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Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security

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Henk C.A. van TilborgSushil Jajodia (Eds.)

Encyclopedia of Cryptographyand Security

With Figures and Tables

With Cross-references

1 3

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EditorsHenk C.A. van ilborg

Department o Mathematics and Computing Science

Eindhoven University o echnology

MB Eindhoven

Te Netherlands

Sushil Jajodia

Center or Secure Inormation Systems

George Mason University

Fairax, VA -

USA

ISBN ---- e-ISBN ----DOI ./----ISBN Bundle: ----Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library o Congress Control Number:

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC ,

All rights reserved. Tis work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission o the publisher (SpringerScience+Business Media, LLC, Spring Street, New York, NY , USA), except or brie excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarlyanalysis. Use in connection with any orm o inormation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer sofware, or by similar ordissimilar methodology now known or hereafer developed is orbidden.Te use in this publication o trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even i they are not identied as such, is not to betaken as an expression o opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Printed on acid-ree paper

Springer is part o Springer Science+Business Media(www.springer.com)

http://www.springer.com/http://www.springer.com/http://www.springer.com/http://www.springer.com/

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Preface to the First Edition

Te need to protect valuable inormation is as old as history. As ar back as Roman times, Julius Caesar saw the need

to encrypt messages by means o cryptographic tools. Even beore then, people tried to hide their messages by making

them invisible. Tese hiding techniques, in an interesting twist o history, have resuraced quite recently in the context

o digital rights management. o control access or usage o digital contents like audio, video, or sofware, inormation is

secretly embedded in the data!

Cryptology has developed over the centuries rom an art, in which only ew were skillul, into a science. Many people

regardthe Communication Teory andSecrecy Systems paper, by Claude Shannon in , as the oundation o modern

cryptology. However, at that time, cryptographic research was mostly restricted to government agencies and the military.

Tat situation gradually changed with the expanding telecommunication industry. Communication systems that were

completely controlled by computers demanded new techniques to protect the inormation owing through the network.

In , the paper New Directions in Cryptography, by Whiteld Diffie and Martin Hellman, caused a shock in the

academic community. Tis seminal paper showed that people who are communicating with each other over an insecureline can do so in a secure way with no need or a common secret key. In Shannons world o secret key cryptography

this was impossible, but in act there was another cryptologic world o public-key cryptography, which turned out to

have exciting applications in the real world. Te paper and the subsequent paper on the RSA cryptosystem in

also showed something else: mathematicians and computer scientists had ound an extremely interesting new area o

research, which was ueled by the ever-increasing social and scientic need or the tools that they were developing. From

the notion o public-key cryptography, inormation security was born as a new discipline and it now affects almost every

aspect o lie.

As a consequence, inormation security, and even cryptology, is no longer the exclusive domain o research labo-

ratories and the academic community. It rst moved to specialized consultancy rms, and rom there on to the many

places in the world that deal with sensitive or valuable data; or example the nancial world, the health care sector, public

institutions, nongovernmental agencies, human rights groups, and the entertainment industry.

A rich stream o papers and many good books have been written on inormation security, but most o them assumea scholared reader who has the time to start at the beginning and work his way through the entire text. Te time has

come to make important notions o cryptography accessible to readers who have an interest in a particular keyword

related to computer security or cryptology, but who lack the time to study one o the many books on computer and

inormation security or cryptology. At the end o , the idea to write an easily accessible encyclopedia on cryptography

and inormation security was proposed. Te goal was to make it possible to become amiliar with a particular notion, but

with minimal effort. Now, years later, the project is nished, thanks to the help o many contributors, people who are all

very busy in their proessional lie. On behal o the Advisory Board, I would like to thank each o those contributors or

their work. I would also like to acknowledge the eedback and help given by Mihir Bellare, Ran Canetti, Oded Goldreich,

Bill Heelan, Carl Pomerance, and Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr. A person who was truly instrumental or the success o this

project is Jennier Evans at Springer Verlag. Her ideas and constant support are greatly appreciated. Great help has been

given locally by Anita Klooster and Wil Kortsmit. Tank you very much, all o you.

Henk C.A. van ilborg

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Editors

Henk C.A. van Tilborg

Department o Mathematics and Computing Science

Eindhoven University o echnology

Eindhoven

Te Netherlands

H.C.A.v.ilborg@tue.nl

Henk C.A. van ilborg is the Scientic Director o the research school EIDMA (Euler Institute or Discrete Mathematics

and its Applications) and the Eindhoven Institute or the Protection o Systems and Inormation EIPSI. He is a board

member o WIC (Werkgemeenschap voor Inormatie en Communicatietheorie).

Dr. van ilborg received his M.Sc. () and Ph.D. degree () rom the Eindhoven University o echnology, the

Netherlands. He was working as associate proessor at the university, beore he became a ull proessor in . During

he also served a part-time proessorship at the Dutch Open University. He has also been a visiting proessor at

Caliornia Institute o echnology, the University o Pretoria and Macquarie University and visiting scientist at the IBM

Almaden Research Center and Bell Laboratories.

He has been involved in the organization o many international conerences. He was the program committee co-chairo ISI- (IEEE International Symposium on Inormation Teory), Germany. He was Program Committee Member o

WCC, WCC, WCC, WCC, and WCC (Workshop on Coding theory and Cryptography). He has

been the advisor o about Ph.D. and M.Sc. students in the area o coding theory and cryptography.

