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A Decade of Conflict

Part Two:

Civil Rights

The Civil Rights Movement

During the early 1960’s activists used nonviolent tactics to bring racial justice to America.

Martin Luther King Jr. speaks about non-violence.

Sit-Ins

http://www.sitins.com/index.shtml

“The basic plan of the sit-ins was that a group of students would go to a lunch counter and ask to be served. If they were, they'd move on to the next lunch counter. If they were not, they would not move until they had been. If they were arrested, a new group would take their place. The students always remained nonviolent and respectful.” (Cozzens)

•1961 the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) led by James Farmer, organized a series of Freedom Rides

•A Freedom Ride is a nonviolent strategy of desegregating schools and businesses by sending both blacks and whites to places in the South to challenge them.

Freedom Rides

http://and.artifacts

freedomridersfoundation.org/photos.articles.

Freedom riders who boarded a train in Las

Angeles and were later arrested in Houston in

1961

1962 President Kennedy had to send in 5,000 military troops to stop rioting that broke out due to James Meredith, an African-American air force veteran, attempting to register at the University of Mississippi

http://www.atlantahighered.org/civilrights/gallery.asp

Rioting

•Under heavy GUARD, James Meredith is escorted to registration at Ole Miss by the U. S. Justice Department.

•The University was finally integrated

•In August of 1963, several hundred thousand people

of all races marched to Washington, D.C. to

demonstrate for civil rights and against segregation in

the United States.

•The procession has become symbolic of the shift in

attitudes of the American public of the 1960’s.

March on Washington

•To call for national desegregation of schools, and

•To demand a higher minimum wage.

Martin Luther King

Jr. was one of the

many leaders

responsible for this

march.

This march was arranged to push for a

comprehensive civil rights bill in Congress:

The day of the march was filled with music.

Joan Baez was the first to sing, at 10:00 A.M., while people were still arriving. She sang a spiritual called "Oh, Freedom." Baez later lead the crowd in singing "We Shall Overcome." Bob Dylan sang a song he wrote called "Only a Pawn in Their Game," which focuses on the man responsible for the death of a civil rights worker.

We Shall Overcome

By: Joan Baez

Genre: Folk

While listening to this song and viewing

the photographs of the African

American’s struggle for equality, think

about the author’s tone and purpose and

the mood you feel while listening and

viewing.

Montgomery, Alabama: Rosa Parks sits in

the front of a bus on December 21, 1956.

http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/features/moore/mooreIndex.shtml

African-American college students

during a sit-in at a whites-only lunch

counter in February 1960.


"Colored only" water fountain.


The Grand DRAGON of North Carolina,

James R. (Bob) Jones, drives to a Ku Klux

Klan rally with his Klan robe hanging in the

back seat of his car.

http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/features/moore/mooreIndex.s

html

Ku Klux Klan

Grand Dragon

James R. (Bob)

Jones poses

after lighting

the CROSS at a

nighttime rally.

http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/features/moore/mooreIndex

.shtml

In Birmingham, anti-segregation

demonstrators lie on the sidewalk

to protect themselves from firemen

with high pressure water hoses.


After being hit from behind and knocked

down by a water hose, a woman is

picked up and rescued by a fellow

demonstrator.


After black students were refused service in the whites-only cafeteria in Montgomery, a white man swings a baseball bat at a shopper, while another strikes a black woman in the background.


As his stunned wife Coretta looks on, Martin Luther

King, Jr. is sprawled across a police desk in

Montgomery after his arrest for loitering. King

insisted on serving his 14-day jail sentence, but

Police Commissioner Clyde Sellers paid the $10

fine to diffuse further publicity.



A group of protesters taunt a police officer


Educating the community on how to register to vote

Odetta, an important folk-gospel singer and guitarist (whose work influenced people like Joan Baez and Bob Dylan) sang the spiritual "I'm on My Way." The European American folk group Peter, Paul, and Mary sang "If I Had a Hammer" and "Blowin' in the Wind."

“Blowin’ in The Wind”Written by: Bob Dylan

Performed by: Peter, Paul and Mary

http://folkmusicarchives.org/ppm.htmhttp://www.landyvision.com/Slideshow/source/311.htm

• What do you think he means by the

questions he is asking?

•What message is he trying to get

across?

In writing this song, Bob Dylan asks nine

questions. While listening to this song,

try to determine whether his questions

are literal, or whether they symbolize

something more.

“This song asks 9 questions. We

feel the answers to these

questions can determine what

happens to all of us in this

generation. When we sing this

song, we ask ourselves these

questions and we ask you please

to do the same.”

How many roads must a man walk

down

Before you call him a man?

Yes, ’n’ how many seas must a white

dove sail

Before she sleeps in the sand?

Yes, ’n’ how many times must the

cannon balls fly

Before they’re forever banned?

The answer, my friend, is blowin’ in the wind,

The answer is blowin’ in the wind.

How many years can a mountain exist

Before it’s washed to the sea?

Yes, ’n’ how many years can some people exist

Before they’re allowed to be free?

Yes, ’n’ how many times can a man turn his head,

Pretending he just doesn’t see?

How many times must a man look up

Before he can see the sky?

Yes, ’n’ how many ears must one man have

Before he can hear people cry?

Yes, ’n’ how many deaths will it take till he knows

That too many people have died?

As the event was drawing to a close, the great opera singer Marian Anderson sang "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands." The great gospel singer Mahalia Jackson was there, too. She was an important pioneer of gospel music.

Her style combines black Baptist singing with the secular blues style. She graced the huge crowd that day by singing the spiritual "I Been 'Buked and I Been Scorned," then got the crowd to sing with her on "How I Got Over."

“I Been ‘Buked and I Been Scorned”

By: Mahalia Jackson

•What do you think the author means by the

term “buked”?

•What mood would this have put you in on

that sunny, August afternoon in

Washington more than 40 years ago?

•Do you think this song could be done in

another genre?

Try to put yourself in the shoes of one of the

thousands of people marching that day.

While listening to this song; a song with a

genre you are probably not accustomed to,

reflect on the following questions:

I've been ‘buked and I've been scorned, I've been ‘buked and I've been scorned,

Children,

I've been ‘buked and I've been scorned,

I’ve been talked about shows you born

There is trouble all over this world


Children,



But I aint goin’ to lay my ‘ligion down

Aint gonna lay my ‘ligion down.

Children,

Aint goin’ lay my ‘ligion down.

Aint goin’ lay my ‘ligion down.

Dr. King gave the closing speech. Toward the end of the speech, he started speaking to the crowd without notes about a dream he had for all people to live together in peace. That became his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

Martin Luther King Jr.’s

“I Have a Dream” Speech

Although the March on Washington was a great day, it did not magically solve all problems faced by African American people. There was more violence and more bloodshed before more civil rights were won, and inequalities still exist. But the people who sang for civil rights knew that music helps make people strong, and that music can help change the world a little at a time.

After the

march,

President

Johnson

signed into law

the Civil

Rights Act of

1964.

Victory

The following film is

actual footage from the

March on Washington in

August of 1963…….

Video clip

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