a critical discourse analysis of teun van dijk on the
TRANSCRIPT
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF TEUN VAN DIJK ON THE
JAKARTA POST’S EDITORIALS “NEW YEAR IN SINGKIL” AND
“BANNING HATE SPEECH”
A THESIS
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Strata One (S1) Degree in English Letters Department
ARINI NURFADILAH
1112026000034
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2017
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ABSTRACT
ARINI NURFADILAH, A Critical Discourse Analysis of Teun van Dijk on The
Jakarta Post`s Editorials “New Year in Singkil” and “Banning Hate Speech”.
Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty,
State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Maret 2017.
This thesis presents Critical Discourse Analysis especially in text
structure, social analysis and social cognition of two articles about the religion
conflict among Muslims and Christians on The Jakarta Post online newspapers.
The method of this research is qualitative by using the descriptive analysis
technique. The compiled data will be analyzed by using the concept of Van Dijk`s
discourse analysis concept. The writer analyzes the discourse structure of two
editorials on presenting the texts about the religion conflict among Muslims and
Christians. Moreover, the writer studies the differences elements of the discourse
constuction in both articles. From the analysis, the writer knows that every article
has its own style and word in presenting the discourse text based on the writer. In
both articles, The Jakarta Post presents all elements of Van Dijk`s discourse
analysis concept includingtext strucuture, social cognitive and social analysis. In
conclusion, this research shows that each newspaper has different syles in
presenting the text. The Jakarta Post focuses on The Jakarta Post perspective in
the schematization elements perspective. The result shows that CDA can explore
the relationships between language and ideology. Through the language used, it
can be known the strength of power and the purpose of the speaker, which the
power is strongly felt and the ideology is clearly seen as well as understandable.
Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), text structure, social cognition,
social context.
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APPROVEMENT
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF TEUN VAN DIJK ON THE
JAKARTA POST’S EDITORIALS NEW YEAR IN SINGKIL AND
BANNING HATE SPEECH
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Strata One (S1) Degree in English Letters Department
ARINI NURFADILAH
NIM. 1112026000034
Approved by:
Advisor
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2017
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LEGALIZATION
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best
of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or
written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been
accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other
institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in
the text.
Jakarta, March 20th
2017
Arini Nurfadilah
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
All praises be to Allah SWT, The Lord of the Worlds, who remarkably
guides the writer in the process of writing this thesis. The writer is sure that
without His help and His mercy this thesis would not have been completed. Peace
and salutation be upon the honorable prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his
family, companions, and adherents.
The writer would like to express her grateful toward the people who have
contributed significantly in finishing this thesis. First of all, the writer would
deeply thank to her beloved parents, brother and sister who give her support and
prayer this whole time. The writer also would like to express her gratitude to Mr.
Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd. as the writer‘s advisor for his precious time, sincere
guidance, advices, and motivations. In addition, the writer also expresses her
thanks to the following people:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag., the Dean of Letters and Humanities
Faculty .
2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department
3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters Department
4. All the Lecturers of English Letters Department who have taught her
during her study at UIN Jakarta.
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5. The Jakarta Post‘s Editorial Chief, Mas Endy Bayuni who giving the
writer time to interview. Thankyou so much, Mas Endy.
6. My Family (Mamah, Teh Eti, Teh Uus, Ka Aceng, Ka Alan, Teh Yuli, Ka
Ikbal, and Firda) for supporting the writer and always be the first place
when the writer face troubles and need help.
7. Siti Annis, Dhorifah, Fita Megeta Sari, Ervina Dayanthi, Fidia Eka Putri,
and Maulidina Ramadhani. Thanks for being the writer‘s best companions
during these past four years.
8. The big family of LPM INSTITUT, especially Jeanni, Ika, and Geti.
Thanks for being the writer‘s friends who never fail to make the writer
laughs.
9. My partner of life, Ridwan Kamil. Thanks for making the writer to stay
cheerful in every single time. Our ups and downs in conducting this thesis
will never be forgotten.
10. My friends in Nurul Fikri, Shefa Tarlan, Siti Hajar Afifah and Rafita
Ismarianti who always support the writer for finishing this thesis.
11. All friends in KKN UNGGUL. Thanks for making the writer‘s life in
college becomes more colorful with them in it.
12. The last but not least, my friends at English Department of Adab and
Humanities Faculty for the motivation, supports and memories all this
time.
Jakarta, March 20th
, 2017
Arini Nurfadilah
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. i
APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION .................................................................................................. iii
DECLARATION ................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study .......................................................................... 1
B. Focus of The Study ................................................................................... 3
C. Research Questions .................................................................................. 3
D. Objective of The Study ............................................................................. 4
E. Significances of The Study ....................................................................... 4
F. Research Methodology.................................................................................. 4
1. Method of the Research ............................................................................ 4
2. Technique of Collecting and Analyzing Data .......................................... 5
3. Research Instruments ............................................................................... 7
4. Unit of Analysis ........................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER II ........................................................................................................... 8
A. Previous Research .......................................................................................... 8
B. Discourse Analysis ......................................................................................... 9
C. Critical Discourse Analysis .......................................................................... 10
D. Van Dijk‘s Discourse Analysis Concept ...................................................... 14
1. Text Analysis .......................................................................................... 15
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2. Social Cognition ..................................................................................... 31
3. Social Context / Social Analysis ............................................................ 34
CHAPTER III ....................................................................................................... 37
A. The History of The Jakarta Post ............................................................. 37
B. Development of The Jakarta Post ........................................................... 38
C. Data Descriptions ................................................................................... 39
D. Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 51
I. Text Structures Analysis ........................................................................ 51
II. Social Cognition Analysis ...................................................................... 63
III. Social Analysis ....................................................................................... 68
CHAPTER IV ....................................................................................................... 71
A. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 71
B. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 73
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 74
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 76
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
As a heterogeneous country, Indonesia has cultural variety which is also
has variant thinking to a problem that occur in the community. Cannot deny that
this variation make many various interpretations in various issues that arise in the
community. Often, the differences in interpretation this inflict deliberately, for
example by such on motive some economic reasons: social and political. In
society, media mass should be informant about what happened at Indonesia and
abroad.
Mcquail said, ―Media is the site or forum the had a role, to display
events community life, both national and international level.‖ (Dennis Mc.Quail:
3) Opinion in over explained that mass media of them newspaper play an
important role in showing events the life of the people who the realities served
through news. Not only that, newspapers also is used as a container or place to
pass in the information one of which is through writing.
Nowadays, newspaper is one of the most informative and communicative
media in the text production because it has an actual, factual, wide impact, and
informative news. Assegaf said, ―in any newspaper there are usually one page
provided to be of opinion or opinions. Usually sheets is mentioned page opinion
or opinion page where there are editorial, a letter readers, corner, and writing in
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the name of (by name story) or also editorials from the figures writer or scientist.‖
(Dja‘far Assegaf: 63).
Information explained that any newspaper generally have one page special
provided to opine as a gesture of on a matter. In some newspapers, column
opinion it is called editorial, corner, and others. Usually, to know attitude a
medium over a particular issue news, readers can know through editorial that is in
these forms of media.
Rivers, Bryce Mc Intyre and Alison work said, ―editorial was the thought
an institution tested in front of the common opinion; editorial is also presentation
of the fact and opinion who interprets what important and affect public opinion.‖
(William L River: 8)
In 2015 ago, almost all the Indonesia media including The Jakarta Post
preaching disputes between Muslims and Christians in Aceh Singkil. This conflict
starts with the destruction of places of worship Christians in Aceh Singkil by
Muslims.
This case got attention from public. Various conversation and speculation
springing. In this case, newspapers have own way. The demolition church in
Aceh Singkil packed to be different news by every media, both in terms of
language, and a message want to be transmitted.
Eriyanto said that, the process media get and summarizes in the news that
it deals with political media news, of whom is strategy the media to cover events,
choose and showing the fact and in what manner the fact it is presented, which
directly or indirectly, influence in constraction events. (Eriyanto in Alex Sobur:
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40).
In this case, writer interests to discuss editorial newspaper of The Jakarta
Post about the demolition church in Aceh Singkil. Later, writer will analyzes as
far as which The Jakarta Post‘s editorial see religion conflict that relate values
journalism peace.
B. Focus of The Study
Based on the above background, this study is limited to the analysis of
discourse related to the theory of Van Dijk. The object of research is editorial text
The Jakarta Post October 15, 2015 edition titled New Year in Singkil and 5
November 2015 edition entitled Banning Hate Speech .
C. Research Questions
Based on the background that has been written , the writer makes some
formulation of the problem related to the study as follows :
1. How does The Jakarta Post present the discourse structure of rioting in
Aceh Singkil?
2. How is social cognition of The Jakarta Post‘s editorials of rioting in Aceh
Singkil?
3. How is social context of The Jakarta Post‘s editorials of rioting in Aceh
Singkil?
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D. Objective of The Study
These research objectives are:
1. To know the text strucuture that used by The Jakarta Post in presenting
church destruction in Aceh Singkil.
2. To know the social cognition of The Jakarta Post in presenting church
destruction in Aceh Singkil.
3. To know the social context of The Jakarta Post in presenting church
destruction in Aceh Singkil.
E. Significances of The Study
The writer hopes that this research will give any contribution to the
theoretical development of Van Dijk discourse analysis concept and this research
become the reference for them who want to do the further research about
discourse analysis.
F. Research Methodology
1. Method of the Research
As for data method used in this research was text editorial Jakarta Post
october 15 2015 edition that called New Year in Singkil and 5 november 2015
edition that called Banning Shelter Speech .Writer will uses the method
descriptive qualitative in this research. A method of descriptive qualitative is the
method that use in investigating the social science and humanitarian (human
sciences and to understand and understand symptoms, the fact, reality , and
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experienced by man. As written in the book Language and Literature Research
Proposals by Muhammad Farkhan, the qualitative study relied upon the data
verbal and non-numerik as a basis analysis and problem solving.
