a discussion of the fusion of data in an open smart city context … · 2019-11-03 · fusion2019 a...

Fusion2019

A Discussion of the Fusion of Data in an Open

Smart City Context and How Do We Govern the

Data and the Technology at the Level of the

Architecture Shaw Centre Ottawa Salon, Room 214

July 3, 2019, 9:00-10:00

Dr. Tracey P. Lauriault Assistant Professor of Critical Media and Big Data Communication and Media Studies, School of Journalism and Communication Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada [email protected] ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1847-2738

mailto:[email protected]

Internet of Bodies

Wearables

Smart Homes

Industrial IoT (IIoT)

Precision Agriculture

Smart Region

Smart Transportation

Climate Change

Smart City Challenge

• Launched November 2017, 225 Submissions, 130 Eligible, 20 shortlisted, 4 winners May 2019

• Municipalities, regional governments, & Indigenous communities

• Community not-for-profit, private sector company, or expert

• $300 million Smart Cities Challenge in 2017 Budget

10

Canada Smart City Challenge

http://www.infrastructure.gc.ca/sc-vi/map-applications.php

https://impact.canada.ca/en/challenges/smart-cities/results

Finalists

Sidewalk Toronto the PPP Smart City

https://sidewalktoronto.ca/

Technological Citizenship

• We live in a technological society

• Decisions about technology are political

• We should not leave all technological decisions to the technocrats

• 3 preconditions for technological citizenship • Agency

• Capacity to act – power

• Knowledge

• Those who possess those preconditions have the responsibility to act and intervene in the technological society

Andrew Feenberg, 2011

https://www.sfu.ca/~andrewf/copen5-1.pdf




Doing Citizenship in a Technological Society

• Technology • assemble to form the setting where citizenship unfolds

• is part of what constitutes a good life which makes it part of politics

• and technological decisions bring forward moral and ethical issues

• Technology and citizenship are related in 3 ways: 1. Technology as a means for citizenship

2. Technology as an object

3. Technology as a setting (cadre) for political judgement

• Technology ought to be politicized and technological fundamentalism ought to be scrutinized while questions of what is just and good should be asked.

Darin Barney, 2007

http://darinbarneyresearch.mcgill.ca/Work/One_Nation_Under_Google.pdf

http://darinbarneyresearch.mcgill.ca/Work/One_Nation_Under_Google.pdf

Data Colonialism

• Dispossession of personal & individual data

• Privatization of those data

• Commodification of those data

• Data are also colonizing lifeworlds

• Frontier mentality • Utopic digital/data frontier

• Manifest destiny of big data systems

Thatcher, O’Sullivan & Mahmoudi, 2016 https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775816633195 OCAP Principles https://achh.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/OCAP_FNC_OCAPCriticalAnalysis.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775816633195

https://achh.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/OCAP_FNC_OCAPCriticalAnalysis.pdf



1. Critical Data Studies

1.1 Critical Data Studies

https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2014.983149

Kitchin, Rob and Lauriault, Tracey, Towards Critical Data Studies: Charting and Unpacking Data Assemblages and Their Work (July 30, 2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2474112

https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2014.983149

https://ssrn.com/abstract=2474112

Research and thinking that applies critical social theory to data & technology to

explore the ways in which:

Data are more than the unique arrangement of objective and politically neutral facts

&

Understands that data do not exist independently of ideas, techniques, technologies, systems, people and contexts

regardless of them being presented in that way

1.2 Data – big or small

Tracey P. Lauriault, 2012, Data, Infrastructures and Geographical Imaginations. Ph.D. Thesis,

Carleton University, Ottawa, http://curve.carleton.ca/theses/27431

Material Platform

(infrastructure – hardware)

Code Platform

(operating system)

Code/algorithms

(software)

Data(base)

Interface

Reception/Operation

(user/usage)

Systems of thought

Forms of knowledge

Finance

Political economies

Governmentalities - legalities

Organisations and institutions

Subjectivities and communities

Marketplace

System/process

performs a task

Context

frames the system/task

Digital socio-technical assemblage

HCI, Remediation studies

Critical code studies

Software studies

New media studies

Game studies

Critical Social Science

Science Technology Studies

Platform studies Places

Practices

Flowline/Lifecycle

Surveillance Studies

Critical data studies

Algorithm Studies

1.3 Socio-Technological Assemblage

Modified by Lauriault from Kitchin, 2014, The Data Revolution, Sage.

