a comprehensive overview of data management strategies ...€¦ · course of studies: environmental...
TRANSCRIPT
Technical University of Munich
Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering
Chair of Hydrology and River Basin Management
Prof. Dr. Markus Disse
A comprehensive overview of data management
strategies within Bavarian water governance
system
Markus Steppert
Bachelor-Thesis
Processing period: 12/01/2016 – 04/28/2017
Course of studies: Environmental Engineering (Bachelor)
Mentor: Ke Chen, M.Sc.
2017
I
Summary
This study provides an overview of the data management strategies within Bavarian water
governance system. The data are predominantly measured values from monitoring of
components of the water cycle.
The main actors in the operational implementation of data management are the Bavarian
Environment Agency and the Regional State Offices for Water Management. The measuring
networks have various tasks, such as surveillance or investigative monitoring. However, the
measurement grids can not be strictly separated from each other because one station can
be part of several networks. In the field of measurement and data transmission, automatic
measuring devices and data transmission are mainly used for quantitative parameters.
However, with this technology also on some stations qualitative parameters are
investigated. In addition to the data measured by the authorities itself, data from external
sources, such as hydropower operators, are included in the databases. The Bavarian water
government has the statutory mandate to disclose environmental information. The water
authorities use various distribution channels, especially services in the internet, for the
publication. Through interviews with various stakeholders it was determined that
customers are very satisfied with the quality and provision of water related data. However,
since there is a steady change of technical possibilities and requirements the processes in
data management had to be adapted continuously.
II
Contents
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Purpose of the study .................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Procedure ................................................................................................................... 1
2. Bavarian water management administration ............................................................... 2
3. Data management .......................................................................................................... 4
3.1. Responsibilities .......................................................................................................... 4
3.2. Monitoring processes ................................................................................................ 5
3.2.1. Qualitative water monitoring ............................................................................... 5
3.2.2. Quantitative water monitoring ............................................................................ 7
3.3. Regulations ................................................................................................................ 8
3.4. Data recovery ........................................................................................................... 10
3.4.1. Data sources ....................................................................................................... 10
3.4.2. Parameters ......................................................................................................... 10
3.4.3. Measuring network ............................................................................................ 11
3.4.4. Measurement and transmission technology ..................................................... 12
3.5. Data control ............................................................................................................. 15
3.6. Disclosure system .................................................................................................... 17
3.6.1. General ............................................................................................................... 17
3.6.2. Legal basis ........................................................................................................... 17
3.6.3. Distribution channels ......................................................................................... 18
3.6.3.1. Data point...................................................................................................... 18
3.6.3.2. Web presence ............................................................................................... 19
3.6.3.3. Geodata service ............................................................................................ 22
3.6.3.4. Publication shop ............................................................................................ 22
3.6.4. Warning and information services ..................................................................... 23
III
3.6.4.1. Flood Warning Service ..................................................................................... 24
3.6.4.2. Low Water Information Service ...................................................................... 25
3.6.4.3. Avalanche Warning Service ............................................................................. 26
4. Assessment ................................................................................................................... 28
5. Outlook ......................................................................................................................... 28
6. Publication bibliography .............................................................................................. 29
7. Appendix ....................................................................................................................... 33
IV
List of figures
Figure 1: Authorities in the field of competence of the StMUV ............................................ 3
Figure 2: Process of the qualitative water monitoring ........................................................... 6
Figure 3: Process of the quantitative water monitoring ........................................................ 7
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of data transmission with SODA ............................................ 13
Figure 5:Data transfer system for water level stations ........................................................ 14
Figure 6: Results from an error-check program ................................................................... 15
Figure 7: Results from a redundant-test .............................................................................. 16
Figure 8: Differences in the data series within two redundant water level measuring
systems ................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 9: Function of the data point ..................................................................................... 19
Figure 10: Data download .................................................................................................... 20
Figure 11: Actual water level diagram available on the Hydrological Service website........ 21
Figure 12: Website of the Hydrological Service ................................................................... 21
Figure 13: Table of water level values from the Hydrological Yearbook ............................. 23
Figure 14: Reporting levels ................................................................................................... 24
Figure 15: Overview of hazard levels ................................................................................... 27
Figure 16: Data from an automatic measuring station available on the Avalanche Warning
Service website .................................................................................................... 27
List of tables
Table 1: Most important regulations for monitoring and data management within Bavarian
water governance system ........................................................................................ 8
Table 2: Measured parameters ............................................................................................ 11
Table 3: Parameters published on the website of the Hydrological Service ....................... 20
Table 4: Classification of the runoff within the Low Water Information Service ................ 25
1
1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose of the study
The Bavarian water governance monitors parameters of almost all components of the water
cycle. A lot of measuring stations are equipped with continuous data records which results
millions of measurement values each year (StMUV 2014, p. 107). Since the digitization and
the development of the measurement technology, the number of datasets significantly
increased. Furthermore, climate chance will require an adaption of the monitoring system
to ensure the protection from increasing natural hazards. Consequently, the data
management will get more and more complex.
The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the data management strategies within
Bavarian water governance system. It shows which organisations are involved in the data
management processes, of which parts the data management exist and which are the main
regulations. With this comprehensive overview, the existing data policies within Bavarian
water governance can be discussed.
1.2. Procedure
The method to make an overview about the data management strategies is divided by the
following chapter-wise arrangement:
Chapter 2 At the beginning the general structure of Bavarian water management
administration and the general tasks of the authorities are explained.
Chapter 3 This chapter is the main part of the thesis. It describes the data management
strategies. At first the tasks of the relevant organizations are explained. In addition to create
an overview the processes of the qualitative and quantitative water monitoring are
described. Furthermore, it is shown which parameters are monitored at a regular base and
how the measurement networks are generally constructed. Afterwards the general
measurement and transmission technology is explained. Finally, the disclosure system is
considered.
Chapter 4 A short assessment of the data management strategies based on expert
interviews follows.
Chapter 5 Finally, an outlook for the future development is given.
2
The literature review for this study proved to be difficult, because data management is a
constantly evolving process. Thereby it had to be paid attention that the literature is still on
a current status. For this reason, mainly information from publications and internet
appearances of the Bavarian Environment Agency were used. Therefore, almost all sources
are in German and the used contents have been translated. In addition for this study the
Technical Water Survey Manual (see LfU 2016f) has been provided by the Bavarian
Environment Agency. According to the Regional State Offices for Water Management
Munich, this annually updated manual is the most important literature for water
monitoring. Furthermore, employees from the Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment
and Consumer Protection, the Bavarian Environment Agency and the State Office for Water
Management Munich were available for interviews and questions.