2. Technique of Collecting and Analyzing Data
A writer uses text editorial Jakarta Post october 15 2015 edition that
called New Year in Singkil and 5 november 2015 edition that called Banning
Shelter Speech.. The method that used by writer is qualitative method and Teun
Van Dijk critical discourse analysis theory. Here are the stages in this study for
collecting the data:
a. Identifying the editorials of rioting in Aceh Singkil in both of editorials of
The Jakarta Post by seeing the discourse elements of Van Dijk discourse
text concept, social cognition anmd social context.
b. Justifying two editorials of The Jakarta Post about religion conflict in
Aceh Singkil, because these editorials explained caused of conflict and
giving the advices to governor for buliding good governance of this
conflict. Beside it, the writer considers 2015 edition of The Jakarta Post‘s
editorial, so the issue is still booming in society.
c. Marking/coding the data of The Jakarta Post‘s editorials that present this
conflict happen because of unfairness or intolerance among Muslims as
mayority and Christians as minority, such as:
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Whatever 'misunderstanding' occurred, everyone knows we are still
far from resolving many other similar situations. (teks (t) 1,
paragraph (p) 6, sentence (s) 1)
Among national leaders only Jakarta Governor Basuki 'Ahok'
Tjahaja Purnama has had the courage to state that one underlying
cause of such incidents is the 'discriminatory' ministerial regulation
on building houses of worship. (t 1, p 7, s 1)
Failure to resolve ' freedom of worship' issues will lead to more
outbursts of 'intolerance' 'today's polite, vague description of such
mob violence 'caused by factors such as the inability to accept
others, the 'aggressiveness' of 'other' neighbors, political
manipulation ' or all three combined. (t 1, p 11, s 1)
a. Interviewing the editor in chief of The Jakarta Post to know the social
cognition (ideology of The Jakarta Post) about this case.
After the data collect, these are the steps conducted during the study:
a. Identifying discourse analysis (text structure, social analysis and social
cognition by Van Dijk
b. Analyzing and explaining social cognition, by interpreting the interview
with editorial chief of The Jakarta Post
c. Analyzing and explaining social context based on Van Dijk discourse
analysis concept by seeing the background of the editorials published
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d. Tabulate the data
e. Concluding the data
3. Research Instruments
Intstrument in this research is a writer as a main instrument to obtain
data. Writer reads and understands the text. In addition, writer uses record book to
collect the data will be analyzed.
4. Unit of Analysis
For unit analysis of this research are text editorial Jakarta Post october
15 2015 edition that called New Year in Singkil and 5 november 2015 edition that
called Banning Hate Speech.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
In previous studies, there is mention that every media has
differences in terms of both the language and the message to be conveyed
to the public . Journal titled A Corpus Based Critical Analysis of Lexical
Choices in Sichuan Earthquake by Chinese and American News Media
paper WANG and CHEN Li Shuzhen distinguish between two media with
New York Times and China Daily reflecting the different ideological and
political stance of China and the United States. By highlighting the efforts
of the relief work of China, CDC presents a responsible government and a
united Chinese nation. Instead, the NYTC focuses on emphasizing the
dictatorship and incompetence of China Governor and science and
technology in China, then it creates a negative image of China
(http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/editorial/view/7339).
Unlike the first study, other journals Ali mention the different roles
of men and women. Journal under the title A Critical Discourse Analysis
of Family and Friends Textbooks: Representation of Genderism further
highlighting the gender issue that is still associated with the old tradition
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that the patriarchy of higher social status than women
(http://www.journals.aiac.org.au/index.php/IJALEL/editorial/view/1434).
Additionally, Nurhayati, a student of the University of Diponegoro,
Semarang in his journal entitled Representase Events in Media (Reporting
flood events in Suara Merdeka) describes how the media manipulate
language in representing a flooding event by using definition of critical
discourse analysis (http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/parole/editorial/view
/7874).
B. Discourse Analysis
The conceptualization of discourse analysis has numerous
meaning, which has change over the time. Stubbs refers the term discourse
analysis as the attempts to study the organization of language above the
sentence or above the clause; and therefore to study large linguistic units
such as conversational exchanges or written text (Baker: 32).
Van Dijk used the term ―text analysis‟ which is known as the
discourse analysis today. Discourse analysis continously develops, which
in the past, that the discourse only limited in the analyzing of the text itself
that has such meaning and structure only, now some discourse analyst
such as van Dijk focuses the analyzing on the function of both textual and
contextual (cognitive, social), Fairclough and Foucault maintain the text
with the power relationships and ideologies (Fairclogh in Baker: 32).
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On the other hands, Littlejohn argues that speech act or dialogue is
such kinds of discourse because it has a systematic arguments. Littlejohn
breaks the discourse on three points, the first is theoretical discourse which
emphasizes the evidence. It means that the discourse is arranged and in
principle used by the communicators to produce and understand the
message in conversation. Secondly, discourse was viewed as a practical
discourse which emphasizes norms. The communicators used the request,
turn taking, politeness strategy or cooperative principle in order to present
the direct action in conversation. And the last, discourse emphasizes the
good evidence and appropriate norms depending on the given situation the
communicators talked, this is known as the metatheoretical discourse
which refers the standard concept of argument in individual used in
conversation (Littlejohn: 322).
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that discourse
analysis is the study of the higher level organization of sentences
correlated to the other linguistics units such as coherence relations, overall
topics, schematic forms, stylistics and rhetorical dimensions, in order to
find the textual and contextual meaning of texts.
C. Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a type of discourse analytical
research that prim- arily studies the way social power abuse, dominance,
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and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the
social and political context (Dijk: 139)
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is ‗a theory and method
analyzing the way that individuals and institutions use language‘
(Richardson, 2007: 1; emphasis in original). Critical discourse analysts
focus on ‗relations between discourse, power, dominance and social
inequality‘ (Dijk: 249) and how discourse (re)produces and maintains
these relations of dominance and inequality‘.CDA therefore addresses
broader social issues and attends to external factors, including ideology,
power, inequality, etc. and draws on social and philosophical theory to
analyze and interpret written and spoken texts. As Fairclough (2001: 26)
puts it:
CDA analyses texts and interactions, but it does not start from
texts and interactions. It starts rather from social issues and
problems, problems which face people in their social lives,
issues which are taken up within sociology, political science
and/or cultural studies.
Critical discourse analysis draws from work carried out in the area
known as critical theory, which considers ‗the social, cultural, economic
and political ways in which people are inequitably positioned‘ (Pennycook
1997: 23) as well as ‗how the production and reception of text is
ideologically shaped by relations of power‘(Pennycook 1997: 28). A
critical perspective on discourse analysis, then, explores the connections
between language use and the social and political context in which it
occurs. It does this in a way that deals critically with the norms and
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expectations of particular discourse communities, raises issues of social,
economic and political concern, yet aims to provide students with the tools
they need to succeed.
As cited in Critical Discourse Analysis second draft by Teun A.
van Dijk (1998:1-2), CDA is a type of discourse analytical research that
primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality
are enacted, reproduced and resisted by text and talk in social and political
context. With such dissident research, critical discourse analysts take
explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose and ultimately resist
social inequality.
CDA is not so much a direction, school, or specialization next to
the many other ―approaches‖ in discourse studies. Rather, it aims to offer a
different ―mode‖ or ―perspective‖ of theorizing, analysis, and application
throughout the whole field. We may find a more or less critical perspective
in such diverse areas as pragmatics, conversation analysis, narrative
analysis, rhetoric, stylistics, sociolinguistics, ethnography, or media
analysis, among others.
In the application of CDA in a study, it should be noted also the
principles in there which Fairclough and Wodak (1997: 271-280) describe
critical discourse analysis as being based on eight key principles. These
are:
1. Critical discourse analysis addresses social problems by examining the
linguistic character of social and cultural processes and structures. Thus,
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social and political processes have a (partly) linguistic or discursive
character that is reflected in the use of certain linguistic and discourse
strategies and choices.
2. Power relations are exercised and negotiated in discourse. Thus, power
operates through language and is negotiated through language.
3. Discourse constitutes society and culture in that language not only reflects
social relations but is a part of them and reproduces them.
4. Ideologies are very often produced through discourse. Their production
includes way of representing and constructing society such as relations of
power, relations of domination and exploitation, and relations based on
gender and ethnicity.
5. Discourse cannot be considered separately from the discourses that have
preceded it and that will follow it. Nor can it be produced or understood
without taking these intertextual relations and sociocultural knowledges
into consideration.
6. Critical discourse analysis makes connections between social and cultural
structures and processes and properties of texts. These connections are,
however complex, and more often indirect than direct that is, they are very
often mediated.
7. Critical discourse analysis goes beyond description and is both
interpretative and explanatory. Further, these interpretations and
explanations are open and may be affected by new readings and new
contextual information.
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8. Critical discourse analysis, by uncovering opaqueness and power
relationship is a form of social action that attempt to intervene and bring
about change in communicative and socio-political practices.
D. Van Dijk’s Discourse Analysis Concept
Van Dijk`s discourse analysis concept is always said as a social
cognition (Dijk). According to van Dijk, the discourse analysis is not
enough only analyze the text itself, because text has a practical production
that must be observed. In this condition, the readers have to know how the
text is produced, so they can know the knowledge why the text must be
like that. If there is a text that discriminates women, it needs an analysis
why that text must be produced like that, and why the text must make the
women to be the minority one.
Van Dijk creates the connection between the big elements such as
social structure with the micro element called social cognition. This social
cognition has two meanings. First, it shows how the process of the texts
that produced by the journalists, and secondly, it describes the social value
in society which is wider. The social value also will influence the
journalists‟ knowledge in produced the text.
Van Dijk sees how the social structure, dominant, and power
community in society are. Moreover, he analyzes how the journalists
cognition and awareness that can influence to the certain text. Van Dijk
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sees discourse by three dimensions; they are text, social cognition and
social analysis.
Table 1: Van Dijk`s Discourse Analysis Concept
Social
Context
1. Text Analysis
The term ―text‟ derives from the Latin verb texere ―to weave‟
(hence the resemblance between the words ―text‟ and ―textile‟). The term
text is generally used to refer to written language (Jacob: 1075-1076).