1.4 Social-shaping qualities of data

Kitchin, 2012, Programmable City, http://progcity.maynoothuniversity.ie/about/

2. Openness

2.1 Data Enclosure

Research/scientific

Data

GovData

GeoData Physical

Sciences

AdminData

Public Sector Data

NGOs

Access to Data Open Data

Social

Sciences

2005

Operations Data

Infrastructural Data

Sensor Data

Social Media Data

AI/Machine Learning Data

Smart Open Data? 2015

Private Sector

IOT

- Smart Cities

- Precision Agriculture

- Autonomous Cars

SM Platforms

Algorithms

P2P – Sharing Economy

Predictive Policing

Surveillance

Digital Labour

Drones

5G Public/Private Sector Data?

Crowdsourcing

Citizen Science

Civic Teck

OCAP

Local and

Traditional

Knowledge

OGP 2011

2.2 Openness

Open Access

Open Source

Open Data

Open AI

Open Science

Open Firmware

Open Platforms

Open Specifications

Open Standards

Open Government

Open Smart Cities

3. Open Smart Cities

3.1 Open Smart Cities in Canada Project

Funded by: GeoConnections

Lead by: OpenNorth

Project core team: • Dr. Tracey P. Lauriault, Carleton University

• Rachel Bloom & Jean-Noe Landry,

OpenNorth

• David Fewer, LL.M., Canadian Internet

Policy and Public Interest Clinic (CIPPIC)

• Dr. Mark Fox, University of Toronto

• Research Assistants Carleton University • Carly Livingstone

• Stephen Letts

Project collaborators:

• Expert Smart City representatives from the cities of:

1. Edmonton

2. Guelph

3. Montréal

4. Ottawa

• Collaborators include experts from the provinces of:

1. Ontario

2. British Columbia

Lauriault, T. P. , Bloom, R. Landry, J.-N. 2018, Open Smart Cities Project https://www.opennorth.ca/publications/#open-smart-cities-guide

3.2 Project Outputs

1.Executive summary of a smart city environmental scan (E-Scan) and 5 Canadian case studies.

2.Assessment of Canadian smart city practices

3.Review of selected open smart city best practices in 4 international cities (Chicago, Dublin, Helsinki, and New York)

4.Inter-jurisdictional case study

5.Open Smart Cities FAQ

6.Open Smart Cities Guide V1.0


4. Case Studies

4. Methodology

• E-Scan of four cities public smart city documentation

• Development of semi-structured interview instrument

• City officials generously participated in 90 min phone interviews

• Interviews were recorded & transcribed

• City officials responded to follow-up questions & will validated a final draft

• The following was collected: • visions and strategies

• reasons for deploying smart city initiatives

• beneficiaries

• governance models

• deployment strategies

• citizen engagement

• “openness” and open data

• access to smart city data

• smart city business models

• procurement

• challenges & benefits.