2. Bavarian water management administration
Based on StMUV (2014, p. 106), the Bavarian water management administration is
composed of the following authorities with their respective general tasks:
• Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection (StMUV),
Department for water management, highest level public water authority:
The StMUV controls water management in Bavaria, especially by overseeing the
subordinate public authorities.
• Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), central public technical authority:
The LfU provides advisory support, works as a specialized public authority for
scientific and technical matters on basic water management issues and acts as a
service provider for authorities and water management institutions.
• Bavarian District Governments, Departments for water management and
environmental legal matters, upper public water authority:
The governments, as executive authorities, are responsible for coordination,
consolidation and supervision within the administration districts.
3
• Regional State Offices for Water Management (WWA), lower public technical
authority:
The WWAs support and advice the governments and county authorities, for example
as a public authorized expert or within the water supervision. Furthermore, their
task is to develop and maintain state managed water bodies, mountain torrents and
infrastructure facilities.
• County Offices, specialist departments for water legal matters and water
management and the specialist offices for water management:
The County Offices are executive authorities responsible for water management
duties at the county and independent city level.
Furthermore, private authorized experts are instructed with certain tasks (StMUV 2014,
p. 106).
Figure 1 shows the authorities in the field of competence of the StMUV. The authorities
responsible for water management are highlighted in blue.
Bavarian State Ministry of the
Environment and Consumer
Protection (StMUV)
Foundation of the Bavarian Nature
Conservation Fund
Academy for Nature Protection
and Rural Conservation
Health and Food Safety Agency
Environment Agency (LfU)
National Park Bayerischer Wald
National Park Berchtesgarden
7 District Governments
71 Counties and 25 Independent Cities
17 Regional State Offices for Water
Management (WWA)
State Operations Special Waste
Lanfills
State Power Plants
Figure 1: Authorities in the field of competence of the StMUV (modified by Steppert, StMUV n.d. b)
4
According to articles 83 and 84 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (GG),
the federal states are responsible for the implementation of water management law. For
this reason, the German government does not have its own water management
administration, although there is only a national shipping administration (Tauchmann 2006,
p. 70).
3. Data management
In this chapter, the data management of the Bavarian water governance system is explained
in detail.
3.1. Responsibilities
The monitoring is generally carried out by the Hydrological Service. To perform this the
service is responsible for measuring the components of water balance, as well as the
examination, preparation, evaluation and publication of the collected data. This service is
generally operated by the WWAs and LfU (LfU 2016i, p. 22).
Furthermore, the general responsibilities in data management on a regular base, divided
into the authorities, are described:
The Regional State Offices for Water Management (WWA) are responsible for measuring
the master data (e.g. geographic location of a measuring station) and parameters as well as
the data control, data preparation and evaluation. In addition, they are also responsible for
providing the data (LfU 2016f, p. 30).
The District Governments conduct coordination on district levels. They create paramount
programs and coordinate the monitoring for surface water and groundwater ordinance (LfU
2016f, p. 12).
The Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU) is responsible for the conception and coordination
of the countrywide monitoring programs. They also elaborate on the principles and
objectives, establish nationwide measuring networks and are responsible for the databases.
Furthermore, the LfU creates the technical specifications, work aids, instructions and
leaflets for water monitoring. In addition, they determine further basic data such as runoffs,
5
carry out difficult qualitative analyses, create evaluations with a superregional reference
and provide the data (LfU 2016f, 12 + 30-31). Furthermore, the LfU also operates its own
measuring stations within the avalanche warning service (LfU 2016j).
However, partial tasks of the data management are outsourced, for example reading and
transmitting measured values on some stations or analysing special parameters (Weber et
al. 1999, pp. 32–33).
3.2. Monitoring processes
In the following, the processes "qualitative water monitoring" and "quantitative water
monitoring" are described. Due to the number of measuring points, these two processes
form the main part in monitoring (see LfU 2016f, p. 28).
The basics of this description are the process diagrams available in the Technical Water
Survey Manual. For the following description, the processes were simplified to obtain an
overview of the processes in monitoring without describing it in too much detail. The
complete original process diagrams are attached in appendix 1 and 2.
3.2.1. Qualitative water monitoring
Based on existing technical and legal principles, the WWA creates monitoring plans for the
respective area. The respective district government provides contributions for the
implementation in its government district. After a monitoring plan has been set up, the
WWA takes and analyses the water samples. The analyses are also partly carried out by the
LfU or external specialists. The data will be contributed to a database which is within the
responsibility of the WWA. This database also contains data from the self-monitoring of
external organizations. Data from the data pool are checked for plausibility by the WWA,
LfU and the District Government. The WWA is responsible for the following data release.
After the data had been collected, analyzed and released, they have to be evaluated and
published. It can be differentiated between regional and national levels. The regional
evaluation is carried out by the respective WWA. The results of this evaluation are also
published by the WWA. The national standard evaluations and publications are carried out
by the LfU. These include reports due to the Water Framework Directive. These reports are
approved by the StMUV (based on LfU 2016f, p. 24).
6
Qualitative water monitoringQualitative water monitoring
WWAWWA StMUVStMUVLfULfU ExternalExternalDistrict GovernmentDistrict Government
Create Monitoring Plan
Contributions
Sampling
Analytics Analytics
Data Pool
Plausability Check
Self-Monitoring
Data Release
Regional Evaluation
National Evaluation
Publication
Analytics
Publication
Approve WRRL Report
Figure 2: Process of the qualitative water monitoring (modified by Steppert, LfU 2016f, p. 24)
7
3.2.2. Quantitative water monitoring
Quantitative water monitoringQuantitative water monitoring
WWAWWA LfULfU StMUVStMUV ExternalExternalDistrict
GovernmentDistrict
Government
Regional Monitoring
Concept
National Monitoring
Concept
Coordination
Set Up and Maintain
Measuring Points
Functional Testing
External Specialist
Reading Measured Data
Control Measurement
Data Transmission
Station Observers
Station Observers
Data Check and Edit
Data Release
Evaluation
Publication
Figure 3: Process of the quantitative water monitoring (modified by Steppert, LfU 2016f, p. 25)
8
Based on existing technical and legal principles, the competent WWA creates a regional
network concept. At the same time the LfU makes a national network concept. The various
measuring network concepts are coordinated by all involved parties. Based on the results
the WWA sets up and maintains measuring points. The WWA is also responsible for testing
the function of the measurement technology, for reading the measured values and carrying
out control measurements. However, these tasks can also be outsourced to external
specialists and station observers. Data transfer from the measuring stations to the database
is also the task of the WWA. After the data have been measured and transferred to the
databases, the values had to be checked for plausibility and edited by the WWA.
