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A Production of the Alabama Forestry Commission

INTRODUCTIONYou notice that several

trees in a particular pine plantation are declining, dying or dead. The above ground tree symptoms are thinning, sparse crowns with yellow, chlorotic needles. The few pines that are dead have many needles that are reddish-brown. These declining and dead pines are scattered throughout the stand. What forest pest could be causing such wrath on these once assumingly healthy pines? There are several forest pests that could possibly be causing these apparent symptoms. The most common ones that generally affect southern pine plantations in Alabama that will exemplify these symptomatic tree responses are southern pine beetle

(Dendroctonus frontalis), Ips engraver beetle (Ips spp.), black turpentine beetle(Dendroctonusterebrans), annosusroot rot (Spinigermeineckellum),littleleaf disease

(Phytophthoracinnamomi), pitchcanker (Fusariumsubglutinans),needle cast

(Hypoderma spp. and Lophodermium

spp.), and pinedecline

(Leptographiumspp.).

Certain forest pests affect pine plantations at different stages; for instance, the previous eight pests listed generally affect older, mature trees. If these pests are present under unusual circumstances, they are quite difficult to distinguish between each other. Pine pests like the reproduction (pales and pitch-eating) weevils, brown spot needle blight,

pine tip moths and pine webworm basically affect pines during their seedling and sapling stages. Still other forest pests that are quite distinguishable can affect older pines in plantations as well and they are fusiform rust, pine sawflies, woolly pine scale,

pine needle rust and southern pine coneworm. Once a pine has succumbed from a primary pest, secondary pests begin to attack the tree. These secondary pests such as the flatheaded borers, roundheaded borers and ambrosia beetles are normally attracted to pines recently attacked by southern pine bark beetles. Other unconventional factors like our natural environment still have an influence on the health of pines. Abiotic factors like devastating hurricanes, strong winds, salt sprays, a prescribed burn, a persistent drought, misapplied herbicides or logging damage can have detrimental effects on pine plantations. These conditions are also pests to trees.

This guide can be used as a tool to assist forest professionals and concerned landowners alike in distinguishing the differences between these common forest pests of pine plantations. There is a step-by-step procedure with illustrations on identifying a particular forest pest to aid in the learning process.

PESTS OF YOUNG PINE PLANTATIONS

Reproduction Weevils – Pales Weevil (Hylobius pales), Pitch-eating Weevil(Pachylobius picivorus)

Host: Loblolly pine, longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, slash pine, pond pine, sand pine, spruce pine

Adult: Similar in appearance, the pales and the pitch-eating weevils are both brown to black in color with yellowish-white speckled markings. Having a long snout with tiny chewing mouthparts on a small head, the adult weevil is approximately 1/4 to 1/3 inch long. The legs are rather long compared to most pine weevils and bark beetles. The damage to pine seedlings is generally done by the adult weevil.

University of Georgia and the USDA Forest Service, forestryimages.org

Pupa and Larva: The pupa is creamy white and the size of the adult weevil. The larva is also the size of the adult weevil (1/4 to 1/3 inch long) with a white, legless body and an orange to amber colored head. The larva hatches from a small white egg that is usually laid in buried pine slash, in the roots of freshly cut pine stumps, or in severely damaged pine trees.

Damage: The most visible symptom is the girdling of the seedling’s root collar below the ground line. There may be patches of bark removed (from feeding) anywhere on the stem and branches. Buds and needles may also be damaged. The adult weevil usually feeds at night and is basically inactive during day-light hours. Because of its unique feeding habits, the damage (the symptom) done by the adult weevil is more readily noticeable than the actual weevil (the sign) itself. Since the adult weevil overwinters in the soil and duff layer, damage to the seedling is usually not done during the winter months. The University of Georgia and the USDA Forest two feeding peaks for adults are during the Service, forestryimages.org spring and early fall. Just a note, the larvae do not cause harm to the seedlings; they tend to feed on the roots of cut stumps.

Control: The most practical and least expensive method is to postpone planting of a recently harvested site for 9 to 12 months. If a pine stand is harvested before June 1, then reforestation can be done that following winter. Adult weevils are attracted to the resin flow of recently cut or severely damaged pines. Delaying reforestation will allow aging of the stump and slash, thus reducing resin flow which will make the site less attractive to weevils.

Insecticides can be used to dip roots, spray foliage or apply to the soil at the base of the seedling. The cut stump can also be sprayed with an approved insecticide. Do not combine treatments within the same year such as dip the roots in an insecticide and apply a granular insecticide to the soil. Insecticides like Sevin or Malathion are recommended for

University of Georgia and the USDA Forest Service, control. forestryimages.org

University of Georgia and the USDA Forest Service, forestryimages.org

Brown Spot Needle Blight (Scirrhia acicola)

Host: Mainly longleaf pine and sometimes Scotch pine but can under unusual circumstances affect slash pine, loblolly pine, white pines

Fungus: The boat-shaped spores are produced in the yellow bands on the needles from early spring to late summer. These fungal yellow lesions can develop on secondary needles at any time, but are most commonly seen from May to October. On infected longleaf pine needles, the symptom is most noticeable in August and September.

University of Georgia and the USDA Forest Service, forestryimages.org

Damage: Longleaf pines in the seedling or grass stage are most susceptible to brown spot needle blight. Infected needles will initially have grayish- green spots. These spots will soon turn to a straw- yellow color. In the later stage of infection, theses spots will become light brown with a chestnut- colored margin. Eventually, the needle tissue dies beyond and between the groups of lesions. The University of Georgia and the USDA infected needles will finally have an overall

Forest Service, forestryimages.org brown appearance with a green base, a mottled middle section and a brown apex, distinctively. These dead infected needles will defoliate causing a reduction in seedling growth. Very seldom will longleaf pines succumb to brown spot needle blight unless the seedlings experience several consecutive years of infection and defoliation.