Halliday and Hasan describes that a text has texture and this is what
distinguish it from something that is not a text (Levinson and Yule: 91).
The texture of text can be observed by seeing the cohesive ties that
reflected the connectedness. According to Sanders and Spooren, the texts
can cohere by focusing on the referential coherence and relational
coherence (Jacob: 1077). The referential coherence is related with the
same mental referent throughout the text, while the relational coherence is
connected by coherence relations, such as cause- consequence or problem-
solution.
Social
Cognition Text
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Van Dijk looks the text from some structures that construct each
other. Van Dijk branches the discourse elements in three points; those are
macro structure, superstructure and micro structure (Dijk: 17). Then, van
Dijk`s discourse analysis concept can be described in the table below:
Table 2: Van Dijk`s Discourse Analysis Concept of Text Structure
Macro Structure
Global meaning from the text that can be analyzed by seeing
the topic and theme that appeared in the text
Superstructure
Schema of the text, such as introduction, content, and conclusion.
Micro Structure
Local meaning from the text that can be analyzed by seeing the word choices
(diction), sentence structure, and rhetorical that presented in the text.
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Whereas the element that as pioneered by Van Dijk can be described below:
Table 3: Van Dijk`s Discourse Text Elements
Discourse
Structure
Case that observed
Element
Macro
Structure
THEME
The topic that appeared in
the news text
Topic
Superstructure
SCHEME
The arrangement of the part
of the news
paragraph are schemed in
the news text
Schema
Micro
Structure
SEMANTIC
The meaning that delivered
in the news text by giving
details or reducing another
details.
Background,
Detail,
Presupposition,
Nominalization
Micro
Structure
SYNTAX
The sentences forming and
composition is
Sentence form,
Coherence,
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used in the news text Reference
Micro
Structure
STYLISTIC
The word choice are used in
the news text
Lexical choice
Micro
Structure
RHETORICAL
The rhetoric as the stressing
technique is used in the
news text
Graphic,
Metaphor,
Number
To get more explanation of those whole elements above, below is the short
explanation:
a. Thematic
Theme element belongs to the macro structure that analyzes the
higher or more global levels than the micro level of words, sentences, and
sentence connections. If there is a news report about the U.S attack on
Libya, it does not merely refer to individual sentences or a sequence of
sentences but to the report as a whole. This means that intuitive terms such
as ―what is the news about‖ or ―the topic or theme is‖ must be accounted
for at this overall, global level. (Dijk: 13).
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It is possible to formulate a theme not only for individual sentences
but also for whole texts. Van dijk observes that sentence topics (the
themes of sentence) are different from discourse topics (the themes of the
discourse text), but not completely independent of them.
Each simple sentence has a theme. The theme is what the sentence
is about. It is usually a starting point of utterance and everything else that
follows in the sentences which consist of ―what the speaker states about‟
is called ―rheme‖. (Levinson and Yule: 126-127).
John gave flowers to Mary.
Mary got flowers from John.
In the first sentence above, John is the theme and the sentence can
be said to be ―about‖ John. The remaining part of the sentence, ―gave
flowers to Mary‖, is rheme. In the second sentence, Mary is the theme and
―got flowers from John‖ is the rheme. (Pajunen: 16). According to Brown
and Yule, the theme has two main functions: to connect back and link in to
the previous discourse, and to serve a starting point for the further
development of the discourse. (Levinson and Yule: 133).
On the other hands, van Dijk introduces the term discourse topic to
indicate what a discourse is about. The discourse topic might be defined as
the gist or the summary of the text. The strategy to know the discourse
topic beside reading the whole texts is by seeing the special properties of
headline and leads only, which subjectively summarize the rest of the
news report.
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Moreover, Brown and Yule states this headline creates some
expectations for the readers about the contents of the text. (Levinson and
Yule: 139). In the cognitive theory, the journalists construct and make a
good headline as the strategy to derive the readers quickly knowing the
topic of the news from a sequence of sentences (Dijk: 13).
So, the sentence topic in every paragraph will construct a
coherence to the discourse topic. This discourse topic is followed by the
subtopic in order to support the general topic. On the other hands, subtopic
will be supported by the fact sentences that functions as the unity and
coherence information of the texts, always called as co-text. Co-text is a
coherence text. It derives the readers to understand that all good news
report must have a coherence text, both on meaning and structure that
represented from the connective of the sentences in every paragraph. So,
every sentence has its own theme or a sentence topic in every paragraph.
Moreover, this good coherence sentence topic will go to discourse topic as
the global level topic that appeared in the headline of the news report.
b. Schematic
News reports, which each day are produced by the thousand and
under heavy constraints of professional routines, available personnel, time,
and deadlines, must also be organized by a conventional news schema.
This news schema shows how the parts of the news was arranged and
organized so that it can become a unity both in structure and in meaning of
the sentences. Although, every discourse has difference forming and
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schema, news text commonly have two categories of schemas: (1)
Summary (including the Headline and the Lead) and (2) News Story
(including the Episode and Consequence) (Dijk: 168).
The Summary composed of headline and leads. Various Headline,
such as the main Headline (Headline/Title) and lower Headline (Subtitle),
constitute the conventional category of Headline. Headline is literally ―on
top‖ of the news report and its size and position are therefore important
strategic cues for perception and attention processes. This Headline always
typographically marked by large bold letter type. The Headline expresses
the intended highest macro proposition and therefore signals what is the
most relevant or important information of the news report. Cognitively,
this Headline will monitor the further process of reading and
comprehension (Dijk: 161).
Then, the Lead has initial position, under the headlines, and also
printed in larger or bolder type than the rest of news story. The Lead is
expressed by the first sentence or paragraph of the news report. Beside
using the Lead as the summary functions, it is also presented for the
introduction function of the news story elements (Dijk: 161).
Sometimes the readers do the interpretation by skimming the
paper. They only read the summary part of the news report, after which
they may decide to continue or to stop reading the rest of the news report.
So, the Headline and Lead play such a crucial role in interpretation and
also for the obligatory of the news schema.
22
Then, the body of a news report should minimally feature what
Van Dijk said as News Story. The News Story including the Episode.
Episode has two primary analyzing of the Background and the Main
Events.
The Background may be supplied by news agencies, by reporters
or correspondents who simply know such background from experience, by
other media, or by various documentations. Van Dijk differentiated
Background between present and past Backgrounds. The presents
Background of a news event was called as context. This context covers all
informations in the news report about the actual situation in which the
main news event takes place.
Practically, the context is marked by temporal cohesive ties, such
as during, while, at the same time, or simply in. On the other hand, the past
Background called as history. Temporally, the history stretches back
months or even years. This history leads the context on the actual situation
or its events (Dijk: 164-165).
The Main Event organizes all information about the recent events
that was reported by the journalists in the news report. The information in
the Main Events has taken place within the limits of one or two previous
days. If the events have a good attention, it can be said as an actual news
but if the news was covered with the another recent news, it will change to
be old news event if it is not old news for the readers (Dijk: 162-163).
Finally, the last News Story elements are Consequences (composed
23
of Verbal Reaction and Comments). Verbal Reaction is the news actors
opinions or comments about the news events. It is presented by the quoted
declaration. Sometimes, in domestic news, the journalists using the
specialists either using their knowledge or reactions to give their
perspective about the news events.
The Verbal Reaction allows journalists to objectively provide the
news actors opinions in order to satisfy the readers by the news reports
viewed (Dijk: 166). However, the Comments always give the evaluation
and expectation opinions which are stated by the journalists to evaluate the
news events (Dijk: 15).
The journalist‘s opinions in this case need not to be personal
comments because these opinions will presuppose beliefs and attitudes
about the news events. Sometimes the Comments tend to occur toward the
end of the editorials.
c. Semantic
The elements that classify in the semantic analysis are background,
detail, purpose, presupposition, and nominalization elements. Background
element is the reporter`s fact or perspective, placed in the news story that
explains the event, for the long period knowledge (history) or present
knowledge (context), in order to help the readers understand about the fact
of an event in the news text (Mencher: 2bib-273).
Background in the cognitive terms, informs the neccessary
information for the readers to activate situation model from memory; that
24
is, representations of accumulated personal experiences and knowledge
about concrete situations (Dijk).
Detail element links the information control that is extended by the
writers or journalists. The journalists will show the extra information (with
a complete details) if that information has a good or valuable news for
them. On the other hand, the journalists will present less information (or
even do not tell the information more) if that information has a negative
value for them. Same like the detail element, purpose element sees if the
information is positive and having extra value for the communicators, it
will be explained explicitly and clearly. Futhermore, if the information has
negative value and the journalists want to cover it, they will use the
euphemism word by using the implicitly technique to conceal the
information (Allan: 986-987).
Presupposition is a proposition which, although not formally
stated, is understood and taken for granted in order for an utterance or a
statement to make sense (Baker: 102-103). For example, the statement
―John wrote Angel a letter‟ presupposes that ―Angel could read‟.
Levinson assumes that the presupposition will be pragmatically work if the
speaker and the hearer have same basic concept of appropriateness and
mutual knowledge (Levinson: 204-205).
Presuppositions are important in discourse analysis because they
can point out to speakers` or writers` commonsense assumptions, beliefs
and attitudes that are taken as given. Fairclough states that the content of
25
subordinate clause sometimes contains the presupposition elements
(Fairclough: 132).
Nominalisation means the derivation of a noun from a verb. For
instance, the noun reduction is derived from the verb reduce and obligation
from obligate. The nominalisation is one way to obfuscate agency.
The shooting of the demonstrator will be investigated.
In the above sentences, the noun shooting is a nominalisation, for
the full sentences would be ―Someone shot someone‖. This shows how
much information is absent in a nominal form: there is no indication of
time (no verb, no tense, no exact time on that sentence), lack of an object
and a subject (who shot whom). So by that context, the nominalisation is
potentially making the process and action of the investigation in that
sentence into abstract thing; in other word, make a biased sentence
(Pajunen: 21).
d. Syntax
In news analysis, the syntax elements will get in touch with the
ordering and structuring sentences to build the systematical and logical
ideas in sentences. People, action, and events may be represented
differently using the syntactical construction. The journalists choose some
syntax elements because of the ideologically motivated. The syntax
elements include coherence, reference, and sentence structure (active and
passive voice).
