a dissertation submitted to · 2011-10-03 · water allocation study of upper awash valley for...

WATER ALLOCATION STUDY OF UPPER AWASH VALLEY FOR EXISTING AND FUTURE DEMANDS

(From Koka Reservoir to Metehara Area)

BY

BERHANU AZAZH TUMEBO

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED

TO

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR DEGREE

OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN

HYDRAULICS ENGINEERNING

Addis Ababa University February, 2008

Addis Ababa University Civil Engineering Department 2

I

CERTIFICATION

I, the undersigned, certify that I read and hereby recommend for acceptance by

Addis Ababa University a dissertation entitled “Water Allocation study of Upper Awash valley For Existing and Future Demands” in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Hydraulics Engineering.

____________________________

Dr. Yilma Sileshi

Advisor


II

DECLARATION AND COPY RIGHT

I, Berhanu Azazh Tumebo, declare that this thesis is my own original work that

has not been presented and will not be presented by me to any other University

for similar or any other degree award.

_____________________________

Signature

This thesis is copy right material protected under the Berne Convention , the

copy right act 1999 and other international and national enactments in that

behalf, on intellectual property.

It may not be reproduced by any means, in full or in part, except for short extract

in fair dealing for research or private study, critical scholarly review or discourse

with an acknowledgement, without written permission of the directorate of Post

graduate School on the behalf of both the author and Addis Ababa University.


III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My foremost praise goes to my heavenly Father who is the real source of my

life’s joy, peace, relief and achievements in this bad realm, next of the free

unaccountable gifts and acts that are accomplished by his son Jesus.

Special thanks should be offered to my brother (Dr Aklilu Azazh) for his

tremendous support, encouragements and provision of over all facilitations in this

study as well as others.

I would like to thank Dr. Yilma Sileshi for his guidance and advice throughout the

work. Starting from the title selection to the accomplishment of this paper his

input is highly appreciable. I would also thanks Ato Daksios Tarekegn (MOWR)

for his advice in title selection and his good guidance at the beginning of this

work.

I also provide a great thank to Ato Getnet Kebede , who has supported me

technically by assisting the model, by provision of information and guiding me

based on his previous experiences.

Finally, I would like to forward my thanks to all who in one way or the other stood

beside me in bringing this manuscript to its final stage.


IV

ABSTRACT Unlike most other river basins in Ethiopia, the water resources of the Awash

River have been highly developed and utilized over the last five decades. A

number of major irrigation projects are currently being built, designed and

planned and it is very essential to estimate the availability of water.

This research aims on water allocation of the existing and planned water

demands in the upper awash valley. It evaluates the availability of water

resources in expansions and developments of additional water abstracting

schemes. The thesis compiles recent studies in the basin and meteorological,

hydrological and demand data for each irrigation schemes were considered for

the analysis.

Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) model is used for the study for

water allocation of the river water based on the existing water requirement and

user priority setting situation. The model is operated by using the monthly based

data in both the demand side and supply sides.

The water resources availability assessment and the allocations are performed

for two scenarios;

Scenario I: The present (2007/2008) water use rate

This scenario holds the overall existing upper Awash valley and

down stream irrigations which are currently utilizing the Koka


release. The overall irrigable area in this scenario is around 56,500

ha.

Scenario II: The present water use rate plus various schemes under

construction

In this scenario the analysis is done by combining the current water

use rate with ongoing irrigation schemes by taking the current

account year of 2010.The total irrigable area under this scenario is

95,156 ha.

V

According to the results of scenario I, if the irrigation level goes at present rate

92.7% of the demand will met the requirement for upper valley irrigation groups

Wonji area and Nura Era complexes (UV1 and UV2) average annually up to

2038 by setting the same priority. After the year 2028 the demand coverage will

be reduced to 84 % for these farms. The upper valley irrigations group 3 (UV3)

get the coverage of 81% as per to the current abstraction annually. The lowest

coverage will be observed in down stream farms (middle and lower valley farms)

i.e. 57% from 2008-2028 mean annually. In the current scenario about 75 % the

required water is delivered sufficiently and 25% is deficit annually for the stated

years to the cumulative demands.

According to the results of the future scenario by differing the priority of allocation

for each sets of demand site, the annual average requirement met for UV1, UV2,

and UV3 will be 97%, 72% and 63% respectively from the years 2010-2028.The

implementing demand sites namely Fentale, Metehara expansion and Wonji

expansions get annual average coverage of 65%, 71% and 53% respectively; but

after the year 2028 these sites get the coverage of only 59%, 63% and 40%


respectively. The total coverage for all demand sites will be reduced to only 55%

at 2028.

For each the demand site from months July to December the coverage is full with

nil unmet demand; but from months January to June the significant amount of

irrigation deficit is observed in all sites except for urban water supplies. The

period from February to June is the time with intensive irrigation in most sites

with low flow of river, so that deficit is observed. Peak mean unmet is observed at

June (213.4 MMC). The demand site with peak unmet demand is the DSIrr

(middle and lower valley farms) with 85.6 MMC at June.

In the last part of this study the detail results of water allocation and water

availability analysis are discussed widely.

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages Certification-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I Declaration and Copy right---------------------------------------------------------------------II Acknowledgment---------------------------------------------------------------------------------III Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV Table of Contents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V List of Figures------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII Lists of Tables------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII Abbreviations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IX

Chapter 1


Introduction and Back ground------------------------------------------------------------1

1.1. Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------1

1.2. Statement of the problem --------------------------------------------------------------4

1.3. Objectives of the study------------------------------------------------------------------5

1.4. Materials and methods------------------------------------------------------------------5

1.5. Description of the Awash basin-------------------------------------------------------6 1.5.1. General-----------------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.5.2. Physiographic units of the basin----------------------------------------------9

1.5.3. Climate----------------------------------------------------------------------------10 1.6. Description of the particular study area-------------------------------------------13 1.6.1. Sub-basin’s features----------------------------------------------------------12 1.6.2. Socio-economic conditions-------------------------------------------------15 Chapter 2 Background of Irrigation Development 2.1. Irrigation development of Ethiopia------- -----------------------------------------17 2.2 Irrigation Policy and Development objectives in Ethiopia--------------------20 2.2.1. Irrigation policy of Ethiopia--------------------------------------------------20 2.2.2. Objectives for irrigation development------------------------------------20 2.3. An overview of Awash river basin and its development---------------------21 2.3.1. General-------------------------------------------------------------------------21 2.3.2. An overview of water resources Availability------------ --------------21 2.3.3. Water demands of the basin----------------------------------------------23 2.4. Upper Awash Valley------------------------------------------------------------------24


2.4.1. General--------------------------------------- --------------------------------24 2.4.2. Water Availability------------------------------------------------------------25 VII Chapter 3 Literature review 3.1. Models in water Allocation------------------------------------------------------27 3.2. Previous studies on the basin-------------------------------------------------28 Chapter 4 Data Sources and Availability 4.1. General---------------------------------------------------------------------------

------37 4.2. Sources of data-----------------------------------------------------------------------38 4.3. The available and required data of the study---------------------------------40 4.3.1. Crop water Requirement--------------------------------------------------40 4.3.2. Current Irrigation Demands----------------------------------------------42 4.3.3. Irrigation Schemes in Project stage------------------------------------46 4.3.4. Urban water Supply--------------------------------------------------------50 4.3.5. Stream Flow------------------------------------------------------------------52 4.3.6. Reservoir Operating and Physical Data------------------------------53 Chapter 5 The Model Application and data Analysis 5.1. WEAP model and its Analysis---------------------------------------------------57 5.2. Definitions of some terms used in the study---------------------------------59 5.3. Data organization for WEAP model--------------------------------------------62 5.3.1. Demand side Requirements--------------------------------------------62


5.3.2. Supply and Resources Requirements--------------------------------63 5.3.3. Scenarios of the study ---------------------------------------------------64 5.4. Model calibration and Validation-----------------------------------------------66 Chapter 6 Results and discussion 6.1. General observations---------------------------------------------------------------68 6.2. Allocation of Delivered Supplies-------------------------------------------------73 6.3. Unmet demands and supply coverage-----------------------------------------75 6.4. Water Availability analysis --------------------------------------------------------82 Chapter 7 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 7.1. Summary-------------------------------------------------------------------------------86 7.2. Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------88 7.3. Recommendation--------------------------------------------------------------------89 References------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------90 Annexes-------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 92

VIII

LISTS OF FIGURES Page Figure 1-1 Location Map of Awash river basin------------------------------------------------------7


Figure 1-2 View of Awash River Basin----------------------------------------------------------------8

Figure 1-3 Location details of the study area-------------------------------------------------------14

Figure 1-4 The Upper Awash Valley area---------------------------------------------------------- 15 Figure 2-1 some features of the uplands and Upper awash Valley---------------------------27 Figure 2-2 zoning of reservoir Storage---------------------------------------------------------------28 Figure 3-1 Schematic of HEC-5 Model network For Upper Awash Valley----------------34 Figure 3-2 Koka reservoir capacity –elevation curve (EEPC 1999) -------------------------38 Figure 4-1 Location points of UV2 irrigations-------------------------------------------------------48 Φιγυρε 4−2 λοχατιονσ οφ σομε ιρριγατιον νοδεσ ιν τηε υππερ αωαση ςαλλεψ−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−56 Figure 4-3 Reduction rate of Koka reservoir capacity-------------------------------------------58 Figure 5-1 Schematic of the study area with respect to Future scenario--------------------61 Φιγυρε 5.2. Μοντηλψ σιμυλατεδ ανδ Οβσερϖεδ Φλοω οφ Αωαση ατ Αωαση−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−67 Φιγυρε 6−1 Μοντηλψ αϖεραγε ωατερ δεμανδσ οφ χυρρεντ δεμανδσ.−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−71 Figure 6-2 .a .Monthly average water demands of future scenario---------------------------71 Figure 6-2.b. Monthly average demands of each site with respect to Future

scenario. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------72

Figure 6-3 Supply required including losses in Current scenario-----------------------------74 Φιγυρε 6.4. Συππλψ Ρεθυιρεμεντσ φορ φυτυρε σχεναριο−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−75 Φιγυρε 6.5. Μοντηλψ αϖεραγε συππλψ δελιϖερεδ φορ αλλ δεμανδ σιτεσ ιν Χυρρεντ σχεναριο−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−77 Φιγυρε 6.6 Μοντηλψ αϖεραγε Συππλψ Δελιϖερεδ ατ αλλ δεμανδ σιτεσ ιν Φυτυρε σχεναριο−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−78 Figure 6.7: Monthly average Unmet Demands in Current Scenario--------------------------80 Φιγυρε 6.8 Μοντηλψ αϖεραγε Υνμετ δεμανδσ φορ εαχη δεμανδ


ωιτη ρεσπεχτ το Φυτυρε σχεναριο−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−81 Φιγυρε 6.9. Δεμανδ σιτε χοϖεραγε φορ Φυτυρε σχεναριο−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−82 Figure 6.10.Some overviews of current scenario-------------------------------------------------83 Figure 6.11.Some overviews of Future scenario--------------------------------------------------84

ΙΞ ΛΙΣΤΣ ΟΦ ΤΑΒΛΕΣ Page Table 1.1 Temperatures and Altitude in the Awash River Basin------------------------------11 Table 2.1 Gross irrigation potential of the main basins of the country-----------------------18 Table 2.2 Irrigation potential and developed size of river basins------------------------------18 Table 2.3 Salient features of irrigation development of Ethiopia------------------------------19 Table 2.4 Significant modeled storage Reservoirs of Awash river basin--------------------25 Table 2.5 sedimentation rates of Koka reservoir--------------------------------------------------28 Table 3.1 Existing and potential net irrigation areas (ha) as proposed----------------

------29 by Halcrow (1989) with respect to MoWR (2005): Table 3.2: Halcrow (1989) and MoWR (2005) irrigation expansion program--------------32 Table 3.3 Booker Tate & MCE (2003) Estimate of Koka Reservoir------------------------34 Evaporation (mm) Table 3.4 Basic reservoir and Power plant data--------------------------------------------------35


Table 3:5 Estimates ok Koka reservoir capacity and sedimentation ------------------------37 Ταβλε 4:1: Ιρριγατιον δεμανδ σιτεσ ωιτη τηειρ χομμανδ αρεα φορ ΩΕΑΠ εϖαλυατιον−−−−−−44 Table 4.2 Υς1 ιρριγατιον σιτεσ −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−45 Table; 4.3 UV2 irrigation sites-----------------------------------------------------------------------46 Table; 4.4: UV3 irrigation sites------------------------------------------------------------------------46 Table; 4.5 Details of small scale irrigation owned by OIDA in the ----------------------

-----47 Upper Awash valley Ταβλε; 4.6 Σχηεμεσ οφ Ωονϕι αρεα ιρριγατιον εξπανσιον−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−49 Table: 4.7 New proposed small irrigations by OIDA---------------------------------------------50

Ταβλε:4.8 Συμμαρψ οφ συιταβλε λανδ αλλοχατιον φορ ιρριγατεδ χροπσ ιν Φενταλε−−−−−−−−−−−−51 Table: 4.9 Irrigation farm allocations for various crops------------------------------------------51 Ταβλε: 4.10 Ποπυλατιον προϕεχτιον οφ Ναζερετη τοων−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−52 Ταβλε: 4.11 Εστιματεδ ωατερ προϕεχτιονσ οφ Ναζερετη τοων−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−53 Ταβλε: 4.12. Αγγρεγατε ωατερ δεμανδ προϕεχτιον φορ Μετεηαρα τοων −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−53

Ταβλε 4.13 Ηψδρολογιχαλ Γαυγινγ Στατιονσ οφ τηε στυδψ αρεα ιντο χονσιδερατιον−−−−−−−−−54 Ταβλε:4.14 ςολυμε−Ελεϖατιον ρελατιον οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−55 Table 4.15 Salient features of Koka reservoir----------------------------------------------------56 Table 4.16 The expected Koka reservoir capacity of future years----------------------------57 Ταβλε 5.1. Τηε ιρριγατιον αβστραχτιονσ ανδ Φαρμ σιζε υνδερ σχεναριο Ι−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−67 Ταβλε 5.2; Μαϕορ ιρριγατιον αβστραχτιονσ ανδ τηειρ σιζε υνδερ σχεναριο ΙΙ −−

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−68 Ξ


Ταβλε 6.1 Water Demand (not including loss, reuse and DSM) of ------------------------68 scenario I Table: 6.2. Water demand (with out losses in MMC) with respect to------------------------70 scenario II Table 6.3.Supply required including losses (MMC) in scenario I------------------------------70 Ταβλε 6.4. Συππλψ Ρεθυιρεμεντσ (ινχλυδινγ λοσσεσ ιν ΜΜΧ) φορ σχεναριο ΙΙ−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−71 Ταβλε 6.5. Μοντηλψ αϖεραγε συππλψ δελιϖερεδ φορ εαχη δεμανδ σιτε ιν −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−72 σχεναριο Ι (Μμ3) Ταβλε 6.6 Μοντηλψ αϖεραγε συππλψ δελιϖερεδ φορ εαχη δεμανδ σιτε ιν −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−73 σχεναριο ΙΙ Ταβλε 6.7 Μοντηλψ αϖεραγε Υνμετ δεμανδσ φορ εαχη δεμανδ−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−74 ( Mm3) ωιτη ρεσπεχτ το σχεναριο Ι Ταβλε 6.8 Μοντηλψ αϖεραγε Υνμετ δεμανδσ φορ εαχη δεμανδ−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−76 ( Mm3) ωιτη ρεσπεχτ το σχεναριο ΙΙ Ταβλε 6.9: Δεμανδ σιτε χοϖεραγε (%) φορ σχεναριο Ι−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−77 Ταβλε 6.10: Δεμανδ σιτε χοϖεραγε (%) φορ σχεναριο ΙΙ−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−79 Table 6.11. Water availability analysis of 30 years from 2008-2038 ------------------------83 With respect to Scenario I Table 6.12 .Water availability analysis from 2010-2038-----------------------------------------84 With respect to Scenario II Table 6.13. Average Dependability of the Demand sites at different year’s interval with respect to Scenario II (%) -----------------------85


XI ABBREVATIONS a.s.l above sea level CWR Crop water Requirement DSM Demand side management EEPC Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation ESC Estate sugar corporation EVDSA Ethiopian valleys Development studies Authority FAO Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations GDP Gross Developmental product GIR Gross Irrigation Requirement GIS Geographical Information Systems HDC Horticultural Development Authority ha Hectare IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Km2 Kilo meter square MMC Million Cubic meters M3 Cubic meter M3/sc Cubic meter per second MoWR Ministry of water resource MW Mega Watt NIR Net Irrigation Requirement OIDA Oromiya Irrigation development authority OWWDSE Oromiya water works Design and Supervision Enterprise PET Potential evapotranspiration RRC Relief and Rehabilitation Commission UV1 Upper valley irrigation Groups1 UV2 Upper valley irrigation Groups 2 UV3 Upper valley irrigation Groups 3 WEAP Water Evaluation and Planning WRDA Water resources development Authority


WR Water requirement WWDSE Water works Design and Supervision Enterprise

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACK GROUND

1.1. Introduction


Ethiopia, the country with 12 river basins, is considered as ‘the water tower’ in north east Africa. Most of the rivers in these basins cross the national boundary. According to various studies the total available water (mean annual flow) is estimated at 122 billion cubic meters and the ground water potential is about 2.6 billion cubic meters while the potentially irrigable land in the country has been estimated at 3.7 million hectares. Although Ethiopia’s water resource is enormous, very little of it has been developed for agriculture, hydropower, industry, water supply and other purposes. Of the total flow only about 1.5% is utilized for power production and 2% for irrigation. (Dessalegn Rahmato, 1999) Ethiopia has not utilized its water resources adequately and wisely. The country lags behind many African countries in irrigation schemes development and safe water supply. Less than 6 percent of the country’s potential irrigable land is now under irrigation. In contrast, according to FAO data (1987), the three countries in sub-Saharan Africa with the largest irrigation are Sudan (2.2 million ha), Madagascar (1.0 million ha), and Nigeria (0.9 million ha). The country is with great geographical diversity with high and rugged mountains, flat topped plateaus, deep gorges, river valleys and plains. Most of the rivers are situated and flow in unsuitable conditions for diversions and through uncultivable land. The technological and economical status of the country does not allow combating with geographical constraints that are observed in many river basins. That is why most rivers and other water sources are not under a full utilization level. The distribution of irrigation schemes in the country is quite skewed. Unlike other rivers of the country, Awash river is actively and potentially utilizing river for various levels of irrigation developments. The potential of irrigable land inside the basin, geographical suitable for ease diversion of river, accessible condition along the river basin are some of the factors that make the river more utilizable than others. The basin holds numerous water users in governmental and private levels. Since there are ongoing large scale irrigation projects, more than 50% implementation tasks for MoWR are on Awash river basin.


The Awash basin is the most developed area with more than 60% of the potential irrigable area has been developed. In the Upper Awash valley the sugar corporation (ESC) intensively utilizes most its developed land. The horticulture development corporation (HDC) farms in the upper valley suffer some shortfalls in developed land use and efficient water utilization, apparently constrained by shortage of labor, machinery and some times water. The ESC at Wonji-Shewa and Metehara are the dominant state farms pre-existed and holds the major portion of irrigable land. Moreover many new private and integrated irrigation farms are emerging with significant water abstraction from Awash river. These active irrigation developments are mainly occurring in the Upper Awash valley where population density is high and crop productivity is good. There are also unaccounted small traditional farms in the river banks of upper Awash valley. Since these traditional farms could not use scientifically measured amount of water it is difficult to estimate the amount of water that is abstracted by them. There are a number of small scale irrigation farms that have used water in modern manner but there are problems of operation and management. Some of the irrigation schemes also are not functional due to the problem of scheduling and lack of awareness. An increasing developmental interest of Awash river basin will consequence to near future water shortage in the existing demands. This opinion is supported by the hydrologic variability of the river flow due to climatic variations and the increasing sedimentation rate of Koka reservoir. Still now the water availability of the basin depends on Koka reservoir capacity. But after the accomplishment of Kesem and Tendaho dams the middle and lower Awash valleys can get a considerable relief of water availability. According to previous water availability studies (Booker Tate and WWDSE) of Upper Awash sub-basin the water released from Koka reservoir can not sustain the existing and future irrigation demands via current water management. Water allocation studies are viable for basins with multiple water demands and scarce water resource conditions to meet the existing demands. Upper Awash valley sub basin holds a multiple irrigation water users relatively in the country.


For the particular sub river basin the water allocation studies can assess the following major issues.

• Examine the water availability from Koka release for existing and future irrigation demands.

• Evaluates the amount of water that is required for the proposed and existing demands by the current water use methods.

• Prioritizing and scheduling the available water for upstream and down stream water users.

• Recommending on the current water utilization systems and future water sustainability measures.

The WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model is used as the basic tool to undertake the study. The study is operated at monthly time steps. The study is based on available documentary sources and recently studied reports, most of which are provided from MoWR, WWDSE, and OIDA. 1.2. Statement of the problem Ethiopia is one of the few countries in Africa with abundant water resources but still frequently hit by recurrent drought and famine associated with health and other extended social crises. Since majority of the country’s rivers are transboundary in nature besides inability to utilize the water, they transport fertile soil abroad leaving the country. So the utilization of these rivers is limited to develop minor small scale irrigation projects for small groups of farmers and few


state farms in the country. They also couldn’t be used as domestic water supply sources. On the other hand Awash river and rift valley lakes, which are non trans boundary water resources in the country contributes a significant percentage of utilization for various irrigation developments unlike other river basins. There is a wide implementation of irrigation and other projects in the Awash river basin especially in the Upper valley which is additionally known by population density and suitable irrigation potential land. There are some physical problems in the basin, such as flooding and sedimentation of Koka reservoir. These cause the decrease in storage capacity of the reservoir dynamically. The useful storage of the Koka Reservoir is estimated to be reducing at a rate of 17 Mm3 (Booker Tate study) per year and the possibility of high sedimentation rates is a major concern for the down stream situations. So there is an expectation that the water released from Koka reservoir may not meet fully the demands of the basin in the near future. On the other hand there are some small and large scale irrigation projects are currently planned, designed and on the implementations. The unbalance between demand and supply may lead water users’ conflict in the sub basin. The need to see previously developed proposals with advanced and recent models will facilitate formulation of other alternatives and optimal water resources allocation for various demands. On other hand such allocation techniques used to minimize the water crises and the conflict among users by predicting future scenarios. The out put of such study contributes as the guide line in the sub-basin to well water management.

The model selected for the study is water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) that evaluates a full range of water development management options and takes account of multiple and competing uses of water system.

1.3 Objectives of the study. Τηε μαιν οβϕεχτιϖεσ οφ τηε στυδψ αρε:

Το εϖαλυατε τηε αϖαιλαβιλιτψ οφ ωατερ ρεσουρχεσ συππλιεδ φρομ Κοκα

ρεσερϖοιρ ρελεασε το ατταιν τηε εξιστινγ ανδ προποσεδ ωατερ δεμανδσ ιν τηε συβ βασιν.


Το αλλοχατε τηε δελιϖερεδ ωατερ συππλψ φορ διφφερεντ εξιστινγ δεμανδ

σεχτορσ ανδ πλαννεδ προϕεχτσ. 1.4 .Materials and methods The materials used in this study include master plan documents performed so far by HALLCROW, other study documents prepared by local and foreign professionals, Oromia irrigation development Authority design documents for small scale irrigation projects and the basin description Arc View GIS maps layer obtained from Ministry of Water Resources.WEAP model has been utilized to perform an allocation and the Model user Guide is used as a guide line to operate the model. The methodology adopted in the study follows literature review, data collection, organization and analysis of data based as per to the requirement of WEAP model. The overall approach of the study will be discussed on data analysis and results discussion parts. WEAP simulation is carried out on monthly time step for the available data. The scenarios of future performance are projected up to the year 2038 for 30 years. Before running the model, it needs a relevant data to fulfill the purpose of the study. In this case some of the required data (Ground water data, Water quality data, Economic data and etc) are not included in this study due to unavailability of adequate data. 1.5. Descriptions of the whole basin 1.5.1. General The Awash river basin with a total area of 110,000 km2 drains the northern part of the rift valley in Ethiopia. It has no outlet to the oceans, the terminal point being Lake Abe on the border with Djibouti. The basin is almost entirely within the boundaries of Ethiopia, the portion within Djibouti being negligible. The river rises at an elevation of about 3 000 m in the central highlands, West of Addis


Ababa and flows north-east wards along the Rift Valley. The main river length is about 1 200 km. The basin is bordered on its western side by the Abbay river (Blue Nile) basin, to the south west by the Omo-gibe and rift valley lakes river basins and to the south east by the Wabi-Shebele river basin. The basin lies between longitude 7°52′12″N and 12°08′24″N and latitude 37°56′24″E and 43°17′2″E. The basin is the most extensively developed and heavily exploited in Ethiopia. In 1989 irrigation development amounted to a total of 69 000 ha, a substantial proportion of the total in the country. Currently the only water storage is Koka reservoir which has been studied in detail by Booker Tate in 2003. The basin is also the most intensively studied in the country. The most comprehensive study of the basin is the Master Plan for the Development of Surface Water Resources in the Awash Basin, carried out by Halcrow (1989).


9

4 5

12

2

8

7

3

1011

1

6

Ethio-river-basin.shpABBAY

AWASH

AYSHA

BARO AKOBO

DENAKIL

GENALE DAWA

MEREB GASH

OGADEN

OMO GIBE

RIFT VALLY

TEKEZE

WABI SHEBELE

Ethio-river-basin.shp

Figure 1.1: Location Map of Awash River basin with respect to other basins (Source: Arch view GIS Shape files of basins from MOWR)


The water flows from the source first in the Becho Plains and is joined by a number of tributaries before entering the Koka Reservoir. Water released from Koka descends into the Rift Valley and gradually turns northwards, flowing at a much reduced gradient along the base of the western highlands. The Awash is fed by several major tributaries from these highlands. The flow of the Awash gradually increases reaching maximum at the start of the Gedebassa Swamp. On exiting the Swamp/Lake Yardi, the river channel is greatly reduced but the discharge is increased by contributions from large western highland catchments. After receiving contributions from the Mile and Logia Rivers, the Awash turns abruptly eastwards and terminates in a series of lakes. The total length of the Awash River is approximately 1 250km.

Lekes.shp Rivers7.shp

Basins' water resources


Figure 1.2 View of Awash River Basin (Source: Arch view GIS Shape files of basins from MOWR) 1.5.2. Physiographic units of the basin The Awash River Basin has been divided into 7 physiographic units. They are briefly described in terms of their physiographic and hydrological characteristics as follows :(Awash River basin surface water master Plan, HALLCROW 1989 )

The Upland basin.

The head water of the Awash River is formed in the Upland Basin, which has eroded head ward into the Ethiopian Plateau west of Addis Ababa. This area features steep headwater streams that receive in excess of 800mm per annum of rainfall and drain into the structural basin of the Becho Plains. In much of the highland area at the western extreme of the basin, rainfall is in excess of 1200mm and rises to as high as 1750mm in a few places. From the outlet of the Becho Plains flows drain towards the Koka Dam which marks the limit of the Uplands basin.

The Upper Awash Valley

The area of the basin is in Koka reservoir and Awash station which lies between 1500 m and 1000 altitude. In this area sugar cane, vegetables and fruit crops are suited to the cooler climate.

Middle Awash valley

The area of the basin is in between Awash station and the Mille river. The altitude varies from 1000 m to 500 m a.s.l and the annual rain fall variation is from about 600 mm to 200 mm.They can be divided as Melka warer (Awash to Hertale), Gawane (Hertale to Gedabassa outlet) and Mile (from Gedabassa outlet to Mile confluence).In the area cotton, and sugar cane would be very appropriate with potentially higher productions.

Lower Awash Valleys.

These are the deltaic alluvial plains in Tendaho, Asayita and Dit Bahir areas as well as the terminal lake environs. The are lies between 500m and 250 m altitude with the mean annual rain fall of less than 200mm.The are can be subdivided in to the Delta and the Terminal lakes. The area is


known by its high temperature, consistently over 40 0c for several months, severely limit cropping potential.

The Western Highlands

They comprise the left bank tributaries from Kesem River to Logiya River. All of these tributaries rise in high rainfall areas along the watershed with the Abbay River Basin, although the proportion of their catchments lying in the high rainfall zones generally decreases in the downstream direction. As a result the Mile and Logya rivers, the most downstream of the western highland tributaries are much more ephemeral in nature than for example the Kesem River, despite their very large catchments areas.

The Lower Plains

This are comprises downstream of Logiya, where the Awash River meanders and terminates at Lake Abe. Almost no runoff is generated in this area where rainfall is low.

The Eastern catchments

This area accounts for about 40% of the total area of the Awash Basin. Areas of relatively high precipitation (there are some small areas which receive between 800mm and 1000mm per annum) are very far away from the Awash mainstream and generated runoffs disappear in the lowland plains without contributing to the Awash river flows.

1.5.3 Climate

General The climate of the Awash Basin is influenced by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ICTZ), a zone of low pressure that marks the convergence of dry tropical easterlies and moist equatorial westerliness. As this zone migrates northwards across the basin is causes the small or spring rains in March and at its northernmost position (attained in June/July) it results in the heavy summer rains. Its subsequent movement


southwards during August, September and October restores drier weather which prevails until the following spring. Temperature

Not surprisingly given the difference in altitudes, the temperature varies considerably within the basin. The mean annual temperature in Addis Ababa is 16.7°C compared to nearly 30°C at Dupti. There is a strong relationship between temperature and altitude as summarized in Table 1.1 which shows means temperatures in the growing season related to altitude. Table 1.1: Temperature and Altitude in the Awash River Basin

Source: Land Use Planning and Regulatory Dept; Ministry of Agriculture (1984), updated by MoWR

Relative Humidity Relative humidity is or has been measured at 32 stations in or adjacent to the basin. There is relatively little variation over the basin with the mean annual relative humidity varying from 60.2% in Addis Ababa to 53.6% at Dubti down to a lowest of 49.7% in Dire-Dawa. Seasonal variation, as would be expected is higher in the lower rainfall areas.

Evaporation

Mean Temperature (°C)

Altitude (m) Mean Temperature (°C)

Altitude (m)

> 27.5 < 450 15 - 17 2 250 – 2 550 25 – 27.5 450 – 900 12 - 15 2 550 - 3 100 22.5 - 25 900 – 1 400 10 - 12 3 100 – 3 400 20 – 22.5 1 400 – 1 750 7.5 - 10 3 400 – 3 850

17 - 20 1 750 – 2 250 < 7.5 > 3 850


Mean annual evaporation as estimated from measurements made from evaporation pans at a number of meteorological stations around the basin, has been shown to relate strongly to elevation. This relationship was used for calculating evaporation rates at key locations in the basin, especially as required for input to the model.

Evapo-transpiration Evapo-transpiration was analyzed in some depth as part of the Awash Master plan study which looked at observed data from a number of sources. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) values calculated from Penman by using other meteorological parameters. Rainfall The rainfall regime in the Awash River Basin shows four different rainfall regimes:

Seven rainy months between March and September, with peaks in April and August.

Seven rainy months between March and September, generally increasing with a high in August when the rainfall coefficient reaches 3.0)

Seven rainy months from February to April and June to September. For the intervening months the rainfall coefficient falls below 0.6 making the regime bimodal.

Six rainy months being March and April and the June to September. In the first part the peak month has a rainfall coefficient inferior to 1.0, while in the second part it is in excess of 3.0.

It is important to understand the concept of “rainy” in this context. A “rainy” month is defined as one in with a rainfall coefficient exceeding 0.6. The rainfall coefficient is defined as the mean monthly rainfall total divided by 1/12 of the mean annual precipitation.


1.6. Description of the Particular study area 1.6.1 Sub-basins’ features The sub basin is located between the confluence of Koka dam and Awah station; with in the great African rift valley .The water availability of the whole basin depends on this sub basin due to Koak reservoir. The releases from Koka are used to generate power at the Koka hydropower station (Awash I). Wonji/Shoa sugar estate lies approximately 12 km downstream of the dam; one main pump station is used to lift water from the River Awash to supply the main irrigation area of 5 664 ha. The significant available water demand for urban supplies are Nazereth and Metehara towns with relatively low abstractions. The Nazereth water supply is abstracted by a pipeline from a point between Koka dam and Wonji/Shoa. A few kilometers downstream of the estate there is a second much smaller reservoir at Melkassa, after which power is generated at two further hydropower stations, Awash II and III. These are located just below the point where the drainage from the irrigation areas is returned to the river. The drainage water is used for several small-scale irrigation schemes to grow other crops, with the result that the return to the river from the combined irrigation systems are negligible. After passing through the Awash II and III Station, the water is then used for many other irrigation systems further downstream. The water for these systems is supplemented by flow in the downstream tributaries, although as noted above, Koka dam is currently the only point of regulation. At 1989 irrigation level Halcrow estimated that the total irrigated area in this particular sub basin is 23,284 ha, where as at 2003/2004 the irrigation level shows small rise to 23,284ha.But the activity level may raise by 100% by the coming two/three years as per the implementing programs. Even though Halcrow in 1989 proposed that the new extended potential irrigable land of the sub basin was 10 600 ha, there are more than 30 000 ha irrigable land have been under implementation for near future use.


Figure: 1.3. Location Map of Upper Awash (Source: Booker Tate study ,2003)

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Figure 1.4 The Upper Awash Valley areas 1.6.2. Socio-economic conditions.

Before the development of irrigation in the Upper, Middle and Lower valleys population of the basin was essentially divided geographically, economically and culturally in to two main groups. These are the sedentary cultivators in high lands (Amhara and Oromo) and the transhumant pastoralists in low lands (Afar and Issas). The approximate divide between these two distinct groups lies at an elevation of 1500 m above sea level, which elevation is normally taken as the boundary of rain fed agriculture.(Halcrow 1989).


The study area is governed by sedentary cultivators in which the lively hood of the people in the area is based on income generated from agricultural activities, which includes crop production and livestock grazing. In most cases sedentary farming with limited mobility of inhabitants in search of grazing and water depends on favorable climatic conditions.

The main cereals produced in the sub-basin are wheat, teff, sorghum, maize,

barley and etc next to sugar cane, fruits and vegetables. The main constraints in the crop production are lack of adequate quantity and distribution of rain fall, poor economic conditions to own oxen to plough their land, loss of extension seed inputs and low awareness to practice productive agriculture. About 10% of the agricultural practice is animal rearing. This has a great importance in their daily life conditions, in that oxen used in cultivation system, like plowing, horses and camels used for transportation and the remaining utilized as food sources.

The sugar cane extension developmental program in Wonji and Metehara areas

will contribute towards alleviating poverty. The development venture will enable poor farmers to generate additional income by pooling the resources in the irrigation development endeavors. The irrigation development will also create employment opportunities for the participating farmers. The new development program, however, should be viewed with proper care that farmers should fully participate in the planning, design, and implementation phases to attain meaningful change in the well-being of the community.

On other hand an implementation of the number of small scale irrigation

schemes by OIDA will contributes a substantial support in attaining of food security in the area. The lower part of sub basin is commonly known by its recurrent drought with high temperature. The ongoing integrated large scale irrigation project of Fentale can alleviate the crop production problems of the area.