Dr. van ilborg has written three books, two on cryptology and one on coding theory. He is the (co-)author o more

than articles in leading journals and also holds two patents. He is the Associate editor o Designs, Codes and Cryp-

tography and Journal o Combinatorics, Inormation & System Sciences. From April December he was the

Associate editor or the Journal o the Indonesian Mathematical Society. He is also the Advisory editor o Advances in

Mathematics o Communications since January and editor o the Asian-European Journal o Mathematics.

Webpage:http://www.win.tue.nl/~henkvt/

http://www.win.tue.nl/~henkvt/http://www.win.tue.nl/~henkvt/

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xii Editors

Sushil Jajodia

Center or Secure Inormation Systems

George Mason University

Fairax, VA

USA

jajodia@gmu.edu

Sushil Jajodia is University Proessor, BDM International Proessor, and the director o Center or Secure Inormation

Systems in the Volgenau School o Engineering at the George Mason University, Fairax, Virginia. He served as the chair

o the Department o Inormation and Sofware Engineering during . He joined Mason afer serving as thedirector o the Database and Expert Systems Program within the Division o Inormation, Robotics, and Intelligent Sys-

tems at the National Science Foundation. Beore that he was the head o the Database and Distributed Systems Section

in the Computer Science and Systems Branch at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington and Associate Proessor o

Computer Science and Director o Graduate Studies at the University o Missouri, Columbia. He has also been a visiting

proessor at the University o Milan, Italy; Sapienz University o Rome, Italy; Isaac Newton Institute or Mathematical

Sciences, Cambridge University, England; and Kings College,London, England.

Dr. Jajodia received hisPhD rom the Universityo Oregon, Eugene. Te scope o hiscurrent research interestsencom-

passes inormation secrecy, privacy, integrity, and availability problems in military, civil, and commercial sectors. He has

authored six books, edited thirty seven books and conerence proceedings, and published more than technical papers

in the reereed journals and conerence proceedings. He is alsoa holdero eight patents and has several patent applications

pending. He received the IFIP C Kristian Beckman award, Volgenau School o Engineering Outstanding

Research Faculty Award and ACM SIGSAC Outstanding Contributions Award, and IFIP WG . Outstand-ing Research Contributions Award. He was recognized or the most accepted papers at the th anniversary o the IEEE

Symposium on Security and Privacy. His h-index is and Erdos number is .

Dr. Jajodia has served in different capacities or various journals and conerences. He serves on the editorial boards

o IE Inormation Security, International Journal o Inormation and Computer Security, and International Journal

o Inormation Security and Privacy. He was the ounding editor-in-chie o the Journal o Computer Security (

) and a past editor o ACM ransactions on Inormation and Systems Security () and IEEE ransactions

on Knowledge and Data Engineering. He is the consulting editor o the Springer International Series on Advances in

Inormation Security. He has been named a Golden Core member or his service to the IEEE Computer Society, and

received International Federation or Inormation Processing (IFIP) Silver Core Award in recognition o outstanding

services to IFIP in . He is a past chair o the ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control (SIGSAC),

IEEE Computer Society echnical Committee on Data Engineering, and IFIP WG . on Systems Integrity and Control.

He is a senior member o the IEEE and a member o IEEE Computer Society and Association or Computing Machinery.Webpage:http://csis.gmu.edu/aculty/jajodia.html

http://csis.gmu.edu/faculty/jajodia.htmlhttp://csis.gmu.edu/faculty/jajodia.html

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Editorial Board

Carlisle Adams

School of Information Technology and Engineering(SITE)University of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanadacadams@site.uottawa.ca

Friedrich L. Bauer

KottgeiseringGermanyflb@cs.tum.edu

Gerrit Bleumer

Research and DevelopmentFrancotyp GroupBirkenwerder bei BerlinGermanyg.bleumer@francotyp.com

Dan Boneh

Department of Computer ScienceStanford UniveristyStanford, CAUSAdabo@cs.stanford.edu

Pascale Charpin

INRIARocquencourtLe Chesnay Cedex

Francepascale.charpin@inria.fr

Claude Crpeau

School of Computer ScienceMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanadacrepeau@cs.mcgill.ca

Ernesto Damiani

Dipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazione (DTI)Universit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)Italyernesto.damiani@unimi.it

Sabrina De Capitani di Vimercati

DTI-Dipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazioneUniversit degli Studi di MilanoCremaItalysabrina.decapitani@unimi.it

Marijke De Soete

SecurityBizOostkampBelgiummarijke.desoete@pandora.be

Yvo Desmedt

Department of Computer ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdomy.desmedt@cs.ucl.ac.uk

Somesh Jha

Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin

Madison, WIUSAjha@cs.wisc.edu

Gregory Kabatiansky

Dobrushin Mathematical LabInstitute for Information Transmission Problems RASMoscowRussiakaba@iitp.ru

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xiv Editorial Board

Angelos Keromytis

Department of Computer ScienceColumbia UniversityNew York, NYUSA

angelos@cs.columbia.edu

Tanja Lange

Coding Theory and Cryptology, Eindhoven Institute forthe Protection of Systems and Information, Departmentof Mathematics and Computer ScienceTechnische Universiteit EindhovenEindhovenThe Netherlandstanja@hyperelliptic.org

Catherine Meadows

U.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashington, DCUSAmeadows@itd.nrl.navy.mil,catherine.meadows@nrl.navy.mil

Alfred Menezes

Department of Combinatorics and OptimizationUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada

ajmeneze@uwaterloo.ca

David Naccache

Dpartement dinformatique, Groupe de cryptographiecole normale suprieureParisFrancedavid.naccache@ens.fr

