a complete verb lexicon of turkish based on morphemic analysis

8/8/2019 A Complete Verb Lexicon of Turkish Based on Morphemic Analysis

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Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden

Turkic LanguagesEdited by

Lars Johanson

in cooperation withHendrik Boeschoten, Bernt Brendemoen,

va . Csat, Peter B. Golden, Tooru Hayasi, Astrid Menz,Dmitrij M. Nasilov, Irina Nevskaya, Sumru A. zsoy

12 (2008) 2


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Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2009This journal, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright.Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permissionof the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This appliesparticularly to reproductions, translations, micro lms and storageand processing in electronic systems.Printing and binding by Memminger MedienCentrum AGPrinted on permanent/durable paperPrinted in Germanywww.harrassowitz-verlag.de

ISSN 1431-4983

The journal TURKIC LANGUAGESis devoted to linguistic Turcology. It addressesdescriptive, comparative, synchronic, diachronic, theoretical and methodologicalproblems of the study of Turkic languages including questions of genealogical,typological and areal relations, linguistic variation and language acquisition. The journal aims at presenting work of current interest on a variety of subjects and thuswelcomes contributions on all aspects of Turkic linguistics. It contains articles, reviewarticles, reviews, discussions, reports, and surveys of publications. It is published inone volume of two issues per year with approximately 300 pages.

Manuscripts for publication, books for review, and all correspondence concerningeditorial matters should be sent to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Lars Johanson, Turkic Languages,Institute of Oriental Studies, University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany. Thee-mail address [email protected] may also be used for communication.

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Publication of this journal was supportedby a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.


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Contents

Turkic Languages , Volume 12, 2008, Number 2

Editorial note by Lars Johanson .......................................................................... 153

Obituary

Dmitrij Nasilov, Irina Nevskaya: In memoriam Aleksandr M. erbak (1926 2008) .............................................................................................................

155

Articles

Julian Rentzsch: Notes on Uyghur verb morphology ......................................... 161Eyp Bacanl : Phase marking on initiotransformative verbs in Altay Turkic ..... 170Sohrab Dolatkhah: A Kashkay folktale .............................................................. 187Vladimir D. Monastyrev: Die Geschichte der Entwicklung der jakutischen

Schrift ............................................................................................................

194Matthias Kappler: Contact-induced effects in the syntax of Cypriot Turkish ..... 203Mine Nakipolu, Asl ntak: A complete verb lexicon of Turkish based on

morphemic analysis .......................................................................................

221

Reviews

Martine Robbeets: Review of Kyko Maezono, (1) Intransitiv-, Transitiv-, Kausativ- und Passivverben im Mandschu und Mongolischen , (2)Verbbildungs-Suffixe im Mandschu und Mongolischen ................................

281

Bla Kempf: Review of Florilegia altaistica. Studies in honour of Denis Sinor on the occasion of his 90th birthday .............................................................290Mark Kirchner: Review of Astrid Menz & Christoph Schroeder (eds.),

Trkiyede dil tart malar [ Language discussions in Turkey ] .....................

293


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A complete verb lexicon of Turkishbased on morphemic analysisMine Nakipolu & Asl ntak

Nakipolu, Mine & ntak, Asl 2008. A complete verb lexicon of Turkish based onmorphemic analysis.Turkic Languages12, 221-280.

This study presents the first complete verb lexicon of Modern Turkish. An exhaustiveinvestigation of the TDK Dictionary (1998) has shown that the verb count of simplexverbs of Turkish is about 4700. The lexicon is laid out in two appendices: Appendix 1lists the monosyllabic verbs of Turkish; Appendix 2a groups the derivational morpheme bearing verbs in 34 distinct categories and reveals that the five most productive verbderiving affixes in Modern Turkish are -lA, -lA , -lAn, - DA and - In. Appendix 2b comprises Turkish verbs which are identical to adjective and noun roots and compound verbsas listed in the TDK Dictionary. Appendix 2c contains the reflexive, reciprocal and causa-

tive verbs of Turkish.

Mine Nakipo lu, Bo azii University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of West-ern Languages, Bebek 34242, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected]. Asl ntak, Cornell University, Department of Linguistics, 203 Morrill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-4701, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

1. IntroductionUnlike most other languages, Turkish presents a wide array of affixes added to rootsin deriving verbs. This paper aims to provide the first complete lexicon of Turkishverbs where the verbs are segmented and classified with respect to the derivationalmorphemes they bear. To that aim, the Turkish Language Association Dictionary(TDK szl ) and the Turkish Writing Guide (Trke yaz m k lavuzu) have beenscanned and verbs used in standard Turkish have been categorized regarding their morphemic properties. The primary sources used in the morpheme-based categoriza-tion of Turkish verbs have been Banguolu (1986) and Korkmaz (2003).

