his elaboratum in a laconic manner: as a brevet expressed in a text, with a limited number of equations.

d. In ↓T = September 1905 ⇒The paper called Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem

Energieinhalt abhängig?/Does a body inertness depend on its energy?/ The paper patterns: – it proves that if a body frees an energy, (noted with L), under the

shape of a light, its mass is decreased with an established quantity L/v 2 (v represents the light speed):

– i.e.*****

/../2

/../ EAEA vLm =∆ (6) i.e. in a notation used later which became the official one.

2/ cEm = (7) – it is ascertained: ℑ is not an essential distinction between the body’s

mass and its energy/equivalence mass-energy/; – the text has three pages. Implications: the relationship – capital in Physics – was consequently

interpreted, integrated in the energy – impulse/momentum relationship, applied in Science (Terrestrial, Microscopical, and Astral Physics), in Techniques (nuclear/atomic energy; military, peaceful energy). The equivalent relationship energy → mass is: famous/the most famous relationship of Physics*,****,******.

The study is considered the most famous text in the entire 20th century Physics!

The relativist Physics nucleus and the proved atomism have developed like the apparition of a flower in the Annus Mirabilis!

§ III. The most beautiful thing that we can experience is the mystery itself. It is the fundamental feeling; it is the cradle/place (Wiege) where true art and science join.

Albert EINSTEIN Annus Mirabilis 1905 marked by its seal the complex eon that starts

its cadence in 1900, goes on for a few centuries9, defining10,11,12,13,14,15 and thus The Passing & The Celebration of Mankind – the living community of the social human being/inhabitants on the Blue Planet: ⊕ the third planet after the Sun, ☼!

§ IV. The whole science is nothing but the refining of the daily thinking

Albert EINSTEIN The members of the Braşov Branch of the Philosophy and History of

Science and Technique Committee of the Romanian Academy/ C.R.I.F.Ş.T./actively attended “the Philosophical Events” of Annus Mirabilis 2005 ⇒

a. The Branch Session: the works defended are published in Hermeneutica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiae, Liber III.

b. The 21st History International Congress of Science from Beijing, China; within the section and exposition on this theme; the information will be used for the publishing studies.

c. Congresso de la Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Tehnicas/S.E.H.C.y.T./ – a reunion of the socio Iberians and other research teams formed of members of this academic community held in Càdiz, Andalusia, Spain; idem.

d. The Extraordinary Session of the Romanian Society of Physics, from Physics Centre from Bucharest; idem.

e. The International Extraordinary Session from Iaşi Physics Centre; idem.

f. Berna Exhibition; idem. g. München Exhibition, organized in Deutsches Museum; idem. h. Exhibition from Berlin, organized by Max Planck Gesellschaft,

German Academy Section; idem. i. The study entitled Didactical and scientific Studies of Relativistic

Physics Worked by Teachers and Scientists in the Carpathean-Danubean-Pontean Space in the Historical Period cca.1905-cca. 1946, was issued by Liviu Alexandru SOFONEA, Sofia HADGEA, Elena HELEREA, Horea SALCĂ. This elaboratum is about to be published in Annals of the University from Petroşani. The paper will be presented within the biannual international session, Physical�� Interpretation of Theory of Relativity/ P.I.R.T./from Imperial College, London, U.K. in September 2006.

j. The study called 1905 Annus Mirabilis for Physics, evoked in 2005 A.D., by Liviu Alexandru SOFONEA, Sofia HADGEA represents a substantial study – an exegetic, epistemological, historical one – of about 100 pages, with a rich iconography that is about to be published in 2006 in Hermeneutica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiae, Liber V, printed by Alma Mater University and Foundation from Sibiu and University from Petroşani.

k. The study called 1905 Annus Mirabilis for Physics, worked by Liviu Alexandru SOFONEA and Sofia HADGEA – a condensed elaboratum of about 50 pages, with a selective iconography, will be published in 2006 in Annals of University of Petroşani, section Physics, with the support of “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy from Sibiu.

l. In 2006, we intend to attend the biannual Session organized by Imperial College, London, on Physical�� Interpretations of the Theory of Relativity/P.I.R.T./with a synthesis Annus Mirabilis 1905, in the activities �� More exactly Physical and Philosophical Interpretations. �� More exactly Physical and Philosophical Interpretations.

of Committee for History and Philosophy of Science of Romanian Academy in 2005 A.D.

m. Different conferences were organized within “Gheorghe Lazăr” High school from Sibiu, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy from Sibiu, West Universiyde from Timişoara, Engineering Association from Romania/A.I.I.R./(Annual Modern Science and Energy Session from Cluj-Napoca).