Sukumaran Nair

Department of Computer Science and EngineeringBobby B. Lyle School of Engineering

Southern Methodist UniversityDallasUSAnair@lyle.smu.edu

Peng Ning

Department of Computer ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NCUSApning@gmail.edupning@ncsu.edu

Christof Paar

Horst Gortz Institute for IT Security, Chair for EmbeddedSecurityRuhr-Universitatet BochumBochum

GermanyChristof.Paar@rub.de

Stefano Paraboschi

Dipartimento di Ingegneria dellInformazione e MetodiMatematiciUniversit degli Studi di BergamoDalmine, BGItalyparabosc@unibg.it

Vincenzo PiuriDipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazioneUniversita degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)Italy

vincenzo.piuri@unimi.it

Bart Preneel

Department of Electrical Engineering-ESAT/COSICKatholieke Universiteit Leuven and IBBTLeuven-Heverlee

Belgiumbart.preneel@esat.kuleuven.be

Jean-Jacques Quisquater

Microelectronics LaboratoryUniversit catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-NeuveBelgiumJean-Jacques.Quisquater@uclouvain.be

Kazue Sako

NECKawasakiJapank-sako@ab.jp.nec.com

Pierangela Samarati

Dipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazioneUniversit degli Studi di MilanoCremaItalypierangela.samarati@unimi.it

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Editorial Board xv

Berry Schoenmakers

Technische Universiteit EindhovenEindhovenThe Netherlandsberry@win.tue.nl

Sean W. Smith

Department of Computer ScienceDartmouth CollegeHanover, NHUSAsws@cs.dartmouth.edu

Angelos Stavrou

Computer Science DepartmentSchool Information Technology and EngineeringGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VA

USAastavrou@gmu.edu

Patrick Traynor

School of Computer ScienceGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GAUSA

traynor@cc.gatech.edu

Sencun Zhu

Department of Computer Science and EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PAUSAszhu@cse.psu.ed

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List of Contributors

SAEED ABU-NIMEHDamballa Inc.Atlanta, GAUSA

NABIL ADAMDepartment of Management Science and InformationSystems, CIMICRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ

USA

CARLISLE ADAMSSchool of Information Technology and Engineering(SITE)University of OttawaOttawa, OntarioCanada

MALEK ADJOUADIDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringFlorida International UniversityMiamiFlorida

CHARU C. AGGARWALIBM T. J. Watson Research CenterHawthorne, NYUSA

VIJAY ALTURIManagement Science and Information SystemsDepartmentCenter for Information Management, Integration andConnectivityRutgers UniversityNewark, NJUSA

JIM ALVES-FOSSDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of IdahoMoscow, IDUSA

CLAUDIO A. ARDAGNADipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazione (DTI)Universit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)

Italy

ROBERTO AVANZIRuhr-Universitt BochumBochumGermany

GILDAS AVOINEUniversit catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve

Belgium

ALI BAGHERZANDIDonald Bren School of Computer ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine, CAUSA

SUMAN BANERJEEDepartment of Computer SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin at MadisonMadison, WIUSA

ALEXANDER BARGDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MDUSA

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xviii List o f Contributors

PAULO S.L.M.BARRETODepartment of Computer and Digital SystemsEngineering (PCS)Escola PolitcnicaUniversity of So Paulo (USP)

So PauloBrazil

FRIEDRICH L. BAUERKottgeiseringGermany

HOMAYOONBEIGIResearchRecognition Technologies, Inc.

Yorktown Heights, NYUSA

DAVID ELLIOTT BELLRestonVAUSA

STEVEN M. BELLOVINDepartment of Computer Science

Columbia UniversityNew York, NYUSA

OLIVIER BENOTIngenicoRgion de Saint-tienneFrance

DANIEL J. BERNSTEIN

Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IllinoisUSA

CLAUDIO BETTINIDipartimento di Informatica e Comunicazione (DICo)Universit degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly

BIR BHANUCenter for Research in Intelligent SystemsUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CAUSA

KAIGUI BIANDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburg, VAUSA

FRDRIQUE BIENNIERLIESPINSA de LyonVilleurbanneFrance

ELI BIHAMDepartment of Computer ScienceTechnion Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael

ALEX BIRYUKOVFDEF, Campus Limpertsberg

University of LuxembourgLuxembourg

JOACHIMBISKUPFakultt fr InformatikTechnische Universitt DortmundDortmundGermany

SOMA BISWAS

Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCenter for Automation ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MDUSA

J. BLACKDepartment of Computer ScienceBoulder, COUSA

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xx List of Contributors

TOM CADDYInfoGard LaboratoriesSan Luis Obispo, CAUSA

JON CALLASPGP CorporationMenlo park, CAUSA

ALESSANDRO CAMPIDipartimento di Elettronica e InformazionePolitecnico di MilanoMilanoItaly

PATRIZIO CAMPISIDepartment of Applied ElectronicsUniversit degli Studi Roma TRERomeItaly

RAN CANETTIThe Blavatnik School of Computer SciencesTel Aviv University

Ramat Aviv, Tel AvivIsrael

HAKKI C. CANKAYADepartment of Computer EngineeringIzmir University of EconomicsIzmirTurkey

EBRU CELIKEL CANKAYA

Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of North TexasDenton, TXUSA

CHRISTOPHE DE CANNIREDepartment of Electrical EngineeringKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuven-HeverleeBelgium

ANNE CANTEAUTProject-Team SECRETINRIA Paris-RocquencourtLe ChesnayFrance

GUOHONG CAOMobile Computing and Networking (MCN) LabDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PAUSA