Subsequently the WWA releases the data for further use. Afterwards the LfU is responsible
for the further evaluation and publication. (based on LfU 2016f, p. 25).
3.3. Regulations
Table 1: Most important regulations for monitoring and data management within Bavarian water
governance system
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD), especially Art. 8, is the main regulation
of Bavarian water monitoring. The aim of monitoring in accordance with the WFD is to
analyze the European water bodies with comparable methods. To achieve this, the existing
measuring networks and monitoring programs for surface water and groundwater have
been adapted (LfU 2016e; LfU 2016f, p. 141).
European level
• Water Framework Directive (WFD or WRRL) from 10/23/2000
National level
• Federal Water Act (WHG) from 07/31/2009
• Surface Water Ordinance (OGewV) from 06/20/2016
• Groundwater Ordinance (GrwV) from 11/09/2010
Federal state level
• Bavarian Water Act (BayWG) from 10/25/2010
• Administrative Regulation for the Implementation of Water Act (VVWas) from 10/27/2014
• Bavarian Environmental Information Act (BayUIG) from 12/08/2006
9
According to Art. 8 WFD, the water monitoring programs based on the WFD comprise the
following characteristics:
• Surface water bodies:
▪ Ecological and chemical status and ecological potential
▪ Volume and level or rate of flow, if relevant for ecological and chemical
status and ecological potential
• Groundwater: Chemical and quantitative status
The structure for the monitoring networks based on the WFD are explained in chapter 3.4.3.
The requirements of the WFD, especially from appendix five (WFD), have been
implemented at national level in the Surface Water Ordinance (OGewV) and the
Groundwater Ordinance (GrwV) (LfU 2016f, p. 141).
The Federal Water Act (WHG) (national level) and the Bavarian Water Act (BayWG) (federal
state level) contain regulations and provisions on water monitoring in §§100 ff. WHG and
Art. 58 ff. BayWG (LfU 2016f, p. 10).
To be able to implement the WHG and the BayWG, in Bavaria the Administrative Regulation
for the Implementation of Water Act (VVWas) was enacted. This regulation jointly presents
the requirements from the WHG and BayWG for the Bavarian water government (VVWas).
Since every federal state has issued its own water legislation, there are numerous interfaces
between the national government and the federal states. In order to reduce barriers from
these interfaces, cross-border cooperation has been established. Around water
management, this is in particular the German Working Group on Water Issues (LAWA), in
which representatives from the federal governments work together. This is not an
institution in the system of water government and it has no legal capacity. The aim of this
cooperation is to discuss together water management and water law issues, to work out
solutions and to develop recommendations for their implementation (Tauchmann 2006,
pp. 64–65).
10
Further guidelines for water monitoring and data management are regulations written by
the Bavarian water government itself.
One of these guidelines is the Technical Water Survey Manual which is annually updated.
This manual presents the summary of the basis, guidelines, tasks and aims of the water
monitoring in Bavaria. In accordance with number 5.2.5.1 (a) VVWas the manual is binding
for the authorities (LfU 2016f, p. 6).
Another Bavarian working basis for water monitoring and data management are the leaflets
from the LfU. These leaflets contain important practical additions for water management
as well as regulations for the cooperation of different Bavarian authorities (LfU 2016h, p. 2,
2016f, p. 12).
3.4. Data recovery
3.4.1. Data sources
The data sources can be divided into two parts. One data source is the monitoring carried
out by the Bavarian water government. These data are measurement values and master
data like coordinates or statistic values from measuring stations. Additionally, Bavarian
water governance also receives data from external sources. This is shown in the monitoring
processes explained in chapters 3.2. f.. Data from third-party measurement programs are
integrated into the database and are incorporated into the products of the water
governance. For example, data on the groundwater characteristics are taken, inter alia,
from measurements according to the drinking water ordinance. The input of external
sources increases the number of measuring stations significantly (Weber et al. 1999, 18–
33).
3.4.2. Parameters
As described in the previous chapter, the water management system collects data from its
own monitoring programs and external sources. The following table provides an overview
of the data measured by the Bavarian water government. The left column are the individual
components of the water balance, however the cross-media parameters consider the
components in context (LfU 2016f, p. 27).
11
For the determination of material loads and the accounting of inputs and outputs, quantitative and
qualitative measurement results must be linked (LfU 2016f, p. 28).
3.4.3. Measuring network
The measuring stations for national interested monitoring are generally combined into
statewide networks (Landesmessnetze). They have the task to provide an overview of the
condition and development of the water balance. Furthermore, to get more information
regional and special measurement networks are operated (LfU 2016f, pp. 27–28).
Additional to the networks from national interest, also networks due to the requirements
of the Water Framework Directive exist (LfU 2016f, p. 140).
The WFD distinguishes three types of monitoring:
• Surveillance monitoring
• Operational monitoring
• Investigative monitoring
quantitative qualitative
precipitation
• precipitation amount
• Precipitation intensity
• Snow depth
• Water equivalent of snow
• physical and chemical quality
mobile water • mobile water amount • physical and chemical
quality
stream
• water level
• runoff
• bed load and suspended sediments
• channel shape
• water temperature
• physical, chemical and biological quality
lake • water level
• water temperature
• depth measurement
• physical, chemical and biological quality
groundwater • groundwater level
• spring discharge
• water temperature
• physical, chemical and biological quality
cross media
• acidification of surface waters
• material entry, mobile water, groundwater, material discharge*
Table 2: Measured parameters (modified by Steppert, LfU 2016f)
12
The function of the surveillance monitoring is to provide an assessment of the overall
conditions of the water bodies and to identify long-term changes. The monitoring is
independent of the load and is carried out on representative places. Operational monitoring
involves water bodies that may not reach the applicable environmental targets or is used
to carry out performance reviews of measures. The parameters to be monitored as well as
the examination frequency are load-dependent and not permanently applied. Investigative
monitoring shall be applied for loads with unknown background. This is done to obtain
information about the causes of pollution and possibilities for improvements. The
parameters to be monitored and the examination frequency are also case-dependent
(StMUV 2015, pp. 73–75).