4. 1 Edmonton - Smart City Initiative

The smart city is “about creating and nurturing a

resilient, livable, and workable city through the use of technology,

data and social innovation”


4.1.1 Edmonton – Smart City Components

Goals Components Current Initiatives

Resiliency

Open City Open Data, Citizen Dashboard, Open Analytics, The Metro Edmonton Open Data Group

Citizens Online Engagement, The Edmonton Insight Community, Indigenous Inclusion, Youth

Council, Council Initiative on Public Engagement , Idea generator, Edmonton Service

Centre

Economy Edmonton Economic Development, TEC Edmonton, Startup Edmonton, Alberta Innovates,

eHub, Edmonton International Airport, Alberta Women Entrepreneurs, Edmonton

Research Park

Livability

Health End Poverty Edmonton Strategy, Health City Initiative

Community Make Something Edmonton, CITYlab, Edmonton’s Infill Roadmap, Edmonton Arts Council,

BetaCityYEG, Fresh

Environment Energy transition Strategy Blatchford, Enerkem Facility, Touch the Water Promenade,

Edmonton Waste Management Centre

Workability

Mobility Smart Bus, Autonomous Vehicles, Centre for Smart Transportation, Intelligent

Transportation, Smart Fare system

Education Open Science, Edmonton Public Library Digital Literacy, University partnerships, R&D

Infrastructure Open City Wifi, EPCOR, Vision Zero initiative, Soofa Benches installations, Telus

PureFibre, Epark, Civic Smart Card

4.1.2 Edmonton - Geospatial Data

• Spatial Analytics of Excellence (SAE)

• Spatial Land Inventory Management system (SLIM)

• Oracle Spatial

• One City Data Hub – data store

• Considering OGC Standards

• 80% of open data have a spatial element

• Open mapping & visualization

• Socrata Open Data API

• Spatial data preservation…

4.1.3 Edmonton – Smart City Challenge

4.2 Guelph - Initiative

“The vision of a modern City is one that offers services to customers when and where they want them. A Smart City is one that uses technology to achieve this goal, using technology at every appropriate opportunity to streamline processes and simplify access to city services. This is a city that has all the information it needs, available and accessible, to support effective decision-making”


4.2.1 Guelph – Smart City Components

Smart City

Programs/Component Current Initiatives

Utilities – Energy &

Water

Grid Smart City Cooperative, District Energy Strategic Plan, Water/energy rebate

programs

Business Civic Accelerator program, Guelph Innovation District (GID), Online payment system for

taxes and fines, Flexible Procurement via Guelph Lab’s Procurement Lab project

Openness MyGuelph, Open Data Guelph, open government, Open Government Action plan, Open

Source Strategy, Open Budget Simulator

Geospatial Corporate GIS Strategic Plan , Guelph Map App: 311GIS

Indicators Guelph Community Well Being Indicators, Service Modernization Program (in

development), Performance dashboards, Citizen Relationship Management technology

solution, MyGuelph

Corporate Technology

Strategic Plan ICT strategy, includes a smart City vision, roadmap, and proposed governance structure

Environment Sort Right

Transportation NextBus and GTFS transit data

4.2.2 Guelph - Geospatial

• Comprehensive Corporate GIS Strategic Plan

• GIS subcommittee planned to be part of the IT Governance Committee

• Data standards for open geospatial data

• GeoNode and GeoCMS package, ArcGIS online

• Location identifiers for datasets

• Data standards such as GTFS

4.2.3 Guelph – Smart City Challenge

4.3 Ottawa - Initiative

Connected City • Create a city where all residents and businesses are

connected in an efficient, affordable, and ubiquitous way.

Smart Economy

• Stimulate economic growth by supporting knowledge-based business expansion and attraction, local entrepreneurs, and smart talent development.

Innovative Government

• Develop new and innovative ways to impact the lives of residents and businesses through the creative use of new service delivery models, technology solutions, and partnerships.


4.3.1 Ottawa – Smart City Components

Smart City Programs/Components Current Initiatives

Connected City

Develop a Fibre Broadband Strategy, Support an Ottawa Internet Exchange (IXP), Support a 5G Testbed, Wireless Tower Lease/Attachment and Fibre Backhaul, Smart Community Pilots Pilot, Expand Sensor Deployment, Connected LED Lighting, Advance Ottawa’s Leading Position in Data Analytics, Explore Broadband as a Utility, Connectivity Standard, Increase Options for Low-Cost Broadband, Smart Light poles, Extended Public Wi-Fi, Increase Availability of Public Digital Tools, Explore Opportunities around Digital Inclusion and Literacy, Continue to Advance Innovation and Technology at the Ottawa Public Library