Control: For a longleaf pine plantation, the best method is to conduct a prescribed burn, preferably in the winter. This management activity will reduce or even eliminate the fungus while encouraging the seedlings to quickly grow out of the grass stage. For ornamental longleaf pine seedlings and for Scotch pines, a fungicide (such as Bravo, Maneb or Manzate) University of Georgia and can be used as an effective treatment. The USDA Forest Service, forestryimages.org

Pine Tip Moths � Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Rhyacionia frustrana)

Host: Loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, slash pine, sand pine, spruce pine, pitch pine, pond pine, Virginia pine, Scotch pine but will not attack longleaf pine or white pines

Adult: The Nantucket pine tip moth is gray with irregular patches of red, copper and gray bands on the wings. This relatively small moth approximately 1/4 inch long is rarely seen, not even during its active period from February to late fall. The moths emerge from infested branches anytime from February to March, and mate to start a new generation.

Pupa and Larva: The brown pupae are approximately 1/4 inch long (the size of the adult moth) and exist in the infested branches. These insects overwinter as pupae. The larvae, however, cause the most damage to the pines. Approximately 3/8 inch long, the worm- like larvae are yellowish-white to light brown. The larvae initially feed on new growth until they bore into the shoot for additional food.

Damage: The most recognizable damage is the browning and dying of infested shoots. A closer view will reveal resin beads and fine webbing on the branch tips. When infested shoots or buds are broken open, they will be hollow. The larvae or pupae may be observed at the bottom end of these hollowed shoots and buds, especially if the adult moths have emerged.

Control: In most cases, pine saplings do not succumb to pine tip moth attack. The main damage occurs in the stems. There is visible dieback of shoots causing deformity of the stems resulting in stunted growth of the pine. In an infested pine plantation, a control method is generally not recommended (too impractical and not economically feasible). Pine saplings are most susceptible during the first 5 years before crown closure. Once the pines are more than 5 years old and taller than 12 feet, they are not very susceptible to attack.

If a control method is recommended, the best one is to be proactive in the site preparation regime. Intensive site preparation can have a negative effect on controlling the pine tip moth’s population. Excessive herbaceous weed control eliminates the habitat of its natural predators. Reducing some of the management activities associated with site preparation can sustain the predators’ population, thus keeping the pine tip moth’s infestation to a minimum.

Insecticides can be used to control pine tip moth. Most of the systemic insecticides for pine tip moth control are no longer available. Pounce, a contact insecticide, is still used today but timing of its application is very crucial in its effectiveness. There is a new systemic product called PTM by BASF that is currently being tested for practical use and economic feasibility. Sevin can also be used to control pine tip moth attack.

Pine Webworm (Tetralopha robustella)

Host: Longleaf pine, loblolly pine, slash pine, shortleaf pine, pitch pine, Virginia pine, white pines

Adult: The adult moth is smoky gray with front wings dark gray to brown at the base and tips. The wingspan is approximately 1 inch long.

Pupa and Larva: The larvae are approximately 3/4 inch long with a dark and light brown head and a light brown body with 4 darker stripes. The pupae are reddish-brown and approximately 1/2 inch long and generally exist in the soil from winter until they emerge in the spring as adults.

Damage: The most recognizable damage on pines is the large mass of brown frass and coarse pellets entangled in a silken web created by the larvae. There are usually several larvae in this silken- webbed nest. The larvae feed within the nest, clipping off pine needles. Young pine saplings around 1 to 3 years old are most susceptible, but older pines can occasionally be attacked by the pine webworm. Death of infested pines is very rare, but growth loss may occur.

Control: In a pine plantation, a control method is generally not recommended. Natural enemies such as insect parasites will increase, reducing the pine webworms’ population. Hand picking the individual nests from infested pines can be an effective method. Insecticides like Sevin or Malathion can be used on high value pines.

PESTS OF PINE PLANTATIONS

Fusiform Rust (Cronartium quercuum f. sp. Fusiforme)

Host: Loblolly pine and slash pine are the most susceptible while longleaf pine is somewhat susceptible and shortleaf pine is least susceptible

Alternate Host: Oak species

Fungus: Orange-yellow blisters (spores) form on the surface of pine galls in the spring. Later during the spring season, these orange spores are produced on the undersurface of young oak leaves. By early summer, these visible orange spores produce brown, hair-like structures that will become a different spore type. This new spore type will eventually infect pines.

Damage: The symptom most noticeable on pines is the actual gall located on an infected stem or branch. On older trees, the galls can appear somewhat depressed and canker- like. The infection generally starts on a branch and eventually spreads to the main stem. Sometimes, these infected branches and stems are killed beyond the point of the galls. The presence of pitch is often associated with rust galls due to insect infestation or pitch canker infection. In early spring, orange-yellow blisters are visible on the surface of rust galls. Infected pine seedlings may succumb to fusiform rust within 2 to 3 years. Older pines with severe infections on the main stem may break at the gall site.

Control: The main control recommendation is to be proactive and plant genetically resistant pines. In a pine plantation, control is difficult. The removal of oak species in the vicinity can reduce the occurrence of fusiform rust, but this task is rather complicated. If there are just a few stem galls on a limited number of pines, then the infected stems can be pruned. For high value and ornamental pines, an approved fungicide like Bayleton can be applied to infected trees.

