A Different Perception?What NGOs and Victims Think About a Hate Crime Legislation

Caroline Bonnes and Michael Fingerle

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Contents

• Project Objectives• Methodology• Results– Hate Crime Survey– NGO Survey– Hate Crime Policy

• Discussion

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Goethe University - Project Objectives

• Review – findings concerning the impact of Hate Crime on victims

and their communities– existing victim support services– prevention concepts

• Exploring the perspective of victims of Hate Crime, of at-risk groups and of NGOs working with victims/at-risk groups

• Deepen our understanding on how this knowledge can be integrated into a Hate Crime Policy

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Focus Group• with experts within the field of Hate Crime

Research Objective: Deepen our ourstanding of – what victims and at-risk groups need– what they and NGOs think about a Hate Crime legislation

Online Survey• with victims of Hate Crime and with at-risk groups (HC Survey)• with people who work in organisations that work against discrimination and/or with

victims of Hate Crime (NGO Survey) • combination of questionnaire and open questions

German sample:– studies are still missing in the German context– there is no concept of Hate Crime in the German law

Methodology

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Hate Crime Survey

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Sample

N %

Punk 239 35,8

Disability 167 25,0

Subculture 117 17,5

Sexual Orientation 109 16,3

Religious Affiliation 22 3,3

Ethnical Background 14 2,1

Total 668 100,0

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Have you ever been a victim of a Hate Crime?

All Groups Disabled Persons

Sexual Orientation Subculture Punks

Yes 61,5 43,0 48,9 64,3 78,0

no 28,2 42,1 40,0 25,0 15,0

do not know 8,6 11,2 10,0 9,5 5,8

no statement 1,8 3,7 1,1 1,2 1,2

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All Groups%

Disabled Persons%

Sexual Orientation

%

Subculture%

Punks%

Not at all 35,0 51,2 55,8 35,8 23,0minor 53,6 44,2 34,9 56,6 61,5severely 9,5 2,3 9,3 7,5 12,6Life-threatening 1,8 2,3 0,0 0,0 3,0

All Groups Disabled Persons

Sexual Orientation Subculture Punks

Not at all 21,4 0,0 14,0 30,2 27,4minor 38,8 22,2 34,9 45,3 43,0severely 29,7 51,1 27,9 22,6 25,9very severely 10,1 26,7 23,3 1,9 3,7

All Groups Disabled Persons

Sexual Orientation Subculture Punks

very badly 2,2 6,7 4,7 0,0 0,7rather badly 6,9 15,6 11,6 3,8 3,7undecided 17,8 31,1 14,0 17,0 14,8rather good 35,5 22,2 37,2 37,7 38,5very good 37,7 24,4 32,6 41,5 42,2

How much were you physically hurt?

How much did the incident impact you psychologically?

How well did you cope with the incident?

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What did help you coping with the incidence?

• Social support• Own inner strength (reflecting

on it, self-confidence, positive way of thinking, etc.)• Time• Professional support (therapy, de-

escalation training)• Forgetting / Repressing• Drugs / Alcohol• Music• Filing a complaint• Aggression, fighting, arming• nothing

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Which type of support for victims or for yourself would you wish for?

• Education of the public / more tolerance• professional support

– low-threshold interventions (de-escalation trainings, educational events with practical guidelines, education on Hate Crimes)

– (short time) therapy free of charge– anonymous contact points– help-hotline

• police support– consequent law enforcement– being taken serious

• acknowledgement of the Hate Crime– in public– at public authorities, etc.

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Which type of support for victims or for yourself would you wish for? II

• political support and law regulations• civil courage / moral courage• improved training for professionals• social support• to be allowed to defend myself

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Hate Crime Policy

What should be included into a Hate Crime Law?• Those that approved of a Hate Crime Law often

voted for minor offences, such as discrimination, mobbing / libel and slander and structural discrimination

Purpose of a Hate Crime Law• Sending a political signal• Establishment of a Hate Crime Law is useless• Negative consequences (such as more discrimination of the groups)

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NGO Survey

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Sample

N= 58

• 30 % broad spectrum of groups

• 70 % specialised on special target groups – sexual orientation, – ethnical background, – religion, – disability, – subcultures– other

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Experience with Hate Crime• Over 70 % were familiar with the term Hate Crime• Over 90 % already experienced Hate Crimes in their

everyday work.

Type of Hate Crimes:• Most Hate Crime incidents were related to insult,

harrassment and acts of violence• Also cases of sexual assault, robbery, manslaughter and

other sorts of Hate Crime were represented.

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Resources Needed• Financial resources / staff resources• More time to work with the victims• Professional support• Political support and law regulations

Already existing resources• Network• Limited financial resources• Own professionality and professional

experience• Already existing professional measures• Nothing

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What kind of support and protection do victims of Hate Crime need?

• Education• Acceptance and tolerance• police support – consequent law enforcement– being taken serious

• improved training for professionals• political support and law regulations• civil courage / moral courage• professional support • empowerment for the group

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What kind of preventive measures would be needed?

• Education, especially in schools and pre-schools

• Balanced and realistic reporting in the media• Measures to work with offenders

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How to improve community settings

• Building up networks• Provide meeting points for different groups to

meet but also to meet each other• More financial and staff resources• Collaborators / Collaborating institutions

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What should the public authorities do?

• Education of employees• Anti-bias trainings within their institutions• Multilingual offers / multilingual employees• More resources for contact persons• Be open to collaborations with other

institutions• Engagement with the public

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Hate Crime Law Policy

Comparative Part

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Should there be a Hate Crime Law in Germany?

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Should a Hate Crime Law give the possibility to enhance sentences?

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The purpose of a Hate Crime Law would be in my opinion:

HC Surveydeterrence of potential offenders 67,6%to be a signal for policy intervention 64,7%prevention of such crimes 59,4%possibility of enhancing sentences 52,9%requirement and possibility for monitoring 37,4%

NGO Surveyto be a signal for policy intervention 79,2%requirement and possibility for monitoring 54,2%deterrence of potential offenders 47,9%possibility of enhancing sentences 43,8%prevention of such crimes 41,7%

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Summary

• Both NGOs and victims/at-risk groups are supporting a Hate Crime legislation

• The wish for support and for more resources seems to be so strong that it should be reflected in a Hate Crime policy

• The same is true for programs on prevention• Local support systems and communities are

seen as pivotal

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Thank You!

Michael FingerleM.Fingerle@em.uni-frankfurt.de

Caroline BonnesBonnes@em.uni-frankfurt.de

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