Based on the interview with experts from the StMUV, measuring stations can not always be
clearly assigned to a network, because a station can also be part of several networks. As a
result, different measuring networks overlap and a measuring station can take over various
functions.
3.4.4. Measurement and transmission technology
In general, it can be distinguished whether the parameters are measured manually or
automatically.
Manual measurement
According to experts from the StMUV, the manual measurement is mainly used for
qualitative parameters. In this case, the measurement is carried out at the spots with certain
measuring devices or water samples are taken and evaluated in the laboratory.
Automatic measurement
In the case of automatic measurement, it can be differenced whether the data are digitally
read out on the spot or transmitted to the workplace used data transmission technology
(LfU 2008, p. 31).
Compared to the manual measurement and data input, for the automatic and continuous
recording and data transmission is a high technical effort necessary. Automatic
measurements and data transmission is mainly used for quantitative parameters.
13
However, there are also measuring stations where qualitative parameters are continuously
monitored and transferred into the database (LfU 2016f, p. 166). Appendix 3 gives an
overview of the measured qualitative parameter on these stations.
Since the quantitative and qualitative monitoring of surface water and groundwater takes
up the largest part in the monitoring with respect to the number of measuring points (see
LfU 2016f, p. 28), the way of data transmission of these parameters is explained in more
detail:
For the transmission of data from surface water, groundwater and soil water, the water
government uses the system SODA from the software manufacturer KISTERS. In addition,
there are other special solutions for the transmission of external data (LfU 2/23/2017).
The following figure shows the schematic structure of data transmission using SODA:
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of data transmission with SODA (modified by Steppert, LfU 2012, p. 5)
(WISKI is a specialized application used by water government. It is also from the software company
KISTERS (LfU 2016f, p. 21).)
The automatic measurement and data transmission is shown more detailed by the example
of the water level measurement for the Flood Warning Service, because additional to SODA
other technologies are used to get redundant paths (Holle 2009, p. 238). The reason for this
are the high demands on data availability for the Flood Warning Service. In general,
however, redundant paths are only used for water levels (LfU 2/23/2017).
At nearly all water level measurement points the water level is recorded by two redundant
measuring systems. The measured values are converted to a 15-minute average value and
stored afterwards (Roth 2009).
The data transmission is performed by the retrieval system SODA. For this purpose, a total
of approx. 30 SODA computers (status 2009) at the WWAs and 4 SODA computers at the
Flood Warning Service Offices are used. The data retrieval is usually web-based, which
means that if a SODA computer fails, the data can be retrieved via another SODA computer.
14
The enormous number of SODA computers is due to the fact that the data of many
measuring stations can be read out in a brief time. Data transmission from the measuring
stations to the SODA computers is also carried out in various, independent ways. As an
alternative to the fixed network, GPRS or radio are also used (Holle 2009, p. 238).
For the data transfer from the SODA computers to the computer networks of water
government the program WISKI is used. However, there is also an alternative way to enable
the continuous flow of data. For this purpose, a separate data administration system was
created which automatically reads the SODA computers and forwards them to a central
database in the Flood Warning Service Center. From there, the data is replicated on 4
additional databases (see figure 5). The data are now available in the water governments
computer network (Holle 2009, p. 238).
Figure 5:Data transfer system for water level stations (Daamen 5/4/2011, p. 11)
15
3.5. Data control
Measurement data can be differentiated in real-time data and non-real-time data. Real-
time data are provided immediately after the acquisition and are so-called raw data. For
non-real-time data, a quality assurance is carried out. For this the data are passed through
different tests before they are set in the databases and then processed further (Weber et
al. 1999, pp. 18–19).
The check and preparation of measurement values should be carried out in a timely manner
in order to locate and eliminate possible errors. For this, the data series must be examined
for faulty data, corrected if necessary and existing data gaps must be closed (LfU 2016f,
p. 29).
For the plausibility checks of measurement series, the WWAs have different programs. The
selectivity can be programmed by the user. Figure 6 shows the results from a program,
which controls the series of data ages, gaps and steps. Furthermore, with a redundant-test,
on stations with two or more redundant measuring systems, differences in data series can
be found out. The results of such a redundant-test is shown in figure 7 (Holle 2009, pp. 238–
239). Figure 8 shows deviations within two redundant water level measuring systems.
Figure 6: Results from an error-check program (WWA München 3/16/2017)
16
Figure 7: Results from a redundant-test (WWA München 3/16/2017)
Figure 8: Differences in the data series within two redundant water level measuring systems (WWA München 3/16/2017)
17
3.6. Disclosure system
3.6.1. General
According to Weber et al. 1999, p. 19) the data provision can be divided into three parts:
• Publications which serve the routinely dissemination of data. The basis for this
dissemination is the general obligation for environmental documentation and
information.
• Declarations and agreements on the exchange of data, for example in the case of
cooperation with other countries of the European Union.
• Individual requirements of customer groups. Customers are for example engineers'
offices, the administration itself, research facilities, students, media or operators of
water-related systems.
The following chapters describe the data provision for routine publications and individual
requirements.
3.6.2. Legal basis
In 2003, a new European Environmental Information Directive (2003/4/EC) was adopted.
The following new German Environmental Information Act (UIG) was enacted in 2005.
However, this new law applies only to national authorities and not to the federal states.
Therefore the federal states were asked to take the information claim into their own right
(Meyerholt 2010, p. 84).
The legal basis for the disclosure of environmental data by Bavarian authorities is the
Bavarian Environmental Information Act (BayUIG). This law implements the
aforementioned directive 2003/4/EC (BayUIG).