Pine Sawflies � Blackheaded Pine Sawfly (Neodiprion excitans), Redheaded Pine Sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei), Loblolly Pine Sawfly (Neodiprion taedae linearis), Slash Pine Sawfly (Neodiprion merkeli), Sand Pine Sawfly (Neodiprion pratti), Spruce Pine Sawfly (Neodiprion warreni), Virginia Pine Sawfly (Neodiprion pratti pratti)

Host: Loblolly pine, longleaf pine, pond pine, pitch pine, sand pine, shortleaf pine, slash pine, spruce pine, Virginia pine – depending on the pine sawfly species

Adult: The adult is a wasp-like or a fly-like insect. Redheaded Pine Sawfly The adult emerges from a cocoon usually located in the litter layer or soil. The time of emergence depends on the particular sawfly species. The adults mate and the females lay their eggs in slits on pine needles.

Pupa and Larva: The pupae are quite similar to the adults in size and encased in a brown papery cocoon. The larvae size varies anywhere from 3/4 inch to 1 inch long having a similar appearance University of Georgia and the USDA to a caterpillar. The larvae cause the most Forest Service, forestryimages.org damage by feeding on the outermost parts of pine needles. Virginia Pine Sawfly

Blackheaded Pine Sawfly

University of Geogia and the USDA University of Georgia and the USDA Forest Forest Service, forestryimages.org Service, forestryimages.org

Damage: There is some defoliation in the crown. Other needles may be partially or completely consumed giving a tufted-like appearance (shortened stubs on branches). Partially consumed needles will turn reddish-brown and have a straw-like presence. Colonies of sawfly larvae can be viewed on branches during certain times of the year.

Redheaded Pine Sawfly Blackheaded Pine Sawfly

University of Georgia and the USDAUniversity of Georgia and the USDA Forest Service, Forest Service, forestryimages.org

forestryimages.org Virginia Pine Sawfly

Loblolly Pine Sawfly

University of Georgia and the USDA Forest Service, forestryimages.org University of Georgia and the USDA

Forest Service, forestryimages.org

Control: For a pine plantation, a control method is not usually recommended. Natural predators and climatic conditions will soon reduce the population. Trees seldom succumb to pine sawfly attacks. Insecticides such as Pounce, Sevin or Malathion can be used on ornamental pines and Christmas tree plantations.

Woolly Pine Scale (Pseudophilippia quaintancii)

Host: Mainly eastern white pine and Scotch pine, but can also attack loblolly pine, longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, slash pine

Adult: A very small insect, the female adult is approximately 1/16 inch long with a greenish-brown body covered with a thick layer of fleecy white wax.

Pupa and Larva: Not known to have an official pupa or larva stage, the woolly pine scale does have an egg and an immature (crawler) stage. The different immature stages are better known as instars, often referring to the last instar stage as the pupa. Because of its size, the egg and immature woolly pine scale may be difficult to see with the naked eye.

Damage: The most noticeable sign on infested pines is the masses of woolly white wax at the base of needles and on shoots. Sooty mold fungi are occasionally present, resulting in blacken needles and shoots. Woolly pine scale infestation can occur on one or on several pines. Death from this pest is rare unless it is accompanied by other stress factors. Severe attack, however, can cause branch dieback.

Photograph by Guy Jones

Control: In a pine plantation, a control method is generally not recommended. Eventually, natural predators will prey on the woolly pine scale, keeping the population at low levels. Insecticides like Sevin or Malathion can be used on high value and ornamental pines. Horticultural oils can also be applied to infested areas on the tree. Any pesticide used must be applied during the “crawler” stage, from May to July in order to have any effect on the infestation.

Photograph by Guy Jones

Pine Needle Rust (Coleosporium spp.)

Host: All two and three needle southern pines

Alternate Host: Various broad-leaved plants like golden rod, aster, sunflower, morning glory

Fungus: The fungus overwinters in pine needles, emerging from the surface of these infected areas University of Georgia and the USDA Forest as papery white pustules in late spring or early Service, forestryimages.org summer. This is the time where the infection is most noticeable on pines. During the summer months, the pustules rupture and orange- yellow spores are blown to leaves of alternate hosts. By late summer, these spores appear on the leaves of these alternate hosts.

Damage: Pine needle rust is a common disease, but generally innocuous, having very

little impact on infected pines. Mainly a problem for aesthetic reasons, this fungus does not cause death to affected pines.

University of Georgia and the USDA Forest Service, forestryimages.org

Control: In a pine plantation or an urban setting, a control method is generally not recommended. The removal of alternate hosts in the area of the pines can reduce the incidence of pine needle rust. For aesthetic purposes, a fungicide like Bayleton can be applied during late summer to fall on vulnerable pines as a control and preventative method.

University of Georgia and the USDA Forest Service, forestryimages.org

Southern Pine Coneworm (Dioryctria amatella)

Host: Loblolly pine, longleaf pine, sand pine, shortleaf pine, slash pine, spruce pine

Adult: The adult insect is a blackish-gray moth with dark grayish-brown front wings. On the front wings are white zigzag crossbands and patches. The hind wings are light grayish-brown. The wingspan of the adult moth is slightly longer than 1 inch.

Pupa and Larva: The pupa is dark brown and approximately the size of the adult moth. The larva is approximately 3/4 inch long when mature and a combination of many colors. The larva’s body is a reddish-purple brown with an undersurface that is green.