§ V. The nature does not hide, because it cheats, but because it is sublime

Albert EINSTEIN “The philosophical celebration” of Annus Mirabilis gives us the

opportunity to meditate on the complexity of the axiological hypostases Homo Sapiens Scientifer******* that we feel as being featured by «vainglorious modesty»:

– vainglorious : because it wants, dares to research anything; – modest: because, once the research is completed, in a conscious

manner, it assess and admits its conditions. The two aspects/trends/ highlight in a dialectic antagonist manner

within the human being, thus activating and elevating the Man – because to Homo fragilis was given by the CREATOR/THEO/II the very faculty of free willIX, fortified by the capacity to research, rationalize and understand The World & Himself more humanum********,*********!

§ VI. Notes A. Contextual notes A.1. Asterix *For those who think, actively living with other peers, in Teatrum

Mundi. **Visible in micro-scope/ultra micro – scope/: trans-micro-melecular. ***Molecular atomic nuclear sub-nuclear ↔ elementary: are the

downstairs steps of the Microscopic aspects/ ik /. ****Their exegeses in ↓T = 2005 A.D. – celebrating & critical, in

vivum/interaction-synergy/with Science & Techniques & Philosophy & «social life» – highlights the multiple interactive aspects:

– the original historical context (Zeit-Geist-ul La belle Époque) ≈∆T cca.1900 – cca.1914);

– the content and the form of the papers: ideas, hypothesis, arguments, demonstrations, phrases – meta– theoretical aspects, theoretical-experimental aspects, conclusions, style, et al.

– implications (of different de magnitudes; on stages) in the centennial past: pro Scientia, pro Tehnica, pro Philosophia, etc.;

– implications (idem) in the relative present: hic et nunc ≈∆ ↓T 2000-2005 (idem);

– implications (idem) predicable/possible (idem) in the next future, and in the far away future (idem).

This multi valence (idem) underlines the singularity of “the historical moment reality” ↓∆T = 1905 (idem); the rightness of the Annus Mirabilis (idem).

*****The historical characteristic of this relationship history – expressed by means of energy ≡ L, later on by means of energy ≡ E, we underline here by means of the initial letters of the author’s name: /A.E./

******An identical relationship was considered the written one, commented by an Italian industry specialist. It was not established in a scientific (physical) complex theory.

*******This was also specifically present in the effervescence of the essential-rational feelings of the affective sensing, willing … by which we characterize Homo Humanus personality – human being in its complexity*****.

********The founders of the antropic Principle********* assess: Homo – with his living experiences in physis-bios-psyhé-socio-Axios – has (lawfully!), a place & role/aim/in This World.

*********Stricto sensu, latto sensu. A.2. Ideatic frames I. Until now (sic!)! II. We believe that the Universe laws are intentional and updated

by THEO so that the outstanding Man creating → evolution, – with his amazing* various ways of living, enjoying, spending, individually and in group – i.e. Historia – it is totally necessary: Antropic Principle – one of the angle stones of the intellectual edifice called scientific Cosmo-gnomia – with its majestic, complex multi-level and intricate “mirror” quarta and noetic structures. Cosmo-graphia & Cosmo-logia & Cosmo-gonia & Cosmo-gnosia.

III. Praxis: Homo laborans, agens, technicus-technologicus, ingenium, artefactor.

IV. Understanding/Gnosis/, not only applications/praxis/. V. Status et sensus: Teleos, anthropos*. VI. Volens-nolens. VII. Homo Politicus, Homo Economicus, Homo Cogitans, Homo

Religiosus – pius, fides, adorans; Homo Aestheticus/Ars factor/, Creator, Ciberneticus, et al.