Chapter 2 Background of Irrigation Developments 2.1. Irrigation Development in Ethiopia Ethiopia having a total area 1,129,000km2 is endowed with precious natural resources: water and irrigation land. Its geographical location and favorable climatic conditions provides the country with relatively high amount of rain fall in East Africa. The country is sub-divided in to 12 river basins draining water in to different directions and point of destinations. Preliminary studies and professionals estimate revealed that the country has an annual surface runoff close to 122 billion cubic meters of water excluding the ground water potential. Most of the major rivers are trans-boundary types transporting multitude of water and sediment to neighboring countries, HALCROW (1989). Until recent time, the water potential of the country was not accurately known, and even today this is still a contentious area. There have been different estimates of the irrigation potential of the country, and the issue has not been satisfactorily resolved. One of the earliest estimation was made by the World Bank (1973), which suggests a figure between 1.0 and 1.5 million hectares. According to Ministry of agriculture (1986) the total irrigable land in the country measures 2.3 million hectares. The international Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD 1987), on the other hand gives a figure of 2.8 million hectares, where as the office of the national committee for central planning’s 1990 figure , which is based on WRDA’s estimation ,is 2.7 million hectares. The Indian engineering firm water and power consulting services’ estimates 3.5 million hectares is the highest estimate so far studied and EVDSA accepted the figure and was using in the early 1990s.(Dessalegn Rahmato;Water resources development in Ethiopia 1999). According to the Metaferia consulting Engineers in association with Eco-consult 2002; it is difficult to access the exact potential irrigable area and actually irrigated land in Ethiopia. Some schemes have been damaged and are currently not operational, some other schemes built and managed by the producers’ co-operatives but not used by the farmers, who mostly do not want to join these co-operatives, are deteriorating. The irrigation potential of Ethiopia is estimated to


be between 1.8 and 3.7 million ha. The potential for medium and large scale irrigation projects was identified as 3.3 million ha. Separate studies have indicated a potential for small scale irrigation of between 165 and 400 thousand ha. A recent study gives irrigation potential on river basin basis with a total of 3.7 million ha. BCEOM phase 2,section 2, volume 5 (1998) states in 1990 in Ethiopia as a whole a total of 161,000ha irrigated agriculture were developed, of which 64,000ha in small scale schemes and 97,000 ha in medium and large schemes. Approximately 38,000ha were under implementation. According to HALCROW (1989) the gross irrigation potential of the country is shown in the table 2.1 below. Table 2.1: Gross irrigation potential of the main basins of the country No Basin name Gross irrigable Area (ha) Utilization ha 1 Blue Nile 760,000 30,000 2 Baro-Akobo 600,000 - 3 Wabishebele 355,000 - 4 Genale-Dawa 300,000 8,850 5 Omo-Gibe 248,000 - 6 Northern rivers 200,000 - 7 Awash River 206,000 69,900 8 Rift valley lakes 47,600 - Total 2,716,600 Source: HALCROW Awash master plan volume 2 (1989) (-) no data At present about 4.6 percent of the potentially irrigable land is developed. Most of the development has been in Awash valley which is the most accessible and suitable basin for irrigation development. Table 2.2 Irrigation potential and developed size of river basins River basin Potential

irrigable land ha Area under irrigation ha

Percent utilized

Awash 204,400 69,900 34.2 Wabishebele 204,000 20,290 9.9 Genale-Dawa 435,300 80 0.02 Rift valley lakes 122,300 12,270 10.0 Omo-Ghibe 450,120 27,310 6.1 Baro-Akobo 748,500 310 0.05 Abbay (Blue Nile)

977,915

21,010

2.1

Tekeze 312,700 1,800 0.6 Mereb-Gash 37,560 8,000 21..3 Afar (Denakil) 3,000 - 0.0 Total 3,495,795 161,010 4.6 Source: Based on Tesfaye Gizew and Kemal Zekarias (1989)


But according to FAO, Irrigation in Africa in figures, AQUASTAT survey 2005 the total area under irrigation currently in Ethiopia is increased to 289,530 ha. Table: 2.3. Salient features of irrigation development of Ethiopia.

Features Figures Potential for irrigation 2,700,000 ha Total area under irrigation 289,530 ha Percent of cultivated area by irrigation

2.5%

Annual increase rate of irrigation 6.2%

Cropping intensity 142 % Main irrigated crops Vegetables Area of vegetables 107,126 ha Percent of total irrigated crops 26

Source: Irrigation in Africa in figures, FAO water report 29 (2005) Αχχορδινγ το τηε χυρρεντ πλανσ οφ ΜοΩΡ , τηε γοϖερνμεντ οφ Ετηιοπια ηασ χομμιττεδ ιτσελφ το δεϖελοπ 430,000 ηεχταρεσ οφ λανδ ιν τηε χομινγ φιϖε ψεαρσ. Ωιτη ιτσ οων φινανχιαλ ρεσουρχε τηε γοϖερνμεντ βυιλτ Κεσεμ δαμ, ωηιχη χαν χονσερϖε 550 μιλλιον χυ.μ. ωατερ. Τηε Κεσεμ προϕεχτ ιν τηε Αφαρ Ρεγιοναλ Στατε ισ βελιεϖεδ το δεϖελοπ 20,000 ηεχταρεσ οφ λανδ. Τηε γοϖερνμεντ ηασ αλσο χονστρυχτεδ α δαμ οφ Τενδαηο ιν τηε Αφαρ ρεγιον. Τηε δαμ χαν ηολδ 1.8 βιλλιον χυ.μ. οφ ωατερ ανδ ιτ χαν ιρριγατε 60,000 ηεχταρεσ φορ τηε Τενδαηο Συγαρ φαχτορψ ωηιχη ισ υνδερ χονστρυχτιον.Τηισ προϕεχτ αλσο ινχλυδεσ τηε ιρριγατιον οφ 23,000 ηεχταρεσ οφ λανδ φορ τηε λοχαλ χομμυνιτιεσ (ΜοΩΡ 2007). Τηερε ισ αλσο αν ιρριγατιον προϕεχτ ωηιχη ισ υνδερ χονστρυχτιον ιν τηε Αμηαρα Ρεγιοναλ Στατε ον Κογα Ριϖερ. Τηε προϕεχτ ωιλλ δεϖελοπ 7,200 ηεχταρεσ οφ λανδ. Τηε φεδεραλ γοϖερνμεντ ισ αλσο χονστρυχτινγ α δαμ ιν τηε Σομαλι Ρεγιοναλ Στατε νεαρ Γοδε τοων. Τηισ προϕεχτ ωιλλ δεϖελοπ 2,220 ηεχταρεσ οφ λανδ. 12 ιρριγατιον προϕεχτσ αρε ιν τηε πιπελινε ανδ 233,912 ηεχταρεσ οφ λανδ χαν βε δεϖελοπεδ υνδερ τηεσε προϕεχτσ.


2.2. Ιρριγατιον πολιχψ ανδ Δεϖελοπμεντ οβϕεχτιϖεσ ιν Ετηιοπια 2.2.1. Ιρριγατιον Πολιχψ οφ Ετηιοπια Τηε ιρριγατιον πολιχιεσ οφ οφ Ετηιοπια χαν βε συμμαρισεδ ασ φολλοωσ.

Ενσυρινγ ιρριγατιον δεϖελοπμεντ βψ εξχυτιον ωιτη τηε φραμεωορκ οφ τηε σοχιο−εχονομιχ δεϖελοπμεντ πλανσ οφ τηε χουντρψ.

Remarking a reasonable percentage of the GDP for development of irrigated agriculture.

Effective irrigation development with in the framework of water resources development.

Promoting irrigation development through socio-economic goal-achieving strategies and participatory approaches.

Enhancing participation of Regional and Federal Governments in the development of large scale irrigation schemes.

Ensuring the sustainability of suitable water quality for irrigation. Establishing water allocation and priority setting criteria. Providing drainage facilities for irrigation schemes. Promoting decentralization and use based management of irrigation

systems. Developing prioritized lists of schemes based on food requirements,

needs of the national economy, raw materials and other needs. Supporting and enhancing traditional irrigation schemes.

2.2.2. Objectives for irrigation developments.

The broad goals and specific objectives of the policies formulated by the government of Ethiopia are summarized as below.

Developing and enhancing small-scale irrigated agriculture and grazing land for food self-sufficiency at the house hold level.

Development and enhancement of small-, medium-, and large-scale irrigated agriculture for food security and food self-sufficiency at national level, including export earning and to satisfy the need of local agro-industrial demands.

Promotion of irrigation study, planning and implementation of irrigated farms; studies to be conducted to design stage level for implementation by the private sectors and/ or the government.

Promotion of water use efficiency, control of wastage, protection of irrigation structures and drainage systems.


2.3. An overview of Awash river basin and its development.

2.3.1. General

Awash River basin, with a total area of 115,543.7 km2 has approximately

4527.1 Mm3/annum water resources. It is one of the most developed and highly

utilized river basins with respect to other basins of the country. Irrigation

development is by far the main consumer of water than other demands in the

basin. Hydroelectric power is also generated from Koka Dam.

The basin is divided in to about 75 small sub-catchments which contribute a

significant amount of flow to the river.

2.3.2. Overview of water resources availability According to MOWR, 2005 scenario the total run off generated from Awash river is 4527.1Mm3/annum. A large amount of this is lost to seepage, evaporation and evapo-transpiration from open water surfaces and wetlands. It is interesting to look in a bit more detail at where the runoff is generated and where it is lost. The tributaries upstream of Koka Dam as well as those flowing directly into the Koka Lake contribute a total of 1650.9 Mm3/annum. The biggest single contributor of runoff is the Akaki River. Seepage and evaporation losses from the Koka Reservoir account for over 400 Mm3/annum of this and the MAR reduces to 1248.3 Mm3/annum immediately downstream of the Dam.

Between Koka Dam and the Amibara Irrigation scheme off take (a few kilometres upstream of the confluence with the Kesem River) 593.9 Mm3/annum of runoff are added to the flow in the Awash River, almost all coming from the Arba I, Keleta and Arba II Rivers on the right bank.

Between the Amibara off take and the Lake Yardi outflow, an additional 1122.2 Mm3/annum enters the river from the western highlands, the largest contributions coming from the Kesem and Najeso Rivers. All of this is effectively lost to


evaporation and evapo-transpiration from the Gedebassa Swamp/Lake Yardi system.

Downstream of Lake Yardi some major tributaries add 1076.7 Mm3/annum before the Awash River reaches the Tendaho Dam site. Downstream of the Tendaho Dam site the only additional runoff is provided by the Logiya River, adding 84.2 Mm3/annum. Approximately 1264.4 Mm3/annum are lost to seepage, evaporation and evapo- transpiration. There are six existing and under construction reservoirs in the basin for urban water supply, hydropower and irrigation developments. The storage reservoirs that have been modeled in the simulation model are listed in the table below. Table: 2.5 Significant modeled storage Reservoirs of Awash river basin

Location (UTM) Dam / Reservoir

River East North

Storage Capacity (Mm3)*

Use

Status

Dire Dire 493 107 1 011 061 25.0 Urban water supply Operational Legedadi Legedadi 495 816 1 001 861 43.8 Urban water supply Operational Gefersa Gefersa 460 664 1 001 861 6.23 Urban water supply Operational Koka Awash 517 166 935 966 1 071 Regulation/hydropow

er Operational

Kesem Kesem 597 239 1 011 545 500 Irrigation/regulation Under construction

Tendaho Awash 713 297 1 292 777 1 860 Irrigation Under construction

* Note: Storage capacity at Maximum operating level (Full supply level) Source: MOWR (2005) hydrology department 2.3.3 Water demands of the basin


Irrigation Demand

As already stated, irrigation demand is by far the largest of all the demands from the Awash River and these demands are set to increase in both the short and medium term. During the investigations for this study a number of sources were consulted in order to get as complete a list as possible of all the irrigation demands. These investigations were complicated by the fact that there is no one centralized source of information on existing or proposed irrigation schemes. In total there are about 96 irrigation schemes or off takes were identified in the whole basin. Most of these are small scale irrigation schemes that are implemented to attain the food security of rural peasants particularly in Awash valleys. It should be noted that where possible the larger schemes were broken down into components to allow for the maximum flexibility in modeling.

Urban and Industrial demands

There are currently four urban and industrial consumers taking water from Awash River: namely Addis Ababa, Nazereth, Awash town and Metehara. Addis Ababa is supplied from three reservoirs (Dire, Legadadi and Gefersa) in the Awash Basin plus a number of other sources. The Nazereth scheme is relatively new and forecasted growth in demand has been incorporated into the model. The Metehara scheme is also new and while demand levels are so small compared with irrigation demand.

Power Generation Power is generated at the Koka Dam (Awash I) and at the Awash Melkassa schemes (Awash II and III) downstream. The latter two are effectively run off river schemes since the headwater ponds are heavily silted. There are plans for a further scheme (Awash IV) immediately downstream of Awash III. Although this has not been the case in the past power generation is now to be considered to be secondary to irrigation in the Awash River and this fact has been taken into consideration in the model. It is anticipated that new schemes in other basins will gradually take over the majority of the electricity demand currently supplied by the Awash River.


2.4. Over all view of Upper Awash Valley 2.4.1 General Upper Awash Valley is one of the hydrological zones in the basin with high demand level irrigation and Hydropower due to its suitable natural resources (land, water and accessible conditions).The section of catchment is lying between Koka reservoir and Awash station. The elevation of the riverine area ranges from 1500m and 1000 m. The mean annual rainfall generally lies between 600mm and 800 mm.The areas was traditionally livestock grazing area with limited rain fed cultivation before some years ago. But now days the peasants are aware of the benefit of irrigated crop production by using Awash river in traditional irrigation and by governmental support of small irrigation schemes implementation. The total area of the sub-catchments is 7,100 km2 with a potential irrigable land of 37,300 ha (according Halcrow 1989) and more than 24,000 ha land is irrigated still now from the only water source of Awash river. But current feasibility studies shows that the potential irrigable land more than the above figure. The regional location of the study area lies with in administration region of Oromia. Part of East Shewa zone and some districts of Arsi zone are found in this sub basin. The Booker Tate (2003) study considers the Uplands of Awash and Upper Awash valley as Upper Awash basin unlike with Halcrow.


Figure 2.1.Some features of the uplands and Upper awash Valley 2.4.2. Water availability. The availability of water between Koka Dam and the confluence with Kesem River depends to a large extent on the amount of water available and the management of Koka reservoir. Even though basically the Dam was constructed for hydropower regulation, all the downstream water consuming demands are getting water from the regulated reservoir. At the initial period of construction the reservoir capacity of the Dam was 1650 Mm3. According the bathymetric survey conducted in 1998 the capacity of Koka reservoir has been reduced from 1660 Mm3 in 1959 to 1186Mm3. Sedimentation is one of the critical issues in Koka reservoir that reduces the reservoir capacity at certain rate per annum. The subsequent surveys indicated that the following rates of sedimentation in Koka reservoir.


Table: 2.6 sedimentation rates of Koka reservoir

Source: HALCROW: Awash Master plan document Koka Dam was constructed to regulate water for hydropower production. Its height is 42m and the area of water body covers about 255 km2. It has the mean depth of 9m, a maximum length of 20 km and a maximum width of 15 km.The height of dam sight above sea level is 1590m. The operation of reservoirs is decided according to pre-defined operating rules for each reservoir. Such operating rules are an approximation of reality and divide the reservoirs into water level–related zones. The water lying above the full supply level is taken to be in the Flood Control Zone and cannot be stored. In the next zone, the Conservation Zone, water is used as required to meet demand. In the next zone down, the Buffer Zone, some restrictions are applied so that the water is not used too quickly. Below the “dead storage level” in the Inactive Zone it is not possible to use the water other than to satisfy evaporation and seepage losses from the reservoir.

Figure 2.2: Zoning of reservoir Storage

Year Year interval

Average annual rate of Sedimentation(Mm3)

1969-1973 4 33.9 1973-1981 9 23.3 1981-1989 7 25


CHAPTER 3 Literature Review 3.1. Some of the models used in water Allocation 3.1.1. HEC Model The Hydrologic modeling system is designed to simulate the precipitation-run off processes of water shed systems. It is designed to be applicable in a wide range of geographic areas for solving the widest possible range of problems. This includes large river basin water supply and flood hydrology and small urban or natural water shed runoff. It is also used in water allocation studies in the basins with high water demands. Hydrographs produced by the program are used directly or in conjunction with other software for studies of water availability, urban drainage, for forecasting, future urbanization impact, reservoir spillway design, flood damage reduction, flood plain regulation and system operation. 3.1.2. WEAP model The Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) aims to incorporate these values into a practical tool for water resources planning. WEAP is distinguished by its integrated approach to simulating water systems and by its policy orientation. WEAP places the demand side of the equation--water use patterns, equipment efficiencies, re-use, prices and allocation--on an equal footing with the supply side--stream flow, groundwater, reservoirs and water transfers. WEAP is a laboratory for examining alternative water development and management strategies. WEAP is comprehensive, straightforward and easy-to-use, and attempts to assist rather than substitute for the skilled planner. As a database, WEAP provides a system for maintaining water demand and supply information. As a forecasting tool, WEAP simulates water demand, supply, flows, and storage, and pollution generation, treatment and discharge. As a policy analysis tool, WEAP evaluates a full range of water development and management options, and takes account of multiple and competing uses of water systems.

Addis Ababa University Civil Engineering Department

44

3.2. Some of the pre-studies of the sub basin.

1. Halcrow 1989: Awash basin master plan Most of the current comprehensive studies on the Awash River basin depend on modeling results of Halcrow (1989).They consider following broad levels of irrigation development scenarios.

i. Sustaining the then irrigated areas of 68 800 ha (Upper valley 23 300 ha, Middle valley 19900 ha and lower valley 25600ha.)

ii. Expanding irrigation up to 40 years by setting the following scenarios:

Scenario I: Koka raised by three meters and Kesem constructed.

Scenario II: Koka raised by three meters and Tendaho and Kesem constructed.

iii. Long term expansion beyond the level determined by the economic viability, to determine the potential limit of expansion in irrigation.

According to Halcrow 1989 the major source of irrigation water for various demands in basin is the release from Koka reservoir. The live storage required at Koka to sustain 68800 ha is 850 MMC power generations being priority (or 660 MMC irrigation is being priority) will be reached in 2008 assuming annual sedimentation rate of 25 Mm3/year.

2. Ministry of water resources (2005) According to the 2005 investigation of MoWR the annual irrigation area is increased to 50000 ha which is 23% lower than the 1989 development. Major reduction in irrigation area has been observed in the last 16 years (1990-2005) in the lower and middle valley particularly in the cotton fields. From this preliminary analysis one can infer that expansion of the existing land by about 16000 ha for cotton or about 8000 ha for sugar cane will bring back to the 1989


45

development level. Based on Halcrow prediction the development of 68800 ha could be sustained up to the year 1998 with out additional storage. In both cases the raising of Koka dam by 3m which adds about 615 MMC of live storage is considered. The construction of Kesem and Tendaho dams are included in this scenario. They indicated that a maximum development expansion in the lower valley with Tendaho dam constructed is 36 900 ha, adding with the 1989 existing irrigation reach 62500 ha. Table 3.1: Existing and potential net irrigation areas (ha) as proposed by Halcrow (1989) with respect to MoWR (2005):

Exiting 1989 (Halcrow)

Existing 2005 MoWR

Expansion proposed Halcrow 1989

Expansion proposed MoWR 2005

Total Halcrow

1989

Total MoWR 2005

Upper valley 23284 23504 10625 17903 33910 41407

Middle Valley

21896 14591 36320 20000 58216 34591

Lower Valley

25600 11600 36900 48000 62500 59600

Total 70780 49695 83846 85903 154626 135598

Source: Feasibility study of Wonji/Showa expansion WWDSA 2005

The above table shows that the 2005 MoWR expansion proposed is more extensive in the upper and lower valleys as compared to the Halcrow proposal. The total expansion of the 2005 proposal 85903 ha is approaching the potential Halcrow expansion of 83846 ha.

The Halcrow expansion pre-supposes the raising of the Koka dam along with construction of Tendaho and Kessem dams, where as the MoWR expansion is based on the construction of the Tendaho and Kessem dams both in 2008.The other major difference between their proposal is that Halcrow used the initial live storage of the Tendaho dam as 720 MMC, where as presently the initial live storage is 1673 MMC.


46

Irrigation group Existing schemes 1989 Irrigation Halcrow ha

Irrigation 2003/2004

Halcrow 1989 proposed

Irrigable area (ha)

WoMR 2005 Proposed expansion

Irrigable area (ha)

UV1 -MelkaHidi

-Wonji-shoa -Wonji out growers

89

5,925

987

1510

5928

765

Wonji-Shoa extension

3914 Bofa

Dodota

Welenchiti

3462

2241

9000

UV2 -Melka woba

-Degaga

-Tibila

-Golgota

-Merti Jeju

-Nura Era

200

279

757

567

1,944

3,576

5083

-Nur Era Rehabilitation

-Nura Era Extension

6556

4772

UV3 Metehara/Abadir 8,960 10,218 -Abadir extension

-Metehara Extension

-Arba

630

310

1000

-Metehara

3200

UV total 23,284 23,504 10626 17,903

MV1 -Awra Melka

-Yalo

1,285

630

1,285

630

Kesem 8900 Kesem 20000

MV2 -Melka sadi 4,212 2223 Angele Bollhamo 11000


47

Amibara/Melka werere

IAR Melka werer

Amibara/RRC

Agele pump sch

Angele irrigated Far

Balhamo/SF

Heledebe RRC

3,815

1390

300

1973

3296

424

2000

17410

2117

3242

1008

8590

Dijilu 1700

MV3 Gewane/Maro

Entahodeta RRC

Gelila Dura RRC

2171

130

270

Maro Gala

Maro Gala extension

8000

6720

MV Total 21,896 14,591 36320 20000

LV1 Mile (SF)

Mile RRC

Logia RRC

940

500

160

1600

1600

LV2 Dudti (SF)

Dudti (RRC)

5600

1845

Lower valley rehabilitation

15939

Tendaho Dam 48000


48

Table 3.2: Halcrow (1989) and MoWR (2005) irrigation expansion program

Source: WWDSE; Feasibility study of Welenchiti Bofa report (2006)

Dit Bahri SF

Tanga Kuma SF

Dit Bahri RRC

3506

4038

950

15939

6000

Lower valley expansion

18450

LV3 Awssa Assaita

Sembeleta Garni SF

Sembeleta sahele

Berga (RRC)

Bokaytu (RRC)

Kerebula (RRC)

Karadura RRC

Algana (RRC)

Wonse (RRC)

LV Total

2651

765

1736

560

580

514

370

465

25600

4000

11600

Lower valley rehabilitation

Lower valley expansion

8061

18450

36900

48000

Basin Total 70780 49,695 83846 85903


49

3. Awash River modeling by WWDSA

The model is based on the 41 years of flow series (1963-2003) by using HEC-5 software and defining four scenarios.

Scenario I. The 2005 withdrawal rate in the basin. Scenario II: The 2005 withdrawal rate plus Tendaho project

48000/60000 ha are operational. Scenario III: scenario II plus Wonji expansion by 5703 ha and

Metehara expansion by 3200 ha and Kesem dam added with 20,000 ha.

Scenario IV: Scenario III plus Welenchiti additional 9000 ha sugar cane expansion.

Irrigation schemes are amalgamated in to four principal groups for the simulation model .These are : Upper valley UV, Middle valley MV, lower valley upstream of Tendaho dam and lower valley downstream Tendaho dam. The schematic below in figure 2.3 shows that the HEC model structure of the sub basin.

Fig 3.1 Schematic of HEC-5 Model network For Upper Awash Valley

(By WWDSE 2006)


50

4. Booker Tate and MCE Studies

Booker Tate & MCE (2003) Study on their Wonji/Shoa sugar factory expansion studies, have Reviewed and Updated the Feasibility study on Irrigation and Agricultural land Extension covered the following topics.

(i). River inflow in to Koka Reservoir They estimated monthly inflow in to Koka dam (Mm3) for the period 1963-2002 using the Halcrow (1989) regression model which is based on the measured flow of Awash river at Hombole (Mm3) and river at Mojo (Mm3). The equation is QKoka =1.065QHombole + 1.180QMojo

(ii) Evaporation estimate from Koka reservoir They used the Penman method for estimating evaporation from the reservoir. Wonji, Nazereth and Koka stations are used for estimating average monthly temperature, humidity, sunshine hours and wind for use in their model. The Nazereth wind speed data are found to be on high side they used the Ziway data which they indicated is more reliable than Nazereth wind speed data.

Table 3.3: Booker Tate & MCE (2003) Estimate of Koka Reservoir Evaporation (mm)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Wonji area

167.6 165.8 197.3 185.8 196.3 187.1 168.8 166.5 162.2 177.0 166.7 162.5 2104

Nazereth

177.6 168.9 193.8 191.5 213.8 203.5 169.3 172.2 170.0 183.7 177.1 177.3 2199

Koka Dam

160.7

156.4

186

180.3

191.0

181.3

160.6

162.9

162.3

174

162.4

156.6

2035

Koka reservoir

168.6

163.7

192.4

185.9

200.4

190.6

166.2

167.2

164.8

178.2

168.7

165.5

2112

Source; Booker Tate Final report (2003)


51

(iii).Power generation Some of the basic information about the power plants that are located in study area are summarized in Table 2.9.There are three main Hydropower plants to generate the total power capacity of 107.2 MW. These data refer to the systems as originally constructed, that is, not accounting for changes over time. They are namely Kaka (Awash I) that is generated from Koka reservoir; where as Awash II and Awash III are run off river hydropower plants.

Table3.4: Basic reservoir and Power plant data

Source: Booker Tate Final report (2003)

Koka(Awash I)

Awash II

Awash III

Year Commissioned

1960

1966

1968

Reservoir storage capacity (Mm3) Total Live

1850 1680

2.6 2.24

0.07 0

Surface area (km2) for operating Level

Maximum Minimum

1590.7 1580.7

1535.5 1534.5

1471.8 1470.8

Regulated flow (m3/s)

42.3

39.9

39.9

Net head (m)

29.5-39.5

59.4-60.4

60.5-61.5

Number of turbines

3

2

2

Production capability (GWH) Installed Firm

110 80

182

135

185 135

Power capacity Installed Firm

43.2 34.5

32 32

32 32


52

(iv).Koka reservoir capacity and sedimentation There are four separate sources of information were found on the

capacity and sedimentation of Koka reservoir. These are as follows; a).Original design data supplied by the EEPC.

The original design data of Koka reservoir states that the total storage

capacity at the maximum operating level of 1 590.7 m is 1 850 Mm3

and the live capacity is 1 680 Mm3 (giving a dead storage of 170 Mm3). b) .Tate & Lyle (1984). The Tate and Lyle (1984) study states that the sediment inflow to Koka

reservoir is 27 Mm3 per year, but no source or justification is given for this figure. A graph in the Tate & Lyle report shows that the reservoir capacity declining from approximately 1 660 Mm3 in 1969 to 1 330 Mm3 in the 1981 survey, with predicted declines to about 1 070 Mm3 in 1992 and 820 Mm3 in 2002. These values assume the above sedimentation rate of 27 Mm3/yr (approximately) to make the predictions. The capacity of the reservoir at construction is stated as 2 000 Mm3, but it is not clear to what level this relates.

c) Awash Basin Master Plan – Halcrow (1989)

The Halcrow stated that the negligible sedimentation to Koka reservoir from 1960 to 1969.It is not explained in the original source, and the survey errors may make this observation unreliable. Since this is the case it is unclear why the average annual rates have been calculated only from 1969. They conclude that the data cannot be accepted as reliable, and another survey was proposed to remedy the situation. However, the results from the new survey were not available at the time of the report, and a preliminary value of 25 Mm3/y was proposed.

d) Partial report provided by the EEPC. This gives the results of a new survey carried out in 1999. This is the only

source that gives the surface area against water elevation as well as the storage capacities against elevation. There results are tabulated in table 2.11 and figure 2.3 below. These rate is reasonable than the other studies and taken as input for this study.


53

Table 3:5 Estimates ok Koka reservoir capacity and sedimentation rates as per to EEPR (1999)

Year of survey

Reservoir capacity

(Mm3)

Change in capacity (Mm3)

Cumulative change in capacity (Mm3)

average annual rates of change since 1960 (Mm3/year)

1960 1850 - - - 1969 1662 188 188 20.91973 1526 136 324 24.91981 1333 193 517 24.61988 1192 141 658 23.51999 1188 4 662 17

Note: Capacities are determined at maximum operating level of 1 590.7

Figure: 3.2; Koka reservoir capacity –elevation curve (EEPC 1999)


54

Chapter 4

Data sources and Availability

4.1. General

ΩΕΑΠ μοδελ χονταινσ α διστινχτ σετ οφ ινφορματιον, δατα ανδ ασσυμπτιονσ αβουτ αλλ τηε σψστεμσ ωηιχη λινκσ δεμανδσ ωιτη συππλιεσ. Σεϖεραλ διφφερεντ

στυδψ αρεασ ασ δεφινεδ ιν ΩΕΑΠ χουλδ αχτυαλλψ βε υσεδ το ρεπρεσεντ τηε σαμε γεογραπηιχ αρεα ορ ωατερ σηεδ, εαχη υνδερ αλτερνατιϖε χονφιγυρατιονσ ορ διφφερεντ σετσ οφ δεμανδ δατα ορ οπερατινγ ασσυμπτιονσ.Ιν τηισ ωαψ,στυδψ αρεασ χαν βε τηουγητ οφ ασ ρεπρεσεντινγ σεπαρατε δαταβασεσ ωηερε διφφερεντ σετσ οφ ωατερ συππλψ ανδ δεμανδ δατα αρε στορεδ, μαναγεδ ανδ αναλψζεδ.

Ωατερ αλλοχατιον μοδελσ νεεδσ ϖαριουσ δατα οφ ωατερ ρεσουρχεσ ανδ δεμανδσ φ

ορ τηε χυρρεντ σψστεμ ανδ φυτυρε δεϖελοπμεντσ. Τηε ωατερ σψστεμσ τηατ αρε χυρρεντλψ ε

ξιστ ωιλλ βε χαλιβρατεδ φρομ εξιστινγ ηιστοριχαλ δατα. Βασεδ ον χυρρεντ αχχουντσ σχεναρι

οσ αρε βυιλτ το εξπρεσσ τηε φυτυρε χονδιτιονσ. Ιν τηισ στυδψ τηε μοδελ υσεσ α μοντηλψ τιμε στεπ φορ βοτη ινπυτσ (ινφλοωσ)

ανδ ουτπυτ (ουτφλοωσ). Ινφλοω το τηε σψστεμ χορρεσπονδσ το τηε ρυνοφφ φρομ

Αωαση ριϖερ φρομ τηε ρελεασε οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ ανδ ηιστοριχαλ φλοω ρεχορδσ ε

ξιστσ ατ διφφερεντ γαυγινγ στατιονσ ιν τηε συβ βασιν. Τηερε αρε νο σιγνιφιχαντ ρυν

οφφ χοντριβυτιονσ φρομ τριβυταριεσ εξπεχτ τηε Κελετα ανδ Αρβα ινφλοωσ. Τηε μαιν ουτ φλοω φρομ τηε σψστεμ ισ τηε ωατερ δεμανδ φορ ιρριγατιον υσερσ

. Τηε αμουντ οφ ιρριγατιον ωατερ τηατ ισ αβστραχτεδ ιν εαχη αχτιϖιτψ λεϖελ

οφ τηε σψστεμ ιν μοντηλψ βασισ ισ τηε φιναλ δατα το ρυν τηε μοδελ. Τηε χλιμα

τιχ δατα φρομ τηε χορρεσπονδινγ μετεορολογιχαλ στατιονσ το ρεφερενχε εϖαπο− τρανσπιρατιον χαλχυλατιον αρε οργανιζεδ. Τηε ιρριγατιον ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ

φορ


55

εαχη αχτιϖιτψ λεϖελ δεπενδσ ον τηε ρεφερενχε εϖαπο−τρανσπιρατιον τηατ ισ

χαλχυλα τεδ φρομ εαχη μετεορολογιχαλ σιτε, τηε χροππινγ παττερν, τηε χροπ χοεφφιχιεντ ανδ τηε αμουντ οφ ηεχταρεσ οφ λανδ αχτυαλλψ ιρριγαβλε. Σινχε τηερε ισ νο ηιγη χονσυμπτιον οφ ωατερ φορ υρβαν ωατερ συππλψ ιν τηε συβ β

ασιν, τηισ παρτ ισ λεσσ χονσιδερεδ ιν τηε στυδψ.Τηε ονλψ Υρβαν δεμανδσ ωιτη σιγνιφιχατ

ωατερ χονσυμπτιονσ αρε τηε Ναζερετη ανδ Μετεηαρα ωατερ συππλιεσ, ωηιχη αρε

ινχλυδεδ ιν τηε στυδψ. Τηε μοντηλψ ωατερ δεμανδ δατα αρε εντερεδ ιν τηε μοδελ. Other data in each demand sites includes the efficiency for the system, return flows

and losses are considered in this study.

4.2. Sources of Data

Ιτ ισ ασσυμεδ τηατ ωιτη ρεσπεχτ το οτηερ βασινσ,Αωαση ριϖερ βασιν ηασ βεττερ δατα αϖαιλαβιλιτψ. Α νυμβερ οφ σμαλλ ανδ λαργε στυδιεσ ηαϖε βεεν υνδερτακεν φορ τηε σακε οφ ωατερ υτιλιζατιον φορ ϖαριουσ ιρριγατιον δεμανδσ. Τηε δατα φορ τηισ στυδψ ισ βασεδ ον εξιστινγ στυδψ δοχυμεντατιονσ οφ τηε βασιν ανδ σμαλλ ρεπορτσ φορ σομε δεσιγνεδ σχηεμεσ.

Τηε βαχκ γρουνδ οφ τηισ στυδψ ισ βασεδ ον τηε μαστερ πλανσ οφ Αωαση συρφαχε ωατερ (Ηαλχροω 1989) ωηιχη ηαδ βεεν οβταινεδ φρομ ΜοΩΡ.Σινχε τηε δατα ον τηε Μαστερ πλαν αρε πρεπαρεδ βεφορε 17 ψεαρσ,ιτ χουλδ νοτ ηελπ φυλλψ φορ τηισ στυδψ.Μορε−οϖερ τηε μοδελ νεεδσ τηε υπδατεδ δατα το δεϖελοπ φυτυρε σχεναριοσ σο τηατ χυρρεντ δατα φορ τηε βασιν ισ εσσεντιαλ.Τηε ρεθυιρεδ δατα φορ τηε εξιστινγ ιρριγατιον δεμανδσ ατ 1989 λεϖελ αρε οβταινεδ φρομ Ηαλχροω. Τηε στρεαμ φλοω δατα φορ τηε σψστεμ ισ οβταινεδ φρομ ΜοΩΡ, φρομ τηε δεπαρτμεντ οφ Ηψδρολογψ;τηε ρεχεντ στυδψ ηελδ ον ωατερ ρεσουρχεσ αϖαιλ

αβιλιτψ ον τηε Αωαση ριϖερ βασιν.Τηε χομπιλεδ στρεαμ φλοω δατα φρομ 1962 το 2004φορ μοστ γαυγεδ στατιονσ αρε χομπιλεδ ιν μοντηλψ βασισ. Τηε δατα οφ Κοκα

ρεσερϖοιρ ρελεασε, χαπαχιτψ ανδ σεδιμεντατιον ρατε αρε ωελλ στυδιεδ βψ Βοοκερ Τατε ιν 2003.Τηεψ αλσο στυδιεδ τηε εξπανσιον οφ Ωονϕι αρεα φορ φαρτηερ

ιρριγατιον δεϖελοπμεντσ ιν Ωονϕι αρεα. Τηε Ωελενχηιτι ανδ Βοφα ιρριγατιον σχηεμεσ βασεδ ον Βοοκερ ανδ Τατε στυδιεσ αρε ον γοινγ βψ ΩΩΔΣΕ. Αλλ τηε νεχεσσαρψ δατα ον τηε υππερ παρτσ οφ τηε


56

στυδψ αρεα αρε οβταινεδ φρομ ΩΩΔΣΕ.

