a global conflict
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A Global Conflict. I. War Affects the World. The Gallipoli Campaign (Feb. 1915) -Allies targeted the Dardanelles -Goal: Constantinople -Gallipoli Peninsula -Turned into another stalemate -Dec. 1915: Allies gave up & evacuated. B. Battles in Africa & Asia. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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A Global A Global ConflictConflict
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I. War Affects the WorldI. War Affects the WorldA. The Gallipoli Campaign (Feb. 1915)
-Allies targeted the Dardanelles -Goal: Constantinople
-Gallipoli Peninsula -Turned into another stalemate-Dec. 1915: Allies gave up & evacuated
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B. Battles in Africa & AsiaB. Battles in Africa & Asia• German colonial possessions came under
attack • Brits. & Fr. recruited subjects from their
colonies (Af. & Asia)– Many fought/died in battle– Others kept front lines supplied – Participation = independence? – Gandhi: If we could improve our status through the
help and cooperation of the British, it is our duty to win their help by standing by them in their hour of need.
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C. America Joins the FightC. America Joins the Fight• 1917: focus of war shifted to seas • Germans = submarine warfare (Jan 1917)
– Unrestricted submarine warfare
• May 7, 1915: U-boat sank the Lusitania– 1,198 killed (128 Amers.)– Amer. public outraged!
• 1917: Germans returned to U.S.W. – Naval blockade of Brit.
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• Feb. 1917: Zimmerman Note – Arthur Zimmerman – Germany would help Mexico “reconquer” land lost
to U.S. – Not taken seriously (Mexico in civil war)– Amers. favored Brits
• ECONOMICS!
• March 1917: Czar Nicholas II of Russia forced to abdicate – Czar = autocrat
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II. War Affects the Home II. War Affects the Home FrontFront
• The Great War affected everyone!
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A. Govts. Wage Total WarA. Govts. Wage Total War• WWI = total war
– All resources were dedicated to war effort– Govt took control of economy
• Facilities converted to munitions factories• Govts turned to rationing
– People bought only small amounts of items that were also needed for the war effort
• Govts suppressed antiwar activity – Propaganda
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B. Women & the WarB. Women & the War• Govts looked toward women for labor
– Replaced men in factories, offices, shops – Built war effort supplies
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III. The Allies Win the WarIII. The Allies Win the War• U.S. = end is near?• NOPE…Russia.
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A. Russia WithdrawsA. Russia Withdraws• March 1917: civil unrest—Czar Nicholas
forced to abdicate – Provisional govt. imposed
• 5.5 mill. were wounded, killed, taken prisoner– Morale was low
• Govt. lasted 8 mos.
– Nov. 1917: Vladimir Lenin took over
• March 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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B. The Central Powers B. The Central Powers Collapse Collapse
• Germany now focused on W.Front – March 1918: Germans mounted attack on
France– Late May 1918: Germans reached Marne R.
• Germans exhausted• Allies counterattacked (U.S. helped)
– July 1918: Second Battle of the Marne • U.S. = 2 mill. more troops
• Central Powers crumbled
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• Nov. 9, 1918: Kaiser Wilhelm stepped down– Germany = republic – met w/Fr. Commander Marshal Foch to sign
armistice • Nov. 11, 1918: WWI came to an end!
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IV. Legacy of the WarIV. Legacy of the War• WWI = new kind of war
– New technologies– New idea of global war– All-time highs in death & destruction
• 8.5 mill. soldiers killed • 21 mill. wounded• Civilians died b/c of starvation, disease, slaughter
– Entire generation of Euros. wiped out!
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• WWI = devastating economic impact:– Cost = $338 bill. – Destroyed farmland, homes, villages, towns
• Also, left behind a sense of disillusionment among survivors