According to Art. 1 BayUIG, the purpose of this act is to provide the legal framework for free
access and dissemination to environmental data. Pursuant to Art. 2 (1), information
providers are the bodies referred in Art. 1 of the Bavarian Administrative Procedures Act
(BayVwVfG), insofar they perform public administration tasks. This also includes the
authorities of the Bavarian water governance. Furthermore, data measured by the water
government are environmental information according to Art. 2 (2) BayUIG. In addition,
18
environmental information according to Art. 2 (2) also include data about activities affecting
environmental components and reports on the implementation of environmental
legislation. So, that is the legal obligation for the Bavarian water government to publish data
from measurements and information about their activity, for example the implementation
of the WFD.
Pursuant to Art. 5 BayUIG, the bodies, which are responsible for information, must
endeavor to facilitate the access to environmental information available to them.
Therefore, they should store data via electronic databases and make them accessible via
electronic means of communication. The websites of the Bavarian Hydrological Service or
the Flood Warning Service are examples for the implementation.
In accordance with Art. 10 (5) BayUIG, in an event of a threat to human health or
environment, the authorities are obliged to provide directly and without undue delay all
information which enable the public to prevent or limit damage caused by the threat. This
requirement is fulfilled, for example, by the Flood or Avalanche Warning Service.
Furthermore, in accordance with Art. 10 (3) BayUIG environmental information should be
made available to the public in an intelligible form, which is achieved for example, among
other things, by classification into various stages within the warning and information
services.
3.6.3. Distribution channels
In general, there are four ways to retrieve or order environmental data:
1. Data point
2. Web presence
3. Geodata service
4. Publication shop (LfU 2016k)
3.6.3.1. Data point
At the data point from the LfU data can be obtained on request. These are excerpts from
databases, georeferenced raster data and vector data (LfU 2016k).
19
The task is to form the link between the requestor and the respective department at the
LfU, so that the data point is the central contact for data requests. The customer receives
information from the data point about the availability of data, provision costs and the
conditions of use (LfU 2016a).
The following figure describes schematically the function of the data point:
Figure 9: Function of the data point (modified by Steppert, LfU 2016a)
3.6.3.2. Web presence
The LfU has a very comprehensive internet presence. In addition to static pages with texts
and images, they provide data such as measurement series and map services. This data can
be viewed with an internet browser or partially downloaded. Here are some examples with
water related data:
• Website from the Bavarian Hydrological Service
• Climate Maps
• Precipitation data
• Warning and information services (LfU 2017g)
In addition, the StMUV operates a smartphone app for environmental information called
umweltinfo. With this app citizens can be warned of natural and environmental hazards like
floods, storms, avalanches or exceedance of the ozone limits. Further, current data of the
environmental situation are provided (StMUV n.d. a).
20
In the following the Internet offer of the Bavarian Hydrological Service will be explained in
more detail. In addition, chapters 3.6.4.ff. provides a detailed description of the major
warning and information services.
Bavarian Hydrological Service
On the website of the Hydrological Service the measuring stations can be called up using a
map or table. Information about the measuring points and measurement data can be
viewed online or downloaded in csv format as individual values or daily average values from
a selectable period. Furthermore, several statistical evaluations, for example return periods,
can be viewed (see www.gkd.bayern.de)
The following table provides an overview of parameters published on the website of the
Hydrological Service:
stream lake meteorology groundwater
• water level
• runoff
• water temperature
• suspended sediments
• chemistry
• biology
• water level
• water temperature
• chemistry
• biology
• precipitation
• snow
• air temperature
• relative humidity
• wind
• global radiation
• air pressure
• upper groundwater level
• lower groundwater level
• spring discharge
Table 3: Parameters published on the website of the Hydrological Service (modified by Steppert, LfU 2013)
Figure 10: Data download (LfU 2017c)
21
Figure 11: Actual water level diagram available on the Hydrological Service website (LfU 2017b)
Figure 12: Website of the Hydrological Service (LfU 2017a)
22
3.6.3.3. Geodata service
A geodata service is a standardized internet application to provide data with spatial
reference. For using the service the internet address of the geodata service is integrated in
a web application or a geo-information system. Since the data is at the service provider, the
service is always up to date (LfU 2016c). Examples from the water sector are the Level
Measurement Network or the Information Service on Flood-Prone Areas (LfU 2017f).
3.6.3.4. Publication shop
Within the Publication shop all publications from water government can be obtained. They
can either be downloaded as a free PDF or ordered in printed form (LfU 2016k). Mostly
theses are information about the activities of the water government and general
information for citizens, but also measurement values for example in hydrological reports
(see www.bestellen.bayern.de).
Hydrological Reports
The Hydrological Annual Report is published every year by the Bavarian Environment
Agency. It contains the most important data and facts provided by the Bavarian water
governance (LfU 2016d, p. 3).
The German Hydrological Yearbook appears in 10 sub-bands, which are divided into the
river and coastal areas. The yearbooks for the Danube and Main river areas are published
by the Bavarian Environment Agency. In the yearbook hydrological parameters from
selected measuring points are published in form of tables and graphs (LfU 2016b).
23
Figure 13: Table of water level values from the Hydrological Yearbook (LfU 2014, p. 52)
3.6.4. Warning and information services
The following chapters describe warning and information services, which handle with water
related data. The Flood Warning Service, the Low Water Information Service and the
Avalanche Warning Service will be explained in more detail.
While Flood and Avalanche Warning Services were designed to warn the population from
water, ice and snow hazards, the Low Water Information Service should protect humans
and water (LfU 2016f, p. 15).
According to Altmayer et al. (2010, p. 21) it is important for such services not only to publish
the pure measured data, but to relate and value the data, for example if a water level is
almost critical or not. This is done via reporting levels or different classifications.
24
3.6.4.1. Flood Warning Service
In the Flood Warning Service data from measuring stations as well as information from the
weather service are collected and evaluated to flood warnings. Measurement values from
690 water level and 825 precipitation stations are published (status 2016) (LfU 2016f,
pp. 15–16).
It depends on the regional boundary conditions, mainly from the use of the floodplains by
agriculture or settlement, whether a flood caused damage and how large the effects are. A
classification of the extent is described in Bavaria by four reporting levels, which were
defined by local authorities:
• reporting level 1: local small floods are present.
• reporting level 2: land and forestry land are flooded or little traffic restrictions on
main roads and municipals roads exist.
• reporting level 3: some built-up land or basements are flooded, closings of traffic
connections or separate use of the dam defense is necessary.
• reporting level 4: many built-up areas are flooded or the use of the dam defense is
required to a large extent (Strobl, Zunic 2006, pp. 396–397).