SRDJAN CAPKUNSystem Security Group

Department of Computer ScienceETH ZurichZrichSwitzerland

CLAUDE CARLETDpartement de mathmatiques and LAGAUniversit Paris Saint-Denis CedexFrance

WILLIAM D. CASPERHigh Assurance Computing and Networking Labs(HACNet)Department of Computer Science and EngineeringBobby B. Lyle School of EngineeringSouthern Methodist UniversityHouston, TXUSA

ANN CAVOUKIAN

Information and Privacy Commissioners Office ofOntarioToronto, ONCanada

DAVID CHALLENERApplied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurel, MDUSA

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List of Contributors xxi

PASCALECHARPININRIARocquencourtLe Chesnay CedexFrance

RAMA CHELLAPPACenter for Automation ResearchDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MDUSA

BEE-CHUNG CHENYahoo! Research

Mountain View, CAUSA

YU CHENDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringFlorida International UniversityMiamiFlorida

CHEN-MOU CHENGDepartment of Electrical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan

YOUNG B. CHOIDepartment of Natural Science, Mathematics andTechnologySchool of Undergraduate Studies Regent UniversityVirginia Beach, VAUSA

HAMID CHOUKRIGemalto Compagny

MIHAI CHRISTODORESCUIBM T.J. Watson Research CenterHawthorne, NYUSA

STELVIO CIMATODepartment of Information TechnologiesUniversit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)Italy

ANDREW CLARKInformation Security InstituteQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia

DANNY DE COCKDepartment of Electrical Engineering-ESAT/COSICK.U. Leuven and IBBTLeuven-HeverleeBelgium

SCOTT CONTINISilverbrook ResearchNew South WalesAustralia

DEBBIE COOKTelcordia Applied Research

PiscatawayNew JerseyUSA

SCOTT E. COULLRedJack, LLC.Silver Spring, MDUSA

CLAUDE CRPEAU

School of Computer ScienceMcGill UniversityMontreal, QuebecCanada

LORRIE FAITH CRANORSchool of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburg, PAUSA

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xxii List of Contributors

ERIC CRONINCIS DepartmentUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PAUSA

SCOTT CROSBYDepartment of Computer ScienceRice UniversityHouston, TXUSA

MARY J. CULNANInformation and Process Management DepartmentBentley UniversityWaltham, MAUSA

FRDRIC CUPPENSLUSSI DepartmentTELECOM BretagneCesson Svign CEDEXFrance

NORA CUPPENS-BOULAHIALUSSI Department

TELECOM BretagneCesson Svign CEDEXFrance

REZA CURTMOLADepartment of Computer ScienceNew Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT)Newark, NJUSA

ITALO DACOSTADepartment of Computer SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyParis, AtlantaUSA

JOAN DAEMENSTMicroelectronicsZaventemBelgium

ERNESTO DAMIANIDipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazione (DTI)Universit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)Italia

SABRINA DE CAPITANI DI VIMERCATIDipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazione (DTI)Universit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)Italy

MARIJKE DE SOETESecurityBizOostkampBelgium

ALEXANDER W. DENTInformation Security GroupRoyal HollowayUniversity of LondonEgham, SurreyUK

YVO DESMEDTDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity College London

LondonUK

YEVGENIY DODISDepartment of Computer ScienceNew York UniversityNew YorkUSA

JOSEP DOMINGO-FERRERDepartment of Computer Engineering and

MathematicsUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliTarragonaCatalonia

JING DONGDepartment of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, INUSA

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List of Contributors xxiii

GLENN DURFEESan Francisco, CAUSA

CYNTHIA DWORKMicrosoft Research, Silicon ValleyMountain View, CAUSA

WESLEY EDDYVerizon/NASA Glenn Research CenterCleveland,OhioUSA

THOMAS EISENBARTHDepartment of Mathematical SciencesFlorida Atlantic University

CARL M. ELLISONNew York, USA

WILLIAM ENCKDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University

University Park, PAUSA

PAUL ENGLANDMicrosoft CorporationRedmond, WAUSA

AARON ESTESDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering,

Lyle School of EngineeringSouthern Methodist UniversityDallas, TXUSA

MARTIN EVISONForensic Science ProgramUniversity of TorontoMississauga, ONCanada

SERGE FENETLIRIS UMR Universit Claude Bernard Lyon Villeurbanne cedexFrance

DAVID FERRAIOLONational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MDUSA

MATTHIEU FINIASZENSTAFrance

CAROLINE FONTAINELab-STICC/CID and Telecom Bretagne/ITICNRS/Lab-STICC/CID and Telecom BretagneBrest Cedex France

SARA FORESTIDipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazione (DTI)Universit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)Italy

DARIO V. FORTEFounder and CEODFLabsCrema/CRItalyand

University of MilanoCremaItaly

MATTHEW K. FRANKLINComputer Science DepartmentUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CAUSA

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List of Contributors xxv

QIJUN GUDepartment of Computer ScienceTexas State University-San MarcosSan Marcos, TexasUSA

JORGE GUAJARDOBosch Research and Technology Center North AmericaPittsburghUSA

YANLI GUOINRIA RocquencourtLe ChesnayFrance

STUART HABERHP LabsPrincetonNew JerseyUSA

HAKAN HACIGIMSNEC Research LabsCupertino, CAUSA

HELENA HANDSCHUHComputer Security and Industrial CryptographyResearch GroupKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuven - HeverleeBelgium