Α νυμβερ οφ σμαλλ σχαλε ιρριγατιον δοχυμεντσ τηατ αρε δεσιγνεδ, ιμπλεμεντεδ ανδ υνδερ χονστρυχτιον βψ ΟΙΔΑ ηαϖε βεεν οβταινεδ φρομ ΟΙΔΑ χεντραλ βρανχη Τηε χυμυλατιϖε αμουντ οφ ωατερ τηατ ηασ βεεν εξτραχτεδ φορ αλλ αμαλγαματεδ αχτιϖιτψ λεϖελσ ισ οργανιζεδ φρομ τηεσε δοχυμεντσ. Τηερε αρε αλσο τηε προποσεδ σμαλλ σχαλε ιρριγατιον σχηεμεσ φορ φυτυρε σχεναριο βψ ΟΙΔΑ. Τηε φεασιβιλιτψ στυδιεσ οφ τηεσε δοχυμεντσ αρε υσεδ το ασσεσσ τηε ωατερ δεμανδ φορ εαχη δεμανδ νοδε ιν χροπ ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ χαλχυλατιονσ. Ονε οφ τηε λαργεστ προποσεδ ιρριγατιον σχηεμε ισ τηε Φενεταλε ιντεγρατεδ ιρριγατιον δεϖελοπμεντ ωηιχη ηαϖε βεεν δεσιγνεδ βψ ΟΩΩΔΣΕ, ανδ οωνεδ βψ Μετεηαρα συγαρ χανε φαχτορψ ανδ ΟΙΔΑ. Ιτ ισ ονε οφ τηε λαργεστ φυτυρε σχεναριο το δεϖελοπ αβουτ 18 000 ηα οφ ωηιχη παρτ οφ τηε δεϖελοπμεντ ωιλλ σερϖε το Μετεηαρα συγαρ χανε φαχτορψ ανδ τηε ρεμαινινγ μαϕορ προπορτιον ωιλλ χονχερν τηε πεασαντσ οφ Φενταλε διστριχτ .Τηε νεχεσσαρψ δατα φορ τηισ προϕεχτ ισ οβταινεδ φρομ ΟΙΔΑ μαιν βρανχη.

4.3. The available data for the study

4.3.1. Crop Water Requirement Χροπ ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ (ΧΩΡ) ισ δεφινεδ ασ τηε δεπτη οφ ωατερ νεεδεδ το μεετ τηε ωατερ λοσσ τηρουγη εϖαπορατιον οφ δισεασε φρεε χροπ γροωινγ ιν λαργε φιελδσ υνδερ νον−ρεστριχτινγ σοιλ χονδιτιονσ ινχλυδινγ σοιλ ωατερ ανδ φερτιλιτψ ανδ αχηιεϖινγ φυλλ ροδυχτιον υνδερ τηε γιϖεν γροωινγ ενϖιρονμεντ (ΦΑΟ,1977).Τηε στιματιον οφ χροπωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ υνδερλιεσ εφφεχτιϖε πλαννινγ φορ χροπ προδυχτιον ατ φαρμ λεϖελ.Ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ (ΩΡ) ισ τηε συμ οφ ωατερ αππλιεδ φρομ σοιλ προφιλεσ(Σ), ραιν φαλλ ανδ ιρριγατιον ρεθυιρεμεντσ. ΩΡ= Ρ+ ΝΙΡ +Σ

Τηε ιρριγατιον ρεθυιρεμεντ ισ τηερεφορε τηε διφφερενχε βετωεεν τοταλ χροπ ωατερ

ρεθυιρεμεντ ανδ εφφεχτιϖε ραινφαλλ ανδ ωατερ φρομ σοιλ προφιλε. ΝΙΡ=ΩΡ−(Ρ+Σ)


57

Εστιματιον οφ χροπ ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ ισ τηε βασιχ πρερεθυισιτε το γετ τηε μοντηλψ αβστραχτεδ ωατερ ιν εαχη δεμανδ σιτε.Τηε εστιματιον ισ δονε βψ υσινγ αναλψτιχ μετηοδσ βασεδ ον αϖαιλαβλε χλιματολογιχαλλψ δατα .Τηε μοστ ωιδελψ υσεδ μετηοδ το χομπυτε χροπ ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ ισ Πενμαν−Μοντειτη.Ιτ υσεδ τηε χλιματολογιχαλλψ φαχτορσ συχη ασ ραινφαλλ, τεμπερατυρε, ρελατιϖε ηυμιδιτψ,ωινδ ϖελοχιτψ ανδ συνσηινε ηουρ ωηιχη εσσεντιαλλψ οϖερ τηε ρατε οφ εϖαπο− τρανσπιρατιον. ΕΤο=Ω∗ Ρν + (1−ω)∗ φ (υ) ∗ ( Εα Εδ) Ωηερε: ΕΤο =Ρεφερενχε χροπ εϖαπο−τρανσπιρατιον ιν μμ/δαψ Ω =Τεμπερατυρε ρελατεδ ωειγηινγ φαχτορ Ρν= Νετ ραδιατιον ιν εθυιϖαλεντ εϖαπορατιον ιν μμ/δαψ φ (υ)=Ωινδ−ρελατεδ φυνχτιον

Εα Εδ=διφφερενχε βετωεεν τηε σατυρατιον ϖαπορ πρεσσυρε ατ μεαν αιρ τεμπερατυρε ανδ τηε μεαν αχτυαλ ϖαπορ πρεσσυρε οφ

τηε αιρ, βοτη ιν μβαρ. Χαλχυλατιον προχεδυρεσ Τηε χαλχυλατιον οφ ρεφερενχε εϖαπο−τρανσπιρατιον (ΕΤο) ισ βασεδ ον ΦΑΟ Πενμαν−Μοντειτη μετηοδ (ΦΑΟ1998). Ινπυτ δατα ινχλυδεσ μοντηλψ βασεδ τεμπερατυρε (μαξιμυμ ανδ μινιμυμ), ηυμιδιτψ, συνσηινε ανδ ωινδ σπεεδ. Χροπ ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ (ΕΤχροπ)οϖερ τηε γροωινγ σεασον αρε δετερμινεδ φρομ ΕΤο ανδ εστιματεσ οφ χροπ εϖαπορατιον ρατεσ, εξπρεσσεδ ασ χροπ χοεφφιχιεντσ (Κχ) βασεδ ον ωελλ εσταβλισηεδ προχεδυρεσ (ΦΑΟ,1977). Ετχ= Κχ∗ΕΤο ΧΡΟΠΩΑΤ ισ α χομπυτερ προγραμ φορ ιρριγατιον πλαννινγ ανδ μαναγεμεντ δεϖελοπεδ βψ τηε Λανδ ανδ Ωατερ Δεϖελοπμεντ Διϖισιον οφ (ΦΑΟ,1998). Ιτσ βασιχ φυνχτιον ινχλυδε τηε χαλχυλατιον οφ ρεφερενχε εϖαποτρανσπιρατιον , Χροπ ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ χαλχυλατιον,ανδ πλαννινγ χροπσ ανδ σχηεμε ιρριγατιον. Τηε εστιματιον οφ χροπ ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ νεεδσ τηε αναλψσισ οφ χλιματιχ δατα ανδ αγρονομιχ πραχτιχεσ οφ τηε προϕεχτ αρεα. (Τηε εστιματεδ ποτεντιαλ εϖαποτρανσπι ρατιον δατα φορ ιμπορταντ σιτεσ οφ τηε στυδψ αρε σηοων ον Αννεξ Β) Irrigation demand estimation procedures Αλλ τηε σατεδ ιρριγατιον σχηεμεσ ηαϖε διστινχτ παραμετερσ συχη ασ χροπ τψπεσ, χλιματιχ χονδιτιονσ, χροππινγ παττερνσ ανδ τηε αρεα οφ ιρριγατιον.Σο τηε φολλοωινγ


58

παραμετερσ σηουλδ βε φολλοωεδ το εστιματε τηε τοταλ ιρριγατιον ωατερ δεμανδ ιν εαχη σπεχιφιχ προϕεχτ σιτε.

4.3.2 Present Irrigation demands Ιν τηισ στυδψ τηε εξιστινγ ιρριγατιον δεμανδσ οφ τηε υππερ αωαση ϖαλλε

ψ αρε στατεδ ασ; υππερ ϖαλλεψ ιρριγατιον γρουπσ 1(Υς1), Υππερ ϖαλλεψ ιρριγατι

ονσ 2 (Υς2), Υππερ ϖαλλεψ ιρριγατιονσ 3 (Υς3) ,τηε χυμυλατιϖε τοταλ εξιστινγ Ο

ΙΔΑ σμαλλ σχαλε ιρριγατιον (ΟΙΔΑ 1) ανδ τηε χυμυλατεδ συμ τηε εξιστινγ μιδδ

λε ανδ λοωερ Αωαση ϖαλλεψ φαρμσ (ΔΣΙ). Ταβλε 4.1: Ιρριγατιον δεμανδ σιτεσ ωιτη τηειρ χομμανδ αρεα φορ ΩΕΑΠ εϖαλυατιον No Site name Node

name Operating status Command area

(ha) 1 Wonji and out

growers UV1 Existing 7054

2 Nura Hera complexes UV2 Existing 8753 3 Metehara/Abadir UV3 Existing 12896 4 Wonji area expansion WAE Future 17338 5 OIDA small scale

irrigations OIDA1 Existing 1607

6 OIDA small scale irrigation

OIDA2 Future 609

7

Fentale integrated irrigation

Fent Future 18130

8 Metehara expansion METexp Future 3200

9 Down stream irrigations

DSI Existing 26191

Total 95155


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Tηε αβοϖε ταβλε ινδιχατεσ τηε τοταλ χυρρεντ ανδ φυτυρε ιρριγατιον αρεασ τηατ διρεχτλψ δεπενδ ον Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ ρελεασε. Τηερε αρε σο μανψ μινι υναχχουντεδ ωατερ υσερσ ανδ τραδιτιοναλ φαρμ λεϖελσ τηατ αρε αβστραχτινγ ωατερ φρομ Αωαση Ριϖερ. Τηε δοωνστρεαμ ιρριγατιον φαρμσ φορ τηειρ χυρρεντ δεϖελοπμεντ ηαϖε αλσο υτιλιζεδ τηε ωατερ τηατ ισ ρελεασεδ φρομ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ. Τηε χυμυλατιϖε μεαν μοντηλψ ωατερ αβστραχτιον φορ μιδδλε ανδ λοωερ ϖαλλεψσ ωιλλ βε μεργεδ ασ ονε δεμανδ νοδε ιν τηισ στυδψ. Τηε φυτυρε ιμπλεμεντατιονσ φορ δοωνστρεαμ ωατερ υσερσ αρε νοτ χονσιδερεδ ιν τηισ αναλψσισ.

1. Upper Awash irrigations 1(UV1)

Τηε υππερ Αωαση ϖαλλεψ ιρριγατιονσ1 (Υς1) ινχλυδεσ τηε Ωονϕι στατε συγαρ χανε φαρμ ανδ τηε ουτ γροωερσ συρρουνδινγ Ωονϕι αρεα.Ωονϕι στατε φαρμ ισ χονστρυχτεδ ιν τηε εαρλψ 1960σ.Ιτ χομπρισεσ α τοταλ οφ 5905 ηα νετ ιρριγαβλε λανδ, ιν ωηιχη ωατερ ισ συππλιεδ βψ χοντινυουσ ελεχτριχαλ πυμπινγ φρομ τηε Αωαση ιν το σεττλινγ βασιν ατ τηε ηεαδ οφ τηε μαιν χαναλ. Ιρριγατιον ισ δονε ον 25 ηα βλοχκ ροτατιον δυρινγ 12 ηουρσ οφ δαψ τιμε. Νιγητ στοραγε ρεσερϖοιρσ χοϖερ α συρφαχε αρεα οφ 60 ηα. Ιρριγατιον ισ δονε βψ φυρροω ϖαρψινγ ιν λενγτη φρομ 32 μ το 64 μ δεπενδινγον σοιλσ ωηιχη αρε ϖερψ μιξεδ ρανγινγ φρομ φινε τεξτυρεδ χλαψσ το σανδψ χλαψσ. Αχχορδινγλψ ιρριγατιον ροτατιον ρανγεσ φρομ 15 το 35 δαψσ, δεπενδινγ ον τηε σοιλσ ον αϖεραγε ροτατιον οφ 20 το 27 δαψσ.Ωατερ αβστραχτιονσ αρε μεασυρεδ ον α δαιλψ βασισ βψ ΕΣΧ φρομ πυμπινγ ηουρσ ανδ σταφφ γαυγεσ αρε αλσο ινσταλλεδ ατ τηε ηεαδοφ μαιν χαναλ. Ιρριγατιον ισ νοτ πραχτιχεδ δυρινγ τηε ωετ μοντησ οφ ϑυλψ, Αυγστ ανδ Σεπτεμβερ. Περφορμανχεσ αρε ρεπορτεδ το βε σατισφαχτορψ ανδ τηε οϖεραλλ ωατερ εφφιχιενχψ οφ τηε στατε ισ ρεχορδεδ το τηε ρανγεσ φρομ 50% το 60%. Τηε σεχονδ γρουπσ οφ ιρριγατιον ωατερ υσερσ ιν Υς1 φορ τηε προδυχτιον οφ συγαρ χανε αρε τηε ουτ γροωερσσυρρουνδινγ Ωονϕι αρεα. Τηεψ οων τηε τοταλ νετ αρεα οφ 1149 ηα.Τηε ουτ γροωερσ αρε πεασαντ ασσοχιατιονσ ρυν βψ α χηαιρμαν, χομμιττεε ανδ μεμβερσ.Τηε μεανμοντηλψ ωατερ αβστραχτιον τηεσε φαρμσ ισ εστιματεδ ιν χομβιν


60

ατιον ωιτη Ωονϕι στατε φαρμ.Ταβλε 3.2, σηοωσ τηε οϖεραλλ ιρριγατιον σιτεσ ενχλοσεδ ιν Υς1 ωιτη τηειρ χηαραχτεριστιχσ. Table 4.2 Υς1 ιρριγατιον σιτεσ

Φαρμ λοχατιον∗ Οφφ τακε λοχατι

ον Ρετυρν φλοω λοχατ

ιον

Φαρμ Οωνερσηιπ

Αχτιϖε ιν α

ψεαρ Εαστινγ Νορτηινγ Νετ ηα

Εαστινγ

Νορτηινγ

Εαστινγ Νορτηινγ

Ωονϕι_Στατε Στατε Φαρμ 2007 527395 929822 5905 525542 934726 538165 928025 ΩΟ_Κοριφτυ Ουτ γροωερσ 2007 524438 936867 143 523465 936615 525367 937285 ΩΟ_Βοκυ Ουτ γροωερσ 2007 527494 934261 195 529012 934015 533421 928923 ΩΟ_Αδυλλαλα Ουτ γροωερσ 2007 530338 933361 240 529079 933975 533421 928923 ΩΟ_ΩακεΜεα Ουτ γροωερσ 2007 532058 931510 311 531076 932381 533421 928923 ΩΟ_ΩακεΤιο Ουτ γροωερσ 2007 532832 929717 144 531558 929995 533421 928923

_Βισηολα Ουτ γροωερσ 2007 533864 927283 70 533314 928883 538165 928025 ΩΟ_Ηαργιτι Ουτ γροωερσ 2007 532515 926754 46 534239 928441 538165 928025 Τοταλ 7054 Source; Water resources and flood hydrology of Awash basin (MoWR 2005) 2. Upper Awash irrigations 2 (UV2) Τηε Νυρα Ερα χομπλεξ (Υς2) ισ λοχατεδ ιν τηε μιδδλε παρτ οφ υππερ Αωαση ϖαλλεψ. Ιτ χομπρισεσ ϖαριουσ ΗΔΧ φαρμσ ον βοτη τηε λεφτ ανδ ριγητ βανκσ οφ Αωαση ριϖερ. Τηε χυρρεντ τοταλ ιρριγαβλε αρεα ισ ασσυμεδ το βε 8753 ηα.Ωατερ υσε σψστεμ οφ τηε φαρμσ ισ ϖερψ ποορ. Τηε οϖεραλλ εφφιχιενχψ οφ τηε σψστεμ ισ 30% .Μαινλψ τηε φαρμ ισ στατε οωνεδ το προδυχε φρυιτσ,ϖεγετατιονσ, τοβαχχο, χοττονπαστυρε, χρεαλσ ανδ πυλσεσ. Τηε φολλοωινγ ταβλε σηοωσ τηατ τηε ιρριγατιον σιτεσ οφ Υς2. Table; 4.3 UV2 irrigation sites

Farm location* Off take location*

Return flow location*

Farm Ownership Active in

a year Easting Northing Net ha Easting Northing Easting NorthingTibila State Farm 2007 565068 935497 650 562611 941750 564194 942218 Addis Hiywot State Farm 2007 563219 941256 100 562650 941890 563371 942598 Degaga State Farm 2007 546167 932458 180 545534 931205 546572 931028 Merti_Jeju_ Achamo State Farm 2007 573295 946596 632 571718 945539 585904 955891 Merti_Jeju_ State State Farm 2007 581909 953670 1245 574331 948085 585904 955891 Nura_Era _State State Farm 2007 588711 963673 2712 571664 947093 597432 968651


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Nura_Era_ Privates Private 2007 581484 957576 3334 571664 947093 597432 968651 Total 8853

Source; Water resources and flood hydrology of Awash basin (MoWR 2005) 3. Upper valley irrigations3 (UV3)

Τηε Υς3 δεμανδ νοδε χομπρισεσ Μετεηαρα ανδ Αβαδιρ συγαρχανε πλαντατιονσ. Τηε Μετεηαρα συγαρ χανε φαχτορψ ωασ εσταβλισηεδ ατ 1975 βψ Ετηιο−Ηολανδ βιλατεραλ αγρεεμεντ. Αωαση Ριϖερ ισ τηε ονλψ σουρχε οφ ωατερ το βε αβστραχτεδ φορ ιρριγατιον οφ Μετεηαρα συγαρχανε εστατε φαρμσ. Αχχορδινγ το τηε 2005 ασσεσσμεντ οφ ΜοΩΡ τηε τοταλ αρεα χοϖερεδ βψ τηε χανε ιν Υς1 φαρμσ ισ 12896ηα. Table; 4.4: UV3 irrigation sites

Farm location* Off take location*

Return flow location*

Farm Ownership Active in

a year Easting Northing Net ha Easting Northing Easting NorthingMetahara_ Abadir State Farm 2007 594282 972594 3889 596711 966618 598053 974622 Metahara_ Metehara State Farm 2007 604596 976321 8118 602709 980263 609966 980482 Metahara_ North_Farm State Farm 2007 606177 981365 889 597342 968373 610310 978222 Total 12896 Source; Water resources and flood hydrology of Awash basin (MoWR 2005)

4. Small scale irrigations of OIDA (OIDA1) Ονε οφ τηε στρατεγιεσ τηατ ηαϖε πλαννεδ βψ τηε γοϖερνμεντ οφ Ετηιοπια το ινχρεασε φοοδ σεχυριτψ οφ τηε ρυραλ πεασαντσ ισ τηε δεϖελοπμεντ οφ σμαλλ σχαλε ιρριγατιον πραχτιχεσ. Δεπενδινγ ον τηισ στρατεγψ τηε Ορομια ρεγιοναλ ιρριγατιον αυτηοριτψ ηασ τριεδ το εξερχισε ιρριγατιον τεχηνολογψ σο τηατ ηουσε ηολδ φοοδ σεχυριτψ χαν βε ατταινεδ τηρουγη δεϖελοπμεντ οφ ωατερ φορ πυρποσε οφ ιρριγατεδ αγριχυλτυρε. Τηε ΟΙΔΑ ηασ ιμπλεμεντεδ μορε τηαν 12 σμαλλ σχαλε ιρριγατιον σχηεμεσ βψ αβστραχτινγ συβσταντιαλ αμουντ οφ ωατερ φρομ Αωαση ριϖερ βψ διϖερτινγ ατ διφφερεντ λοχατιονσ.Μοστ οφ στατεδ ιρριγατιον φαρμσ αρε λοχατεδ ιν μιδδλε παρτ οφΥππερ Αωαση ϖαλλεψ ανδ Φενταλε διστριχτσ.

Table; 4.5: Details of small scale irrigation owned by OIDA in the Upper Awash valley

Farm Owner Active in Net ha


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Source; Water resources and flood hydrology of Awash basin (MoWR 2005) Τηε χροπσ ανδ χροππινγ παττερνσ τηατ ηαϖε βεεν πραχτιχεδ ιν μοστ οφ τηε φαρμσ αρε σιμιλαρ. Τηε μαιν χροπσ τηατ αρε προδυχεδ ιν τηε ιρριγατιον φαρμσ αρε ϖεγεταβλεσ (Τοματο,ονιον,πεππερ,χαββαγε),Χερεαλσ (μαιζε,σοργηυμ,τεφφ,) ανδ πυλσεσ (Η.βεαν).Τηε ωατερ αβστραχτιον φορ ιρριγατιον ρεθυιρεμεντ φορ τηε αβοϖε φαρμσ μεργεδ βψ τακινγ ιν το αχχουντ τηε οπτιμαλ χροππινγ παττερν ανδ συμμινγ υπ τηε τοταλ μοντηλψ ωατερ αβστραχτιον οφ εαχη σμαλλ ιρριγατιον φαρμ ασ συιταβλε φορ ΩΕΑΠ.

location* location* ship a year Easting Northing Easting Northing Easting Northing

Melka_Oba_1 OIDA 2007 542038 926928 60 541262 926557 542318 926244 Qobo Malmele OIDA 2007 541496 926193 30 541262 926557 542318 926244 Betu_Degaga OIDA 2007 545244 932040 100 545143 930994 546071 930893 Doni_WV OIDA 2007 561457 940408 400 560951 939868 562435 941337 Doni_Care OIDA 2007 561997 940881 200 560715 939666 562435 941337 Lugo OIDA 2007 591809 961144 57 591505 960570 592382 961346 Sara OIDA 2007 594661 964227 120 593951 963489 596448 966340 Weba OIDA 2007 595755 965269 160 593951 963489 596448 966340 Gara_Dima OIDA None 580064 953928 300 578702 952984 581393 955657 Sogido_1 OIDA 2007 594244 964566 70 593951 963489 596448 966340 Sogido_2 OIDA 2007 595182 965452 70 593951 963489 596448 966340 Melka_Oba_2 OIDA 2007 542088 927271 40 540679 926526 542818 926559 Total 1607


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_ g

Bofa#

Degaga#

Doni_Care#

Doni_WV#

Gara_Dima#

Golan#

Lugo#

Megacha#

Melka_Oba#

Merti_Jej#

Metahara_#

Nura_Era_#

Qobo Malm#

Sara#

Sogido_1#

Sogido_2#

Tibila#

WO_Adulla#

WO_Bishol#

WO_Boku#

WO_Hargit#

WO_Korift#

WO_WakeMe#

WO_WakeTi#

Weba#

Welenchit#

Wonji_Dod#

Wonji_Sta#

Wonji_Wak#

Figure 3.1. Lactation points of some irrigation nodes owned by OIDA in the sub-basin

4.3.3. Irrigation schemes in project stage

Υππερ Αωαση συβ βασιν, ωιτη ιτσ ποτεντιαλ λανδ το βε ιρριγατεδ ανδ συιταβλε χονδιτιον φορ ιρριγατιον ισ υτιλιζινγ ποτεντιαλλψ Αωαση Ριϖερ φορ τηε πρεσεντ ανδ φυτυρεδεϖελοπμεντ σχεναριοσ. Νεαρλψ εθυαλ σιζε οφ χυρρεντ ιρριγατεδ αγριχυλτυρε,νεω προϕεχτσ ηαϖε βεεν πλαννεδ ανδ υνδερ χονστρυχτιον φορ νεαρ φυτυρε δεϖελοπμεντ ιν τηε συβ βασιν.Ον τηε οτηερ ηανδ τηερε ισ α συβσταντιαλ ρατε οφ αννυαλ δεχρεασε οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ χαπαχιτψ δυε το σεϖερ σεδιμεντατιον οφ τηε υπλανδσ.

Tηε φολλοωινγ αρε τηε μαϕορ ιδεντιφιεδ σχεναριοσ ιν τηε παρτιχυλαρ συβ βασιν.

Φυτυρε Ιρριγατιον Δεμανδσ

Α νυμβερ οφ μεδιυμ ανδ σμαλλ σχαλε ιρριγατιον αρε εξπεχτεδ το βε


64

οπερατιοναλ ιν 2010. Σομε οφ τηεσε ωασ σχεναριοσ οφ 2007 ανδ λαγγεδ βψ διφφερεντ ινχονϖενιενχεσ.Τηε 2010 Σχεναριο ινχλυδεσ τηε φολλοωινγ χηανγεσ φρομ τηε 2007 ρεφερενχε σιτυατιον Νεω ιρριγατιον σχηεμεσ ον λινε ασ συμμαρισεδ ιν τηε φολλοωινγ λιστ

1. Ωονϕι αρεα ιρριγατιον εξπανσιονσ Ωονϕι Δοδοτα νορτη (2 241 ηα οφ συγαρ) Ωονϕι Δοδοτα σουτη (1500 ηα φορ συγαρ) Ωονϕι Ωακε Τιο Εξπανσιον (512 ηα οφ συγαρ) Ωελενχηιτι−Βοφα (12 462 ηα οφ συγαρ)

Ταβλε; 4.6: Σχηεμεσ οφ Ωονϕι αρεα ιρριγατιον εξπανσιον

Φαρμ λοχατιον∗ Οφφ τακε λοχατιον Ρετυρν φλοω

λοχατιον

Φαρμ Οωνερσηιπ

Αχτιϖε ιν

α ψεαρ Εαστινγ Νορτηιν

γ Νετ ηα Εαστινγ

Νορτηινγ Εαστινγ

Νορτηινγ

Ωονϕι Δοδοτα_Ν

Ουτγροωερσ 2010 533000 923000 2241 534071 928600 538165 928025

Ωονϕι Δοδοτα_Σ

Ουτγροωερσ 2010 532500 918000 1500 534071 928600 538165 928025

Ωονϕι ΩακεΤιο

Ουτγροωερσ 2010 534332 932274 512 533199 929106 536919 928646

Ωελενχηιτι Ουτγροωερ

σ 2010 541873 950715 9000 536892 928618 563042 969686

Βοφα Ουτγροωερ

σ 2010 547323 933359 3462 540188 926374 554828 932924 Τοταλ 16715

Σουρχε;ΩΩΔΣΕ 2006:Ωονϕι Σηεωα συγαρ χανε πλαντατιον εξπανσιον (Ωελενχηιτι Βοφα ιρριγατιον προϕεχτ δεσιγν ρεπορτ)

2. ΟΙΔΑ σμαλλ σχαλε σμαλλ ιρριγατιον σχηεμεσ:

Γολαν (50 ηα οφ χοττον/μιξεδ χροπσ) Βαταλε Κιιλτυ (330 ηα οφ χοττον/μιξεδ χροπσ Μεγαχηα (125 ηα οφ χοττον/μιξεδ χροπσ) Αλαγ Δορε (104 ηα οφ χοττον)

Table:4.7 New proposed small irrigations by OIDA Diversion Off take Return Year Scenario

East North Area (ha) East North East North

Golan 2009 599190 977241 50 598867 976362 600509 977577Batale_Kiiltu 2009 546867 926850 330 545961 924290 548066 928746Megacha 2009 561063 938764 125 560235 939049 562369 940872Alag_Dore 2009 570600 943324 104 569106 942920 570730 945564


65

Total 609 Τηε ιρριγατιον ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντσ φορ τηεσε σμαλλ σχαλε προϕεχτσ αρε εστιματεδ ιν αμαλγαματεδ μαννερ βψ υσινγ Νυρα Ηερα Μετεορολογιχαλ δατα. Τηε ταβυλατεδ αμαλγαματεδ ιρριγατιον ωατερ αβστραχτιον (ΜΜΧ) ισ Σηοων ιν Αννεξ Χ Φενταλε Ιντεγρατεδ Ιρριγατιον Προϕεχτ

Φενταλε λαργε σχαλε ιντεγρατεδ ιρριγατιον, τηε προϕεχτ ον χονστρυχτιον ισ τηε ονε

χονσιδερεδ ασ 2009 σχεναριο. Τηε προϕεχτ αρεα ισ λοχατεδ ιν Εαστ Σηεωα ζονε,

ανδ νεαρ Μετεηαρα τοων. Ιτ ισ λοχατεδ ατ 8037 Ν, 39043∋Ε ανδ αλτιτυδε ϖαρψινγ

φρομ 1180μ α. σ. λ. το 950μ α.σ.λ.Τηε προϕεχτ ισ προποσεδ το ιρριγατε τηε χομμανδ αρεα οφ 18130 ηα ωιτη εξπεχτεδ βενεφιχιαρψ ηουσε ηολδσ οφ 1420 ανδ Μετεηαρα συγαρ φαχτορψ.

Τηε μαιν οβϕεχτιϖε οφ τηε σχηεμε ισ το ταχκλε φοοδ σεχυριτψ προβλεμσ οφ τηε πεασαντσ ανδ το συππλψ χανε συγαρ φορ Μετεηαρα συγαρ φαχτορψ.Ουτ οφ 18,130 ηα ποτεντιαλ λανδ 13,355 ηα ισ φουνδ το ποτεντιαλλψ συιταβλε φορ χροπσ ανδ 4,775 ηα αρε συιταβλε φορ φοραγε.

Ταβλε:4.8 Συμμαρψ οφ συιταβλε λανδ αλλοχατιον φορ ιρριγατεδ χροπσ ιν Φενταλε

No

Suitable land Allocated

area (ha)

Remark

1

Suitable land

for field crops

6717 Southern block

2

New proposed area by

OIDA

3940 For sugar cane and

field crops

3

Potential land to produce

sugar cane

2700 For sugar cane


66

4 Suitable for forage 4713 Alfalfa

Total 18130

Source: OIDA Fentale Report 2005

The following table shows the main crops proposed to be developed with their

command area allocation and expected yield.

Table: 4.9 Irrigation farm allocations for various crops

NO Types of crops Total area Yield /hectare

1 Sugar cane 2700 1600

2 Maize 2575 15

3 sorghum 2575 13

4 Teff 659 5

5 Onion 1961 145

6 Potato 800 140

7 Pepper 601 7

8 Cabbage 614 160

9 Tomato 567 220

10 Haricot bean 958 8

11 Orange 390 150

12 Forages/Alfalfa 4775 -

Total 18 130

Source: (OIDA Fentale Report 2005)

Nura Hera and Metehara meteorological stations are considered to be the most

reliable Class I stations from which meteorological information relevant to the

project area can be derived. The data from these stations is proposed to be used

for the catchment’s study as well as for estimation of meteorological variables at

the irrigation command area. The necessary adjustment for the differences in

elevation will be made in transferring the data for estimating the values of

reference crop evapo-transpiration (ETo) specific to Fentale project command

area.(The monthly irrigation water abstractions for Fentale is shown in Annex C)


67

4.3.4. Urban water Supply Τηε σιγνιφιχαντ τοωνσ τηατ υτιλιζε ωατερ φρομ Αωαση Ριϖερ ιν τηε υππερ Αωαση αρε Ναζερετη ανδ Μετεηαρα τοωνσ. Nazereth Water supply: Σταρτινγ φρομ Οχτοβερ 2002 Ναζερετη τοων ηαϖε υτιλιζεδ Αωαση ριϖερ ασ τηε τηειρ ονλψ ωατερ σουρχε. Τηε ραω ωατερ φορ τηισ σχηεμε ισ λοχατεδ ατ αβουτ 3κμ δοων στρεαμ οφ Κοκα δαμ ανδ ατ αβουτ 15 κμ διστανχε φρομ τηε χεντερ οφ τηε τοων Ταβλε: 3.10. Ποπυλατιον προϕεχτιον οφ Ναζερετη τοων Ψεαρ 1980 1985 1995 2005 2010 Λοω σχεναριο 68,000 86,000 134,000 199,000 242,000 Ηιγη σχεναριο 69,000 92,000 157,000 256,900 327,000 Μεδιυμ σχεναριο

68,000 89,500

145,000

226,500

282,200

Σουρχε: δραφτ ρεπορτ οφ Ναζερετη ωατερ συππλψ 1983 Αχχορδινγ τηε ωατερ συππλψ δεσιγν ρεπορτ οφ Αδαμα τοων τηερε ισ νο ελαβορατεδ δατα αϖαιλαβλε φορ μαϕορ ωατερ χονσυμερσ. Ουτ οφ τηε δατα χολλεχτεδ φρομ ωατερ συππλψ σερϖιχε οφφιχε φορ εαχη κεβελε τηε χονσυμερσ ωηο υσε μορε τηαν 30μ3

το 15 μ3 ωατερ περ μοντη ωερε ιδεντιφιεδ.Τηε ωατερ δεμανδ ισ χατεγοριζεδ ασ δομεστιχ ανδ νον δομεστιχ, ωηερε νον δομεστιχ δεμανδσ ινχλυδε πυβλιχ ανδ ινδυστριαλ δεμανδσ. Ταβλε: 3.11 Εστιματεδ ωατερ προϕεχτιονσ οφ Ναζερετη τοων Ηοριζον Δομεστιχ (μ3/δαψ) Νον δομεστιχ(μ3/δαψ) Τοταλ(μ3/δαψ) 2000 4001 1480 5481 2005 5815 2442 8257 2015 12201 5490 17691 2025 24653 8628 33281 Σουρχε: Ωαστε ωατερ στυδψ οφ Αδαμα τοων 2003 Νοτε: − τηε σψστεμ τακεσ 20% φορ λεακαγε ανδ λοσσεσ −Τηε αϖεραγε αννυαλ γροωτη ρατε οφ ποπυλατιον ισ 3.2% −Τηε μοντηλψ δεμανδ δατα ιν α ωαψ συιταβλε φορ ΩΕΑΠ μοδελ α

ρε σηοων ιν Αννεξ Χ Metehara Water supply;


68

Τηε δομεστιχ ανδ νον δομεστιχ ωατερ δεμανδσ φορ Μετεηαρα τοων ωιτη ποπυλατιον προϕεχτιονσ αρε σηοων βελοω. Ταβλε: 4.12. Αγγρεγατε ωατερ δεμανδ προϕεχτιον φορ Μετεηαρα τοων

Ψεαρ 1994 1999 2007 2017 Ποπυλατιον 4000 20,000 34,100 60,000 Δομεστιχ δεμανδ (μ3/δαψ)

364 558

1538

3780

Νον−δομεστιχ δεμανδ (μ3/δαψ) 203

323

606

1106

Αγγρεγατε αϖεραγε ωατερ δεμανδ(μ3/δαψ) 567

881

2144

4886

Αννυαλ γροωτη ρατε (%) 8.5 7.4 6.9 5.8 Σουρχε; Μετεηαρα τοων ωατερ συππλψ δεσιγν ρεπορτ

Τηε δεταιλεδ δατα οφ Μετεηαρα τοων ωατερ συππλψ ωηιχη αρε προϖιδεδ φορ τηε

ΩΕΑ μοδελ αρε σηοων ιν Αννεξ Χ.