Smart Economy

Advance Marketing, Precision Agriculture, Autonomous Vehicle Testbed, Build on the “Work in Ottawa” Campaign, Develop K-12 Digital Literacy Program, Invest Ottawa Digital Innovation Workshops, Expanded Innovation Pilot Program, Implement Phase 2 of the Innovation Centre and Explore the Creation of an Innovation, District at Bayview Yards

Innovative Government Enable a Mobile-Driven Digital Experience, Open Data Program, Implement Additional Service Delivery Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Predictive Analytics, and Machine Learning Pilots, Engage Ottawa’s Knowledge-Based Sector and Eco-System in the Delivery of Smart City Solutions

Continuous Engagement Hackathons, Meet Up Monday’s at Bayview, Smart City Website and Engagement Tools, Key Performance Indicator

4.3.2 Ottawa - Geospatial

• Geocoded building permit data, traffic activity, and transportation models

• Autonomous vehicle projects that broadcasts GPS location with high accuracy

• Geo-visualizations of data related to operations by Emergency Services, Hydro Ottawa, and OC Transpo

• Open data maps and map-based applications

4.4 Montréal – Ville Intelligente et Numérique

“A smart and digital city means

better services for citizens, a

universally higher standard of

living and harnessing of our

metropolis’s resources to ensure

its development is in line with

the population’s needs”

Vice Chair of the Executive Committee,

responsible for the smart city, Harout

Chitilian


4.4.1 Montréal – Smart City Components Smart City

Program/Components Current Initiatives

Public Wifi Deployment in indoor municipal facilities, deployment in urban areas, deployment in

commercial corridors, deployment in target neighborhoods, mobile hot spots, WiFi locator app

Ultra high-speed

multiservice network

New telecom policy, one-stop-shop – urban telecommunications, deployment of fibre to the

home (FTTH)

Smart city economic

cluster

MTL innovation challenges, employee innovation challenges, Smart City accelerator, Smart City

investment fund, living labs in libraries and other venues, digital workshops and fab labs in

libraries, modification of procurement rules, innovation PME program – Smart City initiative,

Montreal open data portal

Smart mobility Groupe d’action Mobilite Montreal 2.0 in real time, inventory of mobility data in real time,

collection of incomplete and missing data, iBUS, GeoTraffic, Open Montreal 511 API, smart taxi,

integrated travel corridor management (CGMU), traffic light synchronization, smart parking

Participatory

democracy

Reformulation of open data policy, Montreal’s open data portal, automated data retrieval,

application program interfaces (API), view of contract data visualization, budget data

visualization, public safety data visualization, online right of initiative (e-petition)

Digital public services Pedestrian information terminals, digital citizenship and literacy initiatives, online/mobile

payment functionalities, digital citizen identity, online OPUS recharge, info-snow application,

info-towing application, municipal court online

4.4.2 Montréal - Geospatial

• Partnership with WAZE

• Revising GIS strategy to maximize data with spatial attributes

• Geo-visualization of crime data, road incident data and traffic data (Open511)

• Looking in to requiring disclosure of geospatial information in building permit contracts related to traffic disruptions and road closures

• CGMU (Urban mobility management centre)

4.4.3 Montréal – Smart City Challenge

4.5 Ontario Smart Grid

The Electricity Act, 1998242 defines a Smart Grid as follows:

• (1.3) For the purposes of this Act, the smart grid means the

advanced information exchange systems and equipment that

when utilized together improve the flexibility, security,

reliability, efficiency and safety of the integrated power

system and distribution systems, particularly for the

purposes of

• (a) enabling the increased use of renewable energy sources and technology,

including generation facilities connected to the distribution system;

• (b) expanding opportunities to provide demand response, price information

and load control to electricity customers;

• (c) accommodating the use of emerging, innovative and energy saving

technologies and system control applications; or

• (d) supporting other objectives that may be prescribed by regulation. 2009, c.