VIII. The quant light existence hypothesis with finite energy was elaborated by Max Planck in 1900:

υυ hE = (1), ( ) 34100,00056,6256h −±= Js (8),

( ) 341000007,005450,12

−±=≡πh

h Js (9)

are constants universal with the metrological action dimension: [ ] [ ] [ ]TEh ⋅= (10)

h is “the physical number”/the quanton: the monade/essential for the domain of the micro-Kosmos*** – a structural field for the Physis;

Aclasic»Aquantic = minimum minimorum (11) h≈IX. Out to Lucifer – the beautiful, the everlasting “angelus superbus”

and his “angels” “desperate envy”. B. Final additional notes 1. Compared to other tinkers but more profound2. 2. Philosophers, and the smart ones, those trying to kid the others, etc. 3. “Philosophical”. 4. Imperative; free; inevitable. 5. Giving the right to participate to “the philosophical thoughts”,

effects, philosophical thoughts, and “the spiritual energies” as well. 6. The brilliant “road-opening” Max Planck: the author of the quant

hypothesis (1900). 7. Jean Perrin, in 1908; Smolukowsky, et al. 8. Mach, Oswald, Avenarius. 9. The mathematicisation and the philosophycisation of Physics were

impetuous processes; and of other sciences as well. 10. The atomic physics, the molecular one, the vacuum technique, the

laser one, Astrophysics, Gravity-dynamics, Cosmology11. 11. In the relativist Cosmology & relativist quantum theory, the bold

researches considered :relativist “ethers”, quant (“polarizable”, with different “fluctuations”), “black staff” (dominant; 80% from the “entire staff” of the universe/accessible more humanum in

≈..2000 DANm

≈↓T 2000 A.D.), the cosmic Quantum vacuum (“etherons”; et al.), gravitons, black holes, gravitational waves, gravitonic astrophysics, aspects connected to X, γ , neutrinic rays, laser – science and technique, black staff cosmologic constant/the parameter 0 (introduced by A. Einstein in 1936)

↔Λ 12,13,14,15,

cosmologic scenarios (Big-Bang; “inflamed universe”; “cords”, “super cords” /string → superstring/15.

12. In the tensional nonlinear differential equations of the gravity field

potentials: ( )[ ] ( )4,3,2,1 ;0,.. == µνε µν trgEA (12)

( )4,3,2,1,, ;2 =≡= νµjidxdxgds jiij (13)

13. In order to explain in the frame of The Theory of Generalized Relativity/the Gravity-dynamics, with a cosmic opening/the observed expansion of the galaxies, 14, /Universe/; explained only be means of the ad hoc admitted hypothesis ≡ℑ «there is a repulsive component in the universal gravitation – fundamental force/inter-action/which is attractive repulsive».

14. Unifications of the fundamental interactions accomplished more matematico by means of representing the physical fields with space-temporal functions, in representative universes/mathematical multi-dimensional “worlds”, Un>3+1, (n 10, 11; et al.). ≈

15. Hubble observational law: the recessive movement existence of the far away galaxies, highlighted by moving towards the red spectral lines of these “luminofor” ( 0>∆ Γυ : red shift), that “keeps moving” together with the space – time where they are located; with a speed:

ΓΓ = Hrv (14) H = constant/almost universal constant.

§ VII Iconographia brevia The life and work of Albert Einstein and the complex theory of

Relativity (restricted, elaborated in Annus Miralis 1905) have been studied, (all; together), as early as the beginning of the 19th century and up to present, 2006 A.D., by numerous researches, analysts, philosophy specialists observers et al. The informational sum (written texts, images, etc) represents an impressive Biblioteca Magna.

We hereby offer only some examples of the most relevant aspects that clearly express: a. Curriculum Vitae, b. Opis, c. The early military applications of the famous relation E= mc2, which is essential in the explanation and the “technical managing” of the process named the releasing of the enormous energy from the matter, by means of the nuclear phenomena fission and nuclear fusion, namely: the problem/ file/“Nuclear German Programme” (hypothetical researchers, theoretical and practical, and even mines and bombs exploding – i.e. mini-atomic bombs in the 3rd Reich, in the spring of 1944!), the problem/the file/the exploding of the first atomic bombs/ nuclear bombs/over the civilian and military targets – over Hiroshima and Nagasaki from Japan, in August 1944, in the last days of the IInd World War.