Figure 14: Reporting levels (LfU 2016g)
The Flood Warning Service discloses the measured data in various channels. It operates a
website which provides current reports, warnings, measured values and reports of past
events (see www.hnd.bayern.de). Furthermore, a version for smartphones and a video text
service with the most essential information exist. In addition, the current measured values
can also be retrieved directly by telephone or fax via the measured value acquisition system.
25
However, the resolution of the measured data is not as high as in the internet portal (LfU
2017d).
3.6.4.2. Low Water Information Service
The task of the Low Water Information Service is to quickly identify and statistically evaluate
low-water situations. With the help of this information on forthcoming events water
management can take measures. In addition, the service has the task to serve the interests
of various parties (LfU 2016i, p. 109).
To record the necessary data, the Low Water Information Service uses the measurements
of the Bavarian Hydrological Service. The measurement values are evaluated by means of
different statistical classifications (Altmayer et al. 2010, p. 21). The classification of the
runoff is exemplary explained below.
The classification of the runoff situation is carried out by comparing the current hydrological
situation to the statistics (LfU 2016i, p. 110):
no low water greater than 25% of all values referred to the current month
low lower than 75% of all values referred to the current month
very low lower than the average lowest daily average of all years
new minimum value lower than the smallest daily average of all years
Table 4: Classification of the runoff within the Low Water Information Service (LfU 2017e)
The Low Water Information Service operates its own website, which provides information
on current and upcoming low-water situations. For this purpose, current measured values
are displayed in the form of maps, graphics and tables. The following parameters are
considered: runoff, precipitation, water temperature, groundwater levels, spring discharge,
water levels in lakes and reservoirs and the oxygen content in the water. In addition, reports
about existing low-water situation and old events were also published on the website (see
www.nid.bayern.de).
26
3.6.4.3. Avalanche Warning Service
The Avalanche Warning Service has the task to warn the population of avalanche hazards,
document avalanche events and advise authorities and private parties on the
implementation of security measures. The Avalanche Warning Service in Bavaria consists of
local avalanche commissions at the municipal level and the avalanche warning center at the
LfU (LfU 2016f, p. 18).
The observations and data required for avalanche assessments were taken from a network
of observers, snow-film measurements and automatic measuring systems.
The observers value and report daily weather conditions, snow cover heights, snow
constitutions and their assessment of the avalanche situation near their observation
station. A further basis for assessing the avalanche situation are snow-film measurements,
which are carried out on defined places every 14 days. These measurements provide an
overview of the snow constitution. In addition, there is a data import from automatic
measuring stations. These stations provide continuously information about the current
meteorological situation. The measured data are collected in the avalanche warning center
in Munich. Additionally the Avalanche Warning Service imports data from the German
weather service and the weather station Innsbruck (Zenke 2009b, pp. 3–4).
The classification of the different danger level is graded in 5 steps, the European Avalanche
Risk Scale (Hazard level 1 = low - hazard level 5 = very large). The categorization is based on
the snow cover stability, the extent of the hazard levels and the avalanche triggering
probability (Zenke 2009a, p. 6).
The Avalanche Warning Service publishes the measured data and avalanche assessments in
several ways:
In the winter months, the service publishes every morning an avalanche report, which
describes the avalanche situation in the Bavarian alpine region. Customers of the report are
the direct responsible persons, organizations, for example the mountain rescue service,
media and winter sportsmen. The avalanche report is distributed via the website, telephone
announcements and the video teletext. The daily report can also be transmitted via email
newsletters (Zenke 2009a, pp. 1–5).
27
In addition to the avalanche report, a regional overview of the current hazard levels, data
from the automatic measuring stations, results from the snow-film measurements and
regional reports are published on the website (see www.lawinenwarndienst-bayern.de).
Figure 15: Overview of hazard levels (Lawinenwarndienst Bayern 2017a)
Figure 16: Data from an automatic measuring station available on the Avalanche Warning Service website (Lawinenwarndienst Bayern 2017b)
28
4. Assessment
At first glance, the provision of data by Bavarian water governance seems to be too
extensive. The publication of all measurement data is expensive and a high technical effort
is necessary. However, in interviews with the monitoring department at the WWA Munich
and the StMUV it emerged, that due to publish the data in the internet, the water
authorities have received significant fewer data inquiries. This considerably reduces the
workload of the responsible employees. Furthermore, in the interview with the monitoring
department at the StMUV, it proved that in the case of any non-publication of measurement
data, the authorities were accused of concealing environmental data.
In addition, the surveys of several engineering offices working with data from the Bavarian
water governance showed that they are very satisfied with the system. According to their
statements, data inquiries were generally answered very quickly. For the most public
projects the data was already provided, but according to an engineering office, subsequent
data files were also processed quickly. According to the consulted engineers the quality of
the measured data is also gratified.
5. Outlook
While interviews with experts from different authorities it turned out that through the
continuous development of new measuring and transmission techniques and the changing
requirements from data users, the data management strategies must be constantly
developed further. In addition, new substances such as pharmaceuticals or plant protection
products are creating new pressures on the water cycle. Therefore, the monitored
parameters must be constantly adjusted. Furthermore, due to the climate change, extreme
weather events with resulting environmental hazards will increase. To meet the consequent
demands on water management and the protection of the population, water monitoring
and data management must be developed in that respect.
To take a closer look on the advantages and disadvantages of the Bavarian data
management strategies, it would make sense to compare the system with other German
federal states or other countries, which are not bounded to the European Water Framework
Directive.
29
6. Publication bibliography
Altmayer, Michael; Moritz, Katja; Vogelbacher, Alfons (2010): Niedrigwasser-
Informationsdienst in Bayern. In Wasser und Abfall 2010 (05), pp. 20–24.
BayUIG (12/8/2006): Bayerisches Umweltinformationsgesetz.
BayVwVfG (12/23/1976): Bayerisches Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz.
BayWG (10/25/2010): Bayerisches Wassergesetz.
Daamen, Karlheinz (2011): Hochwasservorhersage in Bayern. Bavarian Environment
Agency (LfU), 5/4/2011. Available online at
www.unibw.de/ifw/WWR/veranstaltungen/seminar-wasserwirtschaft/daamen-
hochwasservorhersage-bayern.pdf/view, checked on 4/9/2017.