12, Sched. B, s. 1 (5).


4.6 International Best Practices

• Chicago

• Helsinki

• New York

• Barcelona

• Dublin

Open smart cities include:

• Rights (GDPR & right to repair)

• Cities in the public interest

• Ethics (Quebec, NyC, Helsinki, Chicago)

• Environmental considerations

• Critical and meaningful public engagement & dialogue not just consultation

• Ecosystems approach (ASDI and Dublin Report)


5. Observations

Digital

Strategies

Open

Data

Open

Science

Open

Platform

Open Source Open

Government

5.1 Smart Cities - Openness

Yes No Maybe Unlikely

Smart Cities/

Precision Ag/

IoT

Likely

Mapping

openness onto

the smart city

requires the

Integration of

digital

practices All levels

of

govern

ment

5.2 Smart Cities – Openness

5.3 What did we learn

• Smart cities are new & emerging • citizens do not generally know what is coming & may not be the drivers

• Technological solutionism • Need to identify issues to be resolved with technology instead of technology looking

for issues

• Deterministic ideals • More data means better governance

• Innovation bias • Instead of what is best for the City, the environment and its residents

• Lack of overarching principles governing the smart city • Very few overarching socio-technical and ethical considerations

• Requirement for technological citizenship


5.4 Smart City Challenges

• Data governance • residency, sovereignty, privacy,

etc.

• Security & privacy vulnerabilities (hacking)

• E-waste • cost, short shelf life

• Mission creep • potential

• Surveillance / dataveillance potential

• Ownership / procurement

• Repair – DRM

• Device lock in

• Archiving & records management • the lack thereof

• Reuse • unintended purposes

• Sustainability, maintenance & management

• Interoperability

• Standards


6. Open Smart City Guide V 1.0

6.1 What is a city?

A city is

• a complex and dynamic socio-biological system

• territorially bound

• a human settlement

• governed by public city officials who manage

• the grey, blue and green environment

• within their jurisdictional responsibility


6.2 What is a smart city?

A smart city is

• technologically instrumented & networked w/ systems that are interlinked & integrated, where vast troves of big urban data are being generated by sensors & administrative processes used to manage & control urban life in real-time (Kitchin, 2018).

• where administrators and elected officials invest in smart city technologies & data analytical systems to inform how to innovatively, economically, efficiently & objectively run & manage the city.

• The focus is most often to quantify & manage infrastructure, mobility, business & online government services.

• a form of technological solutionism. Lauriault, T. P. , Bloom, R. Landry, J.-N. 2018, Open Smart Cities Project https://www.opennorth.ca/publications/#open-smart-cities-guide

But…Surveillant city (neo-panopticon)

6.3 What is an open smart city?

Definition of the Open Smart City V 1.0

An Open Smart City is one:

• where residents, civil society, academics, and the private sector collaborate with public officials

• to mobilize data and technologies when warranted

• in an ethical, accountable and transparent way

• to govern the city as a fair, viable and liveable commons

• and balance economic development, social progress and environmental responsibility.


5 Open Smart City Themes

1. Governance

2. Engagement

3. Data & Technology

4. Data Governance

5. Effective and values based smart cities


Theme 1. Governance in an Open Smart City is ethical, accountable, and transparent. These principles apply to the governance of social and technical platforms which include data, algorithms, skills, infrastructure, and knowledge.


https://docs.google.com/document/d/1528rqTjzKWwk4s2xKuPf7ZJg-tLlRK8WcMZQbicoGTM/edit




Theme 1. Resources arranged as follows:

•Ethical Governance

•Governance Structures and Participation

•Cooperative and Multi-jurisdictional Governance

•Accountable Governance

•Transparent Governance

•Cooperative Governance


Theme 2. An Open Smart City is participatory, collaborative, and responsive. It is a city where government, civil society, the private sector, the media, academia and residents meaningfully participate in the governance of the city and have shared rights and responsibilities. This entails a culture of trust and critical thinking and fair, just, inclusive, and informed approaches.