26
Some substances will be explained as follow: A text must have a
coherent in meaning and in structure. At the semantic discourse analysis,
the discourse coherence deals with the coherent sentences in meaning in
the text levels. On the other hands, at the syntax discourse analysis, the
discourse coherence deals with the coherent sentences in the logic and
structure forming in the text levels. A simple basic rule of the coherence
sentences is that sentence A is coherent with sentence B, if A refers to a
situation or an event that is a possible condition of the situation or event
referred to by B (Dijk: 12).
Thus, the sequence sentences of ―This morning I had a toothache. I
went to the dentist.‖ is coherent according to that rule (The first sequence
sentence has the condition namely a reason and then the second sequence
sentence is doing a consequent action), whereas the sequence sentences of
―We went to an expensive restaurant. John ordered a Chevrolet.‖ is not
coherent, (because our knowledge about eating in restaurant tell us that
ordering a car is not a normal thing to do in restaurants) (Dijk: 109-111).
A text will be said as a coherent text if it describes a possible sequence of
events (acts or situations). Moreover, the coherence depends on our
knowledge and beliefs about what is possible in the world.
Coherence sentences in the text are easily analyzing by seeing the
conjunctive cohesion. Halliday and Hasan distinguish four conjunctive
cohesions. The four types of the conjunctive cohesion are exemplified
below: (Levinson and Yule: 191).
27
a. Additive: and, or, futhermore, similarly, in addition
b. Adversative: but, however, on the other hand, nevertheless
c. Causal: so, consequently, for this reason
d. Temporal: then, after that, finally, at last
A fourth conjunctive cohesion is also known as a cohesive relation
that has a cohesive power because the conjunctive elements are not in
themselves cohesive, but they do express certain meaning which
presupposes the other components in the discourse which also constitutes
textness (Levinson and Yule: 191).
In the traditional approach, the term ―reference‟ is discussed
together with the sense or the properties component of such objects to
express correctly the lexical meaning. The reference in the discourse
analysis is using not for the true reference locating but successful
reference is more important.
Successful reference depends on the readers` identifying, for the
understanding of the co-reference both on the syntax level and on the
semantic level (Levinson and Yule: 204-205). The sentence ―He sat on the
chair‖ is the example of the ambiguity personal reference ―He‖. ―He‖ has
number of properties such as ―animate‖, ―male‖, etc. The readers can
know what is the sentence talking about, but the personal reference ―He‖
is lack of the reference functions. Every reference hat used for referent any
objects have to assign to the previous sentences to express the co-
referencial (Levinson and Yule: 214). Consequently, the above sentence
28
must get a previous sentence of ―John entered the classroom‖ so the
sentence will be ―John entered the classroom and he sat on the chair‖. In
this context, the personal reference ―He‖ successfully located and referred
to the previous noun of John.
Sentence structure expresses the semantic roles of participants in
an event by use of active and passive voices. This sentence structure is not
only being the technical issues of the truly grammatical usage, but also it
can determine the meaning that was forming by the sentence structure. In
active voice, agent is being the subject position of a statement, as the key
role or doer of an action, while the passive voice focuses on the object. In
passive voice, the agent will position as an object case of statement, have
less prominent role, order in the end of the sentence and event it can be
deleted (Hansard).
The police killed a demonstrator.
A demonstrator was killed by the police.
A demonstrator was killed.
In the first sentence above, the police is positioned in the first,
subject position, and expressed an agent role. The second sentence is about
the dead demonstrator and the police is located at the end position of the
sentence, it means that the police is having a less prominent role on that
sentence. And in the third sentence, the passive sentence disappeared the
agent or the doer of the action in order to make the syntactically
ambiguous agent (Dijk: 11).
29
e. Stylistic
Stylistic is defined as the study of style, variation, or choice of
word in speaking or writing to make a different connotation or effect as a
result. (Jacob: 1046). In news report, the stylistic is of great importance
since the different words carry different shades of meaning. The key to
stylistic excellence is a wide vocabulary and a sensitivity of language
using. They guide the writers to do Michelle Hansard, ―Active and Passive
Voice‖, (Purdue: Purdue University Online Writing Lab, 1995) the word
choice. The word choice used to denote such neutral, negative and positive
designations of the news actors and events in the news report.
Van Dijk observes that the reporters do the lexical choices to imply
a particular semantic implication. Some newspapers use the neutral terms
―demonstrator‖, ―squatter‖, and ―occupants‖ to denote the people doing
the demontration action to get their right. On the other hand, a negative
interpretation also indicated by using some words such as ―hooligan‖,
―rioter‖ or ―rowdy‖ to imply a negative evaluation of the demonstrators.
Moreover, some words such as ―coup‖, ―crime‖, ―bad policy‖, or
―blunder‖ are used also to give a negative-actions terms for the police
(Dijk: 277). The lexical choices that were chosen by the journalists in
serving the news are not spontaneously, but it was designed ideologically
based to make the readers understand the news that are represented by
them. The stylistic variation will be influenced by the situation of
conversation (formal and informal), written text (formal and informal
30
text), gender, power, and social status (Dijk: 10).
f. Rhetoric
The last dimension of van Dijk discourse analysis concept deals
with rhetoric elements. The rhetorical dimension may affect all structural
levels of a text because it will express or signal what is the most important
thing in the news report. In the discourse text, graphic element always
appears with the different written text than the other. The bold letter type
is typographically marked of headline. This is used as the strategy to
persuade the reader‘s attention more for that side (Dijk: 161). While the
another analysis of graphic elements is photo. Photo will provide the
readers a real image information of some events and derive its meaning
through context. Moreover, a photo is a representation of a particular
moment and situation in time.
Metaphor is a way of representing something in terms of
something else (Baker: 70). The metaphor is not only using as the rhetoric
element but also it is introducing the using of stylistic, too. Van Dijk gives
some examples of the war metaphors to represent the fighting action in the
news report. This means that there are conflicts that happened such as
between the civil society and the military army. The newspapers
sometimes used the metaphors of ―mini-war‖, ―squatter bulwark‖,
―battles‖, ―arms‖ or ―coup‖. Futhermore, the newspapers add the picture to
express more metaphorical implication to dramatize and sharpen the
31
events such as the picture of tanks, tear gas granade, Molotov cocktails,
and the damage of the city`s building. (Dijk: 280).
Finally, the rhetoric of news discourse signals the truthfulness by
presenting the exactness of precise numbers. Van Dijk observes that the
numbers on the news report play an important role in presenting the
rhetorical element. It is representated on the news headline of Man set free
after 16 years (Dijk: 87-91).
The most obvious rhetorical feature of this headline is of course the
number of years this man spent in jail for a crime he didn`t commit or for
which at least unreliable evidence was given during the trial . For an
innocent man to be in jail for 16 years is itself a rhetoric exaggeration, a
hyperbole of deviancies in legal process. Moreover, the numbers in this
headline are giving a shocking and incredible effect for the readers to
continued reading this news report.
In the analysis, the writer only applies the text analysis concept of
Van Dijk discourse analysis, as described in the research finding.
2. Social Cognition
As is the case for other fundamental notions, 'cognition' is a notion
that is jointly defined by all the disciplines currently integrated under the
label 'cognitive science', such as psychology, linguistics, philosophy and
logic as well as the brain sciences.
32
Critical Discourse Study (CDS) is not primarily interested in the
subjective meanings or experiences of individual language users. Power,
power abuse, dominance and their reproduction typically involve
collectivities, such as groups, social movements, organizations and
institutions (Van Dijk, 2008b). Therefore, besides the fundamental
interface of personal mental models that account for specific discourses, a
cognitive approach also needs to account for social cognition, that is, the
beliefs or social representations they share with others of their group or
community . Knowledge, attitudes, values, norms and ideologies are
different types of social representations. In social cognition there is
ideology.
Ideology is Dominance, defined as power abuse, is often based on,
and legitimated by ideologies, that is, by the fundamental social bebe&
that organize and control the social representations of groups and their
members. Many forms of CDS research require such an ideological
analysis, especially because ideologies are typically expressed and
reproduced by discourse. It is important to stress here that the cognitive
framework sketched aboye suggests that there is no direct link between
discourse and ideology. The basic beliefs of an ideology (for instance,
about the equality of women and men in a feminist ideology) organize
specific attitudes, that is, the socially shared opinions of a group (for
instance, about abortion, sexual harassment or equal pay), which in turn
may influence specific event models (about specific participants and
33
actions), which finally may be related to discourse under the final control
of context models. In other words, to `read off' ideologies from discourse
is not always possible, precisely because ideologies need to be very
general and fairly abstract. Although we still ignore what the general
structure of ideologies are (Dijk, 1998), it may be assumed that they are
organized by a general schema consisting of the basic categories that
organize the self and other representations of a group and its members.
Since CDA is concerned with exposing the often hidden ideologies
that are reflected, reinforced and constructed in everyday and institutional
discourse, the concept of ideology is crucial. Like the concepts of
discourse and power, ideology is probably the one that most defies precise
definition. Definitions usually fall into two broad categories: a relativist
definition, denoting systems of ideas, beliefs and practices, and a critical
definition, allied with Marxist theory, which sees it as working in the
interests of a social class and/or cultural group. When critical discourse
analysts argue that discourse embodies ideological assumptions, they use
the term ideology in a ‗critical‘ sense. Fairclough (1992: 87) understands
ideologies to be:
Significations / constructions of reality (the physical world, social
relations, social identities) which are built into various dimensions
of the forms/meanings of discursive practices, and which
contribute to the production, reproduction or transformation of
relations of domination.
This critical conception of ideology links it to the process
34
of sustaining asymmetrical relations of power and inequalities –
that is to the process of maintaining domination. In the words of
Fairclough (1995: 14), ideology is meaning in the service of power.
3. Social Context / Social Analysis
The last dimension of Van Dijk‘s discourse analysis concept is
social context or social analysis. This dimension will discuss how the text
will be produced by readers. Social analysis also will discuss diction of
text, power, access that forming a discourse, such as background,
situation, event, and social condition that happening.