The present study is the first of its kind in its attempt to determine the verb countof Turkish by examining the entire Turkish verb lexicon and providing an exhaus-tive compilation of verbs. A thorough scanning of the sources mentioned above hasrevealed that the number of verbs in Turkish is about 4700 (4669). Of these verbsonly 221 are monosyllabic. The alphabetical list of the monosyllabic verbs of Turk-ish has been given in Appendix 1. The present study comprises one more appendixconsisting of three parts where an exhaustive morpheme-based classification of Turkish verbs is laid out. Appendix 2a lists Turkish verbs derived by derivationalaffixes. Appendix 2b comprises verb roots which are identical to nominal andadjectival roots and compound verbs formed with the auxiliary verbset- to do,


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222 Mine Nakipolu & Asl ntak

eyle- to make/do andol-to be. In compiling the compound verbs of Turkish wehave restricted ourselves only to verbs that are treated as separate entries in the TDK dictionary, i.e., those verbs in which the nominal and the verb are joined up; hencethe list given is a partial list of the compound verbs of Turkish. Finally, Appendix 2cgives a complete list of reflexive, reciprocal and causative verbs of Turkish.

In pursuing a morphemic analysis of Turkish verbs, we sought to complementthe classification with information attained from etymological dictionaries such asClauson (1972), Eren (1999) and Tietze (2002) and have drawn on data from Erdal(1991) to determine the morpheme boundaries of verbs which are not transparent inmeaning and morpheme decomposition. In cases where the sources cited havediffering views regarding the etymology and the morpheme boundary of a certainverb, we have attempted to provide all the views available on the issue in the end-notes. We would like to remind our reader that this study only covers the verbs of standard Turkish and excludes verbs indicated as colloquial in the TDK dictionary.With these general motivations in place, we proceed to the details of our analysis.

2. An analysis of verbal morphemes of TurkishThe first appendix of this study comprises the monosyllabic verbs of Turkish whichare 221 in number. In the remaining verbs there is always a verb deriving affix. Thesecond appendix of this study consists of those Turkish verbs derived by affixationand starts out with a list of bare roots that differ from the list of monosyllabic verbsgiven in Appendix 1 in being verbs that cannot be further decomposed. In what fol-lows, we attempt to first lay out in what respect monosyllabic verbs listed in Appen-dix 1 differ from the bare verbal roots.

2.1. Bare verbal roots of TurkishThe question of whether a morpheme-based analysis of the entire verb lexicon of Turkish can be informative as to how many of the verbs can be reduced down to bare roots, in particular to a CV(C) structure, is alluring. In an effort to determinethe bare roots of Turkish, we have investigated the roots of the monosyllabic verbsand have observed that in contrast to the majority which are bare roots, there arefour monosyllabic verb types which appear to bear a derivational morpheme. Theseare /y/-ending monosyllabic verbs and the verbs ending in the consonant clusters/rp/, /r/nt/ and /r/lk/. In the case of /y/-ending monosyllabic verbs, there is strongevidence indicating that verbs of the (C)Vy-type were derived from the rare-(X)d formative. Evidence regarding the morpheme bearing properties of monosyllabicverbs ending in consonant clusters, however, is less clear-cut, and there appear to bevariant views as to whether the monosyllabic verbs ending in /rp/, /r/nt/ and /r/lk/ bear a morpheme or not.

Adapting the analyses of Erdal (1991) and Banguolu (1986), in the present

work, we have treated verbs such asdoy-to be satiated,duy-to hear,koy-to putdown , etc. as comprising the affix-y, which is an unproductive affix in Modern


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A complete verb lexicon of Turkish 223

Turkish and appears to have become /y/ from the original-(I)d form. Erdal (1991:642-644) discusses an obsolete-(X)d formative in Old Turkish which was used to produce middle intransitives from transitive verbs and states that some Old Turkishverbs such asbud - to be cold; to freeze to death, sid- to urinate, sud - to spit,tod - to be or become satiated which denote states and activities of the body and themind are derived with this formative. Tietze (402) makes a similar claim and drawsattention to the fact that though some words appear to be etymologically relatedsuch asbud- to be cold andbuz ice, as no*bu- verb root has been encountered inTurkic languages the affixal classification of -d is somewhat tenuous. Nonetheless,he argues that the presence of forms such asdoy-(OT *tod-) to be satiated andtok- be full suggest a*to- root, and the words siy-to urinate, sidik urine and sik pe-nis suggest a root*si- from which all the mentioned forms were derived. As for some other verbs listed as-y verbs in our study such asduy-, kay-, k y-, koy-, it isevident that they all derive from the rare formative-(X)d . For instance, Clauson(1972: 567) indicates that the verbduy- to perceive; to hear comes from OT *tud -,the verb kay- from OT *ka:d- with the basic meaning to bend or to turn oneself

(Clauson 1972: 674)). Clauson (1972: 595) further points out thatkoy- in OT was*kod- and was derived from the root*ko-, which originally meant to put down;and, finally, the verbk y- is derived from*k d - to cut into small pieces. Based onthese observations we have classified all-y ending verbs of Turkish as derived formsand listed them in Appendix 2a (34) as morpheme-bearing units.