4.3.5. Στρεαμ φλοω Δατα

Τηε στρεαμ φλοω δατα οφ χερταιν ηιστοριχαλ περιοδ αρε ρεθυιρεδ σπεχιφιχαλλψ ιν ορδερ το σετ υπ ανδ ρυν τηε αλλοχατιον μοδελ. Τηεσε αρε δεριϖεδ φρομ ρυνοφφ δατα

μεασυρεδ ατ σελεχτεδ γαυγεδ στατιονσ ιν τηε συβ βασιν. Στρεαμ φλοω ηασ βεεν

γαυγεδ ατ μανψ λοχατιονσ ον τηε Αωαση Ριϖερ οϖερ τηε ψεαρσ. Φορ μανψ οφ

τηεσε σιτεσ, δατα ωερε χολλεχτεδ φορ ονλψ σηορτ περιοδσ οφ τιμε ανδ φορ μανψ ιτ ωασ νοτ ποσσιβλε το εσταβλιση αν αδεθυατε ρατινγ χυρϖε. Τηε δατα φορ αλλ οφ τηε στατιονσ ωερε προϖιδεδ φρομ τηε Ηψδρολογψ Δεπαρτμεντ οφ ΜοΩΡ ανδ χαρεφυλλψαναλψζεδ ανδ ασσεσσεδ.Αμονγ τηε οϖεραλλ γαυγινγ στατιονσ οφ τηε Αωαση ριϖερ βασιν φορ τηισ στυδψ φεω οφ τηε αϖαιλαβλε στατιονσ οφ υππερ Αωαση ϖαλλεψ αρε

σελεχτεδ ανδ λιστεδ ιν τηε φολλοωινγ ταβλε 3.13.

Ταβλε 4.13: Ηψδρολογιχαλ Γαυγινγ Στατιονσ οφ τηε στυδψ αρεα ιντο χονσιδερατιον


69

Στατιον ναμε

Λατιτυδε νορτη

Λονγιτυδε εαστ

Περιοδ οφ δατα

Χατχημεντ αρεα(Κμ2)

Αωαση ≅ Ηομβολε 8023∋ 38047∋ 1962−2000 7656

Μοϕο ≅ Μοϕο ϖιλλαγε 8036∋ 39024∋ 1962−2000 1264

Αωαση βελοω Κοκα 8028∋ 39014∋ 1970−2000 11219

αωαση ≅ Ωονϕι 8027∋ 39014∋ 1969−2000 11690

Κελετα ≅ Σιρε 8017∋ 39024∋ 1966−1999 747

Αωαση≅ Νυρα Ηερα 8032∋ 39035∋ 1975−1997 14173

Αωαση ≅ Μετεηαρα 8015∋ 39051∋ 1962−2000 16416 Σουρχε: ΜοΩΡ ηψδρολογψ δεπαρτμεντ (Ωατερ ρεσουρχεσ−φλοοδ ηψδρολογψ στυδψ 2005) Μοστ στατιονσ ηιστοριχαλ δατα αρε αρρανγεδ ιν μεαν μοντηλψ ρυνοφφ βασισ φορ τηε περιοδ φρομ ϑανυαρψ 1962 το Δεχεμβερ 2004 βψ ΜοΩΡ ηψδρολογψ δεπαρτμεντ εξχεπτ σομε οφ τηε μισσινγ δατα. Ωηερε δατα αρε νοτ αϖαιλαβλε φορ τηε εντιρε ρεχορδ περιοδ ρεφερενχε ηασ βεεν μαδε το στατιονσφορ ωηιχη τηε αππροπριατε περιοδσ οφ ρεχορδ αρε αϖαιλαβλε ανδ τηε γαπσ ηαϖε βεεν φιλλεδ βψ μακινγ ρεφερενχε το τηε ρελατιϖε ρυνοφφ ποτεντιαλ οφ τηε χατχημεντσ βεινγ χομπαρεδ. Τηε ρεχορδσ ασ υσεδ το γενερατε τηε ινπυτ φιλεσ φορ τηε ΩΕΑΠ μοδελ αρε ινχλυδεδ ιν Αννεξ Α 4.3.6. Ρεσερϖοιρ Πηψσιχαλ ανδ οπερατινγ Δατα Τηε οπερατιον προχεδυρεσ οφ Κοκα δαμ ωασ προϖιδεδ βψ ΕΕΠΧ. Τηε δαμ ισ οπερατεδ πριμαριλψ φορ ποωερ προδυχτιον; τηατ ισ τηε λεϖελσ ανδ ρελεασεσ αρε χοντρολλεδ ιν ορδερ το αχηιεϖε τηε ρεθυιρεδ ποωερ προδυχτιον ατ τηε τηρεε στατιονσ.Οτηερ υσεσ αρε νοτ τακεν ιντο αχχουντ, ανδ νορ ισ τηερε ανψ νεεδ το οπερατε τηε ρεσερϖοιρ φορ φλοοδ χοντρολ. Ηοωεϖερ, σινχε ποωερ σψστεμσ αρε ιντερχοννεχτεδ αχροσσ τηε χουντρψ, τηε Αωαση στατιονσ χαννοτ βε χονσιδερεδ ιν ισολατιον. Τηε οπερατιον τακεσ αχχουντ οφ τηε οτηερ ηψδροποωερ ανδ τηερμαλ στατιονσ ιν τηε χουντρψ, τηε αϖαιλαβιλιτψ οφ ωατερ ανδ μαιντενανχε νεεδσ ατ αλλ σιτεσ ασ ωελλ ασ τηε εξπεχτεδ δεμανδσ.Τηισ μεανσ τηατ τηε οπερατιον οφ Κοκα χαννοτ βε δεφινεδ βψ ανψ στανδαρδ ρυλε ωηιχη ισ γενεραλλψ φολλοωεδ εαχη ψεαρ, βυτ ιτ ισ οπερατεδ διφφερεντλψ δεπενδινγ ον α ωιδε ρανγε οφ φαχτορσ.Φορ ινστανχε,ιν α


70

σιτυατιον ωηερεοτηερ στατιονσ αρε προδυχινγ βελοω νορμαλ,συχη ασ ωηεν ρεηαβιλιτατιον ωορκ ισ γοινγ ον, τηε δεμανδ φρομ Κοκα χουλδ βε ινχρεασεδ. Χονϖερσελψ, ωηεν οτηερ στατιονσ αρε προδυχινγ ατ ηιγη λεϖελ, α λοωερ λεϖελ οφ ποωερ γενερατιον ατ Κοκα χαν βε τολερατεδ. Ταβλε:4.14 ςολυμε−Ελεϖατιον ρελατιον οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ

Ωατερ λεϖελ α.σ.λ

ωατερ λεϖελ φορμ δατυμ (μ)

στοραγε ϖολυμε οφ Κοκα ατ 2007 (Μμ⊥3)

1591.4 111 1209 1590.7 110.3 1069 1589.4 109 811 1587.4 107 486 1585.4 105 213

1583.4 103 6

1582.4 102 0

1581.4 101 0 Source: Derived for 2007 from (Booker Tate study 2003)

Elevation -capacity curve

0500

10001500

1209 81

121

3 0

Volume(Mm^3)

Ele

vatio

n(m

)

Elevation -capacity curve

Figure 4.2 Volume elevation Curve of Koka reservoir

Table 4.15 Salient features of Koa reservoir Description Site Datum Ethiopian datum


71

(m) m a.s.l Dam crest 112.8 1593.2 Maximum Flood retention

111.8 1592.2

Normal operating level 110.3

1590.7

Spillway Gate invert level 104.6

1585.0

General silt level Upstream of Dam

100.3

1580.7

Power station water Intake Invert level

95

1575.4

Bottom Outlet Invert Level 89.1

1569.5

Minimum foundation level at dam

71

1551.4

Source: Derived from Booker Tate 2003

Τηε τοταλ ωατερ αβστραχτιον φρομ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ φορ τηε χυρρεντ ιρριγατιον λεϖελ ωασεστιματεδ ασ 823 Μμ⊥3 αννυαλλψ. Ωηεν Τενδαηο Δαμ ισ οπερατιοναλ τηε τοταλ Κοκα ρελεασε φορ σατισφψινγ τηε δοωνστρεαμ δεμανδ βεχομεσ 518 μμ⊥3 (τηατ ισ ρεδυχινγ τηε πρεσεντ λοωερ ϖαλλεψ δεμανδ οφ 140Μμ⊥3).Τηε πρεσεντ (2007) λιϖε στοραγε οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ ατ φυλλ ρεσερϖοιρ λεϖελ οφ 1590.7 μ ισ αβουτ 1069Μμ⊥3 ωιτη τηε αννυαλ σεδιμεντατιον ρατε οφ 17Μμ⊥3. Αχχορδινγ το τηε Βοοκερ στυδψ οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ ωατερ βαλανχε μαδε οϖερ τηε περιοδ1962−2003 μεαν αννυαλ σεεπαγε λοσσ ισ τακεν ασ μεαν ινφλοω ιν το κοκα 1588Μμ⊥3 μινυσ Ουτ φλοω 1332 Μμ⊥3 μινυσ Νετ εϖαπορατιον λοσσ 177Μμ⊥3 ωηιχη ισ εθυαλ το 79Μμ⊥3.

Table 4.16: The expected Koka reservoir capacity of future years

Ψεαρσ

Εξπεχτεδ ϖολυμε Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ Μμ⊥3

2007 1052 2008 1035 2009 1018 2010 1001 2011 984 2012 967 2013 950 2014 933


72

2015 916 2016 899 2017 882 2018 865 2019 848 2020 831 2021 814 2022 797 2023 780 2024 763 2025 746 2026 729 2027 712

2028 695 2038

525

Reservoir capacity

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2007

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2038

Years

Volu

me

(Mm

3)

Reservoir capacity

Φιγυρε 4.3 Ρεδυχτιον ρατε οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ χαπαχιτψ Τηερε ισ γενεραλλψ πατχηψ ινφορματιον αϖαιλαβλε ον χαπαχιτψ ανδ συρφαχε αρεα οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ τηρουγη τηε ψεαρσ. Τηισ στυδψ ηασ αδοπτεδ τηε κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ δατα τηατ ισ εστιματεδ βψ ΕΕΠΧ ιν 1999 ωηιχη ωασ υπδατεδ ανδ ρεινφορχεδ βψ Βοοκερ Τατε ιν 2003.


73

Chapter 5

The model Application and Data Analysis 5.1. WEAP model and its Analysis

Τηε σοφτ ωαρε σελεχτεδ φορ τηε αναλψσισ οφ τηισ στυδψ ισ τηε ωατερ εϖαλυατιον ανδ πλαννινγ σψστεμ (ΩΕΑΠ).Ιτ ισ α μιχροχομπυτερ τοολ υσεδ φορ ιντεγρατεδωατερ ρεσουρχεσ πλαννινγ.Ιτ οπερατεσ ον βασιχ πρινχιπλεσ οφ ωατερ βαλανχεαππλιχατιον φορ ιρριγατεδ αγριχυλτυραλ χατχημεντσ ανδ χομπλεξ τρανσβουνδαρψ ριϖερ σψστεμ. Τηε σελεχτιον οφ ΩΕΑΠ φορ τηισ παρτιχυλαρ στυδψ ισ δυε το ιτσ αβιλιτψ το χομπυτε ιρριγατιον ωατερ ανδ οτηερ δεμανδσ βασεδ ον αϖαιλαβλε δατα. Ιτ ισ α ρεχεντ μοδελ τηατ ποσσεσσεσ α νυμβερ οφ ϖερσατιλιτψ ανδ αδϖανταγεσ.ΩΕΑΠ ισ τηε μαϕορ αναλψτιχ τοολ ιν οργανιζινγ δατα, προϕεχτινγ ωατερ δεμανδ ανδ συππλψ, ανδ εϖαλυατινγ αλτερνατιϖε ωατερ δεϖελοπμεντ στρατεγιεσ.

ΩΕΑΠ ισ χομπρεηενσιϖε, στραιγητφορωαρδ ανδ εασψ−το−υσε, ανδ αττεμπτσ το

ασσιστ ρατηερ τηαν συβστιτυτε φορ τηε σκιλλεδ πλαννερ. Ασ α δαταβασε, ΩΕΑΠ


74

προϖιδεσ α σψστεμ φορ μαινταινινγ ωατερ δεμανδ ανδ συππλψ ινφορματιον. Ασ

α φορεχαστινγ τοολ,ΩΕΑΠ σιμυλατεσ ωατερ δεμανδ, συππλψ,φλοωσ,ανδ στοραγε

Ασ α πολιχψ αναλψσισ τοολ,ΩΕΑΠ εϖαλυατεσ α φυλλ ρανγε οφ ωατερ δεϖελοπμετ

ανδ μαναγεμεντ οπτιονσ ανδ τακεσ αχχουντ οφ μυλτιπλε ανδ χομπετινγ υσε

οφ ωατερ σψστεμσ.

ΩΕΑΠ αππλιχατιονσ γενεραλλψ ινχλυδε σεϖεραλ στεπσ. Τηε στυδψ δεφινιτιον σετσ υπ τηε τιμε φραμε, σπατιαλ βουνδαρψ, σψστεμ χομπονεντσ ανδ

χονφιγυρατιον οφ τηε προβλεμ. Τηε Χυρρεντ Αχχουντσ προϖιδε α σναπσηοτ οφ αχτυαλ ωατερ δεμανδ,ρεσουρχεσ ανδ συππλιεσ φορ τηε σψστεμ. Αλτερνατιϖε

σετσ οφ φυτυρε ασσυμπτιονσ αρε βασεδ ον πολιχιεσ , χοστσ, τεχηνολογιχαλ

δεϖελοπμεντ ανδ οτηερ φαχτορσ τηατ αφφεχτ δεμανδ, πολλυτιον, συππλψ ανδ

ηψδρολογψ. Σχεναριοσ αρε χονστρυχτεδ χονσιστινγ οφ αλτερνατιϖε σετσ οφ

ασσυμπτιονσ ορ πολιχιεσ. Φιναλλψ, τηε σχεναριοσ αρε εϖαλυατεδ ωιτη ρεγαρδ το ωατερ συφφιχιενχψ, χοστσ ανδ βενεφιτσ,χομπατιβιλιτψ ωιτη ενϖιρονμενταλ

ταργετσ, ανδ σενσιτιϖιτψ το υνχερταιντψ ιν κεψ ϖαριαβλεσ.

ΩΕΑΠ χαν αδδρεσσ α ωιδε ρανγε οφ ισσυεσ λικε σεχτοραλ δεμανδ αναλψσισ, ωατερ χονσερϖατιον, ωατερ ριγητσ ανδ αλλοχατιον πριοριτιεσ, γρουνδ ωατερ ανδ στρεαμ φλοω σιμυλατιον, ρεσερϖοιρ οπερατιον, ηψδροποωερ γενερατιον, πολλυτιον τραχκινγ, εχοσψστεμ ρεθυιρεμεντσ, ϖυλνεραβιλιτψ ασσεσσμεντσ ανδ βενεφιτ


75

αναλψσισ.ΩΕΑΠ ισ στρυχτυρεδ ανδ οργανιζεδ ιν το φιϖε σεπαρατε βυτ ιντεγρατεδ χορε προγραμσ; τηε σετυπ, Δεμανδ, Διστριβυτιον, Συππλψ ανδ εϖαλυατιον προγραμσ. Τηε σετυπ προγραμ εσταβλισηεσ τηε προγραμ υνδερ στυδψ, δεφινινγ τηε στυδψ αρεα, τιμε ηοριζον, σψστεμ πηψσιχαλ χομπονεντσ ανδ τηειρ σπατιαλ ανδ τεμποραλ ρελατιον σηιπσ. Τηε δεμανδ προγραμ υσεσ δεμογραπηιχ , σοχιο− εχονομιχ ανδ υνιτ ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ ινφορματιον το γενερατε τηε χυρρεντ ανδ φυτυρε ωατερ δεμανδ αχχουντσ φορ εαχη δεφινεδ δεμανδ σιτεσ. Προϕεχτεδ ωατερ δεμανδσ αρε πασσεδ το τηε συππλψ προγραμ φορ ωατερ βαλανχε αναλψσισ.Τηε διστριβυτιον προγραμ δεσχριβεσ τηε μοντηλψ δεμανδ ϖαριατιονσ,διστριβυτιον εφφιχιενχψ ιν εαχη δεφινεδ δεμανδ σιτε. Τηε συππλψ προγραμ σιμυλατεσ τηε σπατιαλ ανδ τεμποραλ ωατερ αλλοχατιονσ βετωεεν συππλψ σουρχεσ ανδ δεμανδ σιτεσ.Τηε εϖαλυατιον προγραμ εϖαλυατεσ ανδ χομπαρεσ διφφερεντ πολιχψ σχεναριοσ ιν τερμσ οφ δεμανδ μαναγεμεντ, τρανσμισσιον εφφιχιενχψ, ιμπροϖεμεντ, θυαντιτψ ανδ θυαλιτψ οφ τηε συππλιεδ ωατερ, ανδ τηε ενϖιρονμενταλ ανδ εχονομιχ ιμπαχτσ. ΩΕΑΠ χονσιστ οφ φιϖε μαιν ϖιεωσ: σχηεματιχ, Δατα, Ρεσυλτσ, Οϖερϖιεω ανδ Νοτεσ.Τηε σχηεματιχ ϖιεω ινδιχατεσ τηε χονφιγυρατιον οφ ουρ σψστεμ ινχλυδινγοβϕεχτσ λικε νοδεσ, ριϖερσ, ρεσερϖοιρσ ανδ διφφερεντ λινκσ. Τηε δατα ϖιεω αλλοωσ χρεατινγ ϖαριαβλεσ ανδ ρελατιονσηιπσ, εντερινγ ασσυμπτιονσ ανδ προϕεχτιονσ υσινγ ματηεματιχαλ εξπρεσσιονσ. Τηε ρεσυλτ ϖιεω αλλοωσ δεταιλεδ ανδ φλεξιβλε δισπλαψ οφ αλλ μοδελ ουτπυτσ ιν χηαρτσ ανδ ταβλεσ. Τηε οϖερϖιεω ηιγηλιγητσ κεψ ινδιχατορσ οφ τηε σψστεμ φορ θυιχκ ςι


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εωινγ. Φιναλλψ τηε νοτε ϖιεω προϖιδεσ α μεανσ το δοχυμεντ ασσυμπτιονσ οτηερ μεμορανδυμ.

Figure 5-1 Schematic of the study area with respect to Future scenario 5.2. Definitions of some terms used in the study 1. Schematic: It is the starting point for all activities in WEAP and the spatial lay out which

visualize the physical features of water supply and demand system. It


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contains nodes that represent physical components such as a demand site waste water treatment plants, ground water aquifer, reservoir or special

λοχατιον αλονγ α ριϖερ. Νοδεσ αρε λινκεδ βψ λινεσ τηατ ρεπρεσεντ τηε νατ

υραλ ορ μαν−μαδε ωατερ χονδυιτσ συχη ασ ριϖερ χηαννελσ, χαναλσ ανδ πιπελιν

εσ. Τηεσε λινεσ ινχλυδε ριϖερσ,διϖερσιονσ ανδ τρανσμισσιον λινκσ ανδ ρετυρν

φλοω λινκσ.Τηε σχηεματιχ οφ τηισ στυδψ ισ σηοων αβοϖε ιν φιγυρε 5.1. 2. Δεμανδ σιτε: Ιτ ισ τηε σετ οφ ωατερ υσερσ τηατ σηαρε α πηψσιχαλ διστριβυτιον σψστ

εμ, τηατ αρε αλλ ιν δεφινεδ ρεγιον ορ τηατ σηαρε αν ιμπορταντ ωιτηδραωαλ συππλ

ψ ποιντ.Ιν ουρ στυδψ τηερε αρε 16 δεμανδ νοδεσ ινχλυδινγ σεεπαγε λοσσεσ ασ ονε δεμανδ νοδε ιν φυτυρε σχανριο ανδ 12 δεμανδ νοδεσ ιν χυρρεντ σχεναριο. Μανψ σμαλλ δεμανδ σιτεσ ωιτη σιμιλαρ χηαραχτεριστιχσ αρε λυμπεδ τογετηερασ ονε νοδε φορ σιμπλιχιτψ το μαναγε τηε στυδψ ανδ ωιτη τηε φλεξιβιλιτψ

συππορτ οφ τηε μοδελ. Τηερε αρε μορε τηαν 15 σμαλλ σχαλε ΟΙΔΑ ιρριγατιον

σιτεσ ωηιχη αρε αμαλγαματεδ ασ α νοδε ΟΙΔΑ1.Φουρ υνδερ ιμπλεμεντεδ ΟΙΔΑ σμαλλ σχαλε ιρριγατιον σιτεσ φορ φυτυρε σχεναριο αρε λυμπεδ ασ

ΟΙΔΑ2 νοδε. 3. Current account Ιτ ισ τηε βασε ψεαρ φορ τηε μοδελ ανδ τηε σψστεμ ινφορματιον (ε.γ. δεμαν

δ δατα, συππλψ δατα). Ιτ ισ τηε σταρτινγ ψεαρ φορ αλλ σχεναριοσ το βε βυιλτ ανδ ρεφλεχτσ τηε οβσερϖεδ οπερατιον οφ τηε σψστεμ ασ δατα σψστεμ.Τηε χυρρεντ αχχουντ ψεαρ τακεν φορ τηισ στυδψ ισ 2008 φορ σχεναριο Ι ανδ 2010 φορ

σχεναριο ΙΙ. 4. Σχεναριοσ: Σχεναριοσ αρε σελφ χονσιστεντ στορψ λινεσ οφ ηοω α φυτυρε σψστεμ

μιγητ εϖολϖε οϖερ τιμε ιν α παρτιχυλαρ σοχιοεχονομιχ σεττινγ ανδ υνδερ α

παρτιχυλαρ σετ οφ πολιχψ ανδ τεχηνολογψ χονδιτιονσ.Αλλ σχεναριοσ σταρτ φρομ α χομμον ψεαρ (χυρρεντ αχχουντ δατα) ανδ εξπλορε ποσσιβλε χηανγεσ το τηε σψστεμ ιν τηε φυτυρε ψεαρσ αφτερ α χυρρεντ αχχουντ ψεαρσ.


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5. Reference scenario

Ιτ χαρριεσ φορωαρδ τηε χυρρεντ αχχουντ δατα ιν το τηε προϕεχτ ψεαρ περιοδ

σπεχιφιεδ ανδ σερϖεσ ασ α ποιντ οφ χομπαρισον φορ οτηερ σχεναριοσ ιν ωηιχη οτηερ χηανγεσ μαψ βε μαδε το τηε σψστεμ δατα. Τηε ρεφερενχε

σχεναριο περιοδ σελεχτεδ φορ τηισ στυδψ ρανγεσ φρομ 2008 το 2038. Τηισ

εναβλεσ το σεε τηε χονδιτιονσ οφ τηε σιμυλατιονσ φορ τηε χομινγ 30 ψεαρσ.

6. Annual actively level: Ιτ ισ τηε αμουντ οφ ωατερ ρεθυιρεδ αννυαλλψ φορ εαχη δεμανδ σιζε τηε

αρε οφ λανδ βεινγ ιρριγατεδ αννυαλλψ.Τηε αρεα οφ ιρριγαβλε λανδ σπεχιφιε

δ ιν εαχη ιρριγατιον δεμανδ σιτε ανδ τηε ποπυλατιον σιζε το χονσυμε τηε υρβ

ανωατερ (Ναζερετη ανδ Μετεηαρα) αρε χονσιδερεδ ασ αννυαλλψ αχτιϖελψ

λεϖελσ ιν τηισ αναλψσισ

7. Annual water use rate: Τηε αϖεραγε ωατερ χονσυμπτιον περ υνιτ οφ αχτιϖιτψ λεϖελ ινδιχατινγ τηε νετ ϖολυμε οφ ωατερ ρεθυιρεδ φορ εαχη ηεχταρε οφ λανδ αννυαλλψ. Τηε

αννυαλ ωατερ υσε ρατε ισ εστιματεδ ιν μ3/ηα φορ ιρριγατιον δεμανδσ ανδ μ3/περσον φορ υρβαν ωατερ συππλψ. 8. Monthly variation:

Τηε ϖαριατιον οφ ωατερ δεμανδ φρομ μοντη το μοντη εξπρεσσεδ ασ περχενταγε οφ αννυαλ ωατερ υσεδ ιν εαχη μοντη. Φρομ τηε προποσεδ ιρριγατιον σχηεδυλε εαχη μοντη ηασ ιτσ οων ιρριγατιον ρεθυιρεμεντ τηατ αγγρεγατε το φορμ τηε αννυαλ δεμανδ.Τηε ωατερ δεμανδ οφ εαχη μοντη ισ εξπρεσσεδ ασ α περχενταγε οφ τηε αννυαλ δεμανδ ωασ υσεδ ιν τηε αναλψσισ.

9. Return flow:

Ιτ ισ τηε παρτ ωατερ τηατ ισ νοτ χονσυμεδ ατ α δεμανδ σιτε ανδ χαν βε

διρεχτεδ το ονε ορ μορε δεμανδ σιτεσ, ωαστε ωατερ τρεατμεντ πλαντσ,


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συρφαχε ορ γρουνδ ωατερ νοδεσ. Ρετυρν φλοωσ αρε σπεχιφιεδ ασ α περχενταγε οφ ουτφλοωσ.Τηε ρετυρν φλοωσ φορ αλλ δεμανδ νοδε αρε σπ

εχιφιεδ ιν Αννεξ Χ οφ τηισ στυδψ. 10. Transmission link:

Τηεσε αρε λινεσ τηατ χαρρψ ωατερ φρομ λοχαλ ανδ ριϖερ συππλιεσ το δεμανδ σιτεσ, συβϕεχτ το λοσσεσ ανδ πηψσιχαλ χαπαχιτψ, χοντραχτυαλ ανδ οτηερ χονστραιντσ. Ιτ ισ αλσο ρεθυιρεδ το βρινγ ωατερ το σατισφψ ιρριγατιον ρεθυιρεμεντσ ιν χατχημεντσ τηατ ηαϖε βεεν ινδιχατεδ το ηαϖε ιρριγατιον.

11. Demand priority;

ΩΕΑΠ αλλοχατεσ ωατερ αχχορδινγ το τηε δεμανδ πριοριτψ ασσοχιατεδ

ωιτη εαχη δεμανδ σιτε. Τηε σιτε ωιτη ηιγηεστ πριοριτψ (λοωερ νυμβερ) γετ ωατερ φιρστ, φολλοωεδ βψ σιτεσ ωιτη λοωερ πριοριτιεσ (ηιγη νυμβε

ρ) ασ αϖαιλαβιλιτψ αλλοωσ.

12. Reservoir Physical data:

Στοραγε χαπαχιτψ:ισ τηε τοταλ χαπαχιτψ οφ τηε ρεσερϖοιρ, τηε ηιγηεστ ϖαλυε προϖιδεδ ασ τηε μαξιμυμ ϖολυμε−ελεϖατιον χυρϖε ωασ

υσεδ. Τηισ μαψ ηασ α δραω βαχκ φρομ εχονομιχ ανδ ωατερ στοραγε περσπεχτιϖεσ ανδ νεεδσ φυρτηερ οπτιμιζατιον το δετερμινε τηε οπτιμαλ στοραγε σιζε.

Ινιτιαλ στοραγε: ιτ ισ τηε αμουντ οφ ωατερ στορεδ ιν τηε ρεσερϖ

οιρ ατ τηε βεγιννινγ οφ τηε φιρστ μοντη οφ τηε χυρρεντ αχχουντ ψεαρ

σιμυλατιον.

ςολυμε ελεϖατιον χυρϖε: ιτ ισ τηε ρελατιονσηιπ βετωεεν ρεσερϖοιρ ϖολυμε (Μμ3) ανδ ελεϖατιον (μ).

Νετ εϖαπορατιον: ιτ ισ εξπρεσσεδ ιν μοντηλψ βασισ το ρεπρεσεν

τ τηε διφφερενχε βετωεεν εϖαπορατιον ανδ πρεχιπιτατιον ον τηε ρεσερϖοιρ συρφαχε.

5.3. Data organization for WEAP model


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5.3.1. Demand side requirements ΩΕΑΠ μοδελ ρεθυιρεσ τηε σιμπλιφιεδ ανδ σοπηιστιχατεδ δατα φρομ βοτη δεμανδ ανδ συππλψ σιδεσ. Ιν τηισ στυδψ τηερε αρε α τοταλ οφ 9 σιμπλιφιεδ ιρριγατιον δεμανδ νοδεσ ανδ 2 υρβαν ωατερ συππλψ δατα ρεθυιρεμεντσ τηατ αρε αμαλγαματεδ φρομ τωο ανδ μορε σμαλλ δεμανδ σιτεσ ασ περ το γεογραπηιχαλ αππροαχη ανδ οτηερ σιμιλαρ παραμετερσ αμονγ τηεμ. Τηε δεμανδ νοδεσ ωιτη μορε ωατερ αβστραχτιονσ αρε ιρριγατιον δεμανδσ. Σομε οφ τηε δατα συχη ασ ωατερ θυαλιτψ δεμανδ μαναγεμεντ ανδ εχονομιχ αναλψσισ ρεθυιρεδ ιν ΩΕΑΠ μοδελ αρε νοτ χονχερνεδ ιν τηισ στυδψ, σο τηατ τηε δατα ισ νοτ οργανιζεδ φορ συχη παραμετερσ. Τηε παραμετερσ υσεδ ιν ουρ χασεσ αρε τηε αχτιϖιτψ λεϖελ οφ εαχη δεμανδ σιτε, αννυαλ ωατερ υσε ανδ μοντηλψ ϖαριατιονσ, χονσυμπτιον ανδ λοσσεσ ανδ ρετυρν φλοωσ αφτερ χονσυμπτιονσ φρομ δεμανδ σιδεσ. Τηε αχτιϖιτψ λεϖελσ φορ ιρριγατιον δεμανδ σιτεσ αρε τηε νετ ηεχταρεσ οφ λανδ υνδερ ιρριγατιον, σπεχιφιεδ φορ εαχη νοδε.Μοντηλψ ωατερ δεμανδ (Μμ3) ισ εστιματεδ φρομ τηε χροπ ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντ δατα σηοων ιν Αννεξ Β ανδ Χ. Ωατερ Δεμανδ φορ ιρριγατιον (μ3) =ΝΙΡ (μμ)∗Ιρριγατεδ αρεα (ηα) ∗10 ΝΙΡ= νετ ιρριγατιον ρεθυιρεμεντ Τοταλ ωατερ αβστραχτιον (μ3) = ΓΙΡ (μμ) ∗ Ιρριγαβλε αρεα ∗10 ΓΙΡ= ΝΙΡ/η ΓΙΡ = Γροσσ ιρριγατιον ρεθυιρεμεντ η= Οϖερ αλλ εφφιχιενχψ Μοντηλψ ϖαριατιον ισ τηε ρατιο οφ ωατερ τηατ ισ αβστραχτεδ ιν σπεχιφιχ μοντη το τηε αννυαλ αβστραχτιον. Τηε συμ οφ τοταλ μοντηλψ ϖαριατιονσ ισ εθυαλ το 1.Τηε ρετυρν φλοω φορ αλλ οφ τηε δεμανδ σιτεσ ισ ασσυμεδ το βε 10% το 20% οφ τηε τοταλ αβστραχτεδ ωατερ. Χονσυμπτιον ισ αλσο ασσυμεδ ωιτη ρεσπεχτ το ρετυρν φλοωσ. Χονσυμπτιον (%) = 100%−Ρετυρν φλοω (%)


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Αμονγ τηε ελεϖεν δεμανδ νοδεσ σεϖεν αρε αχτιϖε το χυρρεντ ψεαρ. Τηε χυρρεντ ιρριγατιον αβστραχτιονσ φρομ δεμανδ σιδε αρε ασσυμεδ το βε χονσταντ φορ τηε ρεφερενχε σχεναριοσ. Τηε ωατερ δεμανδ οφ υρβαν ωατερ συππλψ σιτεσ ωιλλ βε ινχρεασεδ ωιτη τηειρ ποπυλατιον γροωτη ρατε.Φορ αλλ οφ τηε δεμανδ νοδεσ τηε σιμπλιφιεδ δατα ασ ΩΕΑΠ ρεθυιρεμεντ ισ σηοων ιν Αννεξ Χ. 5.3.2. Supply and Resources data Τηε συππλψ ανδ ρεσουρχεσ δατα ινχλυδεσ τηε ριϖερ νοδε συχη ρεσερϖοιρσ, ρυνοφφ ριϖερ ηψδροποωερ ανδ στρεαμ φλοω γαυγεσ.Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ ισ τηε ονλψ ωατερ ρεγυλατιον ιν τηε στυδψ αρεα ανδ αλλ τηε σαλιεντ δατα ρεθυιρεδ φορ ΩΕΑΠ αρε οργανιζεδ ιν Αννεξ Χ. Τηερε αρε τωο ρυν οφφ ριϖερ ηψδροποωερ σχηεμεσ (Αωαση ΙΙ ανδ Αωαση ΙΙΙ) βελοω Ωονϕι στατε φαρμ ατ Μελκασα. Τηε σιλεντ δατα ρεθυιρεδ φορ τηε μοδελ ισ δεριϖεδ φρομ Τηε Βοοκερ Τατε (2003) στυδψ ρεπορτ . Αφτερ τηε ρελεασε οφ Κοκα δαμ τηερε αρε σιξ γαυγεδ στατιονσ ιν τηε στυδψ αρεα. Τηε ηιστοριχαλ δατα οφ 43 ψεαρσ οβταινεδ φρομ ΜοΩΡ ισ υτιλιζεδ φορ τηισ στυδψ. Τηε ραω δατα ισ σηοων ιν τηε ταβλεσ οφ Αννεξ Α.ΩΕΑΠ νεεδσ τηε μοντηλψ ινπυτ οφ δατα τηατ αρε οργανιζεδ ιν ιν χηρονολογιχαλ ορδρερ. 5.3.3. Scenarios of the study area. Τηε ιρριγατιον δεμανδσ τηατ ηασ δεπενδεδ ον τηε ωατερ συππλψ ρελεασεδ φρομ τηε Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ χαν βε χατεγοριζεδ υνδερ τηε φολλοωινγ μαιν σχεναριοσ φορ τηε σακε τηισ στυδψ. Σχεναριο Ι : Τηε πρεσεντ (2007/2008) Ωατερ αβστραχτιονσ ρατε οφ τηε βασιν Κοκα δαμ ισ τηε ονλψ ωατερ σουρχε οφ αλλ τηε χυρρεντ ιρριγατιον δεϖελοπμεντσ οφ Αωαση ριϖερ βασιν. Αχχορδινγ το ΩΩΔΣΕ (2005) Αωαση ριϖερ μοδελινγ ρεπορτ αλλ τηε ιρριγατιον σχηεμεσ εξχεπτ Ωονϕι αρεασ (Υς1) , ωιλλ φαχε α


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σεϖερ ωατερ σηορταγε αφτερ 2038.Ηαλχροω (1989) προποσεδ τηε ραισινγ οφ Κοκα βψ τηρεε μετερσ ανδ ΚΒΡ (2003) ηασ συγγεστσ οπτιονσ οφ μιτιγατινγ

σεδιμεντατιον προβλεμσ. Τηεψ αλσο ρεχομμενδεδ τηε χονστρυχτιον οφ εαρτη δαμ ϕυστ βετωεεν τηε εξιστινγ δαμ οφ Κοκα ανδ τηε ηψδροποωερ. Τηε τοταλ ιρριγατεδ αρεα χυρρεντλψ βψ αβστραχτινγ ωατερ φρομ Κοκα ρελε

