A geminate is a word that has identical second and third root consonants, such as ס�ב�ב and א�ר�ר. In several of the perfect verb forms, the first twin consonant assimilates into the second twin consonant and manifests itself as a dagesh.

In the case of א�ר�ר, the ר cannot take a dagesh, and as a result, the vowel under the first consonant lengthens according to the principles of compensatory lengthening introduced in lesson 2.

PNG StandardStrong

GeminateGuttural Geminate

3ms ק�ט�ל ס�ב�ב א�ר�ר

3fs ק�ט�ל�ה ב�ב�ה ס� א ר�ר�ה

2ms � ק�ט�ל�ת� ב�ו�ת� ס� א�רו�ת�

2fs � ק�ט�ל�ת� ב�ו�ת ס� א�רו�ת

1cs �י ק�ט�ל�ת� ב�ו�ת�י ס� א�רו�ת�י

3cp � ק�ט�לו � ב�בו ס� � א ר�רו

2mp ק�ט�ל�ת��ם ב�ו�ת�ם ס� א�רו�ת�ם

2fp �ן ק�ט�ל�ת� ב�ו�ת�ן ס� א�רו�ת�ן

1cp � ק�ט�ל�נו � ב�ו�נו ס� � א�רו�נו

In cases where the first twin consonant assimilates into the second twin consonant, notice the addition of the ו� before the suffix. The presence of the ו� before the suffix is a good indication that the verb is a geminate.

The words ע�ם and ־א�ת both mean “with” and can receive pronominal suffixes as follows:

י ע�מ�� with me �י א�ת� with me

� ך ע�מ�� with you (ms) � �ך א�ת� with you (ms)

� ך ע�מ�� with you (fs) � �ך א�ת� with you (fs)

ו� ע�מ� with him א�ת�ו� with him

ה� ע�מ�� with her� א�ת�

ה�with her

� נו ע�מ�� with us � �נו א�ת� with us

כ� ע�מ��ם

with you (mp)�כ� א�ת�

םwith you (mp)

כ�ן ע�מ�� with you (fp)�כ� א�ת�

ןwith you (fp)

ע�מ��ם with them (mp) א�ת��ם with them (mp)

ן ע�מ�� with them (fp) �ן א�ת� with them (fp)

(not to be confused with the direct object marker—we’ll see the difference on the next slide)

(not to be confused with ע�ם people – we’ll study the difference in a moment)

The words ע�ם and ־א�ת both mean “with” and can receive pronominal suffixes as follows:

י ע�מ�� with me י ע�מ�� my people

� ך ע�מ�� with you (ms) � ך ע�מ�� your people (ms)

� ך ע�מ�� with you (fs) � ך �ע�מ� your people (fs)

ו� ע�מ� with him ו� ע�מ� his people

ה� ע�מ�� with her ה� ע�מ�� her people

� נו ע�מ�� with usע�מ��נ

� וour people

ע�מ��כ�ם with you (mp)כ� ע�מ��

םyour people (mp)

כ�ן ע�מ�� with you (fp)כ� ע�מ��

ןyour people (fp)

ע�מ��ם with them (mp)ע�מ��ם

their people (mp)

ן ע�מ�� with them (fp) ן ע�מ�� their people (fp)

Main difference: hireq (with) vs. patakh

(people)

Note the difference between the direct object marker (listed first) and “with” (listed second):

� א�ת�נו us � �נו א�ת� with us

א�ת�כ�ם you (m. p.) �כ�ם א�ת� with you (mp)

א�ת�כ�ן you (f. p.) �כ�ן א�ת� with you (fp)

or א�ת�ם

א�ת�ה�םthem (m. p.) א�ת��ם with them (mp)

or א�ת�ן

א�ת�ה�ןthem (f. p.) �ן א�ת� with them (fp)

א�ת�י me �י א�ת� with me

� א�ת�ך you (m. s.) � �ך א�ת� with you (ms)

� א�ת�ך you (f. s.) � �ך א�ת� with you (fs)

א�תו! him א�ת�ו� with him

א�ת�ה� her �ה� א�ת� with her

א�ת \ א�ת־Direct Object Marker

א�ת \ א�ת־with, together with

Differences: vowels & dagesh

A resumptive pronoun is a pronoun that refers back to a previously realized item within the same syntactic structure. For example: “The man who died” (who is the resumptive pronoun); “The girl to whom I spoke” (whom is the resumptive pronoun).

In lesson 5 we learned that the word ר�� ,can be translated as who א�שwhich, or that, depending on context. We will now learn how to create the Hebrew equivalent of the English phrases to whom and for whom.

is not usually combined with a preposition to create phrases such א�ש��רas to whom or for whom. Instead, a pronoun is included in the relative clause that ר��:introduces. Note the following examples א�ש

�י לו� ב��ר�ת� �� ה�א�יש� א�ש��ר ד Literal: the man who I spoke to himIdiomatic: the man to whom I spoke

��ה נ �צ�א מ�מ�� Literal: the house which he came from it ה�ב��ית א�ש��ר יIdiomatic: the house from which he came

ה� � ע�מ�� ב��רו �� Literal: the woman who they spoke with her ה�א�ש���ה א�ש��ר דIdiomatic: the woman with whom they spoke

In some cases, adverbs such as ם�� can be used instead of a ש��מ��ה and שpronoun. For example:

�ש��ב ש�ם ��ס��א א�ש��ר י ה�כ Literal: the throne which he sat thereIdiomatic: the throne on which he sat

�צ�א ש��מ��ה ה�ב��ית א�ש��ר י Literal: the house which he went thitherIdiomatic: the house to which he went

When ר�� .refers to a verb’s direct object, the pronoun is optional א�שFor example:

�י פ�ר א�ש��ר ש��כ�ח�ת� �ה�ס�א�תו�

Literal: the book that I forgot itIdiomatic: the book that I forgot

�י א�תו� פ�ר ש��כ�ח�ת� �ה�ס�

Literal: the book I forgot itIdiomatic: the book that I forgot

Generally, ר�� corresponds with the relative pronouns who, which, or א�שthat. In some cases, ר�� takes on a relative meaning such as that or א�שwhich. ר�� can also take the position of a subordinating conjunction א�שsuch as since or because.

The possible uses of ר�� as a relative pronoun or a subordinating א�שconjunction are extensive. For our purposes, be aware of these possible uses as you determine how to translate ר�� .א�ש

Note the translation values for ר��:in the following examples א�ש

��א�ש��ר כ when, as, according as

א�ח�ר�י א�ש��ר after (or) after that/which

�ע�ן א�ש��ר י because (or) because that

The examples from the previous page are the most common exceptions that you will encounter. Additionally, keep in mind that the presence of ר�� .is not required to introduce a relative clause א�ש:is more commonly found in prose than poetry. For example א�ש��ר

�א י־הו �ר־ל�י מ� �ע�ז �ה י �הו �י י ה�ן א�ד�נ�י �ר�ש��יע�נ י

Behold, the Lord God will help me; who is he that shall condemn me? (Isaiah 50:9)