a corridor-centric approach to planning electric vehicle ......• level 2 charging is indeed...
TRANSCRIPT
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A Corridor-Centric Approach to Planning Electric Vehicle Charging
Infrastructure
Yu (Marco) NieMehrnaz Ghamami
Northwestern University
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Introduction
• Why to switch from conventional vehicles?
• Why to switch to electric vehicles?
• Future of electric vehicles fleet
• Batteries and charging station specifications
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Design ModelCharging Station Cost Battery Cost
Level of Service Constraint
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Special CasesDiscrete capacity for Charging Facility
Battery Swapping
min 𝑧 𝑃, 𝐸 = 𝐶𝑝 + 𝑃𝜆𝑙 min 1, 𝑓 𝐶𝑠𝑙
𝛽𝜃𝐸− 1 + 𝜆𝑙𝐶𝑒𝐸
Subject to: 𝑙
𝛽𝜃−
𝑇0𝑃
𝛼𝜃≤ 𝐸 ≤
𝑙
𝛽𝜃
min 𝑧 𝑃, 𝐸 = 𝐶′𝑝 + 𝑟𝑃3𝜆𝑙 min 1, 𝑓 𝐶𝑠𝑙
𝛽𝜃𝐸− 1 + 𝑛𝑏𝐶𝑒𝐸
Subject to:
𝑙
𝛽𝜃
(𝑇0𝑡𝑒+1)
≤ 𝐸 ≤𝑙
𝛽𝜃
𝑛𝑏 ≡ 𝜆𝑙 +𝑙
𝛽𝜃𝐸− 1 𝜆𝑙f
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Case Study
• Chicago, IL- Madison, WI
• 150 miles
• 80% confident range
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Case StudyBaseline model
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Case StudySensitivity of Demand (Baseline model)
• Total cost increases with density and decreases with LOS
• Density is only effective when low
• Increases in delay, causes smaller batteries and charging
stations with
more charging stations
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Case StudySensitivity of Technology (Baseline model)
• Total cost decreases with the two costs
• Advancing battery technology more effective
• Charging station cost is ineffective when battery cost is low
• Larger batteries are feasible with lower battery cost
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Case StudyDiscrete capacity for Charging Facility
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Case StudyBattery Swapping
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑤𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
• At low density the two options are the same
• Swapping is more competitive at high density and high level ofservice
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Conclusion• Level 2 charging is indeed socially optimal for very low EV
market penetrate rates.
• Level 3 charging is needed to achieve a reasonable level ofservice.
• Advancing battery technology seems to promise largerimpacts than the charging technology.
• Battery swapping enables the use of smaller batteries and toachieve higher level of service.
• If existing infrastructure can be remodeled to supportbattery swapping and charging operations, charging could bea socially optimal solution for modest levels of service.
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Thank You
Questions?