Before language users are able to match incoming information
against the more general linguistic and other knowledge in memory, they
must analyze the context with respect to which a certain speech act is
performed (Dijk 7).
In order to illustrate informally our levels and categories operating
in pragmatic context analysis of language users, we will give two
examples of speech acts and a characterization of a context in which they
are appropriate. The examples will be taken from both an institutional and
a private kind of context.
First, consider the following utterance:
May I see your ticket, please?
35
Although there is set of possible contexts with respect to which this
utterance, taken as a request, may be appropriate, only one example will
be given, viz. that of ticket inspection on trains, or means of public
transport in general: Social context type: Institutional. Public.
Based on Van Dijk‘s concept, there are two points of social
analysis, they are power and access.
a) Power
Power is about relation of difference, and particularly about
the effects of differences in social structures. The constant unity of
language and other social matters ensures that language entwined
in social power in a number of ways: language indexes power,
expresses power, is involved where there is contention over and a
challenge to power. Power does not derive from language, but
language can be used to challenge power, to subvert it, to alter
distributions of power in the short and long term. Language
provides a finely articulated means for differences in power in
social hierarchical structures.
b) Access
Van Dijk‘s discourse analysis concept always discuss the
relation between power and access. People who have do not have
power also do not have access to reach everything thay want.
Access may even be analysed in terms of the topics or referents of
discourse, that is, who is written or spoken about. We may assume,
36
as for other social resources, that more access according to there
several participant roles, corresponds with more social power.
In other words, measures of discourse access may be rather
faithful indicators of the power of social groups and their members
(Dijk: 86).
37
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. The History of The Jakarta Post
The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper
in Indonesia. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the
head office is in the nation's capital, Jakarta
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post).
The Jakarta Post was the brainchild of Information Minister Ali
Murtopo and politician Jusuf Wanandi. Murtopo and Wanandi were
disappointed at the perceived bias against Indonesia in foreign news
sources. At the time, there were two English-language dailies,
the Indonesia Times and Indonesian Observer.
However, due to negative public perception regarding the existing
papers they decided to create a new one. In order to ensure credibility, the
two agreed to convince a group of competing newspapers (the Golkar-
backed Suara Karya, the Catholic-owned Kompas, the Protestant-
owned Sinar Harapan, and the weekly Tempo) to back the nascent paper. It
was hoped to become a quality English-language paper, similar to The
Straits Times in Singapore, the Bangkok Post in Thailand, and the New Straits
Times in Malaysia.
37
38
B. Development of The Jakarta Post
During the early years of publication, The Jakarta Post had
difficulty attracting advertisers, to the point that some editions ran without
ads. However, circulation increased dramatically, from 8,657 in 1983 to
17,480 in 1988. Although it was originally hoped that the paper would
begin to turn a profit within the first three years, the recession in the early
1980s led to the start-up funds being depleted. Eventually, in 1985 the
paper took out an interest-free loan and received Rp. 700 million from its
owners. After advertising increased, The Jakarta Post was able to turn a
profit by 1988, and was considered "one of the most credible newspapers"
in Indonesia.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post#CITEREFThe_Jakarta_
Post.2C_Progress_and_Development).
The Jakarta Post has two version: The Jakarta Post print and
digital. But, The Jakarta Post has three editions, they are Sunday Edition,
Online Edition and Bali Daily. Based on opinio from Peter Gelling, of The
New York Times, notes that The Jakarta Post has been considered a
"training ground" for local reporters, and offers apprenticeship programs.
In 2009, six former The Jakarta Post reporters worked for Bloomberg. In
2014 the Jakarta Post was behind Kompas in terms of online visits.
39
C. Data Descriptions
People use language as a media of communication (Jacob 1075).
Moreover, the journalists also use language as a mass media
communication strategy to influence the reader‘s opinions. For instance,
when Muslims burn a church in Aceh, The Jakarta Post has two angles in
sharing the news to the readers. The first editorial titled ―New Year in
Singkil‖ explains the reason why it happens. Based on The Jakarta Post‘s
editorial, burning the church in Aceh Singkil is caused by intolerant
between Muslims and Christians. However, Ahok said that burning the
church happens because of the discriminative act toward the Christians. It
can be seen from the people‘s signatures in that place which indicate
people‘s agreement to build the church, while the rule is not applicable for
Muslims who want to build a mosque to pray.
In the second Jakarta Post‘s editorial, the writer criticizes the
police who empowered by the state to keep the citizen safe, but they do
not do their duty well. Therefore, the writer asks the police act when the
burning of the church happens. Furthermore, hate speech must be banned
because it will cause a chaos.
According to the reasons above, the writer wants to analyze this
news by using a discourse analysis approach Teun Van Dijk discourse
analysis concept in aim to know how the Jakarta Post‘s journalists present
the discourse text about the burning of a church in Aceh Singkil. The
writer presents the first data description on the Jakarta Post`s editorial, the
40
news headlined: ―Editorial: New Year in Singkil‖, is taken on October
15th
2015 on The Jakarta Post online newspaper. Those data descriptions
are the discourses, paragraphs, sentences, and words.
Table 4: “Editorial: New Year in Singkil”
Discourse
Structure
Elements News Information
Macro
Structure
(Thematic)
Theme
Giving the information about church
burning in Aceh Singkil by muslims.
Superstructure
Headline Editorial: New Year in Singkil
Lead
One man killed and a church set on
fire is too much. On Wednesday,
coincidentally the Islamic New Year
or Muharram, the Coordinating
Political, Legal, & Security Affairs
Minister Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan and
National Police chief Gen. Badrodin
Haiti left for Aceh Singkil regency
where a mob had set fire to a church
and clashed with police.
New Story On the introduction of this
news, the journalist presents
41
cause of the rioting between
the Muslims and the Christians
is a misunderstanding.
President Joko Widodo also
orders Luhut and Badrodin to
ensure the anarchy would not
spread.
The main event of this news
presents the cause of the
rioting. It is a discriminative
act toward the construction of a
church (Ahok opinion), but the
same act does not apply to the
construction of a mosque. ―The
2006 regulation by the
Religious Affairs Ministry and
the Home Ministry states that
at least 90 signatures are
required to secure permits to
build a house of worship‖. (t
1, p 8, s 2).
The conclusion of this news is
the journalist ends the news by
42
presenting a failure in
resolving the freedom of
worship. This issue will lead to
more outbursts of intolerance
caused by factors such as the
inability to accept others,
aggressiveness of other
neighbors, political
manipulation or all three
combined.
Micro
Structure
(Semantic)
Detail
In this editorial, the journalist presents
how the rioting happens between the
Muslims and the Christians.
Presupposition
As long as we fail to understand what
it takes to live in a diverse society.
These incidents will keep recurring.
The Singkil incident erupts from the
tension that has been brewing since at
least 2010, when the regent formally
asks for government clarification on
the status of some 20 churches. (t 1, p
10, s 1).
Micro Coherence Additive: and (paragraph 1, 2,
43
Structure
(Syntax)
5, 11), or (paragraph 1).
Temporal: as long as
(paragraph 10), since
(paragraph 10), when
(paragraph 10).
Reference
The journalist gives the personal
reference, such as:
Vice President Jusuf Kalla
hopes the cause of the rioting,
which also leave several
wounded on Tuesday —
―likely a misunderstanding‖ —
would be settled. (t 1, p 2, s 1).
President Joko “Jokowi”
Widodo ordered (orders)
Luhut and Badrodin to ensure
the anarchy, so it would not
spread. The police have
detained 20 people including
those claiming to be members
of the Aceh Singkil Youth
Concerned for Islam (PPI). (t
1, p 2, s 2)
44
The government, one scholar
said (says), ―must race against
time‖, as Badrodin warns the
residents not to easily
provoked by the circulation of
text messages, which usually
exacerbate such situations.
Hundreds of families have fled
to Medan, a few hours‘ drive
away. (t 1, p 3, s 1)
Among national leaders, only
Jakarta Governor Basuki
“Ahok” Tjahaja Purnama
who has the courage to state
that one underlying cause of
such incidents is the
―discriminatory‖ ministerial
regulation on the building of
worship houses. (t 1, p 7, s 1)
Micro
Structure
(Stylistic)
Lexicon
Clashed, provoked
Reporting verb: said (line 9), argue
(line 29)
45
Micro
Structure
(Rhetoric)
Graphic
Presenting the nick names such as
―Jokowi‖ as Joko Widodo (line 6),
―Ahok‖ as Basuki Tjahaja Purnama
(line 24).
Methapor
Deterioration in inter-faith relations.
Number
The journalists present number such as
20 people including those claiming to
be members of the Aceh Singkil
Youth Concerned for Islam (PPI),
hundreds of families have fled to
Medan (paragraph 3), one over 20
churches that lacks permits (paragraph
5). 10 churches would be demolished
(paragraph 5), and 90 signatures
(paragraph 8).
In addition, the writer also presents the second data description of
the burning of the church in Aceh Singkil editorial on the same media: The
Jakarta Post online newspaper. The Jakarta Post discourse text headlined:
―Banning Hate Speech‖ which is also selected on November 5th
2015.
Table 5: “Editorial: Banning Hate Speech”
46
Discourse
Structure
Elements News Information
Macro
Structure
(Thematic)
Theme
Asking the police how to
identify, prevent and
handle the hate speech
should be welcomed.
Therefore the police can no
longer give lame excuses,
such as preventing ―social
unrest‖ and ―safeguarding
public order‖, when
standing idly by during the
forced closure of a church
or mosque.
Superstructure Headline
Editorial: Banning Hate
Speech
Lead
A circular issued by the
National Police instructing
the entire force on how to
identify, prevent and
handle the hate speech
should be welcomed. At
the very least, it means that
47
the police can no longer
give lame excuses, such as
preventing ―social unrest‖
and ―safeguarding public
order‖, when standing idly
by during the forced
closure of a church or
mosque — as happens in
Aceh Singkil just a week
after the circular was
issued — or claiming to be
outnumbered during the
beating of a transgender,
for example.