•Participatory

•Collaborative

•Responsive

•Trust

•Critical Thinking

•Fair & Just

• Inclusive & Informed


Theme 3. An Open Smart City uses data and technologies that are fit for purpose, can be repaired and queried, their source code are open, adhere to open standards, are interoperable, durable, secure, and where possible locally procured and scalable. Data and technology are used and acquired in such a way as to reduce harm and bias, increase sustainability and enhance flexibility. An Open Smart City may defer when warranted to automated decision making and therefore designs these systems to be legible, responsive, adaptive and accountable.













• Fit for Purpose

• Repaired and Queried

• Open Source

• Open Standards

• Cybersecurity and Data Security

• Reduction of Harm and Bias

• Local Procurement

• Balancing Sustainability


Theme 4. In an Open Smart City, data management is the norm and custody and control over data generated by smart technologies is held and exercised in the public interest. Data governance includes sovereignty, residency, open by default, security, individual and social privacy, and grants people authority over their personal data.














• Data Management

• Custody of Data

• Residency

• Open by Default

• Security

• Privacy

• Personal Data Management


Theme 5. In an Open Smart City, it is recognized that data and technology are not always the solution to many of the systemic issues cities face, nor are there always quick fixes. These problems require innovative, sometimes long term, social, organizational, economic, and political processes and solutions.


Theme 5. Complex urban social issues need more than technology for resolution:


7. From Aspirations to reality!

7.1 Community Support Program

7.2 Open Smart City Assessment

Open Smart City

Principles

Open Smart City Definition

High Level Strategy

Vision

Mission

RoadMap

Goals, Objectives, Initiatives

Tactical Strategy

Implementation Plan

Operational Plan

Engagement

Environment

Transit /

transport

Energy

Economy

Innovation

Etc.

Liveable

Communities


7.3 How to architect this value set?

7.4 Smart City Data Models?

How can you be a technological citizen in the

open smart city?

Acknowledgements

Open Smart City

Research was conducted in collaboration with Open North, and

funded by the GeoConnections Program, Natural Resources Canada

I would like to thank all those who participated in interviews.

Open Smart City work at Open North

• Part of a consortium, led by Evergreen’s Future Cities Canada Program, • to help create the winning proposal to Infrastructure Canada’s Smart Cities

Community Support Program.

• OpenNorth is the lead technical partner in this partnership with Evergreen.

• 2019 kick off brings a new kind of organizational work on open smart cities

Contact: [email protected]

https://www.infrastructure.gc.ca/cities-villes/support-soutien-eng.html

https://www.infrastructure.gc.ca/cities-villes/support-soutien-eng.html

OpenNorth Self-Assessment

OpenNorth one-to-one capacity building to large, mid-size, small, remote, and indigenous communities, including those communities that competed for the challenge.

Self-assessment methodology

• Data

• Governance

• Hardware & Software

• People & Engagement


OpenNorth One-to-One (1:1) Advisory Service

• OpenNorth’s new One-to-One (1:1) Advisory Service • applied research to provide standardized metrics and assessments to

help communities assess where they are in the process of becoming open and smart.

• Once completed, OpenNorth will offer tailored guidance on a community-by-community basis focused on capacity building domains that cover: • hardware,

• software,

• governance, and more,

• to assess impact


Multidisciplinary Research Catalyst Fund

• Urban Futures Project

• Windsor – Quebec Corridor

• Led by • Stephen Fai, Carleton University

• Cross disciplinary faculty at Carleton

Acknowledgements

Open Smart City

Research was conducted in collaboration with Open North, and

funded by the GeoConnections Program, Natural Resources Canada

I would like to thank all those who participated in interviews.

a discussion of the fusion of data in an open smart city context … · 2019-11-03 · fusion2019 a...

Documents