A. DefinitionB. Differentiation

Cytology

I. Introduction

Figure 3.1

C. Generalized Parts

Figure 3.2

A. Structure

II. Cell Membrane

Figure 3.3

1. Molecular Make-up & Function

B. Specializations - Junctions

1. Tight = Fusing of neighboring cell membranes together

Figure 3.5a

2. Desmosome = Fibers connecting cell membranes together

Figure 3.5b

3. Gap = Tubular connections of neighboring cells

Figure 3.5c

C. Specializations - Extensions

1. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane folding to increase cell’s overall surface area2. Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface

3. Flagella = move the entire cell

D. Function1.

Generalized

Figure 3.4

2. Passive Transport

a. Requirements = Favorable Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Moleculesb. Mechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis

Figure 3.7

Osmosis movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane

Figure 3.8a

Figure 3.8b

Osmotic conditions

Figure 3.9

3. Active Transport

a. Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient

b. Mechanisms = Molecular, Bulk (Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis), or Cell-Mediated

Molecular

Figure 3.10

Bulk Endocyto

sis

Exocytosis

Cell-Mediated

Figure 3.12

A. Cytosol or Cytoplasm

III. Cytoplasmic Components

1. Consistency2. Molecular Make-up

Consistency like thickening Jell-O or a colloid suspension

Make-up 92% water, 7% protein, gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water

B. Organelles1. Membrane

Bound

a. Mitochondria = Energy Transformer

Figure 3.17

b. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi

c. House cleaners = Lysosome or Peroxisome

d. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans

Envelope, nucleolus, and pores

Figure 3.29

The plans

Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin

e. Vacuoles = Cell storage sitesFood (sugars, lipids, etc.) or Contractile (water storage)

2. Non-membrane Bound

a. Cytoskeleton

b. Centrioles c. Free Ribosomes

A. Definition

IV. Cell Cycle

B. Stages

The Cell Cycle

Figure 3.31

C. Time Allotment & Control

External controls outside influenceWhat could be a signal?

Cell contact can inhibit cellular growth.

Internal controls == internal clockCycli

nMPFCdk

D. Cancer

Cancer == benign, malignant, or metastatic

A. Definition

V. Mitosis

B. Phases & Events

Mitosis interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Prophase = condense chromosomes, dismantle the nuclear membrane, and start to build spindle from centriolesMetaphase = attach chromatids to spindle via centromere and line up chromatids across equatorAnaphase = move chromatids toward poles via spindles Telophase = reverse steps of Prophase

Interphase = time between mitotic divisions and does G1, S, and G2 of cell cycle

A. Definition

VI. Cytokinesis

B. Events

A. Definition

VII. DNA Replication

B. Events & Players

A. Transcription

VII. Protein Synthesis

1. Definition2. Events & Players

Figure 3.35

B. Translation1.

Definition2. Events & Players

Figure 3.37

Figure 3.36

Diligence can lead to success.