New Story
On the introduction
of this news, the
journalist presents
the police‘s act
toward the riot
between the
Muslims and the
Christians.
The conclusion of
48
this news, the
journalist ends the
news by presenting
the police leader‘s
duties to do big
favor by working
hard to ensure that
all police members
understand how to
identify, preventing
and handling the
hate speech, rather
than pouncing on a
new tool to impress
the President, as it
seems.
Micro
Structure
(Semantic)
Detail
In this editorial, the
journalist presents how the
police can prevent rioting
that happens between the
muslims and the christians.
However, in the reality, the
police cannot do it, so it
49
causes the burning of the
church by the muslims.
This happens because of
the intolerance between the
Muslims and the
Christians. The police
should also ban the hate
speech in the first place.
Presupposition
It is quite advanced if the
police really protect all
citizens as they claim. Yet,
the policies and the laws
that justify or condone
many forms of hate speech
must also be changed. (t 2,
p 9, s 1).
Coherence
Additive: and (line
1), and (line 3), or
(line 4), and (line
8), or (line 8).
Temporal: after
(line 5).
Contrast: but (line
50
16), but (34).
Micro
Structure
(Syntax)
Reference
The journalists give the
personal, such as:
Badrodin himself
has caused even
more lambasting of
the otherwise
praiseworthy
circular by saying
… (paragraph 6)
Rather than pounce
on a new toll to
impress the
president. In this
case, the journalist
changes Jokowi as
‗president‘
Lexicon
Reporting verb: say (line
27), said (line 14)
Micro
Structure
(Stylistic)
Graphic
Presenting the nick names
such as ―Jokowi‖ as Joko
Widodo (line 6)
Micro Methapor Genocide of a group
51
Structure
(Rhetoric)
(paragraph 7)
Number
The journalists present
number such as one person
(t 1, p 8, s 2)
D. Data Analysis
I. Text Structures Analysis
a) Thematic Analysis
The main concern of thematic analysis is to indicate what a
discourse is about. The writer uses the discourse topic as the term
of the theme in the thematic analysis. The discourse topic has a
semantic representation that defines the meaning of the discourse.
Table 6: Thematic Elements
Thematic
First
Editorial
Giving the information the rioting in Aceh Singkil.
Second
Editorial
How the police‘s act when rioting in Aceh Singkil.
The theme in first editorial of The Jakarta Post explains about
the rioting in Aceh Singkil and it finally causes the church burning by
the Muslims as the majority. This rioting happens because of the
52
intolerance between the Muslims and also the Christians as the minority.
On the other hand, Jakarta Governor Basuki ―Ahok‖ Tjahaja Purnama
has the courage to state that one underlying cause of such incidents is the
―discriminatory‖ ministerial regulation on building houses of worship.
The regulation says that, at least 90 signatures are required to secure
permits to build a house of worship.
Otherwise, in second editorial of The Jakarta Post explains
about the expectation of the police‘s duty. At the very least, it means that
the police can no longer give lame excuses, such as preventing ―social
unrest‖ and ―safeguarding public order‖, when standing idly by during
the forced closure of a church or mosque.
b) Schematic Analysis
What is the shematic organization (superstructures) of the news
about Rioting in Aceh Singkil? The formal structure of the news
report is analyzing the two elements: Summary (composed of
Headline and Lead) and News Story (composed of Episode and
Consequences).
Summary: Headline + Lead. Headline and Leads have an
important role in news stories because they supposed to summarize
the most important points of the editorial and this summary
elements cognitively can derive the readers to continue reading the
editorial or not. The following table is the summary elements from
Jakarta Post`s editorials.
53
Table 7: Summary Elements
First Editorial of
Jakarta Post
Second Editorial of
Jakarta Post
Headline
Subhead
Editorial: New Year in
Singkil
Editorial: Banning Hate
Speech
Lead
One man killed and a
church set on fire is too
much. On Wednesday,
coincidentally the
Islamic New Year or
Muharram, the
Coordinating Political,
Legal, & Security
Affairs Minister Luhut
Binsar Pandjaitan and
National Police chief
Gen. Badrodin Haiti left
for Aceh Singkil regency
where a mob had set fire
to a church and clashed
with police.
A circular issued by the
National Police instructing
the entire force on how to
identify, prevent and
handle hate speech should
be welcomed. At the very
least it means that the
police can no longer give
lame excuses, such as
preventing ―social unrest‖
and ―safeguarding public
order‖, when standing idly
by during the forced
closure of a church or
mosque — as happened in
Aceh Singkil just a week
after the circular was
issued — or claiming to be
54
outnumbered during the
beating of a transgender,
for example.
The summary elements from both editorials are actually same.
Jakarta Post wants to give the information about rioting of religion
conflict between the Muslims and the Christians in Aceh Singkil.
Neverthless, there is one difference that is seen from this summary in
both editorials. First, the editorial writes cause of rioting is intolerance.
On the other hand, Ahok says that the cause of this conflict is not the
intolerance, but it is a discriminatice act. While the second editorial of
Jakarta Post writes how the police should do when the rioting happens.
News Story: Episodes and Consequences. News story always
includes the episodes and the consequences. However, in this analysis
process, the writer only analyzes the episodes analysis. The episodes
analysis usually see the background and the main events of the news
reports. The following table is the episode elements from the Jakarta
Post.
Table 8: Background
First Editorial of Jakarta Post Second Editorial of Jakarta Post
One man killed and a church set
on fire is too much. On
Given too many questionable
cases of insult and defamation,
55
Wednesday, coincidentally the
Islamic New Year or Muharram,
the Coordinating Political, Legal,
& Security Affairs Minister Luhut
Binsar Pandjaitan and National
Police chief Gen. Badrodin Haiti
left for Aceh Singkil regency
where a mob had set fire to a
church and clashed with police.
dropping the categories from the
new circular would lead to better
focus on hate speech, which the
circular‘s introduction says ―can
drive collective hatred, isolation,
discrimination, violence and at the
most terrifying level, ethnic
slaughter or genocide of a group
that is a target of hate speech‖.
A circular issued by the National
Police instructing the entire force
on how to identify, prevent and
handle hate speech should be
welcomed. At the very least it
means that the police can no
longer give lame excuses, such as
preventing ―social unrest‖ and
―safeguarding public order‖, when
standing idly by during the forced
closure of a church or mosque —
as happened in Aceh Singkil just a
week after the circular was issued
— or claiming to be outnumbered
56
during the beating of a
transgender, for example.
Background. The first editorial presents one type of
background information: present background. The present background,
the first paragraph, presents what happens in Aceh Singkil after the
rioting between the Muslims and the Christians. The first editorial of
Jakarta Post says that there is one man killed and many churches were
burned by the Muslims on Islamic new year or Muharram. Therefore,
the Coordinating Political, Legal, & Security Affairs Minister Luhut
Binsar Pandjaitan and National Police chief Gen. Badrodin Haiti leave
for Aceh Singkil regency where a mob has set fire to a church and
clash with the police.
At the same time, the second editorial presents two types of
background information: present and past background. Present
background: seventh paragraph that presents. It gives too many
questionable cases of insult and defamation. It also drops the
categories from the new circular would lead to better focus on hate
speech, which the circular‘s introduction says ―can drive collective
hatred, isolation, discrimination, violence and at the most terrifying
level, ethnic slaughter or genocide of a group that is a target of hate
speech‖. Past background was in first paragraph that states the police
cannot give preventing social unrest and safeguarding public order
57
during the church set on fire. And this happens during beating of a
transgender, for example.
Main Events. The main event of the two editorials is the same.
Both of the newspapers talk about the rioting in Aceh Singkil and the
causes. However the differences happen in the story style. The first
editorial talks the rioting in Aceh Singkil caused by the intolerance and
the discriminatory ministerial regulation non-building houses of
worship on the ordering paragraph of 3, 6, 7, and 8 paragraphs.
While the second editorial discusses more details and the most
urgent problems of the rioting in Aceh Singkil. Beside the intolerance
and the discriminatory, the rioting in Aceh Singkil happens because of
the hate speech and the police who cannot handle IT. The second
editorial uses the description story telling that happens on paragraph 1,
2, 7, and 9 paragraphs
c) Semantic Analysis
In the detail element, the Jakarta Post gives the information of
rioting in Aceh Singkil happens because of the intolerance and the
discriminatory. The Jakarta Post presents clearly and completely
the intolerance that happens in Aceh Singkil because of Islam in
Aceh as the majority and other religion as the minority, so the
Muslims can do what they want with many mass medias. Beside it,
the rioting in Aceh Singkil happens because of discriminative
58
ministerial regulation on building houses of worship. It can be
seen in paragraph 9:
―Minority religious communities have long protested
the rule, saying it violates the constitutional freedom of
worship. Some Muslims argue that they face the same
difficulties in securing the minimum requirement to build
mosques where they are in the minority — and insist the
regulation should stay to avoid a deterioration in inter-faith
relations.‖
It implies the readers that The Jakarta Post gives more
explanation about the president is unfair to minority religion who
has only little mass. In this context, The Jakarta Post uses this
detail element to change public opinion to think that Islam as the
majority is wrong.
Meanwhile, the second editorial presents that the police do not
do their job. The second editorial also gives the solution on how
the police should act, so one man will not be killed and the church
will not be set on fire. It can be seen in paragraph 8:
―Police leaders could do us a big favor by working
hard to ensure that all police members understand how to
identify, prevent and handle hate speech, rather than pounce on
59
a new tool to impress the President, as it seems. One person
would not have been killed in Singkil if the police had done
their job …. ―
d) Syntax Analysis
In discourse analysis, coherence is the syntax tools to connect
the words, sentences, or paragraphs. The coherence is used to
connect the two difference sentences or paragraphs to be
correlating each other by using the connector. The coherence uses
the cohesive devices to the coherence of the sentences in the
paragraphs. Those coherences are: (1) Conjunctions, (2)
References, and (3) Sentence structures: active and passive voice.