GG (5/23/1949): Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
GrwV (11/9/2010): Grundwasserverordnung.
Holle, Franz-Klemens (Ed.) (2009): Hochwasservorhersage in Bayern, Modellumgebung
und DV-Vernetzung. ÖWAV - Seminar Hochwässer, Bemessung, Risikoanalyse und
Vorhersage. Wien, 05/26/2009. Wien: Institut für Wasserbau und Ingenieurhydrologie
Techn. Univ. Wien (Wiener Mitteilungen, 216). Available online at
www.hydro.tuwien.ac.at/uploads/media/Band_216-Teil-2.pdf, checked on 4/9/2017.
Lawinenwarndienst Bayern (2017a): Lawinenwarndienst Bayern Startseite. Munich.
Available online at www.lawinenwarndienst-bayern.de/, checked on 3/9/2017.
Lawinenwarndienst Bayern (2017b): Messstation Werdenfelser Alpen. Munich. Available
online at www.lawinenwarndienst-
bayern.de/daten_meldungen/messstationen/messstation.php?id=3, checked on
3/9/2017.
LfU (2008): Bavarian Environment Agency: Merkblatt Nr. 2.1/10. Messeinrichtungen an
Quellen. Augsburg. Available online at
https://www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/merkblattsammlung/teil2_gewaesserkundlicher_di
enst/doc/nr_2110.pdf, checked on 3/8/2017.
LfU (2012): Bavarian Environment Agency: Merkblatt Nr. 2.4/2. Schwebstoffmessung.
Augsburg. Available online at
www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/merkblattsammlung/teil2_gewaesserkundlicher_dienst/do
c/nr_242.pdf, checked on 3/9/2017.
LfU (2013): Bavarian Environment Agency: Gewässerkundlicher Dienst Bayern. daten und
informationen. Augsburg. Available online at http://www.gkd.bayern.de/, checked on
3/8/2017.
LfU (2014): Bavarian Environment Agency: Deutsches Gewässerkundliches Jahrbuch.
Donaugebiet 2006 - Mit einem Anhang: Bayer. Rheingebiet. Augsburg.
30
LfU (2016a): Bavarian Environment Agency: Datenstelle. Augsburg. Available online at
www.lfu.bayern.de/umweltdaten/datenstelle/index.htm, checked on 3/8/2017.
LfU (2016b): Bavarian Environment Agency: Deutsches Gewässerkundliches Jahrbuch.
Augsburg. Available online at
www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/wasserstand_abfluss/dgj/index.htm, checked on
3/27/2017.
LfU (2016c): Bavarian Environment Agency: Geodatendienste. Augsburg. Available online
at www.lfu.bayern.de/umweltdaten/geodatendienste/index.htm, checked on
3/8/2017.
LfU (2016d): Bavarian Environment Agency: Gewässerkundlicher Jahresbericht 2015.
Augsburg.
LfU (2016e): Bavarian Environment Agency: Gewässerüberwachung nach
Wasserrahmenrichtlinie. Augsburg. Available online at
www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/wrrl/gewaesserueberwachung/index.htm, checked on
3/7/2017.
LfU (2016f): Bavarian Environment Agency: Handbuch Technische Gewässeraufsicht.
Fortschreibung 2016 Gesamtausgabe. Augsburg.
LfU (2016g): Bavarian Environment Agency: Hochwassernachrichtendienst. Organisation.
Augsburg. Available online at
www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/hochwassernachrichtendienst/organisation/index.htm,
checked on 3/8/2017.
LfU (2016h): Bavarian Environment Agency: Merkblatt Nr. 2.4/1. Hydrometrie. Augsburg.
Available online at
https://www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/merkblattsammlung/teil2_gewaesserkundlicher_di
enst/doc/nr_241.pdf, checked on 3/8/2017.
LfU (2016i): Bavarian Environment Agency: Niedrigwasser in Bayern. Grundlagen,
Veränderung und Auswirkungen. Augsburg.
LfU (2016j): Bavarian Environment Agency: Schnee. Automatische Schneemessung.
Augsburg. Available online at
www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/hydrometerologische_parameter/schnee/index.htm,
checked on 3/7/2017.
LfU (2016k): Bavarian Environment Agency: UmweltDaten. Augsburg. Available online at
www.lfu.bayern.de/umweltdaten/index.htm, checked on 3/8/2017.
LfU (2017a): Bavarian Environment Agency: Gewässerkundlicher Dienst Bayern. Abfluss
Bayern. Augsburg. Available online at
www.gkd.bayern.de/fluesse/abfluss/karten/index.php?thema=gkd&rubrik=fluesse&pr
odukt=abfluss&gknr=0, checked on 3/9/2017.
31
LfU (2017b): Bavarian Environment Agency: Gewässerkundlicher Dienst Bayern. Aktuelle
Messwerte Pegel Würzburg/Main. Augsburg. Available online at
www.gkd.bayern.de/fluesse/abfluss/stationen/diagramm/index.php?thema=gkd&rubri
k=fluesse&produkt=wasserstand&gknr=0&msnr=24042000&zr=woche&addhr=hr_ms,
checked on 3/12/2017.
LfU (2017c): Bavarian Environment Agency: Gewässerkundlicher Dienst Bayern.
Datendownload Pegel Würzburg / Main. Augsburg. Available online at
www.gkd.bayern.de/fluesse/download/index.php?thema=gkd&rubrik=fluesse&produk
t=wasserstand&gknr=0&msnr=24042000&beginn=05.03.2017&ende=12.03.2017&wert
art=ezw, checked on 3/12/2017.
LfU (2017d): Bavarian Environment Agency: Hochwassernachrichtendienst Bayern.
Informationen für Bürgerinnen und Bürger. Augsburg. Available online at
www.hnd.bayern.de/buergerinformationen, checked on 3/7/2017.
LfU (2017e): Bavarian Environment Agency: Niedrigwasser-Informationsdienst Bayern.
Abfluss Bayern. Augsburg. Available online at www.nid.bayern.de/abfluss, checked on
3/7/2017.
LfU (2017f): Bavarian Environment Agency: Übersicht aller WMS-Dienste des LfU.
Augsburg. Available online at
www.lfu.bayern.de/umweltdaten/geodatendienste/index_wms.htm#Wasser, checked
on 4/9/2017.
LfU (2017g): Bavarian Environment Agency: Umweltdaten des LfU Webangebotes.