ασε ισ αβουτ 56 500 ηα.Νεαρλψ ηαλφ οφ τηε ιρριγατιον αρεα ισ λοχατεδ ιν τηε υππ

ερ Αωαση ϖαλλεψ. Ταβλε 5.1. Τηε ιρριγατιον αβστραχτιονσ ανδ Φαρμ σιζε υνδερ σχεναριο Ι

Σχεναριο 2 : Τηε χυρρεντ ιρριγατιον αβστραχτιονσ πλυσ Μοδερατε ιρριγατιον εξπανσιονσ ιν τηε υππερ ϖαλλεψ ανδ Φενταλε Προϕεχτ Ιν τηισ σχεναριο ιν αδδιτιον το τηε εξιστινγ ιρριγατιον λεϖελ τηερε συβσταν

τιαλ

Δεμανδ Φαρμσ

Δεμανδ Νοδε Ναμε

Ιρριγαβλε αρεα

Ωονϕι σατε φαρμ ανδ Ουτ γροωερσ

Υς1

7054

Νυρα Ερα χομπλεξεσ Υς2 8753 Μετεηαρα Αβαδιρ στατε φαρμσ

Υς3

12896

Σμαλλ σχαλε σχηεμεσ οφ Υππερ Αωαση ςαλλεψ

ΟΙΔΑ1

1607

Λοωερ ανδ Μιδδλε ςαλλεψ Φαρμσ

ΔΣΙρρ

26191

Τοταλ 56 501


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χοϖεραγε ιρριγατιον ιμπλεμεντατιονσ ανδ εξπανσιονσ χονσιδερεδ. Εϖεν τηουγη

τηε φυτυρε δεϖελοπμεντσ οφ λοωερ Αωαση ϖαλλεψ ιρριγατιονσ αρε νοτ μαινλψ

δεπενδεδ ον Κοκα ρελεασε,ηιγη εξπανσιονσ ιρριγατιον δεϖελοπμεντσ αρε γοινγ

ον Υππερ Αωαση ϖαλλεψ.Τηε σχηεμεσ υνδερ τηισ σχεναριο αρε προποσεδ το βε

φυνχτιοναλ ατ 2010. Νεαρ Μετεηαρα στατε φαρμ,τηε Φενταλε ιντεγρατεδ ιρριγατιον προϕεχτ ισ χυ

ρρεντλψ υνδερ χονστρυχτιον. Τηε τοταλ ιρριγατεδ αρεα υνδερ τηισ προϕεχτ ισ 18 130

ηα ανδ ιτ ισ προποσεδ το βε οπερατιοναλ ατ 2010.Αφτερ 2011 τηε τοταλ ιρριγατιο

ν σιζε τηατ δεπενδσ ον Κοκα ρελεασε χουλδ βε 95155ηα.ηεσε σηοω τηατ ωιτη ιν φιϖ

ε ψεαρσ (δεσιγν & χονστρυχτιον περιοδσ) τηε ιρριγατιον σιζε οφ τηε συβ βασι

ν δουβλεσ,σινχε μοστ οφ τηε σχηεμεσ ηαϖε βεεν σταρτεδ ατ 2005 ανδ αλλ ωιλλ

βε φυνχτιοναλ ατ 2010. Τηεσε ινχλυδεσ τηε Ωονϕι αρεα εξπανσιονσ (Ωελενχηιτι, Βοφα, Δοδοτα), Μετεηαρα εξπανσιονσ ανδ α νυμβερ οφ σμαλλ σχαλε ιρριγατιον ιρριγατιον

σ τηατ αρε ονστρυχτινγ βψ ΟΙΔΑ. Ταβλε 5.2; Μαϕορ ιρριγατιον αβστραχτιονσ ανδ τηειρ σιζε υνδερ σχεναριο ΙΙ

ΣΧ Ι: σχεναριο Ι 5.4. Μοδελ Χαλιβρατιον ανδ ςαλιδατιον Αωαση Ριϖερ μαιν στρεαμ ισ γαυγεδ ατ α νυμβερ οφ ιμπορταντ λοχατιονσ. Ιν τηε

Δεμανδ Φαρμσ

Δεμανδ Νοδε Ναμε Ιρριγαβλε αρεα (ηα)

Ωονϕι Αρεα ΩΑΕ 16715 Εξπανσιονσ Σμαλλ σχαλε ιρριγατιονσ

ΟΙΔΑ2

609

Μετεηαρα Εξπανσιον ΜΕΤ εξ 3200

Φενταλε Ιρριγατιον Φεντ 18130 Συμ 38654 Χυρρεντ Ιρριγατιονσ λεϖελ ΣΧ Ι 56501

Συβ τοταλ 95,156


84

Υππερ Αωαση ϖαλλεψ ασ παρτ οφ τηε στυδψ,τηερε αρε αβουτ νινε γαυγεδ στατιονσ. Τηεσε στατιονσ αρε διϖιδεδ ιν το α νυμβερ οφ συβ−χατχημεντσ ιν ορδερ το χαρρψ ουττηε αναλψσισ οφ ρυν οφφ χοντριβυτιονσ. Τηε συβ−χατχημεντσ ινχλυδε βοτη τηοσε γαυγεδ ανδ υνγαυγεδ χατχημεντσ. Ιν γενεραλ τηε υνγαυγεδ χατχημεντσ αρε ειτηερ σμαλλ ορ ιν αρεασ ωηερε ρυν−οφφ κνοων το βε ρελατιϖελψ λοω. Ιν τηισ παρτιχυλαρ στυδψ σινχε τηε μοδελ ισ χαρριεδ ουτ βψ τωο ρεφερενχε σχεναριοσ, βοτη χαλιβρατιον ανδ ϖαλιδατιον προχεσσεσ αρε περφορμεδ ιν τηε χυρρεντ σχεναριοσ. Τηε φιρστ σχεναριο δεσχριβεσ τηε σιτυατιον οφ χυρρεντ ωατερ αβστραχτιον φορ 2007/ 2008 λεϖελ οφ ιρριγατιον ανδ οτηερ δεμανδσ. Ιτ αλσο εϖαλυατεσ τηε αϖαιλαβιλιτψ οφ ωατερ ρεσουρχεσ ανδ συππλιεσ ασ περ το τηε χυρρεντ ρατε αβστραχτιον ωιτη ουτ αλτερινγ τηε δεμανδσ. Τηε σεχονδ σχεναριο σηοωσ τηε χονδιτιον ωηατ μιγητ ηαππεν, ιφ αλλ τηε ονγοινγ ωιλλ βε οπερατεδ ανδ υτιλιζε τηε αϖαιλαβλε ωατερ ρεσουρχεσ.Βοτη οφ τηεσε σχεναριοσ ασσυμεσ τηατ τηε εξιστινγ σιτυατιον οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ μαναγεμεντ ωιτη χονσταντ αννυαλ γροωτη ρατε οφ σεδιμεντατιον.Τηε στατιονσ το βε χαλιβρατεδ ιν τηισ στυδψ ισ; φλοω μεασυρεδ ατ Αωαση ριϖερ ατ Αωαση στατιον . Τηε χαλιβρατιον προχεσσ ισ δονε βψ υτιλιζινγ 50% οφ στρεαμ φλοω δατα (1983−2004) ανδ ςαλιδατιον ισ δονε βψ υσινγ 30% (1992−2004) δατα. Τηε οβσερϖεδ ανδ σιμυλατεδ στρεαμ φλοω δατα ατ στατιον ισ αναλψσεδ φορ τηε χυρρεντ σψστεμ.


85

-200

0

200

400

600

800

0 50 100

150

200

Months

Flow

(m3/

sec)

AwashObserved flowWEAP Result

y = 1.6645x - 40R2 = 0.6624

-200

0200

400600

800

0 100 200 300 400Months

Flow

(m3/

sec)

Φιγυρε 5.2. Μοντηλψ σιμυλατεδ ανδ Οβσερϖεδ Φλοω οφ Αωαση ατ αωαση (1983−2004)

88

Χηαπτερ 6 Results and Discussion 6.1 Γενεραλ οβσερϖατιονσ

Τηε ρεσυλτσ ιν τηισ μοδελ αρε περφορμεδ βψ σεπαρατινγ τηε ωατερ δεμανδ χονδιτιονσ ιν το τωο σχεναριοσ.Τηε χυρρεντ ωατερ αβστραχτιον σιτεσ αρε χονσιδερεδ ασ σχεναριο Ι ανδ τηε νεω ιμπλεμεντινγ σχηεμεσ ωιτη τηειρ εστιματεδ ωατερ δεμανδσ ιν χομβινατιον οφ χυρρεντ αβστραχτιον αρε χονσιδερεδ ασ σχεναριο ΙΙ. Τηε χυρρεντ αχχουντ φορ σχεναριο Ι ανδ σχεναριο ΙΙ αρε 2008 ανδ 2010 ρεσπεχτιϖελψ. Τηε ρεφερενχε σχεναριοσ αρε χονσιδερεδ ασ 2009− 2038 ανδ 2011−2038 φορ χυρρεντ σχεναριο ανδ φυτυρε σχεναριο ρεσπεχτιϖελψ. Τηερε ισ ρελατιϖελψ νο ηιγη ρισκ οφ ωατερ δεφιχιτ αχχορδινγ το τηε αναλψσισ οφ σχεναριο Ι χομπαρεδ το τηε σχεναριο ΙΙ.

Ιφ τηε ωατερ αβστραχτιον χοντινυεσ ασ α χυρρεντ ρατε (ιν τηε σχεναριο Ι) τηε

δελιϖερεδ ωατερ το αλλ δεμανδ σιτεσ ωιλλ δεχλινε φρομ 1,018.9 ΜΜΧ (ατ 2008) το 681.3 ΜΜΧ (ατ 2038) φορ εξιστινγ ιρριγατιον φαρμσ, ωηερε ασ τηε υνμετ δεμανδ ρισεσ φρομ 56.3 ΜΜΧ (ατ 2008) το 561.1 ΜΜΧ (ατ 2038).Ιν τηισ σχεναριο μορε τηαν 50% οφ ιρριγατιον ωατερ δεφιχιτ ισ οβσερϖεδ ον δοων στρεαμ ιρριγατιονσ ναμελψ ιν τηε μιδδλε ανδ λοωερ εξιστινγ ιρριγατιον φαρμσ. Φρομ τηε αναλψζεδ ρεσυλτσ, τηε συππλψ ρεθυιρεμεντ ατ 2038 ωιλλ βε υνμετ βψ 46 %.

Ιν τηε σχεναριο ΙΙ, ωηερε τηε εξιστινγ ιρριγατιον σιζε νεαρλψ δουβλεσ ιν τηε συβ−

βασιν, τηε χριτιχαλ ωατερ δεφιχιτ οβσερϖεδ ιν τηε ρεφερενχε σχεναριο φορ αλλ ιρριγατιον φαρμσ. Ιν τηισ σχεναριο τηε αμουντ οφ συππλψ δελιϖερεδ ωιλλ δεχλινε φρομ 1,437 ΜΜΧ το 994.1 ΜΜΧ φρομ ψεαρσ 2010 το 2028 ρεσπεχτιϖελψ. Βυτ τηε υνμετ δεμανδ ρισεσ φρομ 345.2ΜΜΧ το 925 ΜΜΧ (φρομ 2010 το 2038).Τηε αναλψσισ σηοωσ τηατ τηε συππλψ ρεθυιρεμεντ ατ 2038 ωιλλ βε υνμετ βψ 51%.

Τηε εντιρε ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντσ ανδ μοντηλψ σιμυλατεδ ωατερ δεμανδσ οφ βοτη σχεναριοσ αρε σηοων βελοω ιν ιν ταβλεσ 6.1 ανδ 6.2 ωιτη ρεσπεχτιϖε φιγυερσ. ωατερ αλλοχατιον πριοριτιεσ οφ εαχη δεμανδ νοδε αρε δισχυσσεδ ατ 6.4.

89

Table 6.1.Water Demand (not including loss, reuse and DSM) scenario I In Mm3

UV3 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

Seep4 gfedcb

Seep3 gfedcb

Seep2 gfedcb

Seep1 gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

Koka Seep gfedcb

DSirr gfedcb

Water Demand (not including loss, reuse and DSM)Scenario: Current Rate, All months

January February March April May June July August September November

Million

Cub

ic M

eter

90

85

80

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

DSirr gfedcb

Koka Seep gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

Seep1 gfedcb

Seep2 gfedcb

Seep3 gfedcb

Seep4 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV3 gfedcb

Water Demand (not including loss, reuse and DSM)Scenario: Current Rate, All months

January February March April May June July August October December

Million Cub

ic M

eter

44424038363432302826242220181614121086420

Figure.6.1 Monthly average demands (with out including losses) of Current demands

Nodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sum DSirr 3.5 3.4 3.2 17.9 45.9 42.9 10.4 7 26.4 26.4 9.8 6.5 203.3Metehara WS 1 0.9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12.2Nazereth 1.2 1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 13.6OIDA1 2.6 3.2 3.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 1.7 11.3UV1 6.4 6.2 6 5.9 6.2 6.1 2 1.2 1.9 4.5 6 6.4 59.1UV2 9.8 9.4 9 9 9.4 9.3 3.1 1.9 2.8 6.9 9.1 9.8 89.5UV3 13.5 13.4 13.9 15.9 17.4 19.1 17.8 8.6 9.9 17.4 17 15 179Sum 38 37.5 37.4 50.8 81.2 79.7 35.7 21 43.1 57.4 44 41.6 568

90

The total net amount of water required to meet the irrigation demands of all the sites up to 2028 is 568Mm3. May and June months with maximum demand requirements than other months. The middle and lower valley irrigation sites in combination needs more water in each month.

Table: 6.2. Water demand (with out losses in MMC) with respect to future scenario

All Others gfedcb

WAE gfedcb

UV3 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

Seep4 gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

Met Exp gfedcb

Koka Seep gfedcb

FENT gfedcb

DSirr gfedcb

Water Demand (not including loss, reuse and DSM)Scenario: Future, All months


Million

Cub

ic M

eter

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 6.2 .a .Monthly average water demands of future scenario

Nodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sum DSirr 3.5 3.4 3.2 17.9 45.9 42.9 10.4 7 26.4 26.4 9.8 6.5 203.3FENT 15.3 13.8 8.3 17 20.9 29.3 21.8 29.7 29.8 25.1 20 21.4 252.5Koka Seep 4.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 7.5 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 5.6 4.6 89.9Met Exp 2.5 0.4 1.3 2.4 2.2 2.9 4.1 4.8 4 2.8 2.1 1.8 31.2Metehara Ws 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 10.4Nazereth 1.1 1 1.1 1 1.1 1 1.1 1.1 1 1.1 1 1.1 12.6OIDA1 2.6 3.2 3.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 1.7 11.3Seep4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.5 10UV1 6.4 6.2 6 5.9 6.2 6.1 2 1.2 1.9 4.5 6 6.4 59.1UV2 9.8 9.4 9 9 9.4 9.3 3.1 1.9 2.8 6.9 9.1 9.8 89.5UV3 13.5 13.4 13.9 15.9 17.4 19.1 17.8 8.6 9.9 17.4 17 15 179WAE 17.4 15 15.9 15.5 19 18.5 2.2 0.3 8.4 18.6 19 18.4 168.5All Others 2.8 3.4 3.4 1.9 1.9 2.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 1.9 2.4 35.5Sum 81.1 76.4 72.4 93.6 131.4 141 79.9 72 101 120 93 90.4 1,152.80

91

DSirr gfedcb

FENT gfedcb

Koka Seep gfedcb

Met Exp gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

Seep4 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV3 gfedcb

WAE gfedcb

All Others gfedcb

Water Demand (not including loss, reuse and DSM)Scenario: Future, All months


Million Cub

ic M

eter

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Figure 6.2.b. Monthly average demands of each site with respect to Future scenario From the above simulated results the total water demand for future scenario in nearly twice of the current scenario. Fentale integrated irrigation project is the future demand site with maximum water demand next to down stream irrigations. The above computed water demand did not include the over losses of the particular systems. The entire supply requirements including losses for the current and future scenarios will be described in the tables 6.3 and 6.4 with their respective figures below. Table 6.3. Supply required including losses (MMC) in Current scenario

Nodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sum

DSIrr 7 6.8 6.5 35.

7 92 8620.

8 1452.

8 52.8 19.

7 12.

9 406.6Koka Seep 4.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 7.5

11.3

11.3

11.3 11.3 5.6 4.6 89.9

Metehara WS 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 15.3Nazereth 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 17OIDA1 3.8 4.6 4.4 0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 2.5 16.2Seep1 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.5 10Seep2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.5 10Seep3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.5 10Seep4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.5 10UV1 9.9 9.6 9.2 9.1 9.6 9.4 3.1 1.9 2.9 7 9.3 9.9 91

UV2 24.

4 23.

6 22.

6 22.

6 24 23 7.7 4.6 7.1 17.2 22.

7 24.

4 223.8

UV3 24.

5 24.

4 25.

3 28.

9 32 3532.

415.

7 18 31.7 31 27.

2 325.5

Sum 79.

2 79.

6 78.

8 107 168167

83.3

55.5

99.7

127.7

93.5

86.4

1,225.20

92

UV3 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

Seep4 gfedcb

Seep3 gfedcb

Seep2 gfedcb

Seep1 gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

Koka Seep gfedcb

DSirr gfedcb

Supply Requirement (including loss, reuse and DSM)Scenario: Current Rate, All months


Millio

n Cub

ic M

eter

160

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DSirr gfedcb

Koka Seep gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

Seep1 gfedcb

Seep2 gfedcb

Seep3 gfedcb

Seep4 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV3 gfedcb

Supply Requirement (including loss, reuse and DSM)Scenario: Current Rate, All months

January March April May June July August October December

Mill

ion

Cub

ic M

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908580757065605550454035302520151050

Fig: 6.3. Supply required including losses (MMC) in Current scenario Table 6.4. Supply Requirement (including losses in MMC) for future scenario Nodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec DSirr 7 6.8 6.5 35.7 91.8 85.7 20.8 14 52.8 52.8 19.7 12.9FENT 25.5 23 13.9 28.4 34.8 48.8 36.4 49.6 49.7 41.8 33.1 35.7Met Exp 4.2 0.7 2.2 3.9 3.7 4.8 6.8 7.9 6.7 4.6 3.5 3Metehara WS 1.1 1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1Nazereth 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3OIDA1 4.4 5.4 5.1 0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 2.9UV1 9.9 9.6 9.2 9.1 9.6 9.4 3.1 1.9 2.9 7 9.3 9.9UV2 24.4 23.6 22.6 22.6 23.6 23.2 7.7 4.6 7.1 17.2 22.7 24.4UV3 24.5 24.4 25.3 28.9 31.6 34.7 32.4 15.7 18 31.7 31 27.2WAE 23.2 20.1 21.2 20.7 25.4 24.7 2.9 0.4 11.1 24.7 25.6 24.5

93

All Others gfedcb

WAE gfedcb

UV3 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

Seep4 gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

Met Exp gfedcb

Koka Seep gfedcb

FENT gfedcb

DSirr gfedcb

Supply Requirement (including loss, reuse and DSM)Scenario: Future, All months


Millio

n Cub

ic M

eter

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

DSirr gfedcb

FENT gfedcb

Koka Seep gfedcb

Met Exp gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

Seep4 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV3 gfedcb

WAE gfedcb

All Others gfedcb

Supply Requirement (including loss, reuse and DSM)Scenario: Future, All months


Mill

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Cub

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908580757065605550454035302520151050

Figure 6.4 Supply Requirement for future scenario 6.2. Allocation of Delivered Supplies As stated in the previous topic there is no high risk of water shortage if the demand condition continues with the current abstraction rate. According to this analysis there is no full required supply coverage for both the current and future scenarios. The delivered amount of water is allocated for each demand site as per to the required quantity and the priority set in the model, in spite of some portion of unmet rate. The delivered quantity of water with demand site allocations for both the current and future scenarios are described in tables 6.5 and 6.6 with there respective figures

94

Table 6.5 Monthly average supply delivered for each demand site in current scenario

(Mm3) Nodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sum DSIrr 7 6.8 6.3 20.2 15.6 1.6 20.8 14 52.8 52.8 20 12.9 230.6Metehara WS 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 15.3Nazereth 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 17OIDA1 3.8 4.6 4.4 0 0.1 0 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 2.5 15.8UV1 9.9 9.6 9.2 8.8 7.2 5.5 3.1 1.9 2.9 7 9.3 9.9 84.3UV2 24.4 23.6 22.6 21.7 17.7 13.6 7.7 4.6 7.1 17.2 23 24.4 207.5UV3 24.5 24.4 25.1 19.1 9.2 4.3 32.4 15.7 18 31.7 31 27.2 262.7Sum 72.4 71.5 70.2 72.4 52.4 27.8 67 39.2 83.4 112 85 79.8 833.1

UV3 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

DSirr gfedcb

Supply DeliveredScenario: Current Rate, All months, All Sources


Million Cub

ic M

eter

11010510095908580757065605550454035302520151050

DSirr gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV3 gfedcb

Supply DeliveredScenario: Current Rate, All months, All Sources


Million Cubic Meter

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0 Figure 6.5 Monthly average supplies delivered for all demand sites in current scenario From the analysis high quantity of water is delivered from months September to December with pick delivery at October, where as the less quantity of water is delivered at June. Table 6.6 Monthly average supplies delivered for each demand site in future

scenario. Nodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sum DSIrr 7 2.9 0.7 3.3 1.1 0.1 20.8 14 52.8 52.8 20 12.9 188.2

95

FENT 18.2 5.5 0.7 1.5 0 0 36.4 49.6 49.7 41.8 33 35.7 272.2Met Exp 3.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 0 0 6.8 7.9 6.7 4.6 3.5 3 36.8Metehara WS 1.1 1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 13Nazereth 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 15.7OIDA1 4.4 2.3 0.3 0 0 0 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 2.9 10.4OIDA2 1.9 0.8 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 1.4 4.5UV1 9.9 9.6 8.9 8.5 8.2 8.8 3.1 1.9 2.9 7 9.3 9.9 88.1UV2 24.4 18.6 11.1 7.8 7.5 7.8 7.7 4.6 7.1 17.2 23 24.4 161.1UV3 24.5 12.4 5.5 3 2.3 1.7 32.4 15.7 18 31.7 31 27.2 205.6WAE 21.7 6.5 1.1 1.1 0 0 2.9 0.4 11.1 24.7 26 24.5 119.7Sum 118.3 61.1 31 27.9 21.5 20.8 113 97.1 151 182 147 145 1,115.30

WAE gfedcb

UV3 gfedcb

UV2 gfedcb

UV1 gfedcb

OIDA2 gfedcb

OIDA1 gfedcb

Nazereth gfedcb

Metehara WS gfedcb

Met Exp gfedcb

FENT gfedcb

DSirr gfedcb

Supply DeliveredScenario: Future, All months, All Sources


Mill

ion

Cub

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eter

180

160

140

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In the future scenario from the analysis high quantity of water is delivered at months September to December with pick at October. The minimum amount of water is delivered at months march to June with maximum unmet demand. 6.3 Unmet Demand and supply Overages Unmet demand is the supply requirement that is not met. In other words unmet demand is the differences between supplies require and supply delivered at particular demand site and time duration. In this analysis the significant quantity of unmet demand is observed in each demand site the urban water supplies, because of their low requirement and high priority. Among the total water requirement of the current scenario (25,728.5 MMC) 5,354.25 MMC is unmet from years 2008 to 2028 for all cumulative demands. Similarly in the future scenario analysis among the total water requirement (36,688MMC) , the unmet demand observed is 13,028.9MMC for the years 2010 to 2028. Table 6.7 and 6.8 with their respective figures below show the average monthly unmet demands of all sites in the current and future scenarios respectively. Table 6.7 Monthly average unmet demands for each demand site (MMC) with respect to current scenario Nodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sum DSIrr 0 0 0.2 15.5 76.2 84.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 176.1Metehara WS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Nazereth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0OIDA1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4UV1 0 0 0 0.4 2.4 3.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.7UV2 0 0 0 0.9 5.9 9.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.4UV3 0 0 0.2 9.7 22.4 30.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 62.7Sum 0 0 0.5 26.5 107.1 128 0 0 0 0 0 0 262.2

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Form the analysis high unmet demand is observed in months May and June. More than 50% of the unmet demand is observed for the down stream irrigation sites at months April, May and June. Table 6.8 Monthly average Unmet demands for each demand site with respect to

Future scenario Nodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sum DSIrr 0 3.9 5.8 32.4 90.7 85.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 218.4FENT 7.3 17.6 13.2 26.9 34.8 48.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 148.6Met Exp 0.4 0.5 2.1 3.7 3.7 4.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.2Metehara WS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Nazereth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0OIDA1 0 3.1 4.9 0 0.2 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.5OIDA2 0.2 1.8 2.4 0 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.6UV1 0 0 0.3 0.6 1.4 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.9UV2 0 5 11.4 14.7 16.1 15.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 62.7UV3 0 12 19.9 25.8 29.3 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 119.9WAE 1.5 13.6 20.1 19.6 25.4 24.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 104.9Sum 9.5 57.3 80 123.8 201.8 213 0 0 0 0 0 0 685.7

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Figure 6.8 Monthly average unmet demands for each demand site with respect to

Future scenario Δεμανδ σιτε χοϖεραγε ισ τηε περχενταγε οφ ρεθυιρεμεντ τηατ ισ μετ. Ιν τηισ αναλψσισ τηε φυλλ χοϖεραγε ισ οβσερϖεδ φορ υρβαν ωατερ συππλιεσ ( Ναζερετη ανδ μετεηαρα ωατερ συππλψ) φορ τηε εντιρε μοντησ ιν βοτη σχεναριοσ. Ιν χυρρεντ σχεναριο τηε ποορ δεμανδ σιτε χοϖεραγε ισ οβσερϖεδ φορ δοων στρεαμ ιρριγατιονσ ατ Μαψ ανδ ϑυνε.Τηεσε αρε τηε μοντησ ωιτη ηιγη δεμανδ ρεθυιρεμεντσ.Φρομ μοντησ ϑυλψ τοΦεβρυαρψ τηε χοϖεραγε ισ φυλλ φορ δεμανδ σιτεσ ιν χυρρεντ σχεναριο. Αχχορδινγ το τηε φυτυρε σχεναριο τηε χοϖεραγε φρομ μοντησ Φεβρυαρψ το ϑυνε ισ ρελατιϖλψ ποορ φορ αλλ τηε δεμανδ σιτεσ εξχεπτ υρβαν ωατερ συππλιεσ.Τηε αναλψσισ σηοωσ τηατ τηε χοϖεραγε φορ σομε δεμανδ σιτεσ ναμελψ; Φενταλε,Μετεηαρα, εξπανσιον ανδ ωονϕι αρεα εξπανσιονσ ατ μοντησ Μαψ ανδ ϑυνε αρε νιλ.Φρομ τηε μοντησ ϑυλψ το Δεχεμβερ τηε δεμανδ σιτε χοϖεραγε ισ φυλλ φορ αλλ σιτεσ. Ταβλεσ 6.9 ανδ 6.10 σηοω τηατ τηε περχενταγε οφ δεμανδ σιτε χοϖεραγε φορ βοτη τηε χυρρεντ ανδ φυτυρε σχεναριοσ.

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Table 6.9: Demand site coverage (%) for current scenario Nodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec DSIrr 100 100 96.7 56.6 17 1.9 100 100 100 100 100 100Metehara WS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Nazereth 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100OIDA1 100 100 99.1 100 29.1 12.5 100 100 100 100 100 100UV1 100 100 100 96.2 74.9 58.7 100 100 100 100 100 100UV2 100 100 100 96.2 74.9 58.7 100 100 100 100 100 100UV3 100 100 99.1 66.2 29.1 12.5 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 6.10: Demand site coverage (%) for current scenario Nodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec DSIrr 100 43.2 10.5 9.3 1.2 0.1 100 100 100 100 100 100FENT 71.3 23.7 5.3 5.3 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100Met Exp 89.5 31.6 5.3 5.3 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100Metehara WS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Nazereth 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100OIDA1 100 42.1 5.3 100 5.3 0 100 100 100 100 100 100OIDA2 89.5 31.6 5.3 100 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100UV1 100 100 97.1 93.7 85.1 93.7 100 100 100 100 100 100UV2 100 78.8 49.2 34.7 31.7 33.4 100 100 100 100 100 100UV3 100 51 21.6 10.5 7.3 4.8 100 100 100 100 100 100WAE 93.6 32.4 5.3 5.3 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100

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Figure 6.11 some overviews of scenario II 6.4 Water Availability Analysis The main feature of this study is to show that the whether the delivered amount of water from Koka reservoir meets or not all the requirements of demand sites, sufficiently at all irrigation times. In spite of the variability of water requirement and priority set for each demand site by the user, the delivered and unmet amount of water is quite different for each demand nodes. The overall requirement of water for each demand site depends up on, the size of irrigable land, water use management of the system, crops of the area and climatic factors. The above factors determine the quantity of water that is consumed in each demand site. The second factor that determines the amount of water that is delivered for each demand site is the priority of allocation that is set by the user. In this study the demand site allocations are set in 5 priority orders for the scenario II and 4 priority

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orders for the current scenario. The priority is mainly set based on the following circumstances.

1. The urban water supply demands for different purposes such as domestic use, industrial uses and so on should get the first priority than the irrigation demands.

2. The close upstream irrigation sites should get similar priority and at the same

time they may get prior order than the far downstream sites. This means not that all the available water is consumed by upstream sites.

3. The current (existing) demand should be prior than all the future implementing

demand sites. Since the demand sites for future use should be studied and designed by assessing the water availability that supplies the intended future requirement or by putting other alternatives.

4. The reservoir site should get the last priority. In the scenario I if the water abstraction continues in current rate, the total demand met coverage (2008-2038) will be 63%, where as the annual unmet demand coverage for the total existing demands will be 37%.For the main upper valley groups of irrigations UV1, UV2, and UV3 the total unmet coverage as per to scenario I will be 14%(UV1 and UV2) and 28% for UV3. After the year 2038 (According to the Scenario I) the annual unmet demand coverage will increase to 41% for the cumulative demands. For UV1 and UV2 the annual unmet demand will rise to 47% after 2038 and 52% for UV3. In the scenario II analysis (when all the ongoing irrigation demands operated) the total unmet demand (2010-2038) for all sites will be 43%.All the required water is met for urban water supplies with out any deficit. In the existing main irrigation schemes i.e. UV1, UV2, and UV3 the total annual unmet demands are 29%, 29%and 43% respectively. The highest unmet demand coverage is observed for downstream irrigations i.e. 56%. After the 2038 the unmet demand coverage will be more than 48% for cumulative demand sites. The unmet demand site coverage for UV1,UV2 and UV3 at 2038 will be to 27%,27% and 55% respectively.

From the analysis if the current rate of irrigation continues up to 2038 by using Koka reservoir as a source the water is sufficient only for UV1,UV2,OIDA1 and urban sites (>75 dependably ) and shortage is observed on others. After the commencement of on going projects all irrigation projects particularly after 2018. Table 6.11. Water availability analysis of 30 years from 2008-2038 With respect to Scenario I

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Nodes

Total delivered MMC

Total Required MMC

Met Demand %

Unmet Demand %

DSIrr 6,546.30 12,605.20 52 48 Metehara WS 1,093.40 1,094.50 100 0 Nazereth 781.9 782.4 100 0 OIDA1 395.8 501.3 79 21 UV1 2,416.30 2,820.00 86 14 UV2 5,946.00 6,938.80 86 14 UV3 7,268.70 10,089.70 72 28 Sum 24,448.40 38,858.20 63 37

Water availability analysis at year 2038 (As per to Scenario I)

Nodes

Total delivered MMC

Total Required MMC

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DSIrr 175.3 406.6 43 57 Metehara WS 123.6 123.7 100 0 Nazereth 55.6 55.7 100 0 OIDA1 3 16.2 19 81 UV1 48.5 91 53 47 UV2 119.3 223.8 53 47 UV3 156.1 325.5 48 52 Sum 811.1 1,372.30 59 41

Table 6.12 .Water availability analysis from 2010-2038 With respect to Scenario II

Nodes

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Total Supply required MMC

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DSIrr 5,238.50 11,792.00 44 56 FENT 7,365.10 12,201.80 60 40 Met Exp 985.9 1,508.40 65 35 Metehara WS 860.1 860.6 100 0 Nazereth 674.1 674.5 100 0 OIDA1 232.4 547.1 42 58 UV1 1,885.00 2,638.00 71 29 UV2 4,639.50 6,491.20 71 29

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UV3 5,374.50 9,438.70 57 43 WAE 2,849.00 6,513.60 44 56 Sum 30,104.10 52,665.90 57 43

Water availability analysis at Year 2038 (As per to Scenario II)

Nodes

Total supply Delivered MMC

Total Supply required MMC

Met Demand %

Unmet Demand %

DSIrr 163.5 406.6 40 60 FENT 210.6 420.8 50 50 Met Exp 29.5 52 57 43 Metehara WS 98 98 100 0 Nazereth 49.1 49.1 100 0 OIDA1 1.1 18.9 5.8 94 UV1 66.5 91 73 27 UV2 163.6 223.8 73 27 UV3 147.2 325.5 45 55 WAE 64.9 224.6 29 71 Sum 994 1910.3 52 48

Table 6.13. Average Dependability of the Demand sites at different year’s

interval with respect to Scenario II (%)

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Accor

ding to the

above table at 2010 all the projects can get sufficient water (with dependability > 75%) except the down stream irrigations. For the down stream irrigations (Middle and Lower Valley farms) the deficit gap can be filled by the Kesem and Tendaho dam releases. From the years 2011 -2018 most of the farms can not get sufficient demand except the Wonji and Nura Hera farms. From the years 2019 -2038 all demand sites except urban water supplies will face sever water deficit according to the current management of Koka reservoir releases. According to the results of HEC Model done on Awash basin by WWDSE in 2006, if the 2005 level of irrigation using Koka dam as a source continues through out the basin, the Koka release is sufficient (>75% dependability) for the current utilization of the basin up to 2028. However after 2028 except UV1 the other projects will face sever water shortage. In the same study ,if the full expansion of the basin utilize water,Koka release is adequate only for Wonji and Tibila irrigations up to 2028.But other projects up to 2028 and after 2028 will face a sever water shortage. According to Getenet Kebede study (2007) of optimum allocation of Koka reservoir the significant shortage will be observed after the commencement of new projects in 2010.Some irrigation projects will not get water at all nearly for seven consecutive ten days. No 100 % dependability is observed for any irrigation project after 2010. In his study in the first scenario (2007-2016) the total of 2207.9 MMC and 220.8 MMC annual average unmet demands is observed. In second scenario (2017-2026) the total of 3906.2 MMC and annual average of 390.6 MMC unmet demand observed. However in this study the average annual of 335 MMC unmet demand is observed in the first scenario and 784.4 MMC unmet demand is observed for second scenario.