DARREL HANKERSONDepartment of MathematicsAuburn UniversityAuburn, ALUSA

CLEMENS HEINRICHFrancotyp-Postalia GmbHBirkenwerderGermany

TOR HELLESETHThe Selmer CenterDepartment of InformaticsUniversity of BergenBergen

Norway

NADIA HENINGERDepartment of Computer SciencePrinceton UniversityUSA

JEFF HOFFSTEINMathematics DepartmentBrown UniversityProvidence, RI

USA

BIJIT HOREDonald Bren School of Computer ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine, CAUSA

DWIGHT HORNEDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering

Southern Methodist UniversityDallas, TXUSA

RUSS HOUSLEYVigil Security, LLCHerndon, VAUSA

JEAN-PIERRE HUBAUXSchool of Computer and Communication Sciences

cole PolytechniqueFdrale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland

MICHAEL T. HUNTERSchool of Computer ScienceGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GAUSA

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xxvi List o f Contributors

MICHAEL HUTHDepartment of ComputingImperial College LondonLondonUK

SANGWON HYUNDepartment of Computer ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NCUSA

HIDEKI IMAIChuo UniversityBunkyo-kuTokyo

Japan

SEBASTIAAN INDESTEEGEDepartment of Electrical Engineering-ESAT/COSICKatholieke Universiteit Leuven and IBBTLeuven-HeverleeBelgium

JOHN IOANNIDISGoogle, Inc.

New York, NYUSA

ARUN IYENGARIBM Research DivisionThomas J. Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, NYUSA

COLLIN JACKSONCyLab, Department of Electrical and Computer

EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityMoffett Field, CAUSA

TRENT JAEGERSystems and Internet Infrastructure Security LabPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PAUSA

GOCE JAKIMOSKIElectrical and Computer EngineeringStevens Institute of TechnologyHoboken, NJUSA

MARTIN JOHNSSAP Research CEC KarlsruheSAP AGD- KarlsruheGermany

ANTOINE JOUXLaboratoire PrismUniversit de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-YvelinesVersailles CedexFrance

MARC JOYETechnicolor Security & Content Protection LabsCesson-Svign CedexFrance

MIKE JUSTGlasgow Caledonian UniversityGlasgow, Scotland

UK

STEFAN KPSELLInstitute of Systems ArchitectureDepartment of Computer ScienceTechnische UniversitatDresdenGermany

GREGORY KABATIANSKY

Dobrushin Mathematical LabInstitute for Information Transmission Problems RASMoscowRussia

BURT KALISKIOffice of the CTOEMC CorporationHopkinton, MAUSA

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List of Contributors xxvii

BRENT BYUNG HOON KANGDepartment of Applied Information Technology andCentre for Secure Information SystemsThe Volgenau School of EngineeringGeorge Mason University

Fairfax, VAUSA

VIVEK KANHANGADBiometrics Research CentreDepartment of ComputingThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong

TIMO KASPERHorst Grst Institute for IT SecurityRuhr University Bochum

STEFAN KATZENBEISSERSecurity Engineering GroupTechnische Universitt DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany

ANGELOS D. KEROMYTISDepartment of Computer ScienceColumbia UniversityNew York, NYUSA

GEORGE KESIDISComputer Science & Engineering and ElectricalEngineering DepartmentsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PAUSA

AGGELOS KIAYIASDepartment of Computer Science EngineeringUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, CTUSA

DANIEL KIFERDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringPenn State UniversityUniversity Park, PAUSA

JOHANNES KINDERFormal Methods in Systems EngineeringTechnische Universitt DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany

ENGIN KIRDAInstitut EurecomSophia Antipolis

France

AMIT KLEINTrusteerTel AvivIsrael

LARS R. KNUDSENDepartment of MathematicsTechnical University of Denmark

LyngbyDenmark

CETIN KAYAKOCollege of Engineering and Natural SciencesIstanbul Sehir UniversityUskudarIstanbulTurkey

FRANOIS KOEUNEMicroelectronics LaboratoryUniversit catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-NeuveBelgium

HUGO KRAWCZYKIBM T.J. Watson Research CenterNYUSA

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xxvi ii List of Contributors

ALEXANDER KRUPPAProjet CACAOLORIAVillers-ls-Nancy CedexFrance

KRZYSZTOF KRYSZCZUKIBM Zurich Research Laboratory (DTI)LausanneSwitzerland

MARKUS KUHNComputer LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK

KAORU KUROSAWADepartment of Computer and Information SciencesIbaraki UniversityHitachi-shiJapan

RUGGERO DONIDA LABATIDipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazioneUniversit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)

Italy

PETER LANDROCKCryptomathicUK

JEAN-LOUIS LANETXLIM, Department of Mathematics and ComputerScienceUniversity of LimogesLimoges

France

TANJA LANGECoding Theory and CryptologyEindhoven Institute for the Protection of Systems andInformationDepartment of Mathematics and Computer ScienceTechnische Universiteit EindhovenEindhovenThe Netherlands

GREGOR LEANDERDepartment of MathematicsTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark

ADAM J. LEEDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PAUSA

ELISABETH DE LEEUWSiemens IT Solutions and Services B.V.ZoetermeerThe Netherlands

KRISTEN LEFEVREDepartment of Electrical Engineering and ComputerScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUSA

ARJEN K. LENSTRALaboratory for cryptologic algorithms - LACALSchool of Computer and Communication Sciences

cole Polytechnique Fdrale de LausanneSwitzerland

REYNALD LERCIERInstitut de recherche mathmatique de RennesUniversit de Rennes Rennes CedexFrance