These suggestive images are, at present, published in numerous

magazines, (reviews, newspapers: “Lumea” Magazine 2005, 12, 15, 17, 18, 21 etc.); their publishing transparently expresses��� the declassification of the theme and of the problem itself, its actuality for Homo Cogitans atque Philosophans.

A. Vita et opus magisteri

��� Most texts are in Romanian

B. Ars militaria

§ VIII. Bibliographia 1. ***, (editted by René Taton), Istoria Generală a Ştiinţei, Vol. III-

IV, Bucharest, “Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică” Publishing House, 1975-1980

2. Born, Max, Die Relativitätstheorie Einsteins, Vierte Auflage, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidellerg, Springer Verlag, 1964

3. Born, Max, Teoria relativităţii a lui Einstein, Bucharest, “Ştiinţifică” Publishing House, 1969

4. Einstein, Albert, Teoria relativităţii, Bucharest, “Tehnică” Publishing House, 1957

5. Einstein, Albert, The Meaning of Relativity, Princeton, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1955

6. Fock, Valerian A., Teoria spaţiului, timpului şi gravitaţiei, Romanian Academy Publishing House, Bucharest, 1962

7. Ionescu-Pallas, Nicolae, Teoria Relativităţii şi Cosmologia, Bucureşti, “Ştiinţifică” Publishing House, 1980

8. Kiréev, Vassili, Cours de Chimie Physique, Moscou, Edition Mir, 1968

9. Landau Lev, Lifchitz, E., Mécanique des fluides, Édition Mir, Moscou, 1971

10. Landau, Lev, Lifchitz, E., Théorie des champs, Édition Mir, Moscou, 1970

11. Nicolaide, Andrei, Aplicaţii ale Teoriei Generale a Relativităţii: Tensorul energie-impuls. In: “Hermeneutica Historiae et Philosophiae Technicae, Liber III, Anno 2005”, Braşov, “Universităţii Transilvania” Publishing House, 2006, pp. 23-32

12. Nicolaide, Andrei, Aplicaţii ale Teoriei Generale a Relativităţii: Efectul Sagnac. In: “Hermeneutica Historiae et Philosophiae Technicae, Liber III, Anno 2005”, Braşov, Transylvania University Press, 2006, pp. 33-40

13. Nicolaide, Andrei, Electromagnetics. General Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, Braşov, Transilvania University Press, 2002

14. Nicolaide, Andrei, New Considerations on the Special Theory of Relativity, Rev Roum. Sci. Techn. – Électrotechn et Énerg., 50, 2, 2005, pp. 143-158

15. Schimoni, Karoly, Kulturelle Geschichte der Phisik, Á Gondolat, Budapest, 1992

Selected for an appropriate orientation

16. Sofonea, Liviu Alexandru, Geometrii reprezentative şi Teorii Fizice, Cluj-Napoca, “Dacia” Publishing House, 1982

17. Sofonea, Liviu Alexandru, Istoria conceptuală a fizicii, Petroşani, Petroşani University Press, (ediţia a II-a), 2006/2007

18. Sofonea, Liviu Alexandru, Meditaţie: 1905 A.D. – Annus Mirabilis pentru Ştiinţa Rector Fizica – evoked in 2005 A.D. Hermeneutica Historiae et Philosophiae Technicae, Liber III, Anno 2005, Braşov, Transilvania University Press, 2006, pp. 9-23

19. Sofonea, Liviu Alexandru, Principii de invarianţă în Teoria mişcării, Bucharest, Romanian Academy Publishing House, 1972

20. Sofonea, Liviu Alexandru, Structuri matematice şi Teorii Fizice, Cluj-Napoca, “Dacia” Publishing House, 1986

21. Timotin, Alexandru, Asupra cuadritensorului energie-impuls macroscopic al câmpului electromagnetic în medii cu proprietăţi de material arbitrare. Studii şi cercetări de energetică şi electrotehnică, tom 14, nr. 4, 1964, pp. 745-772

22. Tocaci, Emil, Mecanica relativistă, timpul şi inerţia, Bucharest, “Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică” Publishing House, 1980

23. Vigier, Jean-Paul, New non-zero photon mass interpretation, of the Sagnac effect as direct experimental justification of the Langevin paradox, Physics Letters A, 234, 75-85, 197