Damage: The larvae do the most damage by feeding in pine cones or in the inner bark of shoots, branches, and stems. The most noticeable symptom is the large pitch mass that can exceed 1 inch in diameter on infested branches and stems. This pitch mass is similar in appearance to pitch masses created by the black turpentine beetle. This mass is milky white with some redness and pinkness color. During the pupa stage of the insect, a tan case can generally be seen protruding from a pitch mass. Since an attack is commonly adjacent to a recent bark injury or fusiform rust gall, the pitch mass may be located at that particular site on the pine.

Control: The best control method is to be proactive and avoid bark injury to trees. If southern pine coneworm infestation or fusiform rust gall infection is located on a branch, prune off that branch. For high value and ornamental pines, an insecticide such as Pounce can be applied to infested areas on the tree.

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e 5:

~ Ex

amin

e th

e pr

imar

y an

d fin

e fe

eder

root

s fo

r sig

ns

~ Lo

ok fo

r bor

ing

and

exit

hole

s, b

leed

ing

and

resi

nous

cank

ers

or b

lue

stai

n fu

ngus

in th

e ro

ots

~ Ta

ke n

ote

of th

e co

nditi

on o

f the

root

s –

deca

yed,

dete

riora

ted

or h

ealth

y

~ M

ake

a fin

al c

oncl

usio

n on

the

iden

tifie

d pe

st

~ If

nece

ssar

y to

con

firm

the

pest

iden

tifie

d, ta

ke ro

otsa

mpl

es fo

r ana

lysi

s

This

Pin

e St

and:

~ Th

ere

are

no n

otic

eabl

e bo

ring

or e

xit h

oles

in th

e ro

ots

~ Th

ere

are

no n

otic

eabl

e re

sin-

soak

ed ro

ots

~ Th

ere

are

no s

igns

of b

lue

stai

n fu

ngus

in th

e ro

ots

~ Th

e ro

ots

do n

ot a

ppea

r to

be d

ecay

ed o

r det

erio

rate

d

~ Th

e di

seas

e co

mpl

ex p

ine

decl

ine

is e

limin

ated

~ S

igns

and

Sym

ptom

s: n

o pi

tch

tube

s, e

xit h

oles

and

blue

sta

in fu

ngus

in th

e up

per b

ole,

bro

wn

need

les

on th

eup

per b

ranc

hes

and

appa

rent

ly h

ealth

y ro

ots

~ Fi

nal c

oncl

usio

n: th

e pe

st is

Ips

engr

aver

bee

tlein

fest

atio

n w

ith s

ome

dam

age

from

the

deod

ar w

eevi

l

~ R

esid

ual p

ines

wer

e st

ress

ed fr

om w

ind

dam

age,

rece

ntth

inni

ng a

nd a

n ex

tend

ed d

roug

ht

FOR

EST

PIN

E PE

ST

FAC

T SH

EETS

SOU

THER

N P

INE

BA

RK

BEE

TLES

~ Th

is p

ictu

re il

lust

rate

s th

e 3

mai

n so

uthe

rn p

ine

bark

bee

tlesp

ecie

s (Ip

sen

grav

er b

eetle

, sou

ther

n pi

ne b

eetle

and

bla

cktu

rpen

tine

beet

le),

thei

r gal

lery

pat

tern

s an

d th

eir g

ener

al a

ttack

loca

tion

on th

e pi

ne tr

ee

~ Th

ere

are

3 di

stin

ct s

peci

es o

f the

Ips

engr

aver

bee

tle:I

psav

ulsu

s(s

mal

l Ips

or 4

-spi

ned

Ips)

,Ips

gran

dico

llis(5

-spi

ned

Ips)

and

Ips

callig

raph

us(6

-spi

ned

Ips)

~ Th

e ad

ult I

psbe

etle

is re

ddis

h-br

own

to b

lack

with

a s

coop

edou

t, sp

ined

post

erio

r and

rang

es fr

om 1

/16

to 1

/4 in

ch lo

ngde

pend

ing

on th

e sp

ecie

s:Ip

sav

ulsu

sis

1/1

6 in

ch lo

ng,I

psgr

andi

collis

is 1

/8 in

ch lo

ng, a

nd th

eIp

sca

lligra

phus

is 1

/4 in

chlo

ng

~ D

epen

ding

on

the

spec

ies,

the

adul

t Ips

beet

le w

ill at

tack

cer

tain

area

s on

the

pine

: the

4-a

nd 5

-spi

ned

Ips

will

atta

ck th

e up

per

bole

whi

le th

e 6-

spin

ed Ip

sw

ill at

tack

from

4 fe

et a

bove

gro

und

toth

e up

per b

ole,

all

crea

ting

Y-an

d H

-sha

ped

galle

ries

~ Th

e so

uthe

rn p

ine

beet

le(D

endr

octo

nus

front

alis

)is

redd

ish-

brow

n to

bla

ck a

nd a

ppro

xim

atel

y 1/

8 in

ch lo

ng w

ith a

roun

dpo

ster

ior

~ Th

e ad

ult s

outh

ern

pine

bee

tle g

ener

ally

atta

cks

the

tree

bole

from

4 to

30

feet

abo

ve g

roun

d cr

eatin

g S-

shap

ed g

alle

ries

~ Th

e bl

ack

turp

entin

e be

etle

(Den

droc

tonu

ste

rebr

ans)

is d

ark

brow

n to

bla

ck a

nd a

ppro

xim

atel

y 5/

16 in

ch lo

ng w

ith a

roun

dpo

ster

ior

~ Th

e ad

ult b

lack

turp

entin

e be

etle

gen

eral

ly a

ttack

s th

e tre

e bo

lefro

m g

roun

d le

vel t

o 6

feet

hig

h w

ith n

o ga

llery

pat

tern

Pai

ntin

g by

Ric

hard

Kle

ifot

hSo

uthe

rn F

ores

t R

esea

rch

Inst

itut

e

Sout

hern

Pin

e B

eetle

-Den

droc

tonu

sfr

onta

lis~

Atta

ck th

e up

per t

o th

e lo

wer

bol

e of

the

tree,

app

roxi

mat

ely

4 fe

etab

ove

the

grou

nd

~ Lo

blol

ly a

nd s

hortl

eaf p

ines

are

mos

t sus

cept

ible

to a

ttack

~ S

ympt

om: g

radu

al fo

liar d

isco

lora

tion

(from

gre

en to

yel

low

tore

ddis

h-br

own

to b

row

n)