PAUL LEYLANDBrnikat Limited

Little ShelfordCambridgeUK

STAN Z. LICenter for Biometrics and Security ResearchInstitute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPublic Republic of China

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NINGHUI LIDepartment of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IndianaUSA

MING LIDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcester, MAUSA

BENOT LIBERTMicroelectronics LaboratoryUniversit catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve

Belgium

MYEONG L. LIMDepartment of Applied Information Technology andCentre for Secure Information SystemsThe Volgenau School of EngineeringGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VAUSA

SHINYOUNGLIM

School of Health and Rehabilitation ServicesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PAUSA

MOSES LISKOVDepartment of Computer ScienceThe College of William and MaryWilliamsburg, VAUSA

DONGGANG LIUDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, TexasUSA

ZONGYI LIUAmazon.comSeattle, WAUSA

GIOVANNI LIVRAGADipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazione (DTI)Universit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)Italy

STEVE LLOYDSphyrna Security IncorporatedSteve Lloyd Consulting Inc.Ottawa, ONCanada

MICHAEL E. LOCASTODepartment of Computer ScienceGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VA

USA

WENJING LOUWireless Networking and SecurityDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcester, MAUSA

HAIBING LUDepartment of Management Science and InformationSystems, CIMICRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJUSA

BODO MLLERGoogle Switzerland GmbHZurichSwitzerland

ASHWIN MACHANAVAJJHALAYahoo! ResearchSanta Clara, CAUSA

EMANUELE MAIORANADepartment of Applied ElectronicsUniversit degli Studi Roma TRERomeItaly

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HEIKO MANTELDepartment of Computer ScienceTU DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany

DAVIDE MARTINENGHIDipartimento di Elettronica e InformazionePolitecnico di MilanoMilanoItaly

HENRI MASSIASUniversity of LimogesFrance

LEE D. MCFEARINDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringSouthern Methodist UniversityDallas, TXUSA

DAVID MCGREWPoolesville, MDUSA

CATHERINE MEADOWSU.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashington, DCUSA

SHARAD MEHROTRADonald Bren School of Computer ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine, CAUSA

ALFRED MENEZESDepartment of Combinatorics and OptimizationUniversity of WaterlooWaterloo, OntarioCanada

DANIELE MICCIANCIODepartment of Computer Science & EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego, CAUSA

EVANGELIA MICHELI-TZANAKOUDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringRutgers - The State University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJUSA

JONATHAN K. MILLENThe MITRE CorporationBedford, MAUSA

JELENA MIRKOVICInformation Sciences InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaMarina del Rey, CAUSA

FRANOIS MORAINLaboratoire dinformatique (LIX)cole polytechniquePalaiseau CedexFrance

THOMAS MORRISDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringMississippi State University

Mississippi State, MSUSA

HAROLD MOUCHREPolytech NantesUniversit de Nantes, IRCCyNNantesFrance

NICKY MOUHA

Department of Electrical EngineeringKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuven-HeverleeBelgium

DAVID NACCACHEDpartement dinformatique, Groupe de cryptographiecole normale suprieureParisFrance

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DANIEL NAGYDepartment of Computer ScienceELTECRYPT Research Group Etvs Lrnd UniversityBudapestHungary

PADMARAJ M. V. NAIRDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringSchool of EngineeringSouthern Methodist UniversityDallas, TXUSA

DALIT NAORDepartment of Computer Science and AppliedMathematics

Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael

GEORGE NECULAElectrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CAUSA

ALESSANDRO NERI

Department of Applied ElectronicsUniversit degli Studi Roma TRERomeItaly

KIM NGUYENBundesdruckerei GmbHBerlinGermany

PHONG NGUYEN

Dpartement dinformatiqueEcole normale suprieureParis, Cedex France

PENG NINGDepartment of Computer ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NCUSA

CRISTINA NITA-ROTARUDepartment of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, INUSA

ANITA OCHIEANOVisa InternationalFoster City, CAUSA

TAE OHSchool of InformaticsRochester Institute of TechnologyRochester, NY

USA

FRANCIS OLIVIERDepartment of Security TechnologyGemplus Card InternationalFrance

ARKADIUSZ OROWSKIInstitute of PhysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPolandandDepartment of InformaticsWULS - SGGWWarsawPoland

ALESSANDRO ORSOCollege of Computing - School of Computer Science

Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GAUSA

AKIRA OTSUKAResearch Center for Information SecurityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnologyTokyoJapan

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CHRISTOF PAARLehrstuhl Embedded Security, Gebaeude IC /Ruhr-Universitaet BochumBochumGermany

PASCALPAILLIERCryptoExpertsParisFrance

STEPHEN M. PAPAHigh Assurance Computing and Networking Labs(HACNet)Department of Computer Science and EngineeringBobby B. Lyle School of Engineering

Southern Methodist UniversityHouston, TXUSA

PANOS PAPADIMITRATOSSchool of Computer and Communication Sciencescole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne, LausanneSwitzerland

STEFANO PARABOSCHIDipartimento di Ingegneria dellInformazione e MetodiMatematiciUniversit degli Studi di BergamoDalmine, BGItaly

JUNG-MIN JERRYPARKDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburg, VAUSA

JACQUES PATARINVersailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines UniversityFrance

BRYAN D. PAYNEInformation Systems AnalysisSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, NMUSA