The Jakarta Post can locate and put some correct arrangement
sentences on the paragraph. The good coherence will imply the
coherence text (co-text). Co-text is not only seen from its structure
(in syntax) but also it will effect to the co-text meaning (in
semantic). The varieties cohesive devices that the Jakarta Post used
(uses) are: the additive: and (paragraph 1), or (paragraph 1). Then,
used the temporal: as long as (paragraph 10), since (paragraph 10),
when (paragraph 10). Also used clausal: if (paragraph 4). And used
the contrast: but (paragraph 5). They are will be written below:
One man killed and a church set on fire is too much. One
Wednesday, coincidentally the Islamic New Year or Muharram ...
60
Badrodin was quoted as saying the incident might have been
planned, given the assembly of weapons such as swords and
Molotov cocktails, as well as vehicles. If police intelligence …
The Indonesian Council of Churches (PGI) ―regretted‖ the incident
caused by ―intolerant groups‖ who took the law into their own
hands, against one of over 20 churches that lacked permits. An
agreement between the minority Christians and the local
administration on Oct. 12 stipulates that 10 churches would be
demolished by next week. But locals said the participants in the
meeting did not represent them.
As long as we fail to understand what it takes to live in a diverse
society these incidents will keep on recurring. The Singkil incident
erupted from tension that had been brewing since at least 2010,
when the regent formally asked …
The first paragraph uses the connective and to make what
happens in Aceh Singkil on Muharam addictive, not only one man killed
but also church set on fire. Therefore), in this case, after the word
―killed‖ it has to be added with the connection and. While in the fourth
paragraph there is if (causal) expresses the future prediction that if police
intelligence has got wind of the actions earlier, the loss of life and sense
of insecurity in the attack‘s aftermath are all the more regrettable. Then,
61
the fifth paragraph uses connection but to make constrastive between
(the) two facts. (Dijk 81-82).
Then, the coherence that appears in the second editorial of
Jakarta Post are (is) various coherence, they are the causal conditionals
such as if. Those demonstrates how the coherences that appear in the
text
It is progress enough if the police really protect all citizens as they
claim. But policies and laws that justify or condone many forms of
hate speech must also be changed. (paragraph 9)
In the ninth paragraph, if uses to explain the police‘ act when
the rioting in Aceh Singkil happens, the police do not do their job well
as claimed by the citizens.
e) Stylistic Analysis
The choice of word (is) used to denote such participants or
actors on what kinds of position: positive, neutral, or negative that
signaled by the journalists word choices as well as public attitude‘s
view on news actors and events. By using the denotative words, the
readers hopefully can catch, know, and understand the meaning
that represented by those words easily. Some words that has been
chosen by The Jakarta Post is really appropriate and accurate to
62
imply the meaning for the readers or publics to understand them
quickly.
f) Rhetoric Analysis
Rhetoric analysis notes the graphic, metaphor, and number
elements. In graphic element, the journalists always present the
bold word on the headline of the news text, and also the
photograph in aim to imply the semiotic interpretation. The bold
word typografically (is) used on the headline of the discourse text.
The headline represents about the main idea or discourse topic of
the whole text. Therefore, if the readers only see the headline, they
will know what exactly the discourse wants to talk about. Jakarta
Post`s headline ―Editorial: New Year in Singkil‖ and ―Banning
Hate Speech‖ as the other The Jakarta Post‘s editorial used by the
journalists in order to emphasize those two issues to make the
readers concern more for those issues and to persuade the readers
to to continue reading the text, so they can catch what is the central
idea or message of those discourse texts.
In the other section, The Jakarta Post uses the (a) quotation
mark (―...‖) to reference people nick names. In this news, the
Jakarta Post utilizes the ―Jokowi‖ as the nick name of Joko
Widodo and ―Ahok‖ as Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. This quotation
mark (―...‖) (is) used to reference for some people calling names
63
that functions to know more the prominent figure that represented
by that signals.
Furthermore, the news reports excessively use numbers
whether it is correct or not to signal rhetorically their exactness and
hence their objective (Dijk: 16). The first editorial uses one to
express the man who has been killed) when the rioting in Aceh
Singkil. Then, this editorial uses 20 people including those
claiming to be members of the Aceh Singkil Youth Concerned for
Islam (PPI), one of over 20 to explain the church that lacks permits
in Aceh Singkil, whereas the building of house of worship should
has permitted from at least 90 signatures of that society. The use of
the 90 signatures are required to secure permits to build a house of
worship based on the 2006 regulation. The last, this editorial uses
10 churches to state the churches would be demolished by next
week.
II. Social Cognition Analysis
Not only analyze text, the critical discourse analysis of Van
Dijk also analyze the social cognition. Social cognition discuss
about how the text can be produced, because someone respons is
sometimes wrong. A text can have a meaning depend on the writer,
64
so many authors consctruct the text. Beside a meaning, text also
describe an ideology of the author.
In this text, the author always concern on the problem of
burning the church in Aceh Singkil was caused by intolerant. As he
explained in the sentence:
.....‖ Vice President Jusuf Kalla hoped the cause of the rioting, which
also left several wounded on Tuesday — ―likely a misunderstanding‖
— would be settled.‖ (t 1, p 2, s 1)
.....‖ The Indonesian Council of Churches (PGI) ―regretted‖ the
incident caused by ―intolerant groups‖ who took the law into their own
hands, against one of over 20 churches that lacked permits.‖ (t 1, p 5, s
1)
.....‖ Whatever ―misunderstanding‖ occurred, everyone knows we are
still far from resolving many other similar situations.‖ (t 1, p 6, s1)
The Jakarta Post‘s editorials take side to the minority or
Christians and critic governor. It can be seen from these sentences:
.....― Among national leaders only Jakarta Governor Basuki ―Ahok‖
Tjahaja Purnama has had the courage to state that one underlying
cause of such incidents is the ―discriminatory‖ ministerial regulation
on building houses of worship.‖ (t 1, p 7, s 1)
65
.....‖ The 2006 regulation by the Religious Affairs Ministry and the
Home Ministry states that at least 90 signatures are required to secure
permits to build a house of worship.‖ (t 1, p 7, s 2)
.....‖Minority religious communities have long protested the rule,
saying it violates the constitutional freedom of worship.‖ (t 1, p 8, s 1)
.....‖ Failure to resolve ―freedom of worship‖ issues will lead to more
outbursts of ―intolerance‖ — today‘s polite, vague description of such
mob violence — caused by factors such as the inability to accept
others, the ―aggressiveness‖ of ―other‖ neighbors, political
manipulation — or all three combined.‖ (t 1, p 11, s 1)
The main purpose of The Jakarta Post editorials are giving
information the first reason of rioting in Aceh Singkil is intolerant
among Indonesia society. Whereas, beside intolerant group, there is
other reason: discriminatory among Muslims and Christians.
Quoted from interview with Endy Bayuni, editor in chief of
The Jakarta Post, Thrusday (27/4), the writer can formulate how the
editorial presents the ideology of The Jakarta Post, especially religion
conflict in Aceh Singkil. The Jakarta Post write the editorial as their
idelogy has their own style. Endy said that editorial as opinion of
media has their own language to present a opinion. To present their
opinion, The Jakarta Post not always neutral. The Jakarta Post always
defend the voice of voiceless, based on their vision and mission, such
66
as justice, democracy, freedom basic human rights, good governance,
respect for the constitution, internasionalism in the nationalism
context, law enforcement, and peace.
―We do not defend major or minor side, we want Indonesia in
accordance with the Constitution, regardless of its background, to
be treated equally.‖
Endy also explained how The Jakarta Post makes the editorial
and choose the topic throught the meeting every morning among
pemimpin redaksi, redaktur pelaksana, redaktur opini, dan staf redaktur
opini (Editorial Crew). As usual, there are two topics about editorial,
they are national and international issues. Based on Endy‘s statement,
editorial about the rioting in Aceh Singkil become a editorial because
that issue is booming in 2015. Almost of all medias have news about
that issue. So, The Jakarta Post always make the editorial. Editorial of
The Jakarta Post was written by Editorial Crew except editor in chief.
Table 9: The Path of Editorial Determination
Editorial
meeting
Editing: reading by
editorial chief, EYD team,
and accuracy team
67
Table 10: The Jakarta Post Cognition Scheme
Person Scheme
Jakarta post view editorial about the chaos in Aceh singkil is one form
of media concern to minority and Give a positive impact on the change
of state security better.
Role Scheme
Editorial team of The Jakarta Post sees Ahok's statement as a courage
to say that there is a discrimination between Muslims and Christians
Other national leaders simply say that the case in Aceh Singkil is just a
misunderstanding.
Event Scheme
Muslims in Aceh Singkil as mayority continue to be arbitrary against
Christians as a minority. Finally, Muslims burn the church with
courage. Whereas worship is a freedom of diversity for each
individual.
Topic selection
Determine The Jakarta Post
position about the topic
Choose the writer
according to the editorial
team field
68
III. Social Analysis
Third dimension of discourse analysis concept by Van Dijk
is social analysis. For analyzing the social context, it needs inter-
textual analysis. Discourse is part of a growing discourse in
society,
So to examine the text needs to be done inter-textual analysis by
examining how the discourse about something is produced and
constructed by society. Social analysis background, situation,
event, and social condition that influence language in a text.
As in the editorial of The Jakarta Post, to know how the
editorial discourse about the rioting in Aceh Singkil is
analyze how the state criticizes the role of the state handle religious
issue.
Before these editorials appeared, there are few of news on The
Jakarta Post, such as ―Thousand Leave Aceh After Church
Burning‖ and ―One Dead in Aceh Brawl Over Church Burning‖. In
the first article entitled ―Thousand Leave Aceh After Church
Burning‖ was written by Hotli Simanjuntak and Apriadi Gunawan,
about 4000 people, mostly Christians from North Sumatera to flee
their homes. They have left Aceh Singkil regency after Muslims
attacked a village and set fire to a church untill kill a man. In this
article also tell howpolice and military officers failed to prevent
Muslims attacked.
69
After the first article appeared, the second article entitled
―One Dead in Aceh Brawl Over Church Burning‖ was written by
initial rin described burning Church in Aceh Singkil caused one
person killed and others are injured. A man who killed from a
gunshot, but untill this case finish, police and military officers still
have not found the gun that was used. In this article also mentioned
name of a victim. He is Samsul (21 years old) who was shot in the
left temple.