~ S

ympt

om: r

eddi

sh b

orin

g du

st in

bar

k cr

evic

es a

nd a

roun

d th

eba

se o

f the

pin

e tre

e

~ S

ympt

om: w

hitis

h pi

tch

tube

s ab

out t

he s

ize

of a

dim

e in

bar

kcr

evic

es o

n th

e bo

le

~ S

ign:

sm

all,

redd

ish-

brow

n to

bla

ck b

eetle

app

roxi

mat

ely

1/8

inch

long

with

a ro

und

post

erio

r

~ A

dult

beet

le w

ill c

reat

e S

-sha

ped

galle

ries

unde

r the

bar

k

~ A

dult

beet

le w

ill v

ecto

r a b

lue

stai

n fu

ngus

that

will

cau

se a

reas

on

the

woo

d to

turn

blu

ish-

blac

k

~ S

ympt

om: a

gro

up o

f pin

es d

ead

or d

ying

with

nei

ghbo

ring

pine

sun

der a

ttack

~ M

orta

lity

occu

rs q

uick

ly, u

sual

ly 4

to 8

wee

ks a

fter n

otic

eabl

esy

mpt

oms

Con

trol

:

~ M

aint

ain

tree

vigo

r and

hea

lth

~ A

void

mec

hani

cal i

njur

ies

to re

sidu

al p

ines

~ Fo

r a p

ine

plan

tatio

n, c

ut/s

alva

ge in

fest

ed tr

ees

and

a bu

ffer o

f hea

lthy

ones

to p

reve

nt s

prea

d

~ Fo

r hig

h va

lue

and

orna

men

tal p

ines

, spr

ay re

cent

lyin

fest

ed p

ines

with

an

inse

ctic

ide

like

Ony

x, A

stro

orD

ragn

et

~ A

s a

prev

enta

tive

met

hod,

spr

ay n

eigh

borin

gun

infe

sted

or h

igh-

risk

pine

s w

ith a

n in

sect

icid

e lik

eO

nyx,

Ast

roor

Dra

gnet

Uni

vers

ity o

f Geo

rgia

and

the

USD

A Fo

rest

Ser

vice

, for

estry

imag

es.o

rg

Ips

Engr

aver

Bee

tle-I

ps s

pp. (

avul

sus,

gra

ndic

ollis

, cal

ligra

phus

)~

Dep

endi

ng o

n th

e sp

ecie

s, Ip

s w

ill in

fest

diff

eren

t are

as in

the

uppe

r bol

e of

the

tree

~ Th

e sm

all I

ps(a

vuls

us)a

nd th

e 5-

spin

ed Ip

s(g

rand

icol

lis)i

nfes

t the

ver

y to

p po

rtion

of a

pin

e

~ Th

e la

rger

, 6-s

pine

d Ip

s(c

allig

raph

us)w

ill in

fest

the

low

er to

the

uppe

r bol

e on

a p

ine

~ S

outh

ern

pine

spe

cies

(lob

lolly

, sho

rtlea

f, sl

ash,

etc

.) un

ders

tress

are

sus

cept

ible

to a

ttack

~ S

ympt

om: s

udde

n fo

liar d

isco

lora

tion

(from

gre

en to

redd

ish-

brow

n)

~ S

ympt

om: r

eddi

sh b

orin

g du

st in

bar

k cr

evic

es a

nd s

mal

l red

dish

-pin

k pi

tch

tube

s on

bar

k pl

ates

~ S

ign:

sm

all,

redd

ish-

brow

n to

bla

ck b

eetle

app

roxi

mat

ely

1/16

to 1

/4 in

ch lo

ng w

ith a

scoo

ped

out,

spin

edpo

ster

ior

~ M

ay n

ot s

ee p

itch

tube

s fro

m Ip

s in

fest

atio

n du

ring

drou

ghty

con

ditio

ns

~ Th

e ad

ult b

eetle

will

cre

ate

Y-s

hape

d an

d H

-sha

ped

galle

ries

unde

r the

bar

k

~ Th

e Ip

sbe

etle

will

vec

tor a

blu

e st

ain

fung

us th

at w

ill c

ause

are

as o

nth

e w

ood

to tu

rn b

luis

h-bl

ack

~ S

ympt

om: t

iny,

pin

-siz

ed e

xit h

oles

on

the

bole

and

ste

ms

of a

pin

e

~ M

orta

lity

from

Ips

infe

stat

ion

usua

lly e

xist

s on

a fe

w, s

catte

red

pine

s 4

to 6

wee

ks a

fter n

otic

eabl

e sy

mpt

oms

Con

trol

:

~ M

aint

ain

tree

vigo

r and

hea

lth

~ A

void

mec

hani

cal i

njur

y to

resi

dual

pin

es

~ Fo

r a p

ine

plan

tatio

n, c

ut/s

alva

ge in

fest

ed tr

ees

~ If

only

a fe

w p

ines

are

infe

sted

and

the

atta

ck is

not

spre

adin

g, d

elay

sal

vage

cut

for s

ever

al m

onth

s to

allo

w n

atur

alpr

edat

ors

like

the

cler

idbe

etle

to re

duce

the

popu

latio

n

~ Fo

r hig

h va

lue

and

orna

men

tal p

ines

, spr

ay re

cent

ly in

fest

edpi

nes

with

an

inse

ctic

ide

like

Ony

x, A

stro

or D

ragn

et

~ A

s a

prev

enta

tive

met

hod,

spr

ay n

eigh

borin

g un

infe

sted

orhi

gh-ri

sk p

ines

with

an

inse

ctic

ide

like

Ony

x, A

stro

or D

ragn

et

Bla

ck T

urpe

ntin

e B

eetle

-Den

droc

tonu

ste

rebr

ans

~ A

ttack

the

low

er b

ole

of th

e pi

ne, f

rom

the

grou

nd to

app

roxi

mat

ely

6 fe

et h

igh

~ S

outh

ern

pine

spe

cies

(lob

lolly

, sho

rtlea

f, sl

ash,

etc

.) th

at a

re in

jure

d or

stre

ssed

are

sus

cept

ible

to a

ttack

~ S

ympt

om: l

arge

pin

kish

-whi

te to

redd

ish-

brow

n pi

tch

tube

s ap

prox

imat

ely

the

size

of a

hal

f dol

lar

~ S

ign:

sm

all,

dark

bro

wn

to b

lack

bee

tle a

ppro

xim

atel

y 5/

16 in

ch lo

ng w

ith a

roun

d po

ster

ior

~ A

dult

beet

le d

oes

NO

Tcr

eate

a p

artic

ular

gal

lery

pat

tern

und

er th

e ba

rk o

r vec

tor a

blu

e st

ain

fung

us

~ A

n in

divi

dual

pin

e or

sca

ttere

d pi

nes

are

gene

rally

infe

sted

with

bla

ck tu

rpen

tine

beet

les

~ M

orta

lity

usua

lly d

oes

not o

ccur

unl

ess

the

pine

is h

eavi

ly in

fest

ed w

ith b

lack

turp

entin

e be

etle

s

Con

trol

:

~ M

aint

ain

tree

vigo

r and

hea

lth

~ A

void

mec

hani

cal i

njur

ies

to re

sidu

al p

ines

~ If

the

num

ber o

f pitc

h tu

bes

is le

ss th

an th

e di

amet

er o

f the

tree

, spr

ay th

e in

fest

ed p

ine

with

an

inse

ctic

ide

like

Ony

x, A

stro

or D

ragn

et 3

feet

abo

ve th

e hi

ghes

t pitc

h tu

be

~ A

s a

prev

enta

tive

met

hod,

spr

ay n

eigh

borin

g un

infe

sted

or h

igh-

risk

pine

s w

ith a

n in

sect

icid

e lik

e O

nyx,

Ast

roor

Dra

gnet

~ Fo

r sev

erel

y in

fest

ed p

ines

, cut

/sal

vage

the

pine

s

Ann

osus

Roo

t Rot

-Spi

nige

r mei

neck

ellu

m(H

eter

obas

idio

n an

nosu

mor

Fom

es a

nnos

us)

~ P

ines

are

mos

t sus

cept

ible

in s

andy

, wel

l-dra

ined

soi

ls

~ D

urin

g th

e in

itial

infe

ctio

n, n

o up

per s

urfa

ce s

ympt

oms

are

appa

rent

~ A

fter a

thin

ning

, see

sig

ns a

nd s

ympt

oms

appr

oxim

atel

y 2

to 3

year

s la

ter

~ S

ympt

oms:

thin

, unh

ealth

y, c

hlor

otic

cro

wn

and

win

d-th

row

ntre

es

~ S

ign:

yel

low

ish-

brow

n co

nks

with

a w

hite

bot

tom

sur

face

in th

elit

ter l

ayer

(but

not

alw

ays)

~ R

oots

are

whi

te a

nd s

tring

y w

ith s

ome

that

are

resi

n-so

aked

and

stai

ned

~ In

the

SE

US

A, t

his

fung

us (B

asid

iom

ycet

es) u

sual

ly a

ffect

s a

pine

sta

nd fo

r up

to 1

0 ye

ars

~ P

ines

dec

line/

die

in g

roup

s be

caus

e th

e fu

ngus

spr

eads

from

tree

to tr

ee b

y ro

ot g

raft

Con

trol

:

~ O

n hi

gh h

azar

d si

tes,

thin

pin

e st

ands

dur

ing

low

risk

sum

mer

mon

ths

~ C

ondu

ct a

pre

scrib

ed b

urn

if po

ssib

le to

redu

ce th

e pr

esen

ce o

f the

fung

us

~ O

n hi

gh h

azar

d si

tes,

imm

edia

tely

app

ly th

e fu

ngic

ide

bora

x to

fresh

ly c

ut s

tum

ps

~ In

sev

erel

y in

fect

ed s

tand

s, h

arve

st th

e pi

nes

and

rege

nera

te th

e si

te a

fter 1

to 2

yea

rs to

pre

vent

infe

ctio

n to

see

dlin

gs

Uni

vers

ity o

f Geo

rgia

and

the

USD

A Fo

rest

Ser

vice

, for

estry

imag

es.o

rgU

nive

rsity

of G

eorg

ia a

nd th

e U

SDA

Fore

st S

ervi

ce, f

ores

tryim

ages

.org

Littl

elea

fDis

ease

-Phy

toph

thor

aci

nnam

omi

~ O

ccur

s us

ually

in h

eavy

cla

yey

soils

that

are

poo

rly d

rain

ed a

nd lo

w in

nitr

ogen

~ Th

e di

seas

e us

ually

occ

urs

on p

ines

gro

win

g on

low

qua

lity

site

s su

ch a

s ol

d fie

lds

~ S

hortl

eaf p

ine

is m

ost s

usce

ptib

le, f

ollo

win

g lo

blol

ly p

ine

~ Th

e fu

ngus

(an

Oom

ycet

es) i

nfec

ts p

rimar

ily s

mal

l, fe

eder

root

s

~ S

ympt

oms:

thin

ning

cro

wns

and

chl

orot

icne

edle

s

~ N

ew n

eedl

es in

the

crow

n of

infe

cted

pin

es a

re s

horte

r and

few

er in

num

ber

~ In

fect

ed p

ines

will

pro

duce

a h

eavy

cro

p of

sm

all c

ones

usu

ally

2 to

3 y

ears

prio

r to

deat

h

~ A

fter n

otic

eabl

e sy

mpt

oms,

pin

e tre

es u

sual

ly s

uccu

mb

to th

e di

seas

e fro

m 6

to 2

0 ye

ars

late

r

~ C

onfir

mat

ion

of th

is d

isea

se c

an o

nly

be d

one

by la

bora

tory

ana

lysi

s

Con

trol

:

~ Fo

r sev

erel

y in

fect

ed s

tand

s, h

arve

st p

ines

and

rege

nera

te s

ite w

ith a

mor

e re

sist

ant p

ine

spec

ies

~ Fo

r hig

h va

lue

and

orna

men

tal p

ines

in th

e ea

rly s

tage

s of

the

dise

ase,

com

mer

cial

ferti

lizer

and

amm

oniu

m s

ulfa

te c

an p

reve

nt s

ympt

oms

from

adv

anci

ng

Uni

vers

ity o

f Geo

rgia

and

the

USD

A Fo

rest

Ser

vice

, for

estry

imag

es.o

rgU

nive

rsity

of G

eorg

ia a

nd th

e U

SDA

Fore

stS

ervi

ce, f

ores

tryim

ages

.org

Pitc

h C

anke

r-Fu

sariu

m s

ubgl

utin

ans

~ H

ost p

ines

are

sla

sh, l

ongl

eaf,

shor

tleaf

and

eas

tern

whi

te p

ines

~ Th

is fu

ngus

(Deu

tero

myc

etes

) will

als

o af

fect

san

d, lo

blol

ly a

nd V

irgin

ia p

ines

~ Th

e fu

ngus

usu

ally

exi

sts

in s

tand

s w

here

the

pine

s ar

e ov

erst

ocke

d an

d pl

ante

d of

f site

~ S

ympt

om: b

leed

ing,

resi

nous

can

ker o

n th

e m

ain

trunk

, lar

ge b

ranc

hes

or te

rmin

al s

tem

s

~ S

ympt

om: s

hoot

die

back

that

usu

ally

exi

st fr

om th

e w

inte

r thr

ough

the

sprin

g

~ S

ympt

om: p

itch-

soak

ed w

ood

bene

ath

the

cank

er

~ Th

e de

odar

wee

vil c

an v

ecto

r the

fung

us

~ Th

e fu

ngus

can

ent

er th

e st

em th

roug

h in

jurie

s fro

m a

dver

se w

eath

er c

ondi

tions

~ P

ine

mor

talit

y fro

m th

is fu

ngus

is ra

re

Con

trol

:

~ A

void

unn

eces

sary

wou

nds

tosu

scep

tible

pin

es

Nee

dle

Cas

t-H

ypod

erm

asp

p. a

ndLo

phod

erm

ium

spp.

~ E

aste

rn w

hite

, lob

lolly

, sla

sh, s

hortl

eaf,

Virg

inia

and

Sco

tch

pine

s ar

e su

scep

tible

as

wel

l as

spru

ce a

nd fi

rs

~ N

eedl

es, u

sual

ly th

e on

es o

n th

e lo

wer

bra

nche

s, a

rein

fect

ed b

y th

e fu

ngi i

n w

inte

r and

ear

ly s

prin

g

~ V

isua

l sym

ptom

s of

infe

cted

nee

dles

turn

ing

yello

w to

red

to g

rayi

sh-b

row

n ge

nera

lly b

egin

in e

arly

spr

ing

~ Fu

ngal

spo

res

are

spre

ad to

oth

er n

eedl

es d

urin

g w

etw

eath

er in

spr

ing

and

sum

mer

~ B

y la

te s

prin

g to

sum

mer

the

infe

cted

nee

dles

giv

e th

epi

ne tr

ee a

bro

wn

“fire

-sco

rche

d”ap

pear

ance

~ N

eedl

e ca

st te

nds

to e

xist

mor

e so

in y

ears

of h

eavy

rain

fall

~ A

fter t

urni

ng g

rayi

sh-b

row

n, s

ome

infe

cted

nee

dles

will

shed

~ M

orta

lity

to p

ines

is ra

re

~ N

eedl

e ca

st v

ery

seld

om c

ause

s pe

rman

ent d

amag

e,pi

nes

gene

rally

reco

ver o

n th

eir o

wn

~ Fu

ngic

ide

as a

con

trol i

s no

t usu

ally

nee

ded

unle

ss th

eaf

fect

ed h

osts

are

com

mer

cial

pla

ntin

gs s

uch

as C

hris

tmas

tree

plan

tatio

ns

Con

trol

:

~ Fo

r hig

h va

lue

and

orna

men

tal

pine

s, a

fung

icid

e lik

e M

anza

teor

Man

ebca

n be

per

iodi

cally

app

lied

from

Dec

embe

r to

June

Pine

Dec

line-

Lept

ogra

phiu

msp

p.(p

roce

rum

, ser

pens

, ter

ebra

ntis

)~

Pin

es g

row

ing

off s

ite w

ith c

erta

in p

ast m

anag

emen

t act

iviti

es(li

ke c

rop

plan

ting)

are

mos

t sus

cept

ible

~ A

dver

se w

eath

er a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal c

ondi

tions

(i.e

. a d

roug

ht) c

an c

ause

pin

es to

be

susc

eptib

le

~ Lo

blol

ly a

nd s

hortl

eaf p

ines

are

mos

t sus

cept

ible

whi

le s

lash

pin

e is

leas

t sus

cept

ible

~ Tr

ee s

ympt

oms

rese

mbl

e th

e on

es o

f litt

lele

afdi

seas

e

~ B

ecau

se th

ere

is n

o di

seas

e ce

nter

, inf

ecte

d pi

nes

are

gene

rally

sca

ttere

d th

roug

hout

the

stan

d

~ S

ympt

om: s

hort,

thin

, chl

orot

ic c

row

n

~ S

ympt

om: r

esin

-soa

ked

lesi

ons

on in

fect

ed ro

ots

and

som

e bo

ring

and

exit

hole

s in

root

s

~ B

lue

stai

n fu

ngus

in th

e pr

imar

y an

d fin

e fe

eder

root

s

~ Th

eH

ylas

tes

beet

le a

nd s

omet

imes

the

Hyl

obiu

s pa

les

wee

vil f

eed

on th

e ro

ots

and

vect

or th

e fu

ngus

~ Th

ere

will

be

som

e de

terio

ratio

n of

the

root

s, n

ot n

eces

saril

yro

ot d

ecay

(fun

gus

is a

Deu

tero

myc

etes

)

~ D

isea

se u

sual

ly e

xist

s w

ith p

ines

that

are

30

year

s ol

d or

old

er, b

ut c

an e

xist

in p

ine

trees

muc

h yo

unge

r

~ P

ines

gen

eral

ly s

uccu

mb

to th

is d

isea

se c

ompl

ex w

ithin

2 to

3 y

ears

afte

r sho

win

g de

clin

ing

sym

ptom

s

~ C

onfir

mat

ion

of th

is d

isea

se c

ompl

ex c

an o

nly

be d

one

by la

bora

tory

ana

lysi

s

Con

trol

:

~ M

aint

ain

tree

vigo

r and

hea

lth

~ A

s a

prev

enta

tive

met

hod,

pro

per t

imin

gof

man

agem

ent a

ctiv

ities

can

redu

ce th

eris

k in

pin

e pl

anta

tions

~ If

mor

e th

an 3

0% o

f the

pin

es in

the

stan

d ar

e de

clin

ing

or d

ead,

har

vest

the

stan

d an

d re

gene

rate

the

site

with

a m

ore

resi

stan

t pin

e sp

ecie

s

SEC

ON

DA

RY

PIN

E PE

STS

Bup

rest

idae

–Fl

athe

aded

Bor

ers

(exa

mpl

e: m

etal

lic w

oodb

orer

)

Cer

amby

cida

e–

Rou

ndhe

aded

Bor

ers

(exa

mpl

e: s

outh

ern

pine

saw

yer)

Am

bros

ia B

eetle

s –

sout

hern

pin

e am

bros

ia b

eetle

(Pla

typu

sfla

vico

rnis

)

Term

ites

–ea

ster

n su

bter

rane

an te

rmite

(Ret

icul

iterm

esfla

vipe

s)

OTH

ER P

INE

PLA

NTA

TIO

N P

ESTS

Pine

Aph

ids

Pin

e Sc

ales

East

ern

Gal

l Rus

t

So

uthe

rn C

one

Rus

t(C

rona

rtium

quer

cuum

f. sp

.Que

rcuu

m)

(C

rona

rtium

stro

bilin

um)

Pic

ture

s fro

m th

e U

nive

rsity

of G

eorg

ia a

nd th

e U

SD

A F

ores

t Ser

vice

, for

estry

imag

es.o

rg

AB

IOTI

C P

INE

PEST

S

Her

bici

de D

amag

e

Stor

m D

amag

e

Wild

fire

Dam

age

REF

EREN

CES

Bar

nard

, Edw

ard

L., a

nd W

ayne

N. D

ixon

, 198

3. In

sect

s an

d D

isea

ses:

Impo

rtan

t Pro

blem

s of

Flo

rida’

s Fo

rest

and

Sha

de T

ree

Res

ourc

es.

Pric

e, T

erry

S.,

2001

. For

est H

ealth

Gui

de fo

r Geo

rgia

For

este

rs.

Uni

ted

Stat

es D

epar

tmen

t of A

gric

ultu

re, F

ores

t Ser

vice

, 198

9. F

ores

tN

urse

ry P

ests

.

Uni

ted

Stat

es D

epar

tmen

t of A

gric

ultu

re, F

ores

t Ser

vice

Sou

ther

nR

egio

n, 1

985.

Inse

cts

and

Dis

ease

s of

Tre

es in

the

Sout

h.

Uni

vers

ity o

f Geo

rgia

and

USD

A F

ores

t Ser

vice

. Bug

woo

dN

etw

ork,

ww

w.fo

rest

ryim

ages

.org

.