CLAUDE CRPEAUSchool of Computer ScienceMcGill UniversityMontreal, QuebecCanada

TORBEN PEDERSENCryptomathicrhusDenmark

GERARDO PELOSIDipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione (DEI)Politecnico di MilanoMilanoItalyandDipartimento di Ingegneria dellInformazione e MetodiMatematici (DIIMM)University of BergamoDalmine (BG)Italy

GNTHER PERNULLS fr Wirtschaftsinformatik I -Informationssysteme

Universitt RegensburgRegensburgGermany

CHRISTIANE PETERSDepartment of Mathematics and Computer ScienceTechnische Universiteit EindhovenThe Netherlands

CHRISTOPHE

PETIT

Microelectronics LaboratoryUniversit catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-NeuveBelgium

FABIEN A. P. PETITCOLASMicrosoft ResearchCambridgeUK

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BENNY PINKASDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael

KONSTANTINOSN. PLATANIOTISThe Edward S Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical &Computer Engineeringand Knowledge Media DesignInstituteUniversity of TorontoToronto, ONCanada

ANGELIKA PLATEDirector, AEXIS Security ConsultantsBonnGermany

FERNANDO L. PODIOITL Computer Security Division/Systems and EmergingTechnologies Security Research GroupNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Gaithersburg, MDUSA

DAVID POINTCHEVALComputer Science DepartmentEcole normale suprieureParisFrance

MICHALIS POLYCHRONAKISDepartment of Computer Science

Network Security LabColumbia UniversityNew York, NYUSA

DENIS V. POPELAlgorithms Research CorporationCharlottesville, VAUSA

BART PRENEELDepartment of Electrical Engineering-ESAT/COSICKatholieke Universiteit Leuven and IBBTLeuven-HeverleeBelgium

NIELS PROVOSGoogle INCMountain View, CAUSA

JEAN-JACQUES QUISQUATERMicroelectronics LaboratoryUniversit catholique de Louvain

Louvain-la-NeuveBelgium

RADMILO RACICDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CAUSA

MOHAMED OMAR RAYESDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringBobby B. Lyle School of Engineering SouthernMethodist UniversityDallas, TXUSA

KUI RENUbiquitous Security & PrivaCy Research Laboratory(UbiSeC Lab)Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Illinois Institute of TechnologyChicago, ILUSA

JONAS RICHIARDIEcole PolytechniqueFdrale de Lausanne EPFL - STI IBILausanneSwitzerland

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MORITZ RIESNERDepartment of Information SystemsUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany

VINCENT RIJMENDepartment of Electrical Engineering/ESATKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverleeBelgium

RONALD L. RIVESTDepartment of Electrical Engineering and ComputerScienceMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MAUSA

MATTHEW J. B. ROBSHAWOrange LabsIssy Moulineaux, Cedex France

ARNON ROSENTHALThe MITRE Corporation

Bedford, MAUSA

ARUN ROSSDepartment of Computer Science and ElectricalEngineeringWest Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WVUSA

SCOTT A. ROTONDOOracle CorporationRedwood Shores, CAUSA

JUNGWOO RYOODivision of Business and EngineeringPenn State AltoonaAltoona, PAUSA

KAZUE SAKONECKawasakiJapan

MALEK BEN SALEMDepartment of Computer ScienceColumbia UniversityNew York, NYUSA

GUIDO SALVANESCHIDepartment of Electronic and InformationPolytechnic of MilanMilanoItaly

PAOLO SALVANESCHIDepartment of Information Technology andMathematical MethodsUniversity of BergamoDalmine, BGItaly

PIERANGELA SAMARATIDipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazione (DTI)

Universit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)Italy

DAVID SAMYDEIntel CorporationSanta Clara, CAUSA

SUDEEP SARKAR

Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of South FloridaTampa, FLUSA

ROBERTO SASSIDepartment of Information TechnologiesUniversit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)Italy

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BRUCE SCHNEIERBTLondonUK

BERRY SCHOENMAKERSDepartment of Mathematics and Computer ScienceTechnische Universiteit EindhovenEindhovenThe Netherlands

MATTHIAS SCHUNTERIBM Research-ZurichRschlikonSwitzerland

JRG SCHWENKHorst Grtz Institute for IT SecurityRuhr University BochumBochumGermany

EDWARD SCIOREComputer Science DepartmentBoston CollegeChestnut Hill, MAUSA

FABIO SCOTTIDipartimento di Tecnologie dellInformazioneUniversit degli Studi di MilanoCrema (CR)Italy

NICOLAS SENDRIERProject-Team SECRETINRIA Paris-RocquencourtLe Chesnay

France

EHAB AL- SHAERCyber Defense and Network Assurability (CyberDNA)CenterDepartment of Software and Information SystemsCollege of Computing and InformaticsUniversity of North Carolina CharlotteCharlotte, NCUSA

BASIT SHAFIQCIMICRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJUSA

ADI SHAMIRThe Paul and Marlene Borman Professor of AppliedMathematicsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael

MICAH SHERRDepartment of Computer Science

Georgetown UniversityWashington, DCUSA

IGOR SHPARLINSKIDepartment of Computing Faculty of ScienceMacquarie UniversityAustralia

ROBERT SILVERMANChelmsford, MAUSA

RICHARD T. SIMONHarvard Medical SchoolCenter for Biomedical InformaticsCambridge, MAUSA

GREG SINCLAIRThe Volgenau School of Engineeringand ITCentre for Secure Information SystemsGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VAUSA

GAUTAM SINGARAJUThe Volgenau School of Engineeringand ITGeorge Mason University Ask.com