Sites At 2010 from 2011-2018 From 2019-2028 From 2029-2038 DSIrr 61.3 47.8 44.2 41.6 FENT 80.1 67.9 61.3 52.6 Met Exp 83.8 72.4 65.9 58.5 Metehara WS 100 100 100 99.9 Nazereth 100 100 100 99.9 OIDA1 98.4 71.5 42.1 16.4 UV1 96 83 68.9 63.5 UV2 96 83.1 69 63.6 UV3 89.3 67.2 56.3 48.4 WAE 77.7 55.7 44.5 32.2 Sum 75.1 60.4 52.6 47.7

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CHAPTER 7 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 7.1. Summary Τηε μαιν οβϕεχτιϖε οφ τηισ ωατερ αλλοχατιον μοδελ ισ το κνοω τηε ιμπαχτ οφ τηε Υππερ ϖαλλεψ ιρριγατιον δεϖελοπμεντσ ανδ εξπανσιονσ ον τηε αϖαιλαβιλιτψ οφ ωατερ ρεσουρχεσ οφ Αωαση βασιν.Τηε ωατερ δεμανδ οφ τηε εξιστινγ ανδ φυτυρε ιρριγατιονσ ιν τηε Υππερ Αωαση ϖαλλεψ αρε δεπενδ υπ ον τηε ρελεασε οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ ιν σπιτε οφ τηε δεχρεασινγ ιν στοραγε χαπαχιτψ οφ τηε ρεσερϖοιρ δυε το σεδιμεντατιον. ΩΕΑΠ σοφτ ωαρε ισ υσεδ φορ μοδελινγ τηε ωατερ αλλοχατιον ιν τηε συβ−βασιν. Τηε μοδελ ισ δονε βασεδ ον 43 ψεαρσ φλοω δατα ιν γαυγεδ στατιονσ φρομ 1962 2004 ιν α μοντηλψ−βασεσ. Φρομ τηε δεμανδ σιδε τηε ιρριγατιον ωατερ αβστραχτιον ιν εαχη δεμανδ σιτεσ αρε ανοτηερ ινπυτσ φορ τηε μοδελ. Τηε Αωαση Ριϖερ βασιν ισ ονε οφ τηε ωελλ στυδιεδ ανδ υτιλιζεδ ριϖερ βασινσ ιν τηε χουντρψ. Τηε ριϖερ βασιν ισ διϖιδεδ ιν το 7 πηψσιογραπηιχ υνιτσ ορ συβ−βασινσ. Τηε στυδψ αρεα (Υππερ Αωαση ςαλλεψ) ισ ονε οφ τηε δεϖελοπεδ αρεασ βψ ϖαριουσ σμαλλ, μεδιυμ ανδ λαργε σχαλε ιρριγατιονσ. Ιρριγατιον βψ φαρ ισ τηε μαϕορ ωατερ δεμανδ ανδ τηε υρβαν ωατερ συππλψ δεμανδσ αρε ινσιγνιφιχαντ. Τηε αϖαιλαβιλιτψ οφ ωατερ ρεσουρχεσ φρομ Κοκα δαμ το τηε χονφλυενχε οφ Κεσσεμ ριϖερ ισ μαινλψ δεπενδ υπ ον τηε ρελεασε οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ. Τηε ινφλοω το Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ ισ τηε μοδελεδ φλοωσ φρομ Μοϕο Ριϖερ ανδ Αωαση φρομ Ηομβολε.Ιν τηε συβ−βασιν οφ τηε μαιν ριϖερ τηερε αρε σιξ γαυγεδ στατιονσ φρομ Ηομβολε το Αωαση ατ Αωαση στατιον. Τηε μαϕορ σιγνιφιχαντ γαυγεδ ινφλοωσ το τηε μαιν αωαση ριϖερ αρε Μοϕο, Κελετα ανδ Αρβα ριϖερσ. Ιν τηισ στυδψ τηε ιμπαχτσ αρε ασσεσσεδ βψ χατεγοριζινγ τηε προγραμσ ιν το τωο σχεναριοσ. Σχεναριο Ι :Ιτ ισ μοδελεδ βψ ασσυμινγ ιφ τηε χυρρεντ (2007/2008) λεϖελ

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οφ ιρριγατιον χοντινυεσ υπ το 2038 ωιτη ουτ αδδιτιοναλ εξπανσιονσ. Σχεναριο ΙΙ: Ιτ ισ μοδελεδ βψ χονσιδερινγ τηε χυρρεντ λεϖελ οφ ιρριγατιον ανδ τηε νεω εξπανσιονσ ανδ δεϖελοπμεντσ υνδερ χονστρυχτιονσ βψ ασσυμινγ τηε τηε χυρρεντ ψεαρ οφ 2010. Υνδερ Σχεναριο Ι τηε οϖερ αλλ ιρριγατιον σιτεσ ιν τηε συβ−βασιν αρε αμαλγαματεδ ιν το σεϖεν δεμανδ νοδεσ ωιτη τηε τοταλ αχτιϖιτψ λεϖελ οφ 56,501 ηα φορ ιρριγατιον. Αχχορδινγ το τηε ρεσυλτσ οφ τηισ στυδψ τηερε αρε σιγνιφιχαντ υνμετ δεμανδσ ορ ιρριγατιον δεφιχιτ ιν βοτη τηε σχεναριο Ι ανδ σχεναριο ΙΙ. Ιφ τηε χυρρεντ ρατεσ οφ ιρριγατιονπροχεεδ ωιτη ουτ αδδιτιοναλ εξπανσιονσ τιλλ 2038 τηε τοταλ οβσερϖεδ υνμετ δεμανδ ωιλλ βε 10,383.5 Μμ3 ανδ τηε αννυαλ αϖεραγε υνμετ δεμανδ ισ 335 Μμ3 .Ωηερε ασ τηε τοταλ υνμετ δεμανδσ ωιλλ βε ινχρεασεδ ιν σχεναριο ΙΙ το 22,778.6 Μμ3 αφτερ τηε ιμπλεμεντατιον οφ τηε χονστρυχτινγ προϕεχτσ υπ το 2038 ανδ τηε αϖεραγε αννυαλ υνμετ δεμανδ ισ 784.4Μμ3. Τηε συππλψ ρεθυιρεμεντ φορ τηε χυρρεντ δεμανδ ρατε υπ το τηε στατεδ ψεαρ ισ 38,858 Μμ3 , ωηερε ασ τηε φιγυρε ωιλλ ινχρεασε το 56,699 Μμ3 φορ σχεναριο ΙΙ. Τηε τοταλ συππλψ δελιϖερεδ υπ το 2038 φορ βοτη σχεναριο Ι ανδ σχεναριο ΙΙ ωιλλ βε 24,448 ανδ 30,184 Μμ3 ρεσπεχτιϖελψ. Τηε αννυαλ αϖεραγε ωατερ δεμανδ ωιτη ουτ χονσιδερινγ λοσσεσ ισ 720 Μμ3 ανδ τηε τοταλ ωατερ δεμανδ υπ το 2038 ωιτη ουτ ινχλυδινγ λοσσεσ ισ 22,339 Μμ3 φορ σχεναριο Ι. Ιν τηε σχεναριο ΙΙ τηερε αρε αδδιτιοναλ 4 ιρριγατιον σιτεσ τηατ ωιλλ σηαρε τηε αϖαιλαβλε ωατερ βεσιδεσ τηε πρεσεντ ωατερ υσε ωιτη τηε τοταλ αχτιϖιτψ λεϖελ οφ 38,654 ηα. Σο τηε τοταλ ιρριγαβλε αρεα ιν τηε φυτυρε σχεναριο ισ 95,155ηα (χυρρεντ ιρριγατιον λεϖελ πλυσ χονστρυχτινγ ονχε). Τηε τοταλ ωατερ δεμανδ φορ σχεναριο ΙΙ φρομ 2010 το 2038 ισ 33,992Μμ3 ωιτη τηε αννυαλ αϖεραγε δεμανδ οφ 1,172Μμ3.

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7.2. Χονχλυσιον Ωηιλε μανψ σμαλλ ανδ λαργε σχαλε ιρριγατιονσ ηαϖε βεεν δεϖελοπινγ, τηερε ισ νο πλαννεδ σολυτιον ηασ βεεν σετ το ινχρεασε τηε ωατερ αϖαιλαβιλιτψ οφ τηε συβ−βασιν. Φρομ τηε αναλψσισ περφορμεδ ιν τηισ στυδψ τηερε ισ α σιγνιφιχαντ γαπ βετωεεν τηε ιρριγατιον ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντσ ανδ τηε αϖαιλαβλε ωατερ δελιϖερεδ φρομ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ ρελεασε φορ φυτυρε υσε.Τηε συιταβλε ποτεντιαλ οφ ιρριγαβλε λανδ ιν τηε αρεα αλλοωσ τηε εξπανσιον ανδ δεϖελοπμεντ οφ διφφερεντ λεϖελ οφ ιρριγατιον προϕεχτσ. Ονλψ ιν τηε Υππερ Αωαση ςαλλεψ μορε τηαν 40,000ηα οφ ιρριγατιον σιζε αρε ρεαδψ το βε οπερατεδ ιν τηε ιν τηε χομινγ τωο ψεαρσ. Τηε χυρρεντ μαναγεμεντ ανδ αϖαιλαβιλιτψ οφ ωατερ ρεσουρχεσ χουλδ νοτ μεετ τηε φυλλ ρεθυιρεμεντσ οφ τηε φυτυρε προϕεχτσ χομβινεδ ωιτη τηε χυρρεντ αβστραχτιονσ. Σο τηισ στυδψ ρεϖεαλσ τηε εξτεντ οφ τηε αππεαρινγ προβλεμ οφ ιρριγατιον ωατερ δεφιχιτ οφ τηε βασιν. Ιφ ϖαριουσ ιντεγρατεδ μεασυρεσ ηαϖε νοτ βεεν αδοπτεδ το χοπε υπ τηε φαχινγ ωατερ σηορταγε προβλεμ, τηε ιμπαχτ μαψ βε εξπανδεδ φυρτηερ. Ιν αδδιτιον οφ ασσεσσινγ τηε ωατερ αϖαιλαβιλιτψ οφ τηε συρφαχε συππλψ, σομε ρεχομμενδατιονσ ηαϖε βεεν πυτ ασ παρτ οφ τηισ στυδψ.

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7.3 Ρεχομμενδατιονσ. Ιν τηε πρεϖιουσ στυδιεσ οφ τηε βασιν τηερε ηαϖε ϖαριουσ ρεχομμενδατιονσ βεεν φορωαρδεδ ον τηε βασισ οφ ινχρεασινγ ανδ πρεσερϖινγ τηε Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ χαπαχιτψ. Φορ ινστανχε Ηαλχροω ιν 1989 ρεχομμενδεδ ινχρεασινγ οφ κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ χαπαχιτψ βψ ραισινγ τηε δαμ ηειγητ βψ τηρεε μετερσ το εξπανδ τηε δεμανδ λεϖελ οφ οϖεραλλ βασιν. ΚΒΡ ιν 2003 ρεχομμενδεδ τηε σεδιμεντ μαναγεμεντ οφ Κοκα ρεσερϖοιρ ανδ χονστρυχτιον οφ νεω εαρτη φιλλ δαμ βετωεεν τηε ποωερηουσε ανδ τηε εξιστινγ δαμ. Το μεετ τηε φυτυρε ωατερ ρεθυιρεμεντσ ιν τηε συβ−βασιν τηερε σηουλδ βε τωο ορ μορε ιντεγρατεδ μεασυρεσ σηουλδ βε αδαπτεδ ον τηε βασισ ωατερ ρεσουρχεσ μαναγεμεντ. Ονε ορ μορε οφ τηε φολλοωινγ ρεχομμενδατιονσ ωιλλ σολϖε τηε ρισκ οφ ωατερ δεφιχιτ οφ τηε βασιν.

1. Πραχτιχινγ εφφιχιεντ ιρριγατιον ωατερ υσεσ βψ αδοπτινγ λοω ωατερ χονσυμινγ σψστεμσ συχη ασ δριπ ιρριγατιον ιν μοστ σιτεσ οφ τηε συβ−βασιν ανδ τηε

παρτιχυλαρ ωατερ υσε μαναγεμεντ σηουλδ βε πραχτιχεδ ιν Νυρα Ηερα ανδ Τιβιλα φαρμσ. 2. Χονστρυχτιον οφ ανοτηερ ρεσερϖοιρ νεαρ Νυρα Ηιρα αρεα τηατ μαψ συφφιχι

εντλψ υσεδ φορ τηε υππερ ϖαλλεψ αγρο−ινδυστρψ ανδ σμαλλ σχαλε ιρριγατιονσ οφ

τηε συρρουνδινγσ. 3. Χονσερϖατιον οφ φλοοδ ωατερ ιν τηε βασιν ανδ υσινγ σπατε ιρριγατιον ατ λοω φλοω ανδ ηιγη ρεθυιρεμεντ σεασονσ οφ ιρριγατιον. 4. Υτιλιζινγ τηε Βεσεκα Λακε νεαρ Μετεηαρα αρεα φορ Μετεηαρα συγαρ χανε εξπανσιονσ ανδ Φενταλε ιντεγρατεδ ιρριγατιονσ βψ μαινταινιγ ιτσ προπερ θυαλιτψ φορ ιρριγατιον.

109

REFERENCES

Booker Tate Limited/ Yerer Engineering (2005) Feasibility study of land

development for Cane production Final report, Metahara Sugar Factory

Draft report of Welenchiti Bofa Irrigation Project (irrigation and Drainage

Annex) 2005 WWDSE

Elziabet M.Shaw (3rd ed.) Hydrology in Practice

FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24

Fentale Irrigation Based Integrated Development Feasibility Study and

Engineering Design Interim report Part-1 Crop Water Requirement for Qawa

Area, OIDA

Genale-Dawa River Basin integrated Resources development master plan

study volume GDMP-II-3 (2007)

Getnet Kebede (2007) M.sc Thesis on of Arba Minch Unversity “Optimum

Allocation of Koka reservoir In Ten days basis”

HALCROW (1989) Master Plan for the development of surface water

resources in the Awash Basin (Volume 2,Volume 4, Volume 8), EVSDA

HALCROW (2006) Water Resource Flood Hydrology, MoWR (Draft report)

Koka Dam survey report from Hydrology Department (MoWR,1999)

Megacha small scale irrigation project feasibility study report (2005),OIDA

Qobo-Malmale small scale irrigation project feasibility study 2002, OIDA

Ray K. Linsley and Joseph B.Fraanzini (1984) water resources engineering

3rd edition p.33 MCGRAW-Hill international Book Company, London.

Sara-Weba small scale irrigation design paper (2005),OIDA

Sifa-bete small scale irrigation project feasibility study report 2004,OIDA

S.K.Garg (19th ed.) Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures

Water resources Availability and flood Hydrology report 2005, MoWR

110

Water Resources Development in Ethiopia: Issues of sustainability and

Participation, Deselegn Rahmato 1999.

WWDSE/ Metaferia Consulting Engineers (2006) Welenchiti Bofa irrigation

project Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design Draft final Vol. III

WWDSE/WAPCOS (2005) Tendaho Dam and Irrigation Project, Crop water

requirement for Sugar Cane, MoWR

WWDSE/WAPCOS (2005) Hydrology of Tendaho Dam, a Final design,

Ministry of Water Resource

Yilma Demissie (2006) M.sc Thesis on of Arba Minch Unversity “Assessment

of Impact of Abay Basin Irrigation Development on the Water resources of

the River”

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ΑΝΝΕΞΕΣ

ΑΝΝΕΞΑ :Μοντηλψ Φλοω δατα ατ διφφερεντ Ριϖερ στατιονσ οφ τηε στυδψ αρεα

ΑΝΝΕΞ Β: Χομπυτεδ χλιματιχ ανδ Εϖαπο−τρανσπιρατιον δατα ατ νεαρ βψ μετεορολογιχαλ στατιονσ ιν τηε συβ−βασιν

ΑΝΝΕΞ Χ :Χομπυτεδ ιρριγατιον ωατερ δεμανδσ ανδ σαλιεντ δατα φορ ΩΕΑΠ Μοδελ ιν μοντηλψ βασισ φορ δεμανδ σιτε

ΑΝΝΕΞ Δ:Σομε Μοδελ ρεσυλτσ

112

ΑΝΝΕΞ Α: Μοντηλψ Στρεαμ φλοω δατα Ταβλε Α.1. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση ατ Αωαση (μ3/σεχ) Ταβλε Α.2. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Μοϕο νεαρ Μοϕο (μ3/σεχ) Ταβλε Α.3.Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Κελετα νεαρ Σιρε (μ3/σεχ) Ταβλε Α.4. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση βελοω Κοκα (μ3/σεχ) Ταβλε Α.5. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση ατ Νυρα Ηαρα (μ3/σεχ) Ταβλε Α.6. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση ατ Μετεηαρα (μ3/σεχ) Ταβλε Α.7. Μοντηλψ ινφλοω φρομ Αρβα Ριϖερ(μ3/σεχ) Ταβλε Α.8. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση Ριϖερ ατ Αωαση(μ3/σεχ) Ταβλε Α.1 Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση ατ Αωαση (μ3/σεχ) (Φρομ ΜΟΩΡ, Ηψδρολογψ Δεπαρτμεντ) Years Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1962 3.15 3.39 4.89 6.5 5.73 5.71 64.72 122 139.9 49.17 7.49 6.291963 6.59 5.82 3.46 5.68 26.65 7.14 74.13 201 103.5 9.78 5.08 3.351964 1.71 3.11 5.26 6.61 10.03 8.33 69.38 145 183.5 29.34 6.12 4.261965 2.3 1.61 4.01 4.37 4.02 3.89 47.81 158 105.3 11.48 6.57 6.291966 4.51 5.76 3.91 7.08 2.32 6.69 61.76 248 162.5 16.46 4.48 31967 2.39 3.11 2.43 2.92 13.04 12.48 81.19 155 113 32.43 16.55 5.011968 5.5 9.54 7.65 34.9 9.79 9.61 99.49 177 100.1 21.66 8.17 7.921969 8.91 12.07 18 13.6 16.49 28.83 164.2 342 128.2 10.9 7.89 5.571970 6.82 5.55 24.5 7.74 4.37 6.37 183.9 321 143.7 17.36 7.38 6.571971 7.02 3.48 2.01 4.73 5.76 40.44 173.3 372 270.2 18.3 5.71 4.71972 4.99 8.76 10.4 12.8 8.62 11.05 83.35 155 55.66 7.62 2.98 2.511973 3.39 2.63 2.5 2.16 4.35 6.41 50.65 206 163.4 33.19 4.33 3.041974 2.99 2.38 6.06 7.26 5.36 8.56 112.9 205 119.7 13.53 5.78 4.33

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1975 2.34 2.22 2.23 3.56 3.52 11.18 132.9 180 136.3 15.76 4.51 3.621976 3.39 2.99 5.17 6.1 7.17 11.02 70.14 168 82.56 8.21 6.39 4.111977 6.81 4.83 4.08 6.27 7.35 15.77 122.2 213 102.9 26.35 80.26 6.381978 5.11 5.63 7.43 4.49 5.1 19.23 91.94 201 118.7 31.9 6.44 5.591979 7.14 5.35 8.08 6.52 10.32 12.08 84.02 169 67.48 18.18 6.6 5.361980 5.11 4.99 3.8 3.08 6.65 11.51 99.21 227 86.3 12.16 4.74 4.381981 4.15 3.65 15.9 22.5 7.95 6.41 94.67 191 187.7 19.66 6.19 5.411982 4.56 4.22 3.82 5.83 5.49 6.3 49.39 174 75.97 27.12 5.96 51983 3.99 3.85 5.33 11.4 23.93 22.63 61.39 241 143.8 16.3 5.61 4.211984 3.86 2.77 2.87 2.16 4.17 25.18 123.8 142 102.5 6.89 3.17 2.861985 2.7 2.1 1.68 2.69 10.14 7.36 87.98 286 122.7 11.21 3.65 3.781986 2.08 5.7 5.79 9.95 8.2 22.53 71.51 159 101.5 8.54 3.53 3.331987 3.01 3.38 13 24.6 22.13 28.87 50.12 73.1 17.72 6.56 3.67 3.041988 3.27 5.1 3.1 4.23 3.24 9.47 52.76 255 192.5 22.13 4.87 3.921989 4.34 9.61 6.87 11.6 5.23 8.93 110.7 190 148.7 13.31 4.07 4.261990 3.53 11.86 19.2 23.8 4.94 10.97 88.73 240 115.2 17.4 3.96 31991 2.83 4.67 9.28 2.68 2.56 10.27 100.4 261 151.7 9.78 3.58 3.361992 3.5 6.1 3.44 4.35 4.23 10.78 73.87 207 141.8 16.76 4.15 3.291993 2.98 4.51 2.55 10.1 12.41 27.5 126.9 270 188.7 32.42 7.9 4.141994 2.87 2.13 2.48 4.69 4.34 10.22 75.51 161 143.1 16.86 4.95 4.931995 4.34 4.16 3.15 14.7 5.6 10.55 73.65 194 74.47 8.03 3.23 2.911996 5.53 3.89 5.99 12.3 22.08 82.97 198.4 355 129.8 13.48 5.89 4.071997 4.13 3.02 3.03 5.42 4.19 15.49 58.86 122 31.96 10.23 10.56 6.221998 5.11 3.4 11.4 8.1 11.54 25.29 140.1 374 159 42.54 8.98 5.561999 5.08 3.77 4.67 3.36 3.53 20.53 112.6 275 63.11 48.52 8.52 5.222000 4.23 3.45 2.02 3.11 5.78 12.49 64.34 182 89.79 31.39 12.31 6.162001 5.01 4.08 10.5 6.62 11.16 42.1 140.8 190 76.59 11.13 7.29 5.422002 4.2 5.12 6.42 8.64 8.32 16.55 93.74 208 122.6 18.98 8.09 4.472003 4.2 5.12 6.42 8.64 8.32 16.55 93.74 208 122.6 18.98 8.09 4.472004 4.2 5.12 6.42 8.64 8.32 16.55 93.74 208 122.6 18.98 8.09 4.47

Mean 4.28 4.744 6.54 8.53 8.475 16.34 95.46 212 121.1 19.33 7.995 4.553 Ταβλε Α.2. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Μοϕο νεαρ Μοϕο (μ3/σεχ) (Φρομ ΜΟΩΡ, Ηψδρολογψ Δεπαρτμεντ) years Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1962 0.66 0.81 0.99 1.04 1.25 2.41 9.17 9.45 14.27 2.64 0.22 0.251963 0.35 0.24 0.22 0.63 0.68 1.03 21.05 31.33 2.32 0.35 0.14 0.181964 0.19 0.16 0.11 0.47 1.21 2.62 23.07 25.1 12.54 1.21 1.28 1.151965 0.41 0.5 0.62 0.65 0.78 0.58 6.32 10.66 6.24 0.04 0.5 0.031966 0.03 0.39 0.07 0.3 0.03 0.61 7.8 43.86 7.71 0.29 1.16 1.051967 1.14 1.39 1.7 1.79 2.15 4.21 11.5 34.09 13.01 0.82 2.52 0.531968 0.47 0.92 0.56 1.2 0.82 1.33 10.13 17.61 4.61 0.61 0.34 1.291969 2.16 2.81 3.86 3.77 3.2 4.68 14.44 56.66 7.5 2.52 1.62 1.781970 0.09 0.3 0.25 0.78 0.63 0.48 10.14 22.71 12.56 4.69 3.76 4.311971 4.76 3.59 4.13 4.61 6.4 9.21 16.07 49.04 8.43 2.91 0.02 0.171972 0.74 0.6 0.63 0.38 0.48 0.8 6.65 9.93 3.09 0.49 0.35 0.411973 0.54 3.07 3.86 4.02 3.56 4.66 13.31 24.52 11.89 4.32 3.96 4.31

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1974 4.21 3.82 5.08 3.47 4.86 5.6 28.61 23.16 12.41 2.46 2.23 1.981975 3.36 2 2.03 3.4 3.64 6.7 31.87 13.68 9.68 3 2.23 2.211976 3.06 2.8 3.16 3.57 4.24 5.61 6.32 30.92 4.61 8.57 12.21 9.351977 1.03 1.26 1.55 1.63 1.96 9.08 12.59 25.95 6.22 6.1 0.45 0.051978 0.05 0.89 0.16 0.16 0.37 3.21 3.44 22.5 7.06 0.59 0.26 0.271979 2.21 3.08 3.51 4.68 2.48 0.48 4.64 9.65 1.06 0.32 0.33 0.31980 0.29 0.25 0.29 0.28 1.05 4.39 9.61 15.23 2.32 0.38 0.27 0.291981 2.74 2.45 4.72 5.13 2.99 2.96 23.83 19.87 21.61 3.13 2.5 2.381982 2.87 8.39 3.46 3.8 5.89 5.96 7.57 34.38 8.07 3.67 2.54 2.41983 0.23 0.33 1.6 0.45 1.7 2.81 5.03 28.12 9.08 0.34 0.22 0.231984 0.16 0.14 0.19 0.11 0.41 2.67 10.11 17.64 2.79 0.33 0.28 0.251985 0.21 0.14 0.14 0.29 1.32 0.33 10.68 39.96 6.75 0.31 0.33 0.381986 0.29 0.29 0.48 1.24 0.67 7.82 8.16 15.37 12.64 0.37 0.2 1987 0.24 0.26 0.28 1.27 0.99 3.34 1.79 1.47 4.65 1.13 0.25 0.191988 0.29 0.33 0.18 0.6 0.48 1.54 8.65 21.24 11.51 1.34 0.09 0.241989 0.27 0.23 0.27 0.62 0.14 0.12 6.34 31.98 9.13 0.49 0.26 0.31990 0.25 0.93 0.6 1.28 0.22 0.37 10.43 11.31 5.96 0.37 0.21 0.291991 0.27 0.33 0.71 0.36 0.2 0.46 17.11 31.61 8.99 0.35 0.39 0.721992 0.65 0.67 0.37 0.73 0.24 1.16 3.75 16.98 14.13 0.55 0.27 0.311993 0.28 0.28 0.22 1.41 1.55 0.57 13.87 17.07 13.87 1.36 0.37 0.291994 0.22 0.16 0.21 0.21 0.25 0.87 5.79 15.44 12.4 0.47 0.34 0.341995 0.3 0.31 0.48 0.63 0.86 1.01 0.97 11.17 2.36 1.2 1.08 1.241996 1.21 1.15 5.41 1.29 8.76 24.61 44.66 71.54 8.24 0.54 0.37 0.321997 0.46 0.25 0.4 0.76 0.31 2.3 7.38 12.37 1.5 1.05 0.49 0.381998 0.39 0.57 0.72 1.22 0.53 2.38 21.56 61.56 12.69 5.55 0.5 0.471999 0.47 0.36 0.53 0.37 0.42 2.51 22.11 38.46 3.57 1.3 0.33 0.32000 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.83 7.7 11.67 1.37 0.12 0.05 0.042001 0.29 0.24 2.05 0.33 1.13 5.87 15.11 28.19 6.57 0.41 0.34 0.352002 0.36 0.28 0.39 0.32 0.36 1.46 10.13 11.74 1.83 0.35 0.29 0.382003 0.46 0.37 0.6 0.92 0.49 2.21 22.16 41.09 7.39 0.44 0.31 0.362004 0.33 0.17 0.51 1.13 0.24 2.31 8.45 15.75 4.13 0.63 0.63 0.58

Mean 0.91 1.11 1.33 1.43 1.628 3.353 12.56 25.16 7.878 1.58 1.081 1.015 Ταβλε Α.3.Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Κελετα νεαρ Σιρε (μ3/σεχ) (Φρομ ΜΟΩΡ, Ηψδρολογψ Δεπαρτμεντ) years Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1962 0.84 1.05 1.67 2.06 2.13 1.99 7.79 11.93 10.69 3.13 0.89 0.721963 0.72 0.63 0.67 1.34 4.78 1.03 7.2 20.22 5.75 1.89 1.46 1.361964 0.93 0.66 0.87 0.96 0.93 1.44 6.19 21.33 16.13 5.08 1.99 1.341965 0.53 0.66 1.05 1.29 1.33 0.48 5.36 7.15 10.99 0.13 0.78 0.031966 0.91 1.14 1.8 2.17 0.46 1.07 5.28 8.31 21.05 4.24 1.43 0.921967 0.81 0.65 0.96 1.77 2.93 1.41 8.77 17.29 21.62 18.8 6.31 1.921968 1.14 2.81 2.13 11.6 3.01 2.57 7.2 9.35 13.46 5.31 1.48 1.181969 1.37 2.91 10.1 1.95 2.59 2.7 13.61 30.68 9.15 2.16 1.06 0.751970 1.17 1.05 5.19 3 3.84 1.37 11.58 30.11 13.42 2.7 0.65 0.421971 0.35 0.36 0.37 1.42 2.52 4.9 6.84 9.34 7.25 0.66 0.23 0.111972 0.1 0.48 0.49 2.18 2.89 3.07 9.03 15.9 10.7 1.78 0.91 0.72

115

1973 0.62 0.54 0.55 0.56 2.21 1.73 5 12.43 8.92 3.26 0.66 0.521974 0.45 0.38 1.11 0.65 0.42 0.68 3.83 19.31 18.85 4.05 1.02 0.81975 0.65 0.55 0.51 1.18 1.13 2 8.32 16.9 16.71 4.91 1.6 1.181976 1.05 0.79 1.06 1.51 2.8 1.47 6.46 13.93 9.64 1.82 2.06 0.941977 1.23 1.46 1.65 2.67 2.4 2.82 8.36 13.4 6.63 11.1 4.11 1.091978 0.74 1.66 1.62 0.68 0.66 1.09 6 11.9 7.74 6.6 0.35 0.221979 0.41 0.5 0.71 0.91 2 1.6 5.77 13.95 10.12 2.88 1.07 0.851980 0.72 0.84 1.3 0.67 0.79 1.13 5.65 6.22 4.19 2.73 0.57 0.471981 0.39 0.42 3.95 7.38 0.89 0.13 4.78 17.18 37.34 4.52 2.1 1.811982 1.84 2.17 1.63 4.48 5.87 4.83 10.68 17.64 1.38 6.69 2 1.951983 1.57 1.52 3.44 3.45 14.64 7.89 14.7 19.32 21.27 5.83 1.05 0.551984 0.45 0.33 0.53 0.45 1.68 1.82 5.68 8.7 11.41 0.77 0.36 0.291985 0.24 0.23 0.27 1.02 1.35 0.55 4.88 9.05 9.69 1.72 0.86 0.681986 1.55 1.93 3.05 2.59 3.82 4.02 31.71 18.95 10.09 1.53 1.53 1.311987 0.68 0.84 5.16 5.51 8.46 8.08 6.11 9.35 10.81 5.18 3 2.811988 2.71 2.99 2.55 3.43 2.88 2.89 7.72 25.74 29.98 9.02 4.09 3.421989 3.33 3.05 3.24 5.82 6.02 5.68 22.11 35.46 28.84 10.8 4.05 2.451990 3.35 10.6 12 15 5.38 4.65 12.48 22.97 30.53 4.07 1.21 1.11991 1.04 1.08 3.02 1.56 1.39 1.64 5.96 19.04 6.25 1.86 1.12 1.141992 1.35 1.83 1.24 1.84 1.61 2.06 5.12 32.32 46.22 14.4 2.44 2.011993 2.15 2.7 1.5 3.12 5.03 1.8 10.75 25.78 15.27 4.7 1.28 0.891994 0.78 0.69 0.93 0.96 1.1 4.79 75.31 22.39 7.33 10.8 1.48 1.051995 0.97 0.91 2.89 3.46 3.53 1.9 16.72 22.07 7.28 1.18 0.62 0.691996 1.2 0.55 3.03 3.73 3.85 3.64 14.16 24.81 25.92 1.7 0.48 0.411997 0.89 0.34 0.41 0.58 0.78 1.24 11.9 9.05 5.02 3.78 4.33 2.491998 3.03 2.36 3.65 2.14 3.22 2.63 6.24 15.03 11.38 7.28 2.03 1.391999 1.34 1.15 1.91 1.22 1.55 2.16 8.06 13.33 7.19 14.1 2.06 1.382000 1.33 1.13 1.22 1.36 2.85 2.56 4.62 14.5 7.12 14.4 1.9 1.242001 0.23 0.18 0.91 0.55 3.31 4.2 8 18.05 5.55 2.33 1.32 0.812002 1.41 1.06 1.32 1.31 2.18 1.87 2.55 8.53 4.61 1.83 1.24 1.152003 1.31 1.68 1.55 5.48 1.13 3.98 6.2 10.56 7.83 1.3 0.37 1.392004 0.36 0.32 0.36 1.02 0.77 2.99 4.62 7.54 6.07 2.26 0.74 0.51

Mean 1.12 1.38 2.18 2.7 2.863 2.617 10.22 16.67 13.43 5.01 1.635 1.127 Ταβλε Α.4. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση βελοω Κοκα (μ3/σεχ) (Φρομ ΜΟΩΡ, Ηψδρολογψ Δεπαρτμεντ) Years Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1962 31 29 31.8 24.9 27.21 26.56 29.35 28.43 24.1 25.6 24.91 25.411963 26.5 25.7 37.1 37.6 31.61 38.11 32.48 23.67 14.1 22.8 32.22 40.061964 44.3 35.2 36.8 38.3 35.07 37.89 36.64 37.11 34.05 37.6 36.07 42.211965 42.7 40.8 37.1 32.5 33.99 50.24 37.6 33.08 37.8 33.5 31.61 40.821966 42.6 44.4 48.8 37 33.12 28.43 29.07 43.9 42.97 40.9 26.72 26.241967 25.1 29.4 27.2 26 24.2 23.74 23.11 21.95 19.52 24.1 23.1 27.551968 26.3 26.1 30.2 28.6 27.95 25.56 23.74 47.23 27.21 30.6 34.79 32.671969 29.7 30.1 34.6 33.1 33.57 32.61 31.82 114.2 102 35 29.14 31.231970 53.4 61.4 76.9 54.4 36.77 37.29 35.46 47.87 50.68 54.7 47.4 50.731971 50.4 34.3 34.8 28.8 52.59 57.76 71.42 172.4 132.2 31.8 28.47 30.7