Beside these articles, the editorial about rioting in
Aceh Singkil among Muslims and Christians appeared because
many problems of religion happened in Indonesia.
As we know, recent years ago many conflicts among
Muslims and Christians have occurred. For example in Poso,
Sulawesi, a dispute started among Muslims and Christians over the
control of the local government in late 1998. It rapidly escalated
into widespread clashes between the two religious groups.
Hundreds died. Then, according to a report from a British human
rights group Jubilee Campaign, more than 30 people (20 of the
dead were Christians and 10 were Muslims) were killed in further
rioting in the troubled Indonesian province of Ambon.
In Aceh Singkil case, The fact is that some of us
Indonesian Muslims still are unable to place ourselves in an
equal position with other non-Muslim, non-Javanese
70
Indonesians. Many people in Indonesia still think that they are
more entitled over the country, and thus more capable to lead
it, simply due to the fact that we make up the majority of
society.
Then, because every Indonesia governor always
Muslim, the Indonesia society think that be a Muslim is one
of many requirements to be a governor. Thus, they are still
stuck in the imperial mode of Islam so that we feel we need to
limit non-Muslims political aspirations because otherwise
they will make the country non-Islamic, althougth non-
Muslim governor has good ability to lead.
71
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
In this final chapter, the writer summarizes the results of her
study, with reference to her research questions. The Jakarta Post write
their editorials differently and clearly seen in some of the discourse
elements of Van Dijk discourse analysis text concepts. The macro
structure is analyzed by seeing the thematic elements of the news text.
In macro structure, The Jakarta Post use neutral headline. Two
editorials of The Jakarta Post do not use provokative word in their
headline or lead. In lead, The Jakara Post present their meaning
directly.
The superstructure looks the schematic elements which analyze
the ordering such important information that stated at the first
paragraph and ordered systematically to the last paragraph in order to
convey the message to the readers orderly. The micro structure analyze
the semantic, syntax, stylistic and rhetoric elements. The Jakarta Post
present their meaning directlt without prolog (there is no implicature)
in semantic level, and in syntax level, The Jakarta Post using good
structure with subject or noun with verb. In their article, The Jakarta
Post indicated using the simple language style.
71
72
In social cognition, The Jakarta Post‘s editorials indicated
usually critic governor almost in every problem in Indonesia. Beside it,
Most of The Jakarta Post‘s editorial take sides to the minority. Even
so, quoted from interview with editorial chief of The Jakarta Post,
Endy Bayuni, The Jakarta Post never take side to the mayority or
minority, but always present the text defend a group who unvoiceless.
The evidence of first editorial there is in the last paragraph: Failure to
resolve ―freedom of worship‖ issues will lead to more outbursts of
―intolerance‖ — today‘s polite, vague description of such mob
violence — caused by factors such as the inability to accept others, the
―aggressiveness‖ of ―other‖ neighbors, political manipulation — or all
three combined. It based on their values (justice, democracy, freedom,
good governance, respect to the laws, internationalism in the context of
nationalism, law enforcement, and peace.
The social analysis of these editorials about religion conflict in
Aceh Singkil appeared after the articles about this issue entitled
―Thousand Leave Aceh After Church Burning‖ and ―One Dead in
Aceh Brawl Over Church Burning‖. The editorials of The Jakarta Post
appeared when Indonesia face many problems about religion conflict.
Intolarance is the first cause of religion conflict, beside it also
discriminatory.
73
B. Suggestions
The writer suggest to students who are interested in critical
discourse analysis (CDA) research to use wider and different object of
research. It will be better if the students can conduct CDA research in
daily life where text or speech occurs naturally. In this research, writer
only discuss the text structure, social cognition and social anlysis not
too deep, so the next researchers must be complete CDA research.
However, naturally occurring data -although it is hard to get,
and many theoretical linguists don‘t use them- can complete the
conclusion of this research. It is intriguing to see how such data can
enrich the conclusions of this research in the future.
Another suggestions for the bext researchers can combine two
CDA concept, for example between Van Dijk and Fairclough or
others.
Finally, the writer hopes that this study can enrich the readers`
knowledge and perspective about discourse analysis and also can be
useful as a reference for the further researchers who want to analyze in
depth about the discourse analysis.
74
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75
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APPENDICES
A. Corpus of Jakarta Post‘s editorials
1. The Jakarta Post`s Editorial
The news titled Editorial: New Year in Singkil is taken from
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/15/editorial-new-year-singkil.html
2. The Jakarta Post`s Editorial
The news titled Editorial: Banning Hate Speech is taken from
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/11/05/editorial-banning-hate-speech.html
76
77
Editorial: New Year in Singkil
The Jakarta Post
The Jakarta Post
| Thu, October 15, 2015 | 09:07 am
One man killed and a church set on fire is too much. On Wednesday,
coincidentally the Islamic New Year or Muharram, the Coordinating
Political, Legal, & Security Affairs Minister Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan and
National Police chief Gen. Badrodin Haiti left for Aceh Singkil regency
where a mob had set fire to a church and clashed with police.
Vice President Jusuf Kalla hoped the cause of the rioting, which also left
several wounded on Tuesday 'likely a misunderstanding' would be settled.
President Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo ordered Luhut and Badrodin to ensure the
anarchy would not spread. Police have detained 20 persons including those
claiming to be members of the Aceh Singkil Youth Concerned for Islam
(PPI).
The government, one scholar said, 'must race against time', as Badrodin
warned residents against being provoked by the circulation of text
messages, which usually exacerbate such situations. Hundreds of families
have fled to Medan, a few hours' drive away.
Badrodin was quoted as saying the incident might have been planned, given
the assembly of weapons such as swords and Molotov cocktails, as well as
vehicles. If police intelligence had got wind of the actions earlier, as
Badrodin is reported to have said, the loss of life and sense of insecurity in
the attack' aftermath is all the more regrettable.
The Indonesian Council of Churches (PGI) 'regretted' the incident caused
by 'intolerant groups' who took the law into their own hands, against one of
over 20 churches that lacked permits. An agreement between the minority
Christians and the local administration on Oct. 12 stipulates that 10
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churches would be demolished by next week. But locals said the
participants in the meeting did not represent them.
Whatever 'misunderstanding' occurred, everyone knows we are still far
from resolving many other similar situations.
Among national leaders only Jakarta Governor Basuki 'Ahok' Tjahaja
Purnama has had the courage to state that one underlying cause of such
incidents is the 'discriminatory' ministerial regulation on building houses of
worship.
The 2006 regulation by the Religious Affairs Ministry and the Home
Ministry states that at least 90 signatures are required to secure permits to
build a house of worship.
Minority religious communities have long protested the rule, saying it
violates the constitutional freedom of worship. Some Muslims argue that
they face the same difficulties in securing the minimum requirement to
build mosques where they are in the minority ' and insist the regulation
should stay to avoid a deterioration in inter-faith relations.
As long as we fail to understand what it takes to live in a diverse society
these incidents will keep on recurring. The Singkil incident erupted from
tension that had been brewing since at least 2010, when the regent formally
asked for government clarification on the status of some 20 churches.
The regulation, as many have noted, has too often served to justify mob
actions in closing down the churches and mosques of minority faiths '
regardless of whether the motives are really religious or intertwined with
other matters.
Failure to resolve ' freedom of worship' issues will lead to more outbursts of
'intolerance' 'today's polite, vague description of such mob violence 'caused
by factors such as the inability to accept others, the 'aggressiveness' of
'other' neighbors, political manipulation ' or all three combined.
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Editorial: Banning hate speech
The Jakarta Post
The Jakarta Post
| Thu, November 5, 2015 | 09:17 am
A circular issued by the National Police instructing the entire force on how
to identify, prevent and handle hate speech should be welcomed. At the
very least it means that the police can no longer give lame excuses, such as
preventing 'social unrest' and 'safeguarding public order', when standing
idly by during the forced closure of a church or mosque 'as happened in
Aceh Singkil just a week after the circular was issued ' or claiming to be
outnumbered during the beating of a transgender, for example.
For the circular, which the police say was signed on Oct. 8, identifies
expressions of hate speech that target groups and individuals on the basis of
their ethnicity, faith, religion, race, gender, handicap or 'different abilities',
sexual orientation and 'intergroup differentiations'.
Given the low public trust in the force, the new circular has been widely
criticized. A legacy of authorities determining dos and don'ts as they please
partly explains the resistance, while hate speech is regulated and banned in
many democratic countries.
Police officers have long complained of finding it difficult to differentiate
freedom of expression and hate speech, National Police chief Gen.
Badrodin Haiti has said, thus years of discussion finally led to the circular,
even though hate speech is already regulated in the Criminal Code, among
other things.
The National Commission on Human Rights has hailed the circular but
objected to the fact that it includes defamation and insult, which is regulated
in the Criminal Code and the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE)
Law. Cases of so-called defamation and insult have led to many citizens
becoming victims, particularly under the ITE Law, which carries heavier
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penalties for the crimes than the Criminal Code does. Most cases have
involved complaints on mailing lists and postings on social media, leading
to unclear boundaries on legal and illegal contents of expression.
Badrodin himself has caused even more lambasting of the otherwise
praiseworthy circular by saying that the police could probe what was said to
be a possible case of defamation and the spreading of false news about
President Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo's visit last Friday to the indigenous Anak
Dalam tribe in Jambi.
Given too many questionable cases of insult and defamation, dropping the
categories from the new circular would lead to better focus on hate speech,
which the circular's introduction says ' can drive collective hatred, isolation,
discrimination, violence and at the most terrifying level, ethnic slaughter or
genocide of a group that is a target of hate speech'.
Police leaders could do us a big favor by working hard to ensure that all
police members understand how to identify, prevent and handle hate
speech, rather than pounce on a new tool to impress the President, as it
seems. One person would not have been killed in Singkil if the police had
done their job ' which is even more crystal clear under the new circular.
It is progress enough if the police really protect all citizens as they claim.
But policies and laws that justify or condone many forms of hate speech
must also be changed.