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RADU SIONNetwork Security and Applied Cryptography LabDepartment of Computer ScienceStony Brook UniversityStony Brook, NY

USA

BEN SMEETSDepartment of Information TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden

SEAN W. SMITHDepartment of Computer ScienceDartmouth College

Hanover, NHUSA

ALAN D. SMITHDepartment of Management and MarketingRobert Morris UniversityPittsburgh, PAUSA

JEROME A. SOLINASNational Security Agency

Ft Meade, MDUSA

ANURAG SRIVASTAVADepartment of Applied Information Technology andCentre for Secure Information SystemsThe Volgenau School of EngineeringGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VAUSA

MUDHAKAR SRIVATSAIBM Research DivisionThomas J. Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, NYUSA

WILLIAM STALLINGSWilliamStallings.comBrewster, MAUSA

FRANOIS-XAVIER STANDAERTMicroelectronics LaboratoryUniversit Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-NeuveBelgium

ANGELOS STAVROUComputer Science DepartmentSchool Information Technology and EngineeringGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VAUSA

GRAHAM STEELLaboratoire Specification et VerificationINRIA, CNRS & ENS

CachanFrance

MARK STEPHENSSMU HACNet LabsSchool of EngineeringSouthern Methodist UniversityNacogdoches, TXUSA

ANTON STIGLICInstant LogicCanada

ALEX STOIANOVInformation and Privacy Commissioners Office ofOntarioToronto, ONCanada

SALVATORE J. STOLFO

Department of Computer ScienceColumbia UniversityNew York, NYUSA

SCOTT D. STOLLERDepartment of Computer ScienceStony Brook UniversityStony Brook, NYUSA

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NARY SUBRAMANIANDepartment of Computer ScienceThe University of Texas at TylerTyler, TXUSA

KUN SUNIntelligent Automation, Inc.Rockville, MDUSA

BERK SUNARDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcester, MAUSA

LAURENT SUSTEKInside Secure FranceAtmelFrance

ANDREW BENG JIN TEOHSchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeodaemun-gu, Seoul

Korea

EDLYN TESKEDepartment of Combinatorics and OptimizationUniversity of WaterlooWaterloo, OntarioCanada

NICOLAS THRIAULTDepartamento de MatemticaUniversidad del Bo-Bo

TalcaChile

ACHINT THOMASCenter for Unified Biometrics and Sensors (CUBS)Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo (SUNY Buffalo), The StateUniversity of New YorkAmherst, NYUSA

EMMANUEL THOMEINRIA Lorraine Campus ScientifiqueVILLERS-LS-NANCY CEDEXFrance

MITCHELL A. THORNTONDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringLyle School of EngineeringSouthern Methodist UniversityDallas, TXUSA

MEHDI TIBOUCHILaboratoire dinformatique de lENS

cole normale suprieureParisFrance

KAR-ANN TOHSchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeodaemun-gu, SeoulKorea

ASSIA TRIACEA-LETIFrance

ERAN TROMERComputer Science and Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MAUSA

SEAN TURNERIECA, Inc.Fairfax, VAUSA

SHAMBHU UPADHYAYADepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo The State University of New YorkBuffalo, NYUSA

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SALIL VADHANSchool of Engineering & Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, MAUSA

JAIDEEP VAIDYADepartment of Management Science and InformationSystems, CIMICRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJUSA

HENK C. A. VANTILBORGDepartment of Mathematics and Computing ScienceEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands

MAYANKVARIAComputer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory(CSAIL)Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MAUSA

MARC VAUCLAIRBU Identification, Center of Competence SystemsSecurityNXP SemiconductorsLeuvenBelgium

HELMUT VEITHInstitute of Information SystemsTechnische Universitt WienWienAustria

V. N. VENKATAKRISHNANDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, ILUSA

CHRISTIAN VIARD-GAUDINPolytech NantesUniversit de Nantes, IRCCyNNantesFrance

MARION VIDEAUUniversit Henri Poincar, Nancy /LORIA and ANSSIParisFrance

B. V. K. VIJAYA KUMARDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA

USA

DAN WALLACHDepartment of Computer ScienceRice UniversityHouston, TXUSA

COLIN D. WALTERInformation Security Group

Royal Holloway University of LondonSurreyUK

XIAOFENG WANGSchool of Informatics and ComputingIndiana University at BloomingtonBloomington, INUSA

MICHAEL WARDProduct Security Chip Centre of ExcellenceMasterCard WorldwideWaterlooBelgium

NICHOLAS C. WEAVERInternational Computer Science InstituteBerkeley, CAUSA

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BULENT YENERDepartment of Computer ScienceRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, NYUSA

SACHIKOYOSHIHAMAIBM Research-TokyoYamato, KanagawaJapan

SHUCHENG YUDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcester, MAUSA

FENG YUESchool of Computer Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina

WENSHENG ZHANGDepartment of Computer ScienceCollege of Liberal Arts and SciencesIowa State UniversityAmes, IAUSA

DAVID ZHANGBiometrics Research Centre, Department of ComputingThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, KowloonHong Kong

SENCUN ZHUDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PAUSA

ZHICHAO ZHUDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PAUSA

PAUL ZIMMERMANNTeam Caramel, Btiment ALORIA/INRIA

Villers-ls-Nancy CedexFrance

ROBERT ZUCCHERATO Carle CrescentOntarioCanada

WANGMENG ZUOSchool of Computer Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina

MARY ELLEN ZURKOIBM Software Group Lotus Live Security Architectureand StrategyWestford, MAUSA