116

1972 28.7 25 49 82.3 88.95 52.56 44.06 47.06 31.06 37.2 35.28 31.921973 31.8 25.9 20.7 21.1 21.95 22.05 25.81 25.07 56.82 34.7 26.95 25.21974 26.8 22.5 26.9 33.3 31.22 51.57 58.72 69.12 77.41 56.3 29.59 39.481975 24.9 20.3 20 15.7 13.15 12.92 12.99 48.35 64.74 37.9 16.5 11.351976 30 28.2 30.8 34.9 46.92 34.16 36.41 48.6 57.04 38.4 22.35 23.141977 22.7 22.5 27.8 26 25.25 24.57 35.11 61.21 79.56 46.4 59.25 59.071978 38.2 37.3 47.9 41.2 41.67 47.93 58.93 31.95 31.45 49.3 39.79 45.221979 49 41 28.8 27.4 29.99 28.69 21.82 38.76 50.28 41.9 34.24 37.651980 41.4 31.3 22.7 19.6 24.47 27.39 29.17 26.73 25.3 26.1 25.28 23.871981 27.6 25.2 27.9 24.1 21.61 17.84 21.62 39.74 106.9 47.4 5.76 32.791982 32.8 24.5 27.1 26.4 27.61 33.49 37.53 36.2 35.41 36.4 26.41 26.661983 27.8 24.5 28.5 27.8 27.45 31.27 45 56.94 195.2 57.9 52.97 64.11984 45.1 25.3 27.2 24.3 32.14 31.17 34.35 44.94 45.61 38 37.59 36.041985 30.1 27.5 29.1 27.2 28.96 35.05 32.74 71.36 147.3 27.2 24.41 30.451986 35.5 38.7 42.2 41.1 39.75 46.78 61.4 39.64 33.88 34.8 36 36.571987 32.3 28.7 30.7 30.1 32.32 30.82 28.24 39.4 29.95 31.4 26.19 33.011988 31.1 27.1 29.1 21.6 16.9 15.69 20.55 11.14 43.35 23.7 20.41 22.191989 26.3 24.5 26.5 24.6 30.83 43.04 42.35 56.05 141.7 64.3 42.51 43.221990 38.6 29 29.1 29.4 33.47 34.59 34.83 35.42 90.13 41 39.03 31.611991 31.8 34.3 46.4 33.1 46.95 34.39 42.28 47.26 108.9 50.9 54.58 47.561992 53.2 48.8 45.1 39.7 43.78 39.71 34.81 31.42 55.23 39.8 25.81 26.391993 28.8 27.2 28.6 27.5 31.75 48.94 40.46 128.5 236 57.9 36.97 36.651994 38.4 33.6 43.5 44.9 39.63 37.52 37.34 37.66 38.74 36.3 34.64 38.341995 41.9 31.5 33 30.9 33.58 33.53 38.62 41.8 38.51 39.7 38.5 37.621996 37.6 34.4 34.1 31.7 32.55 32.7 34.8 284.4 102.1 34.7 33.55 34.341997 37.1 42.4 54.1 61.7 70.68 62.71 49.08 54.42 39.57 39.8 35.96 30.661998 32.6 29.8 30.8 32.5 33 35.62 36.95 201.9 128.1 66.9 44.53 48.331999 49.2 47.4 56.9 54.9 58.88 69.66 76.39 198 74.97 55.8 52.16 55.62000 49.2 45.8 50.7 42.2 78.73 66.34 39.7 76.93 69.21 70 46.05 48.932001 50.7 46.4 47.4 44.6 50.13 44.63 47.06 52.52 65.66 57.9 55.14 58.382002 55.8 50.2 55.6 52.3 55.73 53.62 46.78 55.35 54.79 57.1 43.85 34.742003 36 32.5 38 33.1 38.34 27.6 38.96 46.95 87.44 46.7 43.55 46.22004 22.4 18.2 17.9 22.2 23.06 23.13 25.61 26.5 39.42 23.7 19.67 20.81

Mean 36.2 32.7 36 34.2 36.92 36.97 37.7 62.35 68.98 41.5 34.42 36.41 Ταβλε Α.5. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση ατ Ωονϕι (μ3/σεχ) (Φρομ ΜΟΩΡ, Ηψδρολογψ Δεπαρτμεντ) Years Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1962 29.4 27.8 29.7 23.9 26.09 27.08 33.02 27.85 22.44 25.9 26.13 25.421963 25.2 24.6 34.6 36.2 30.31 38.85 36.54 23.19 13.13 23.1 33.79 40.071964 34 30.9 40.5 44 37.33 44.93 43.97 45.55 46.58 41.7 35.81 36.131965 27.8 25.3 27.2 26.6 28.85 43.3 38.66 34.07 38.21 34.8 33.97 36.681966 44.9 50.6 51.8 37.8 39.1 38.24 41.27 57.09 54.94 50.2 33.84 33.771967 29.2 32.4 35 32.8 35.73 30.6 30.92 38.75 36.08 35 33.09 39.391968 34.6 34.2 37 39.5 39.84 35.56 35.85 50.1 35.75 38.7 45.53 44.251969 27.3 30.8 33.5 32.1 38.11 36.09 34.65 155.3 142.2 45.9 36.62 35.911970 22.3 21.7 35.4 43.8 19.63 39.89 42.74 82.72 50.18 41.5 36.68 38.39

117

1971 29 34.4 38.2 28.2 54.59 58.97 75.64 64.12 41.06 36.4 39.82 32.161972 27 34.7 54.8 93.8 103.1 61.69 48.61 52.08 41.5 39.8 37.22 37.271973 31.7 26 20.6 21 27.1 31.24 36.12 32.99 62.39 43 36.35 35.081974 28.2 23.8 28.9 34 31.81 54.18 58.98 62.43 67.97 56.3 29.98 46.51975 53.2 41.1 36.4 34.2 32.13 31.62 39.98 95.06 126.5 68 37.92 37.171976 38.7 37 39.5 44 55.12 39.54 42.89 51.99 56.02 46.2 29.12 29.081977 28.8 25.9 28.6 30.5 33.51 48.23 42.28 93.68 126.4 55.5 92.77 91.11978 66.6 62 68.7 45.7 48.01 58.48 79.02 34.58 32.18 53.3 46.72 58.471979 54.2 48.9 32.7 30.8 33.5 32.48 33.76 54.29 74.46 44.3 47.5 36.71980 36.9 33.4 32.8 25.3 29.04 32.37 35.43 34.57 31.65 31 29.68 30.911981 31 30.3 32.5 32 35.59 46.7 53.85 60.57 52.64 52.9 40.65 34.121982 43.3 33.3 38 37.4 41.55 44.72 51.67 59.32 43.3 43.4 31.69 31.861983 31.5 29.2 33.1 33 34.73 40.23 62.79 79.04 81.01 65.4 56.85 66.171984 48.2 27.8 27.2 24.4 34.83 35.3 38.5 50.47 46.61 38.5 44.3 42.731985 35.4 32.6 33.9 32.2 34.6 41.26 47.56 116.9 194.2 30 26.78 32.41986 39.1 35.2 39.7 38.9 39.24 56.87 87.93 54.36 45.28 37.5 38.09 39.441987 35.5 29 33.4 32.8 39.1 33.97 41.93 55.67 42.56 35.6 33.32 34.321988 32.9 29.4 31.4 24.8 18.2 16.7 19.86 10.03 42.04 37.4 21.54 22.341989 23.2 21.8 22.9 25.2 27.1 35.97 56.78 62.12 104.3 44.6 39.74 37.761990 30.8 26.4 29.2 28.8 31.64 34.15 32.29 31.72 92.77 44.7 37.78 37.991991 29.5 32.2 43.4 34.2 42.15 29.35 45.62 46.41 122.5 53.6 56.95 46.041992 69.4 53.1 29.2 28.9 35.78 27.81 19.25 21.94 67.63 33.1 30.11 31.991993 32.7 32.1 32 32.3 34.91 44.92 43.51 66.24 70.34 68.5 37.35 36.211994 34.6 31.4 37.6 35 30.45 37.1 43.2 46.94 48.46 42.9 48.94 44.471995 39.2 31 33.4 30.1 33.96 36.64 43.31 51.17 41.06 39 37.61 32.31996 34.2 32.1 37.3 35.9 36.96 37.69 41.51 194.3 109.2 37.3 30.52 34.481997 28.3 27.4 32.3 27.5 25.73 25.31 23.81 19.22 16.04 18.1 14.24 101998 10.1 8.55 9.37 10.3 10.23 12.12 14.37 144.7 94.18 39 24.44 25.191999 25.7 19.2 30.5 29.2 37.31 35.25 39.67 95.82 49.35 34.1 29.73 32.192000 28.4 21.1 23.1 22.6 23.04 33.25 23.38 38.08 36.59 35.4 19.24 14.532001 17.6 16.8 16 13 21.71 17.74 22.72 27.71 37.94 21.8 20.5 20.192002 37.9 33.8 37.7 36.8 39.17 39.2 44.5 48.55 43.67 37.3 18.1 19.322003 18.4 19.6 18.5 19.2 19.46 23.75 35.14 42.6 80.6 44.6 37.56 46.712004 40.6 38.2 37.1 40.9 37.07 42.18 45.26 41.5 33.3 40.1 34.93 35.36

Mean 34.1 31.1 33.6 32.8 35.06 37.48 42.06 59.44 62.68 41.5 36.13 36.57 Ταβλε Α.6. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση ατ Νυρα Ηαρα (μ3/σεχ) (Φρομ ΜΟΩΡ, Ηψδρολογψ Δεπαρτμεντ) Years Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1962 34.6 74.2 53.1 28.4 30.64 30.05 45.96 72.6 57.77 58 53.76 52.571963 29.6 65.8 61.9 42.9 35.59 43.12 50.86 60.45 33.8 51.6 69.52 82.881964 39.9 82.6 72.4 52.1 43.85 49.85 61.19 118.8 119.9 93.3 73.68 74.731965 32.7 67.6 48.6 31.5 33.88 48.05 53.8 88.82 98.37 77.8 69.89 75.851966 52.7 135 92.7 44.8 45.92 42.44 57.45 148.8 141.5 112 69.62 69.841967 34.2 86.7 62.6 38.9 41.97 33.96 43.04 101 92.88 78.4 68.09 81.471968 40.6 91.5 66.2 46.8 46.79 39.46 49.9 130.6 92.05 86.6 93.67 91.52

118

1969 32 82.2 60 38 44.76 40.04 48.23 404.9 366.2 103 75.34 74.281970 26.2 57.9 63.2 51.9 23.05 44.26 59.49 215.6 129.2 92.8 75.46 79.41971 34.1 91.8 68.3 33.4 64.12 65.44 105.3 167.2 105.7 81.4 81.93 66.51972 31.7 92.7 98 111 121.1 68.45 67.66 135.8 106.8 89.1 76.58 77.081973 37.2 69.3 36.9 24.9 31.82 34.66 50.28 85.99 160.6 96.1 74.78 72.541974 33.1 63.6 51.7 40.2 37.36 60.12 82.09 162.8 175 126 61.69 96.181975 62.5 110 65 40.6 37.74 26.52 48.65 85.29 101.6 45.3 29.59 33.641976 36.2 37.1 42 45.2 50.9 34.03 42.85 62.72 57.67 34.7 18.92 21.641977 25 20.4 20.7 28.8 23.69 27.56 47.03 73.6 81.46 53.3 75.14 60.91978 43.9 50.8 51.8 45.8 39.32 45.79 67.47 60.28 52.39 55.5 39.16 51.021979 49.6 42.4 40.1 39.9 42.88 44.23 59.51 80.22 74.37 44 31.04 35.751980 38.4 31.9 34.7 29.6 24.21 28.02 41.85 40.22 32.85 34.5 22.84 211981 23.6 25.3 37.3 36.5 29.66 37.29 61.91 98.15 177.9 68.4 28.31 35.821982 35.4 35.1 28.7 26.5 35.64 40.68 54.83 79.03 56.44 52.8 25.84 27.591983 29.8 28.6 38.6 35.4 84.19 53.9 68.65 89.98 193.4 64.1 53.28 61.351984 47.6 29.2 30.3 28.5 37.59 36.75 44.55 64.26 64.37 39.6 36.67 37.971985 33.6 30.1 31.2 38.2 38.35 33.03 43.02 102.6 155.4 33.4 28.28 31.161986 45.6 40.3 42.2 40.3 42.16 55.64 85.91 60.81 51.3 40.4 36.86 39.141987 29.5 28.8 38.5 45.4 51.94 36.7 34.58 56.58 49.2 31.2 28.17 30.471988 35.8 29.7 30.6 29.4 17.42 15.71 44.67 59.5 84.69 42.8 21.98 23.051989 24.4 26.2 26.2 34.6 32.11 40.22 66.89 84.07 145 47.1 34.64 37.481990 29.5 43.7 44.4 44.5 31.62 32.02 42.16 66.16 123.1 45.7 38.62 28.351991 27.6 32 49.4 43.3 43.21 30.05 53.87 64.15 138.7 49.2 46.68 45.121992 62.4 44.7 26.3 25.6 33.74 26.16 34.67 56.12 82.66 34.7 23.35 25.851993 32.5 28.9 26.7 29.1 36.39 36.09 51.93 82.85 86.28 51.3 29.41 30.241994 33.9 27.2 32.7 31.9 25.48 39.56 77.78 73.67 61.53 38.6 41.58 46.791995 43.5 300 495 32.7 42.71 73.25 120.2 1609 1326 1003 923.7 925.61996 88.7 842 90.5 81.6 82.12 97.31 108.1 425.5 443.1 173 45.57 58.481997 64.3 53.2 64.1 61.9 60.42 66.02 45.45 89.01 72.3 55.7 51.32 32.611998 11.9 22.8 16.8 12.2 12.02 13.44 20 377.2 242.5 87.3 50.29 52.11999 11.9 22.8 16.8 12.2 12.02 13.44 20 377.2 242.5 87.3 50.29 52.12000 33.3 56.3 41.2 26.8 27.06 36.89 32.54 99.26 94.2 79.1 39.59 30.052001 20.7 44.8 28.6 15.4 25.5 19.68 31.62 72.23 97.66 48.7 42.19 41.762002 44.4 90.3 67.4 43.6 46.01 43.5 61.93 126.6 112.4 83.4 37.24 39.952003 21.7 52.5 33 22.8 22.86 26.35 48.91 111.1 207.5 99.8 77.27 96.62004 47.7 102 66.3 48.4 43.53 46.81 62.99 108.2 85.73 86.5 68.2 70.5

Mean 37.1 78.8 57.9 38.6 40.31 40.85 55.81 156.5 150.5 89.7 70.23 72.53 Ταβλε Α.7. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση ατ Μετεηαρα (μ3/σεχ) (Φρομ ΜΟΩΡ, Ηψδρολογψ Δεπαρτμεντ) Years Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1962 22 21.3 24.8 20.2 20.69 18.7 34.32 41.24 51.66 24.8 23.21 23.451963 19 21.1 33.9 46.1 53.15 36.33 41.61 74.87 57.16 38.4 31.6 38.221964 43.4 35.2 34 39.5 35.67 41.11 50.37 76.21 65.08 45.6 37.33 41.191965 43 40.6 37.2 34.4 33.02 40.52 44.7 59.53 69.68 43.4 31.44 40.421966 43.4 52.5 52.7 43.7 33.7 35.05 52.84 77.8 79.96 48.9 27.82 27.051967 25.4 31.5 25.6 30 27.3 24.86 36.75 53.8 67.59 43.8 35.04 30.26

119

1968 28.7 30.9 32.9 49.6 39.71 35.37 41.9 69.04 63.55 35.8 36.16 33.791969 29.4 34.8 50.1 35 33.52 30.7 45.82 142.3 125.5 27.2 27.8 20.571970 20.9 22.1 80.5 89.9 42.68 30.68 45.47 145.7 137.2 53 31.45 36.971971 19.7 17.4 42.6 19.2 32.44 42.95 64.64 116.6 139.6 19 16.61 17.931972 30.9 32.5 41.7 61 60.44 44.82 58.29 68.04 46.47 32.1 26.31 24.391973 25 13.1 9.78 8.04 9.35 9.23 25.72 36.92 56.47 27.4 11.93 12.341974 15.1 8.61 18 20.7 14.8 39.84 53.69 82.55 117.9 24.9 7.75 25.381975 38.3 29.5 24.9 22.3 18.66 22.63 56.35 142.3 222.1 41.9 14.24 18.371976 25.9 21.9 33.4 38.9 53.18 22.64 43.83 81.3 66.31 23.8 12.63 10.341977 21.3 19 17.5 17.8 20.59 21.56 40.02 69.64 82.31 44.9 84.14 55.481978 40 45.3 58.4 35.1 27.3 29.75 68.19 56.6 38.66 46.9 28 41.831979 50.7 38 25.6 21.1 25.34 21.15 31.18 58.12 63.17 26.8 21.87 24.031980 25.1 22.7 20 13.9 12.81 16.26 36.02 33.98 21.6 12.9 8.66 10.921981 12.1 14.5 26 32.4 16.48 20.98 50.53 89.2 133.4 72 24.98 24.751982 18.3 14.3 13.4 14.7 20.84 14.35 37.82 80.71 44.97 38.3 14.14 15.451983 13.4 13.6 17.2 16.8 50.32 30.29 52.55 78.55 155.7 59.1 40.07 50.111984 38.3 15.3 14.7 10.6 22.5 23.66 28.58 52.93 48.42 20.9 21.37 21.531985 15.1 13.4 12.9 21.8 32.63 16.83 49.43 161.6 267.2 17.1 16.39 19.681986 27.8 27 34.3 28.2 28.68 39.39 69.95 55.21 32.98 18.8 21.85 23.741987 18.9 16.3 33 27.1 19.05 12.77 10.23 35.54 22.03 6.26 5.52 5.111988 9.27 6.2 5.54 10.1 1.72 1.82 15.2 13.86 69.78 24.2 5.14 5.361989 6.54 9.47 7.73 21.8 13.2 16.37 46.67 55.03 121.5 29.1 20.13 23.571990 16.1 42.5 26.6 27.4 18.48 23.58 33.56 43.84 127.7 31.2 17.97 15.881991 13.5 19.4 32.5 26.3 26.17 15.17 37.76 60.36 142.7 37 37.71 32.561992 50.4 50.5 12.5 19.3 21.41 13.43 21.58 45 111.5 32.4 17.69 21.861993 31.9 29.2 18.5 22.7 46.51 37.27 50.16 137.7 207 63 25.79 27.381994 25 20.1 20.2 21 22.33 20.46 56.08 47.11 49.4 26.8 16.79 17.291995 14.4 19.8 39.3 22.8 16.8 29.64 61.17 71.56 49.53 16.3 15.8 15.541996 19.1 15.1 31.2 18.3 19.46 21.19 35.12 205 200.5 33.2 17.17 31.341997 26.1 17.9 26.8 30.7 22.71 22.8 44.54 50.25 17.92 17.3 11.68 7.21998 9.62 9.62 15.9 11.4 9.31 9.77 24.67 220.1 148.1 72.1 20.3 24.091999 24.3 21.6 27.3 23 27.82 38 76.2 159.5 78.76 75.9 32.84 28.032000 37.8 28.2 27.2 26.7 50.71 41.74 40.13 76.47 61.31 61.4 35.94 25.52001 28.9 27.4 27.8 23.3 52.77 25.53 37.28 65.78 66.95 26.9 28.68 31.672002 31.4 23.4 28.1 26 23.82 26.04 35.69 60.04 35.47 18.3 7.23 8.522003 12.4 10.1 12.8 15.2 9.87 12.33 35.74 71.13 80.55 28.2 18.43 35.12004 24.9 19.4 26 40.1 20.47 25.36 42.89 80.55 90.49 35 23.24 24.57

Mean 25.4 23.8 27.9 27.5 27.64 25.65 43.38 81.48 91.53 35.4 23.51 24.85 Ταβλε Α.8. Μοντηλψ ινφλοω φρομ Αρβα Ριϖερ(μ3/σεχ) (Φρομ ΜΟΩΡ, Ηψδρολογψ Δεπαρτμεντ) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1962 0.64 0.59 0.52 0.6 0.59 0.39 1.45 4.43 2.72 2.7 0.46 0.11963 0.55 0.36 0.21 0.39 1.32 0.2 1.34 7.51 1.46 1.63 0.76 0.21964 0.71 0.37 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.28 1.15 7.92 4.1 4.39 1.04 0.191965 0.4 0.37 0.33 0.38 0.37 0.09 1 2.65 2.79 0.11 0.41 01966 0.69 0.64 0.56 0.63 0.13 0.21 0.98 3.09 5.35 3.66 0.74 0.13

120

1967 0.62 0.36 0.3 0.52 0.81 0.28 1.63 6.42 5.5 16.2 3.29 0.281968 0.87 1.58 0.66 3.37 0.83 0.51 1.34 3.47 3.42 4.58 0.77 0.171969 1.04 1.64 3.14 0.57 0.72 0.54 2.53 11.39 2.33 1.86 0.55 0.111970 0.89 0.59 1.62 0.87 1.06 0.27 2.15 11.18 3.41 2.33 0.34 0.061971 0.27 0.2 0.11 0.41 0.7 0.97 1.27 3.47 1.84 0.57 0.12 0.021972 0.08 0.27 0.15 0.64 0.8 0.61 1.68 5.9 2.72 1.53 0.47 0.11973 0.47 0.3 0.17 0.16 0.61 0.34 0.93 4.61 2.27 2.81 0.35 0.081974 0.34 0.21 0.34 0.19 0.12 0.13 0.71 7.17 4.79 3.5 0.53 0.121975 0.49 0.31 0.16 0.34 0.31 0.4 1.55 6.27 4.25 4.24 0.83 0.171976 0.8 0.45 0.33 0.44 0.77 0.29 1.2 5.17 2.45 1.57 1.07 0.141977 0.93 0.82 0.51 0.78 0.66 0.56 1.55 4.97 1.69 9.59 2.14 0.161978 0.56 0.93 0.5 0.2 0.18 0.22 1.12 4.42 1.97 5.69 0.18 0.031979 0.31 0.28 0.22 0.26 0.55 0.32 1.07 5.18 2.57 2.48 0.56 0.121980 0.55 0.47 0.41 0.2 0.22 0.22 1.05 2.31 1.07 2.36 0.3 0.071981 0.3 0.24 1.23 2.15 0.24 0.03 0.89 6.38 9.49 3.9 1.09 0.261982 1.4 1.22 0.51 1.31 1.62 0.96 1.99 6.55 0.35 5.77 1.04 0.281983 1.19 0.85 1.07 1.01 4.05 1.56 2.73 7.17 5.41 5.03 0.55 0.081984 0.34 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.47 0.36 1.06 3.23 2.9 0.66 0.19 0.041985 0.18 0.13 0.08 0.3 0.37 0.11 0.91 3.36 2.46 1.49 0.45 0.11986 1.18 1.08 0.95 0.76 1.06 0.8 5.9 7.04 2.57 1.32 0.8 0.191987 0.52 0.47 1.6 1.61 2.34 1.6 1.14 3.47 2.75 4.47 1.56 0.411988 2.06 1.68 0.79 1 0.8 0.57 1.44 9.56 7.62 7.78 2.13 0.491989 2.53 1.72 1.01 1.7 1.66 1.13 4.11 13.16 7.33 9.3 2.11 0.351990 2.54 5.95 3.74 4.37 1.49 0.92 2.32 8.53 7.76 3.52 0.63 0.161991 0.79 0.61 0.94 0.46 0.39 0.32 1.11 7.07 1.59 1.61 0.58 0.161992 1.03 1.03 0.39 0.54 0.44 0.41 0.95 12 11.75 12.5 1.27 0.291993 0.43 1.9 0.42 1.06 2.28 0.68 0.68 2.5 3.05 3.26 0.83 0.231994 2.9 2.63 0.75 0.07 0.45 0.2 4.99 6.82 4.1 0.19 0.38 0.161995 0.04 0.03 0.74 2.46 0.35 0.1 0.31 2.74 1.08 0.04 0.01 0.011996 0.12 0 0.52 0.37 0.55 0.89 1 3.83 4.44 0.37 0.09 0.061997 0.1 0.04 0.09 0.29 0.07 0.09 2.02 4.02 0.89 1.54 4.33 0.21998 1.62 0.44 0.51 0.22 0.4 0.15 0.32 3.97 4.61 4.79 0.18 0.081999 0.08 0.02 0.21 0.09 0.05 0.1 2.51 3.49 3.87 17.3 0.37 0.112000 0.1 0.06 0.09 0.23 0.35 0.13 1 18.88 4.54 11.4 1.3 0.352001 2.29 1.84 2.78 2.29 2.62 2.33 4.5 10.18 4.55 0.47 0.26 0.32002 1.07 0.6 0.41 0.38 0.6 0.37 0.47 3.16 1.17 1.58 0.65 0.172003 1 0.95 0.48 1.6 0.31 0.79 1.15 3.92 1.99 1.12 0.19 0.22004 0.27 0.18 0.11 0.3 0.21 0.59 0.75 2.79 1.65 1.84 0.39 0.07

Mean 0.82 0.8 0.7 0.84 0.795 0.512 1.627 6.078 3.596 4.02 0.844 0.163Ταβλε Α.9. Μοντηλψ φλοω οφ Αωαση Ριϖερ ατ Αωαση(μ3/σεχ) (Φρομ ΜΟΩΡ, Ηψδρολογψ Δεπαρτμεντ) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1962 20.4 19.5 23.4 24.9 24.04 22.81 47.99 86.54 60.93 38.1 30.52 22.621963 25.8 24 39.5 59.8 71.74 43.17 57.77 185.8 129.7 44.2 41.12 48.361964 46.1 41.7 41.7 50.8 46.12 48.68 75.51 138 93.85 60.6 37.36 48.591965 56 44 43 38.6 32.57 41.11 53.16 68.66 69.94 51.8 32.65 38.38

121

1966 41.9 62.1 56.2 59.2 41.67 40.63 63.44 96.93 97.84 46.6 25.01 28.091967 24.7 28.6 25 31.4 28.06 25.37 49.37 92.46 86.93 54 53.71 30.61968 39.9 56.3 47.2 91.8 58.94 46.87 73.75 98.34 77.4 49.8 54.71 46.111969 45.1 59.7 80.3 49.9 50.18 42.91 83.8 232.5 201.1 42.5 34.68 32.11970 33 35.1 85.7 66.2 42.79 38.45 61.45 206.3 210.3 41.4 31.24 29.351971 30.8 26.8 68.4 29.8 52.08 69.29 104.7 187.2 235.9 29.4 25.3 26.841972 33.6 37.7 50.9 84.9 93.13 62.82 76.6 92.67 60.31 35.7 26.33 31.271973 27.6 18.6 14.2 10.5 17.15 13.11 43.71 91.83 78.39 34.4 18.61 17.581974 22.3 15 28.4 31.9 21.41 54.94 76.83 99.26 133.1 37.1 11.51 30.821975 48 38.3 32.9 29.1 25.25 28.97 85.13 168 202.2 56.4 18.31 23.841976 29.7 31.4 37.4 38.9 55.01 24.82 44.66 98.99 84.64 28.3 19.42 15.941977 32.6 27.1 23.2 30.1 27.76 28.59 58.97 112.7 124.5 104 116.1 70.241978 53.3 60.7 73.3 42.4 35.79 33.94 86.58 103 65.22 66.9 30.61 51.361979 68.5 49.1 35.8 31.3 28.61 25.76 54.98 88.21 91.64 42 27.62 30.821980 34.1 28.9 27.9 21.4 14.69 17.56 48.4 54.67 38.18 28 9.85 17.811981 17.1 19.5 54.2 87 34.49 35.96 78.95 131.6 216.2 88 30.21 26.381982 28 24.7 22.8 31.2 42.07 22.61 47.29 102.9 59.58 81.4 21.83 32.941983 22.9 26.5 35.2 40.9 99.13 50.79 84.27 149.4 229.9 69.6 59.77 591984 43.8 16.9 14.9 9.35 28.28 29.33 38.93 69.43 75.08 24.1 23.32 26.691985 19.8 17.4 17.4 34.5 67.31 20.98 45.77 124.8 201.8 19.7 16.28 25.211986 19.9 30.1 30.5 32.1 35.02 50.57 95.89 89.66 57.17 26.6 23.82 26.91987 16.9 18.5 20 46.3 51.95 28.27 24.35 65.79 41.38 18.3 15.99 16.911988 26.7 21.2 17.8 19.6 5.76 6.64 43.48 118.1 144.4 51.4 13.73 13.791989 14.8 21.2 19.8 52.3 22.85 27.29 75.42 102.5 161.1 51.1 26.33 34.361990 23.6 85.2 73.3 67.2 32.02 50.1 105.4 190.1 180.6 52.8 34.1 28.541991 21.8 20.9 41.3 34.6 35.66 23.32 60.38 81.29 157.4 46 44.81 42.641992 69.8 56 25.3 51.3 35.16 17.8 35.74 123.7 144.7 37 22.8 22.861993 66.2 53.3 24.9 38.2 56.77 42.95 63.12 150.9 283.2 74.7 31.83 57.681994 30.2 30.8 44.1 36.3 31.49 33.53 140.1 154.7 154.2 39.6 52.58 44.511995 36.4 33.6 69.1 54.5 24.4 31.34 61.98 100.1 69.98 12.6 29.33 11.51996 27.5 16.7 46.7 35.4 100.1 79.57 54.1 281.1 252.7 27.4 24.61 43.121997 24.9 45.3 53.8 73.3 42.32 45.14 96.48 102.3 47.87 73.3 71.45 19.691998 58.1 27.7 49 13.3 19.8 13.41 186 329.5 238.2 104 36.89 41.391999 42.5 36 69.3 43.6 41.64 60.59 140.9 213.1 127.3 153 53.33 48.742000 47.1 34.6 35.8 40.9 70.5 38.92 58.09 129.3 109.5 78.2 42.77 29.72001 32.2 29.8 49.6 36.8 44.74 48.84 130 131.4 81.23 33.7 23.41 26.082002 31 24.3 28 29.9 24.77 26.77 44.35 73.22 53.07 27.8 4.32 9.452003 34.7 36.9 40 43.6 41.3 37.3 71.6 128.7 130.7 50.2 33.6 322004 53.1 33.2 37.4 74.4 54.35 51.58 108.5 195.7 187.8 69.2 43.74 43.21

Mean 35.4 34.1 40.8 43 42.07 36.82 72.98 131.2 129 51.2 33.15 32.65

122

ANNEX B

COMPUTED EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION DATA FROM METEOROLOGICAL DATA OF REPERESENTATIVE STATIONS OF THE SUB BASIN

Table B.1.Details of Major Meteorological Stations in the sub-basin

Table.B.2: Wonji are Monthly Meteorological data and Evapo- transpiration computation

Table .B. 3: Meteorological data of Welenchiti area and Evapo-transpiration calculation Table .B.4: Meteorological data of Bofa area and Evapo-transpiration calculation

Table .B.5: Meteorological data of Nura Hera station and Evapo-transpiration calculation

Table B.6: Meteorological data of Melkasa station and Evapo-transpiration calculation

Table B.7: Meteorological data of Metehara area and Evapo-transpiration calculation

123

Table B.1.Details of Major Meteorological Stations in the sub-basin

Station Name

Latitude (N)

Longitude(E)

Altitude(m asl)

Record Period (year)

Wonji 80 27’ 390 14’ 1540 1962-2004

Nazereth 80 33’ 390 17’ 1648 1965-2004

Welenchiti 80 46’ 390 24’ 1456 1964-2004

Nura Hera 80 32’ 390 35’ 1180.0 1996-2005

Melkasa 80 24’ 390 20’ 1550 1977-2003

Metehara 80 51’ 390 55’ 950.0 1996-2005

TableB.2: Wonji Meteorological station Monthly Meteorological data and Evapo- transpiration

Months Max.T0

0c MinT0

0c Humidity (%)

Wind (km/day)

Sun shine (hr)

Solar radiation

Reference evaporation (mm/month)

Rain fall (mm/month)

Effective rain fall

Jan 26.3 11.5 62 69 8.7 20.4 3.6 9 9 Feb. 27.3 13.1 60 60 8.9 22.0 4.0 23 22 Mar 28.9 14.8 57 60 8.7 22.9 4.3 42 39 Apr 29.0 15.3 62 52 8.8 23.1 4.4 59 53 May 30.0 15.5 60 52 8.6 22.1 4.3 47 43 Jun 29.2 16.7 60 69 8.5 21.5 4.3 78 68 Jul 26.1 16.3 74 60 7.1 19.6 3.8 192 133 Aug 25.6 16.1 74 52 6.9 19.8 3.7 192 133 Sep 26.8 15.4 73 43 7.5 20.8 3.9 97 82 Oct 27.2 12.0 63 52 8.5 21.6 4.0 48 44 Nov 26.2 11.0 62 60 9.5 21.8 3.8 9 9 Dec 25.6 10.8 63 52 8.4 19.5 3.3 8 8 Year 27.4 14.0 64 57 8.3 21.3 1441 804 643

124

The monthly mean reference crop evapo-transpiration calculated using FAO CROPWAT 4 Table B. 3: Meteorological data of Welenchiti area and Evapo-transpiration calculation

Months

Max Temp 0c

Min Temp 0c

Humidity

(%)

Wind speed(km/day)

Sun shine

Mean RF

( mm)

ETo

(mm/month) Jan

26.5 12.6 52.5 117.0 8.8 19.2 4.09 Feb.