Available online at www.lfu.bayern.de/umweltdaten/umweltdaten_web/index.htm,
checked on 4/9/2017.
LfU (2017): Bavaria Environment Agency: Bachelorarbeit Datenmanagement. Email to
Steppert. Hof, 2/23/2017.
Meyerholt, Ulrich (2010): Umweltrecht. 3rd ed. Oldenburg: BIS-Verl. der Carl-von-
Ossietzky-Univ. (Schriftenreihe Wirtschaft & öffentliches Recht, 13).
OGewV (6/20/2016): Oberflächengewässerverordnung.
Roth, Carmen (2009): Pegelwesen einst und jetzt. In die Flußmeister, pp. 43–44. Available
online at http://www.flussmeister.de/archiv/pdf/gesamt_14.pdf, checked on 4/9/2017.
StMUV (n.d. a): Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection: App
umweltinfo. Munich. Available online at
www.stmuv.bayern.de/service/mobil/umweltinfo.htm, checked on 3/27/2017.
StMUV (n.d. b): Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection:
Organisation im Bereich Wasserwirtschaft. Munich. Available online at
www.stmuv.bayern.de/themen/wasserwirtschaft/wasserwirtschaft_in_bayern/organis
ation.htm, checked on 3/8/2017.
32
StMUV (2014): Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection:
Bavaria, Land of Water. Sustainable Water Management in Bavaria. 2nd ed. Munich.
StMUV (2015): Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection:
Bewirtschaftungsplan für den bayerischen Anteil am Flussgebiet Rhein.
Bewirtschaftungszeitraum 2016. München. Available online at
www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/wrrl/bewirtschaftungsplaene_1621/doc/bewirtschaftungsp
lan_rhein.pdf, checked on 3/8/2017.
Strobl, Theodor; Zunic, Franz (2006): Wasserbau. Aktuelle Grundlagen - Neue
Entwicklungen. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Tauchmann, Harald (2006): Innovationen für eine nachhaltige Wasserwirtschaft.
Einflussfaktoren und Handlungsbedarf. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag Heidelberg
(Nachhaltigkeit und Innovation).
UIG (12/22/2004): Umweltinformationsgesetz.
VVWas (10/27/2014): Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Vollzug des Wasserrechts.
WHG (7/31/2009): Wasserhaushaltsgesetz.
WFD (10/23/2000): Wasserrahmenrichtlinie.
Weber, Hans; Bach, Erwin; Becker, Michael; Bittersohl, Jochen; Haug, Michael; Kästner,
Willi et al. (Eds.) (1999): Der gewässerkundliche Dienst Bayern. Bayerisches Landesamt
für Wasserwirtschaft. Deggendorf: Wasserwirtschaftsamt Deggendorf
(Informationsberichte des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, 3/98).
WWA München (2017): Bildschirmausschnitte HND. Email to Steppert, 3/16/2017.
Zenke, Bernhard (2009a): Der Lawinenlagebericht. Bayerische Lawinenwarnzentrale.
Available online at www.lawinenwarndienst-
bayern.de/infothek/publikationen_lwz/kategorie.php?id=1, checked on 3/7/2017.
Zenke, Bernhard (2009b): Der Lawinenwarndienst in Bayern. Bayerische
Lawinenwarnzentrale. Available online at www.lawinenwarndienst-
bayern.de/infothek/publikationen_lwz/kategorie.php?id=1, checked on 3/7/2017.
33
7. Appendix
Appendix 1: Original process-diagram qualitative monitoring (LfU 2016f, p. 24)
34
Appendix 2: Original process-diagram quantitative monitoring (LfU 2016f, p. 25)
35
Appendix 3: : Qualitative automatic measurement stations and parameters (LfU 2016f, p. 199)
• Order form at the data point www.lfu.bayern.de/umweltdaten/datenbezug
• Hydrological Service www.gkd.bayern.de
• Publication Shop www.bestellen.bayern.de
• Hydrological Reports www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/gewaesserkundliche_ber
ichte
• Flood Warning Service www.hnd.bayern.de
• Low Water Information Service www.nid.bayern.de
• Avalanche Warning Service www.lawinenwarndienst-bayern.de
Appendix 4: List of internet links (checked on 4/3/2017)
Email from LfU: Bachelorarbeit Datenmanagement from 2/23/2017:
Ich habe eine Frage zur Datenfernübertragung, vielleicht können Sie mir da weiterhelfen. In der Publikation von HOLLE steht beim Pegelmessnetz geschrieben: Für die Hochwasservorhersage wird in der Regel das gleiche Pegelmessnetz wie für den gewässerkundlichen Dienst herangezogen. Die Übertragungswege sind im Allgemeinen ebenfalls die gleichen. In Bayern werden die Messnetzdaten mit dem System WISKI / SODA der Firma Kisters gesammelt und übertragen. Den letzten Satz kann man so verstehen, dass entweder für alle Messdaten das System SODA eingesetzt wird oder es nur bei Pegeln eingesetzt wird. In zwei Merkblättern vom LfU steht, dass SODA unteranderm auch bei Wassertemperatur- und Schwebstoffmessungen eingesetzt wird. Kann man sagen, dass SODA für jede Datenfernübertragung eingesetzt wird?
Soda ist die Standardlösung für die Übertragung von „Zeitreihen“ im Bereich der Oberflächengewässer (quantitativ und qualitativ) und Grund- und Bodenwasser. Daneben gibt es fallweise noch Sonderlösungen für die Übertragung von Fremddaten. Des weiteren ist in HOLLE geschrieben, dass es für den Wasserstand redundaten Erfassungen und Datenübertragungen gibt. Wird das nur bei Wasserständen eingesetzt,
36
da aktuelle Daten dort sehr wichtig sind, oder werden redundante Wege auch bei anderen Messparameter eingesetzt?
Redundanz haben wir im Allgemeinen nur bei den Wasserständen. Begründet ist dies durch die hohen Anforderungen an die Datenverfügbarkeit des Hochwassernachrichtendienstes.
Appendix 5: Email from LfU from 02/23/2017 (see LfU 2/23/2017)
37
Declaration of Authorship
I hereby declare that the thesis submitted is my own unaided work. All direct or indirect
sources used are acknowledged as references.
…………………………………….. Markus Steppert
Munich, April 28, 2017