27.8 14.2 50.5 115.3 8.4 33.3 4.45 Mar

29.0 15.1 51.1 110.6 8.3 59.7 4.75 Apr

29.2 15.5 54.0 98.5 8.1 62.1 4.81 May

29.9 16.1 51.9 91.7 8.8 56.9 4.74 Jun

29.1 17.2 55.4 120.7 8.4 68.3 4.74 Jul

26.0 16.4 65.0 128.0 6.8 215.7 4.09 Aug

25.6 16.2 67.6 101.7 6.9 223.5 3.99 Sep

26.8 15.4 64.6 65.6 7.3 98.1 3.97 Oct

27.3 12.6 53.1 79.6 8.7 34.2 4.17 Nov

26.6 11.8 50.5 107.3 9.3 11.0 4.14 Dec

26.1 11.4 51.5 113.9 9.1 8.7 3.95 Average 27.5 14.6 55.6 104.2 8.2

74.225

4.32

The monthly mean reference crop evapo-transpiration calculated using FAO CROPWAT 4

125

Table B.4: Meteorological data of Bofa area and Evapo-transpiration calculation

Months

Max Temp 0c

Min Temp 0c

Humidity

%

Wind speed(km/day

Sun shine

Mean RF (mm)

ETo

(mm/month)

Jan 30.1 13.5 47.2 117.0 8.8 10.3 4.45

Feb. 30.2 15.0 45.4 115.3 8.4 24.2 4.71

Mar 31.1 15.7 46.0 110.6 8.3 49.1 4.99

Apr 32.2 16.3 48.6 98.5 8.1 48.8 5.10

May 33.1 17.2 46.7 91.7 8.8 53.3 5.04

Jun 32.4 16.8 49.9 120.7 8.4 67.7 5.09

Jul 31.6 16.9 58.5 128.0 6.8 188.8 4.69

Aug 30.4 16.5 60.9 101.7 6.9 180.4 4.45

Sep 32.1 16.3 58.2 65.6 7.3 84.4 4.36

Oct 32.9 16.5 47.8 79.6 8.7 30.8 4.66

Nov 31.0 13.3 45.5 107.3 9.3 8.5 4.55

Dec 30.2 12.8 46.4 113.9 9.1 7.2 4.34

Average 31.4 15.6 50.1 104.2 8.2

62.79167

4.7

126


Table B.5: Meteorological data of Nura Hera station and Evapo-transpiration calculation

Months Max.T0

0c

MinT0

0c

Humidity (%)

Wind (km/day)

Sun shine (hr)

Solar radiation MJ/m2/day

Ref evaporation (mm/month)


Effective rain fall (mm)

Jan 23.1 9.6 15 147 7.9 19 3.8 24.3 8.36

Feb. 24.3 10.5 52 156 7.8 20.1 4.2 46.9 19.6

Mar 24.8 11.5 52 156 6.6 19.4 4.3 62.7 24.6

Apr 25.2 12.0 62 156 6.9 20.2 4.4 63.7 33.2

May 23.9 11.9 56 147 6.9 19.8 4.2 39.4 10

Jun 22.7 10.8 70 121 5.4 17.2 3.5 32.4 9.9

Jul 18.8 10.1 81 104 3.1 14.1 2.6 148.3 79.9

Aug 18.4 10.0 82 112 3.1 14.1 2.6 148.3 98.7

Sep 20.0 10.0 76 138 4.8 16.6 3.1 50.3 17.2

Oct 21.5 10.1 58 190 7.5 19.9 4.1 15.6 0

Nov 21.2 8.7 56 156 9.6 21.3 4.1 4.6 0

Dec 21.6 12.3 54 169 9.3 19.9 3.7 4.4 0

Mean 22.12 10.62 59.5 146 6.57 18.47 3.716667 53.40833 25.1216


127

Table B.6: Meteorological data of Melkasa station and Evapo-transpiration calculation

Months Tempe

0c

Humidity (%)

Wind (km/day)

Sun shine (hr)


Reference evapo-transpiration (mm/month)



Jan 19.8 50 269 8.9 4.2 6.26 14.5 14.1

Feb. 21.2 53 276 8.5 4.6 6.58 32.1 30.0

Mar 22.8 52 243 8.7 5.1 6.89 41.4 38.0

Apr 22.8 52 236 8.1 5.0 6.75 53.7 47.9

May 23.3 53 235 8.7 5.0 6.76 56.6 50.2

Jun 23.1 54 283 8.3 4.8 6.90 65.8 57.1

Jul 16.2 68 278 6.9 4.4 4.94 180.2 115.3

Aug 20.8 70 215 7.1 4.8 5.17 177.8 114.6

Sep 20.7 67 148 7.3 4.8 4.97 85.3 70.7

Oct 20.3 49 196 8.5 4.6 6.03 34.8 32.4

Nov 19.5 46 256 9.7 4.4 6.50 8.8 8.6

Dec 19.6 49 272 8.8 4.0 6.20 11.6 11.3

Mean 20.8 55 242 8.3

4.6 6.1625

63.55 49.18333


128

Table B.7: Meteorological data of Metehara area and Evapo-transpiration calculation

Months Max.T0

0c

MinT0

0c

Humidity (%)

Wind (km/day)

Sun shine (hr)


Ref evaporation (mm/month)



Jan 31.3 15.8 39.2 138.2 8.8 20.6 5.0 11.97 0.0

Feb. 33.6 15.3 32.3 146.9 10.2 3.9 5.9 5.24 0.0

Mar 34.3 18.8 37.9 146.9 8.8 22.9 6.0 59 10.28

Apr 35.5 19.4 38.6 129.6 8.8 23.1 5.9 38.8 0.0

May 36.9 20.0 35.7 129.6 9.2 23.1 6.1 25.7 0.0

Jun 36.8 21.8 34.6 172.8 8.8 22.0 6.6 22.9 0.0

Jul 33.2 20.3 43.5 190.1 7.3 19.9 5.9 124 46.36

Aug 33.4 20.0 49.1 146.9 7.3 20.4 5.4 120.6 1.22

Sep 33.4 19.8 45.2 121.0 7.9 21.5 5.4 31.4 0.0

Oct 33.7 17.0 36.9 114.9 8.8 22.1 5.3 33.9 0.0

Nov 32.1 14.0 33.8 121.0 9.7 22.1 5.0 4.91 0.0

Dec 33.1 13.1 33.8 129.6 9.7 21.3 4.8 4.79 0.0

Mean 33.9 18.0 38.4

140.625

8.8 21.9 5.6 40.23 4.82


130

ANNEX C

COMPUTED IRRIGATION WATER DEMAND DATA AND SALIENT DATA FOR WEAP MODEL IN MONTHLY BASIS

Table C.1. Computed Water demand Data of Wonji Area Irrigations (UV1) Table C.2. Computed Water demand Data of Nura Era Complexes (UV2) Table C.3. Computed Water demand Data of Metehara / Abadir area (UV3)

Table C.4. Computed Water demand Data of Small scale irrigation of OIDA Table C.5. Computed Water demand Data of middle and lower valley farms (DSI )

Table C.6. Computed Water demand Data of Wonji Area Expansions (WAE ) Table C.7. Computed Water demand Data of OIDA small scale irrigations (OIDA2

Table C.8. Computed Water demand Data of Metehara Expansions Table C.9. Computed Water demand Data of Fentale integrated Irrigation Table C.10. Computed Water demand Data of Towns’ water supply

Table C: 11.Monthly irrigation abstraction for major irrigation projects according to WWDSE (2006)

131

Table C.1. Computed Water demand Data of Wonji Area Irrigations (UV1)

a. Salient features of UV1

Total activity level (ha) 7054 Overall efficiency (%) 60 Major crop Sugar cane Return flow (%) 20% Consumption rate (%) 80%

b. Irrigation water use Wonji area Existing Irrigation

months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec annual GIWR (mm) 178.01 172.3 165.2 164 172 169 55.5 34.2 51.3 125.3 167 178 1632 Monthly abstraction(MMC) 12.557 12.16 11.65 11.6 12.2 12 3.92 2.41 3.62 8.84 11.8 12.6 115.1Monthly variation (%) 10.908 10.56 10.12 10 10.6 10.4 3.4 2.09 3.14 7.679 10.2 10.9 100Water use rate (m^3/ha) 1780.1 1723 1652 1638 1723 1695 555 342 513 1253 1666 1780 16320Monthly losses (MMC) 5.0228 4.862 4.661 4.62 4.86 4.78 1.57 0.96 1.45 3.536 4.7 5.02 46.05Return flow MMC) 2.5114 2.431 2.331 2.31 2.43 2.39 0.78 0.48 0.72 1.768 2.35 2.51 23.02Monthly consumption(MMc) 10.046 9.724 9.322 9.24 9.72 9.56 3.13 1.93 2.89 7.072 9.4 10 92.1

132

Table C.2. Computed Water demand Data of Nura Era Complexes (UV2) a. Salient features of UV2

Total activity level (ha) 8753 Overall efficiency (%) 40 Major crop Fruits and vegetables Return flow (%) 10% Consumption rate (%) 90%

b.Water abstractions (MMC) of each Farm in (UV2)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Nura Era State 3.775 3.134 3.85 5.9 7.9 8.19 7.337 7.26 8.05 7.978 6.98 3.49 73.868Nura Era Privates 4.64 3.85 4.73 7.268 9.72 10. 9.02 8.93 9.895 9.81 8.58 4.29 90.88Merti Jeju Achamo 0.879 0.73 0.896 1.378 1.84 1.90 1.71 1.69 1.876 1.86 1.63 0.81 17.2Degaga 0.42 0.515 0.492 0 0.024 0.028 0.028 0.024 0 0 0 0.28 1.81Tibila 0.9 0.752 0.922 1.417 1.89 1.96 1.758 1.74 1.93 1.91 1.67 0.84 17.7Merti Jeju State 1.73 1.44 1.762 2.714 3.63 3.76 3.37 3.34 3.69 3.66 3.2 1.6 33.9UV2 total 12.35 10.42 12.62 18.69 25. 25.92 23.22 23 25.5 25.22 22.1 11.3 235.321

c.Irrigation water data used For WEAP Model

Parameters Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total IWR(mm) 14.11 11.88 14.5 21.35 28.6 28.6 26.5 26.27 29 28.813 25.21 12.91 267.7 Monthly abstraction MMC 12.35 10.4 12.7 18.69 25 25 23.2 22.99 25.4 25.22 22.07 11.3 234.3 Monthly Variation (%) 5.271 4.439 5.4 7.977 10.7 10.7 9.91 9.813 10.8 10.765 9.419 4.823 100 Water use rate(m^3/ha 1411 1188 1445 2135 2856 2856 2653 2627 2902 2881.3 2521 1291 26766 Monthly losses (MMC) 7.41 6.24 7.59 11.21 15 15 13.9 13.79 15.2 15.132 13.24 6.78 140.6 Return flow MMC 1.235 1.04 1.27 1.869 2.5 2.5 2.32 2.299 2.54 2.522 2.207 1.13 23.43 Total consumption (MMC) 11.12 9.36 11.4 16.82 22.5 22.5 20.9 20.69 22.9 22.698 19.86 10.17 210.9

133

Table C.3. Computed Water demand Data of Metehara / Abadir area (UV3)

a. Salient Features

Total activity level (ha) 12896 Overall efficiency (%) 55 Major crop Sugar cane Return flow (%) 20% Consumption rate (%) 80%

b. Irrigation water data of UV3 used For WEAP Model

Parameters Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AnnualIWR(mm) 140.7 139.3 145 164.9 181 198 186 89.56 103 181.2 178 155.9 1862Monthly abstraction MMC 18.14 17.96 18.7 21.26 23.3 25.6 23.9 11.55 13.3 23.37 22.95 20.1 240.1Monthly variation % 7.555 7.48 7.8 8.855 9.7 10.6 9.97 4.81 5.54 9.73 9.559 8.372 100Water use rate m^/ha 1407 1393 1452 1649 1805 1983 1856 895.6 1031 1812.2 1780 1559 18620Monthly losses MMC 8.163 8.082 8.42 9.567 10.5 11.5 10.8 5.198 5.98 10.52 10.33 9.045 108.1Return flow MMC 3.628 3.592 3.74 4.252 4.66 5.11 4.79 2.31 2.66 4.67 4.59 4.02 48.02Total Consumption (MMC) 14.51 14.37 15 17.01 18.6 20.5 19.1 9.24 10.6 18.7 18.36 16.08 192.1

134

Table C.4. Computed Water demand Data of Small scale irrigation of OIDA Under operation (OIDA 1)

a. Salient Features

Total activity level (ha) 1607ha Overall efficiency (%) 60 Major crops Sugar cane Return flow (%) 10% Consumption rate (%) 90%

b. Water abstraction of each OIDA Farms(MMC)

Abstracted Water per month

Scheme Name Irrigated Land (ha) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Melka Oba 1 60 0.14 0.17 0.16 0 0.01 0.009 0.009 0.008 0 0 0 0.093 0.6036 Qobo Malmele 30 0.07 0.09 0.08 0 0 0.005 0.005 0.004 0 0 0 0.046 0.3018 Melka Oba 2 40 0.094 0.11 0.11 0 0.01 0.006 0.006 0.005 0 0 0 0.062 0.4024 Batu-Degaga 100 0.234 0.29 0.27 0 0.01 0.016 0.016 0.013 0 0 0 0.155 1.006 Doni WV 0.935 1.15 1.09 0 0.05 0.063 0.063 0.053 0 0 0 0.62 4.0239 Doni Care 200 0.468 0.57 0.55 0 0.03 0.032 0.032 0.026 0 0 0 0.31 2.0119 Gara Dima 300 0.701 0.86 0.82 0 0.04 0.047 0.047 0.039 0 0 0 0.465 3.0179 Lugo 57 0.133 0.16 0.16 0 0.01 0.009 0.009 0.007 0 0 0 0.088 0.5734 Sara 120 0.281 0.34 0.33 0 0.02 0.019 0.019 0.016 0 0 0 0.186 1.2072 Weba 160 0.374 0.46 0.44 0 0.02 0.025 0.025 0.021 0 0 0 0.248 1.6096 Sogido 1 70 0.164 0.2 0.19 0 0.01 0.011 0.011 0.009 0 0 0 0.108 0.7042 Sogido 2 70 0.164 0.2 0.19 0 0.01 0.011 0.011 0.009 0 0 0 0.108 0.7042 Total OIDA 1 1607 3.757 4.6 4.39 0 0.21 0.253 0.253 0.211 0 0 0 2.49 16.166

135

C.Irrigation water demand data required for WEAP

Parameters Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec IWR(mm) 233.8 286.2 273 0 13.1 15.7 15.7 13.13 0 0 0 154.9 1006Monthly abstraction MMC 3.757 4.6 4.39 0 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.211 0 0 0 2.49 16.17Monthly variation % 23.24 28.45 27.2 0 1.3 1.56 1.56 1.305 0 0 0 15.4 100Water use rate m^/ha 2338 2862 2732 0 131 157 157 131.3 0 0 0 1549 10060Monthly losses MMC 1.503 1.84 1.76 0 0.08 0.1 0.1 0.084 0 0 0 0.996 6.466Return flow MMC 0.376 0.46 0.44 0 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.021 0 0 0 0.249 1.617Consumed Water (MMC) 3.381 4.14 3.95 0 0.19 0.23 0.23 0.19 0 0 0 2.241 14.55

Table C.5. Computed Water demand Data of middle and lower valley farms (DSI )

a. Salient Features

Total activity level (ha) 26191ha Overall efficiency (%) 50 Major crops Cotton, Return flow (%) 10% Consumption rate (%) 90%

b. Irrigation water data of Existing downstream irrigation farms of UV3 Parameters Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual GIWR(mm) 22.41 21.7 21 114 292 273 66.2 44.63 168 168 62.58 41.1 1293Monthly abstraction MMC 28.28 27.4 26 144 368 344 83.6 56.32 212 212 78.97 51.8 1632Monthly variation % 1.733 1.68 1.6 8.8 22.6 21.1 5.12 3.451 13 13 4.839 3.18 100Water use rate m^/ha 224.1 217 208 1139 2917 2726 662 446.3 1678 1679 625.8 411 12933Monthly losses MMC 2.935 2.85 2.7 14.9 38.2 35.7 8.68 5.845 22 22 8.195 5.38 169.4Return flow MMC 1.174 1.14 1.1 5.96 15.3 14.3 3.47 2.338 8.79 8.8 3.278 2.15 67.75Consumption MMC 4.696 4.55 4.4 23.9 61.1 57.1 13.9 9.352 35.2 35.2 13.11 8.61 271

136

Table C.6. Computed Water demand Data of Wonji Area Expansions (WAE )

a. salient Features


Implementing time 2010

b.Irrigation water demand data of Wonji area irrigation Expansions

Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalGIWR mm 130 112.5 119 116.3 143 139 16.3 2.5 62.5 138.75 143.8 137.5 1260Monthly abstraction(MMC) 21.73 18.8 19.8 19.43 23.8 23.2 2.72 0.418 10.4 23.192 24.03 22.98 210.6Monthly variation (%) 10.32 8.929 9.43 9.227 11.3 11 1.29 0.198 4.96 11.012 11.41 10.91 100Water use rate (M^3/ha) 1300 1125 1188 1163 1425 1388 163 25 625 1387.5 1438 1375 12600Monthly losses MMC 4.346 3.761 3.97 3.886 4.76 4.64 0.54 0.084 2.09 4.6384 4.806 4.597 42.12Return flow MMC 2.173 1.88 1.98 1.943 2.38 2.32 0.27 0.042 1.04 2.3192 2.403 2.298 21.06Consumption (MMC) 19.56 16.92 17.9 17.49 21.4 20.9 2.44 0.376 9.4 20.873 21.63 20.68 189.5

Farm Irrigable area (ha) Wonji Dodota 3741 Wonji WakeTio 512 Welenchiti 9000

Bofa 3462

Total 16715

137

Table C.7. Computed Water demand Data of OIDA small scale irrigations (OIDA2) a. Salient Features



b.Irrigation water demand data of OIDA proposed small scale irrigations

Parameters Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AnnualGIR mm 233.76 286.3 273 0 13.1 15.8 15.8 13.1 0 0 0 155 1006Monthly Abstraction MMC 1.4236 1.744 1.66 0 0.08 0.1 0.1 0.08 0 0 0 0.94 6.126Monthly variation % 23.238 28.46 27.2 0 1.31 1.57 1.57 1.31 0 0 0 15.4 100Water use rate (m^3/ha) 2337.6 2863 2732 0 131 158 158 131 0 0 0 1550 10060Monthly losses MMC 0.5694 0.697 0.67 0 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0 0 0 0.38 2.451Return flow MMC 0.1424 0.174 0.17 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0.09 0.613Consumption MMC 1.2813 1.569 1.5 0 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.07 0 0 0 0.85 5.514

138

Table C.8. Computed Water demand Data of Metehara Expansions

a. Salient Features



b.Irrigation water demand data of Metehara expansion

parameters Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AnnualGIR mm 78.698 12.73 42.013 73.94 69.462 89.2 127.6 149 124 86.7 65.6 55.6 974.8Monthly abstraction MMC 2.5183 0.407 1.3444 2.366 2.2228 2.854 4.082 4.768 3.98 2.77 2.1 1.78 31.2Monthly Variation % 8.0729 1.306 4.3098 7.585 7.1255 9.15 13.09 15.29 12.8 8.89 6.73 5.7 100Water use rate m^3/ha 786.98 127.3 420.13 739.4 694.62 892 1276 1490 1244 867 656 556 9748Overall Loss 0.7555 0.122 0.4033 0.71 0.6668 0.856 1.225 1.43 1.19 0.83 0.63 0.53 9.359Return Flow MMC 0.5037 0.081 0.2689 0.473 0.4446 0.571 0.816 0.954 0.8 0.55 0.42 0.36 6.239Consumption MMC 2.0147 0.326 1.0755 1.893 1.7782 2.283 3.266 3.815 3.18 2.22 1.68 1.42 24.96

139

Table C.9. Computed Water demand Data of Fentale integrated Irrigation

a. Salient Features

Total activity level (ha) 18,130ha Overall efficiency (%) 60 Major crops Sugar cane,

cereals, vegetables, Forage

Return flow (%) 20% Consumption rate (%) 80%


b.Irrigation water demand data of Fentale irrigation

Parameters Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AnnualIWR(mm) 84.5 76.1 46 93.8 115 161 120 164.1 165 138.46 109.5 118.3 1393Monthly abstraction MMC 15.32 13.8 8.4 17 20.9 29.2 21.8 29.75 29.9 25.103 19.85 21.44 252.5Monthly variation % 6.067 5.47 3.3 6.74 8.28 11.6 8.65 11.78 11.8 9.9417 7.862 8.491 100Water use rate m^/ha 845 761 462 938 1153 1609 1205 1641 1650 1384.6 1095 1183 13926Monthly losses 6.128 5.52 3.4 6.8 8.36 11.7 8.74 11.9 12 10.041 7.941 8.576 101Return flow MMC 3.064 2.76 1.7 3.4 4.18 5.83 4.37 5.95 5.98 5.0206 3.97 4.288 50.5Consumption MMC 12.26 11 6.7 13.6 16.7 23.3 17.5 23.8 23.9 20.082 15.88 17.15 202

140

Table C.10. Computed Water demand Data of Towns’ water supply 1. DEMAND DATA OF NAZERETH WATER SUPPLY a. Salient features

Total activity level (People)

281560

Annual Growth rate % 3.2 Loss and Leakage (%) 20 Consumption rate % 80

b.Monthly Water demand data of Nazereth Town

Parameters Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AnnualMonthly water demand Mm3 0.55 0.5 0.552 0.53 0.55 0.53 0.55 0.55 0.534 0.55 0.53 0.55 6.5Monthly variation % 8.49 7.67 8.493 8.22 8.49 8.22 8.49 8.49 8.219 8.49 8.22 8.49 100Consumption Mm3 0.44 0.4 0.442 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.427 0.44 0.43 0.44 5.2Losses Mm3 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.107 0.11 0.11 0.11 1.3Water use rate m3/person 1.96 1.77 1.961 1.9 1.96 1.9 1.96 1.96 1.897 1.96 1.9 1.96 23.09

141

2. DEMAND DATA OF METEHARA WATER SUPPLY a. Salient features

Total activity level (People)

34100

Annual Growth rate % 6 Loss and Leakage (%) 20 Consumption rate % 80

b.Monthly Water demand of Metehara Town

Parameters Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AnnMonthly water demand Mm3 0.2548 0.23 0.255 0.247 0.25 0.247 0.25 0.255 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.255 3Monthly variation % 8.4932 7.671 8.493 8.219 8.49 8.219 8.49 8.493 8.22 8.49 8.22 8.493 100Consumption Mm3 0.2038 0.184 0.204 0.197 0.2 0.197 0.2 0.204 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.204 2.4 Loss leakage Mm3 0.051 0.046 0.051 0.049 0.05 0.049 0.05 0.051 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.051 0.6Water use rate m3/person 7.472 6.749 7.472 7.231 7.47 7.231 7.47 7.472 7.23 7.47 7.23 7.472 88

119

Table C:11.Monthly irrigation abstraction for major irrigation projects according to WWDSE (2006)

Scenario 1 Site Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annl UV1 12.5 12.14 11.6 11.53 12.09 11.93 3.94 2.4 3.63 8.79 11.7 12.55 115 UV2 8.83 8.6 8.22 8.17 8.56 8.45 2.79 1.7 2.57 6.23 8.29 8.88 81 UV3 18.1 17.96 18.72 21.26 23.28 25.57 23.93 11.55 13.29 23.4 22.95 20.1 240 MV1 5.58 5.69 5.44 5.4 5.66 5.59 1.85 1.13 1.7 4.12 5.48 5.88 54 MV2 0 0 0 7.36 21.33 19.84 4.67 3.18 12.74 12.2 3.29 1.47 86 MV3 0 0 0 3.14 9.09 8.84 1.99 1.36 5.43 5.12 1.4 0.63 37 LV1 0 0 0 1.92 5.56 5.17 1.22 0.86 3.32 3.13 0.86 0.38 22 LV2&3 0 0 0 12 34.76 32.33 7.62 5.19 20.76 19.6 5.36 2.4 140 Sum 45.4 44.39 43.39 70.78 120.34 117.34 48.01 27.34 63.44 82.4 59.32 52.3 775

Scenario II Site Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annl UV1 12.5 12.14 11.6 11.53 12.09 11.93 3.94 2.4 3.63 8.79 11.7 12.55 115 UV2 8.83 8.6 8.22 8.17 8.56 8.45 2.79 1.7 2.57 6.23 8.29 8.88 81 UV3 18.1 17.96 18.72 21.26 23.28 25.57 23.93 11.55 13.29 23.4 22.95 20.1 240 MV1 5.58 5.69 5.44 5.4 5.66 5.59 1.85 1.13 1.7 4.12 5.48 5.88 54 MV2 0 0 0 7.36 21.33 19.84 4.67 3.18 12.74 12.2 3.29 1.47 86 MV3 0 0 0 3.14 9.09 8.84 1.99 1.36 5.43 5.12 1.4 0.63 37 LV1 0 0 0 1.92 5.56 5.17 1.22 0.86 3.32 3.13 0.86 0.38 22 Tendaho new

76.2 77.7 84.3 86.6 156.9 162.75 149.4 151.9 145.4 120.6

108.9 94.67 1415

Sum 121.6

122 128.3 154.3 242.44 247.76 189.8 174 188.1 183.4

162.9 144.6 2050

Scenario III Site Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annl UV1 21.2

4 20.6 19.7 19.55 20.5 20.23 6.7 4.07 6.15 14.9 19.8 21.3 195

UV2 8.83 8.6 8.22 8.17 8.56 8.45 2.79 1.7 2.57 6.23 8.29 8.88 81 UV3 23.8 23.59 24.6 27.9 30.6 33.6 31.4 15.17 17.45 30.7 30.13 26.4 315 Kesem 19.9 22.8 26.2 36.8 52.3 54.3 36.6 31.9 40.1 41.1 34.2 0 396 MV2 0 0 0 7.36 21.33 19.84 4.67 3.18 12.74 12.2 3.29 1.47 86 MV3 0 0 0 3.14 9.09 8.84 1.99 1.36 5.43 5.12 1.4 0.63 37 LV1 0 0 0 1.92 5.56 5.17 1.22 0.86 3.32 3.13 0.86 0.38 22 Tendaho 76.2 77.7 84.3 86.6 156.9 162.75 149.4 151.9 145.4 121 108.9 94.67 1415 Sum 150 153.3 162.9 191.4 304.7 312.8 234.8 210.1 233.2 234 207 153.7 2548

Scenario IV Site Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annl UV1 35 33.9 32.4 32.2 33.8 33.3 11.02 6.71 10.12 24.5

5 32.7 35.03 321

UV2 8.83 8.6 8.22 8.17 8.56 8.45 2.79 1.7 2.57 6.23 8.29 8.88 81 UV3 23.8 23.59 24.6 27.9 30.6 33.6 31.4 15.17 17.45 30.7 30.13 26.4 315 Kesem 19.9 22.8 26.2 36.8 52.3 54.3 36.6 31.9 40.1 41.1 34.2 0 396 MV2 0 0 0 7.36 21.33 19.84 4.67 3.18 12.74 12.2 3.29 1.47 86 MV3 0 0 0 3.14 9.09 8.84 1.99 1.36 5.43 5.12 1.4 0.63 37 LV1 0 0 0 1.92 5.56 5.17 1.22 0.86 3.32 3.13 0.86 0.38 22 Tendaho 76.2 77.7 84.3 86.6 156.9 162.75 149.4 151.9 145.4 121 108.9 94.67 1415 Sum 169.

6 172.3 181.1 209.5 323.7 331.5 241 213.9 238.8 247.

6 225.3 173.35 2674

120

ANNEX D SOME RESULTS OF THE MODEL Table D.1 Annual Supply Requirements for Each Demand site in future scenario Table D.2 Annual Supply Delivered For each site in Future scenario

Table D.3. Annual Unmet demands for each Node in future scenario Table D.4. Monthly average simulated stream flows at selected stations Table D.5 Annual simulated flow (MMC) in gauged stations

Table D. 6 Annual Supply required for each demand site in current scenario Table D.7 Annual supply Delivered for each demand site in Current scenario Table D.8 Annual water demand (including losses) in current scenario Table D.9 Annual Unmet demand in current scenario (MMC)

121

Table D.1 Annual Supply Requirements for Each Demand site in future scenario Nodes 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

DSIrr 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 407 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6

FENT 420.8 420.8 420.8 420.8 420.8 420.8 421 420.8 420.8 420.8 420.8 420.8 420.8 420.8 420.8 420.8 420.8

Koka Seep 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9

Met Exp 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52Metehara WS 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.3 6 6.7 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.7 12 13.5 15.2 17.1 19.2 21.5 24.2

Nazereth 8.4 9 9.5 10.2 10.8 11.5 12.3 13.1 13.9 14.8 15.8 16.8 17.9 19.1 20.3 21.6 23

OIDA1 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9

Seep4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

UV1 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91

UV2 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 224 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8

UV3 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 326 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5

WAE 224.6 224.6 224.6 224.6 224.6 224.6 225 224.6 224.6 224.6 224.6 224.6 224.6 224.6 224.6 224.6 224.6

All Others 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2

Table D.2 Annual Supply Delivered For each site in Future scenario Nodes 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2

DSIrr 249.1 189.7 186.9 186.9 185.4 182 216 188.4 181.9 182.4 180 180 180 180 180

FENT 337.1 294.8 271.8 277.8 271.8 271.8 295 277.5 271.8 271.8 271.8 248.5 271.8 249.5 246.7 2

Met Exp 43.6 37.4 36.7 37.4 36.7 36.7 37.4 37.4 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 Metehara WS 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.3 6 6.7 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.7 12 13.5 15.2 17.1 19.2

Nazereth 8.4 9 9.5 10.2 10.8 11.5 12.3 13.1 13.9 14.8 15.8 16.8 17.9 19.1 20.3

OIDA1 18.6 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 7.8 13.2 13.2 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8

OIDA2 8.9 6.4 3.8 6.4 3.8 3.8 6.4 6.4 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8

UV1 91 91 91 82.6 83.5 90.7 91 91 85.6 89.9 91 78.9 88.8 81.4 91

UV2 212.6 192.4 161.1 156.5 154 162 194 209 171.5 166.7 169.6 127.1 142.8 129.7 134.9 1

UV3 290.8 241.7 205 205 205 203.9 253 229.3 207.7 214.2 180.6 180.6 180.6 180.6 180.6 1

WAE 174.5 132.6 115.6 132.6 112.5 112.5 133 132.6 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 1

Nodes 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

DSirr 157.5 216.9 219.8 219.8 221.2 224.6 191 218.2 224.7 224.2 226.6 226.6 226.6 226.6 226.6 226.6 219.8

FENT 83.7 125.9 148.9 142.9 148.9 148.9 126 143.2 148.9 148.9 148.9 172.3 148.9 171.2 174.1 174.5 125.9

Met Exp 8.5 14.6 15.3 14.6 15.3 15.3 14.6 14.6 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 19.5 14.6Metehara

WS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nazereth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

OIDA1 0.3 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 11 5.7 5.7 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 5.7

OIDA2 0.3 2.8 5.4 2.8 5.4 5.4 2.8 2.8 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 7.5 2.8

UV1 0 0 0 8.4 7.4 0.2 0 0 5.4 1.1 0 12.1 2.1 9.5 0 0.3 1.6

UV2 11.2 31.5 62.7 67.3 69.8 61.9 30 14.8 52.3 57.1 54.2 96.7 81 94.2 88.9 83.7 52.3

UV3 34.7 83.7 120.5 120.5 120.5 121.6 72.4 96.2 117.8 111.3 144.9 144.9 144.9 144.9 144.9 144.9 120.5

WAE 50.1 92 109 92 112.1 112.1 92 92 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 117.4 92

Sum 346.2 573.1 687.2 673.9 706.3 701 534 587.5 692.9 686.4 718.4 796.3 747.3 790.2 778.2 785.4 635.2

Table D.3. Annual Unmet demands for each Node in future scenario

122

Table D.4. Monthly average simulated stream flows at selected stations (MMC)

Stations Jan Febr Mar Apr May June July August Sept Oct Nov

Awash river. Headflow 8.4 8.2 13.1 16.8 15.3 14.8 173.3 326.3 362.5 131.7 19.4Awash river . Aw below Koka 93.8 77.7 94.4 87.7 93 90 95 136.3 130.7 99.3 82.4Awash river . Awash@wonji 94.3 82.2 99.5 96.1 104.7 106.9 117.1 153.7 150 114.3 101

Awash river . Awash @NuraEra 100.7 172.3 154 111.2 115.5 110 152.6 323.6 283.8 199.2 158Awash river. Keleta Inflow 11.7 11.1 14 15.2 7.8 5.3 177.1 235 325.8 214.4 14.9

Awash river. Awash@Hombole 12.7 11.9 17.7 20 22.1 32.2 263.2 558.6 325.1 54.1 26.9Awash river. Awash@Metehara 80 68.5 93.5 88.2 83.8 77 122.9 209.6 214.5 93.2 70.1Awash river . Awash@Awash 100.6 89.7 118 112.2 108.1 96.8 175.8 324.5 292.2 125.6 87.9

Keleta . Keleta@sire 2.1 2.4 4.8 5.3 5.6 4.7 19.5 40.8 30.4 11.7 3.9Mojo . Mojo@Mojo 3.6 3.7 4.6 5 5.6 9.2 34.8 67.1 20.1 6 4.6

Table D.5 Annual simulated flow (MMC) in gauged stations

s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

w 1,106.90 1,106.9

0 1,106.9

0 1,106.

90 1,106.

90 1,106.

90 1,106.

90 1,106.

90 1,106.

90 1,106.

90 1,106.

90 1,106.

90 1,106.

90 1,106.

90 ow

862.9 952.3 1,186.9

0 1,186.

30 1,166.

30 774.1 949.9 1,413.

70 1,593.

60 1,913.

30 1,457.

50 888.1 1,378.

20 785.2 @wonj

854.1 946.3 1,266.5

0 1,040.

40 1,401.

60 1,075.

60 1,239.

00 1,707.

50 1,251.

30 1,402.

90 1,662.

40 1,061.

00 1,378.

50 1,665.

50 @ a 1,550.60

1,648.80

2,316.10

1,908.10

2,652.80

2,001.30

2,298.30

3,599.40

2,418.80

2,536.40

2,826.90

2,032.50

2,605.10

1,792.20

1,716.30 998.7 999.5 953.2 990.1 1,066.

10 1,033.

50 1,054.

80 1,042.

50 965.1 1,000.

20 971.2 981.3 998 @ e 1,106.90

1,199.20

1,246.60 940.8

1,393.30

1,162.80

1,299.50

2,007.60

1,952.40

2,403.10 963.5

1,274.70

1,310.30

1,320.50

at ra 858.8

1,296.00

1,433.70

1,361.20

1,511.60

1,135.10

1,308.20

1,586.30

1,941.90

1,446.50

1,387.60 646.2

1,131.50

1,713.20

@ 1,112.60

2,035.10

1,921.50

1,498.80

1,731.10

1,395.40

1,947.20

2,513.00

2,321.20

2,336.30

1,807.10

1,017.80

1,482.60

1,991.90

@ 118.6 125 153 78.4 128.1 220.1 160.7 209.6 197.7 90.7 127.7 97.9 136.1 147

@Mojo 113.8 156.3 183.6 72.4 168.6 198.3 106 279 161 290 65.2 216.8 259.1 222

024 2025 2026 2027 2028

.90 1,106.9

0 1,106.9

0 1,106.9

0 1,106.9

0

.40 1,288.4

0 1,344.6

0 1,127.5

0 849.6

.60 1,835.0

0 1,719.3

0 1,373.5

0 1,006.9

0

.10 1,416.4

0 1,586.5

0 1,536.7

0 999.9

7.6 1,014.0

0 976.7 979.8 940.9

4.6 1,576.6

0 1,331.7

0 1,061.5

0 1,246.8

0

.80 1,300.9

0 1,359.1

0 1,069.4

0 617.8

.20 1,991.1

0 1,852.1

0 1,510.3

0 899.4

123

5.1 150.7 103.9 107.9 66.9

9.9 180 103.2 86.3 92.1

Table D. 6. Annual Supply required for each demand site in current scenario (MMC)

Table D.7 Annual supply Delivered for each demand site in Current scenario (MMC)

Table D.8 Annual water demand (including losses) in current scenario (MMC)

Nodes 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

DSirr 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3 203 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3 203.3

Koka Seep 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9Metehara WS 3 3.4 3.8 4.3 4.8 5.4 6 6.8 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 12.2 13.7 15.3 17.2 19.4 21.8

Nazereth 6.7 7.2 7.6 8.1 8.7 9.2 9.8 10.5 11.1 11.9 12.6 13.5 14.3 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.4 19.6

OIDA1 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3

Seep1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Nodes 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

DSirr 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 407 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6 406.6

Seep 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 ehara

WS 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.3 6 6.7 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.7 12 13.5 15.2 17.1 19.2 21.5 24.2 27.2 30.6

ereth 8.4 9 9.5 10.2 10.8 11.5 12.3 13.1 13.9 14.8 15.8 16.8 17.9 19.1 20.3 21.6 23 24.5 26.1

IDA1 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2

eep1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

eep2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

eep3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

eep4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

UV1 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91

UV2 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 224 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8 223.8

UV3 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 326 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5 325.5

s 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

350.3 293.4 230.6 230 229.1 229.8 321 305.8 230.7 223.5 229.1 193.4 195.1 193.4 194 193.4 229.1 193.4 193.4 hara

3.8 4.2 4.7 5.3 6 6.7 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.7 12 13.5 15.2 17.1 19.2 21.5 24.2 27.2 30.6

reth 8.4 9 9.5 10.2 10.8 11.5 12.3 13.1 13.9 14.8 15.8 16.8 17.9 19.1 20.3 21.6 23 24.5 26.1

1 16.2 15.9 15.8 15.8 15.7 15.8 15.9 16.1 15.8 15.9 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7

91 86.9 87 85.2 86.2 87.8 91 91 86.3 87.7 86.6 79.3 79.8 80.2 81.9 83.3 88.7 82.4 74.8

223.8 213.8 214 209.7 212.1 216 224 223.8 212.4 215.9 213.1 195.1 196.4 197.3 201.4 205 218.2 202.7 184.1

325.5 290.8 277.9 272.5 262.7 270.6 292 314.8 278.7 290.3 259.2 230.8 251 232.8 240.5 233.5 259.2 231.8 230.4

124

Seep2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Seep3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Seep4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

UV1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1

UV2 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5

UV3 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 179

Table D.9 Annual Unmet demand in current scenario (MMC)

Nodes 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

DSirr 56.3 113.2 176 177 178 176.8 85.7 101 175.9 183 178 213.3 211.5 213.3 212.6 213.3 177.5 213.3 Metehara WS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nazereth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

OIDA1 0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

UV1 0 4.1 4 5.8 4.8 3.2 0 0 4.6 3.2 4.4 11.7 11.2 10.8 9.1 7.7 2.3 8.6

UV2 0 10 9.8 14.2 11.7 7.8 0 0 11.4 7.9 10.7 28.7 27.4 26.6 22.4 18.9 5.6 21.1

UV3 0 34.7 47.5 53 62.8 54.9 33.5 10.7 46.7 35.2 66.3 94.7 74.5 92.7 85 92 66.3 93.7

a dissertation submitted to · 2011-10-03 · water allocation study of upper awash valley for...

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