Let us now turn to a discussion of the (C)VCC type monosyllabic verbs and startout with the status of the CVrp type monosyllabic verbs. The verbsarp- to strike, rp- to tap, k rp- to clip and serp- to sprinkle are the only monosyllabic verbsof Turkish ending in the cluster /rp/. Information coming from the etymological ori-gins of these verbs reveals that there has been an /r/-insertion in the verbsarp-, rp- and serp-. For instance Tietze (2002: 478) points out thatarp- has derivedfrom the OT verb root *ap- and the verb rp- is a variant of the verbarp-. As for the verb serp-, he makes a similar observation and argues that it has derived from* sep-. The verbk rp-, however, appears to be challenging with respect to its classi-fication. On the one hand, one can posit that the verb root was originally*k p-and asa result of /r/-insertion has becomek rp- over time just like the previous instances.On the other hand, as Tietze speculates, bringing forth theaslan < arslan lionexample where the sonorant /r/ is agreed to have dropped over time, the verbk p- may have derived from the rootk rp- as a result of /r/-deletion. Another view about/rp/-ending verbs comes from Korkmaz (2003), where she argues that p- was a redu- plicative affix in Old Turkish. As the affixal status of /p/ is dubious, we have treatedthese verbs as a separate class under bare roots. A further piece of evidence support-ing our decision follows from an observation of Tietze (2002: 496), where he ex-tends his claims about /r/-insertion in /rp/-ending verbs to /rt/ and /rk/ ending mono-syllabic verbs such askert- to notch and sark - to dangle and suggests that allthese verbs indicate an /r/-insertion rather than deletion. More precisely,kert - is ar-gued to have derived fromket - and sark - from the OT


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Monosyllabic verbs of the (C)Vr/nt and (C)Vr/lk type present further challenges.As for the nine monosyllabic (C)Vr/nt verbs of Turkish, such asart- to increase,drt- to poke,rt- to cover, Banguolu (1986) argues for the presence of the af-fix -(I)t and claims that it is the drop of the vowel in the second syllable that yieldedsuch verbs. Clauson (1972) and Tietze (2002) depart from Banguolu and show thatthe etymological origins of art- (Clauson 1972: 201),drt- (Tietze 2002: 675),rt- (Clauson 1972: 205), srt- (Clauson 1972: 846),tart - (Clauson 1972: 534) and y rt -(Clauson 1972: 958) do not indicate that the verbs are derived at all, i.e., there is nomention of an affix in the form of -(I)t . As for the verbsent - to nick andkert - tonotch, sonorant insertion, more precisely the insertion of /n/ inent-, which is ar-gued by Tietze (2002: 496) to have derived from the root*et/ it, and /r/-insertionin kert - appear to be at issue, hence there is again no sign of an affix. The last verb belonging to this category is yont- to carve. Clauson (1972: 942) states that theverb was originally yon- in Old Turkish but is being used as yont- in Turkish, anddoes not account for the final /t/. As there is no mention of an affix in the discussionof the verb yont- either, we have listed the verb under bare roots. Like /rp/ ending

verbs, /r/nt/ ending monosyllabic verbs have been listed in Appendix 2a under bareroots as a separate category.The final type of monosyllabic verbs containing a consonant cluster is the group

of seven /l/rk/ ending verbs of Turkish, i.e.,burk -, kalk -, k rk -, kork -, sark -, silk - andrk -. A close investigation of these verbs also reveals that except for sark - to dan-gle from OT*sak- which exhibits /r/ insertion, the verbs at issue do not appear to bear any affix. For instancekork- to be afraid is considered to be derived fromkor - or *kor -k- with the original meaning to protect oneself (Erdal 1991: 646).Clauson (1972: 651) indicates that in all Turkic languages and periods what wascommon is the form*koruk-to fear. In the verb silk- to shake stg. which is re- ported to survive in all Turkic languages as silk-, silik- and silki- (Clauson 1972:826), rk - (Clauson 1972: 221) to be startled, scared, frightened andburk- twist(Clauson 1972: 360) there is no evidence for any affix. Finally in the discussion of k rk-, which is argued to be the emphatic form of k r- to shear, andkalk-,which isassumed to be related to*kal k, the emphatic form of kal - (Clauson 1972: 619), wesee some indication of an affix; however, we do not think that there is strong evi-dence for treating these verbs as bearing affixes.

Three other verb forms of the CVCC type which deserve attention are sars-, sr- and t rs-. We have classified sars- to ill-use as a-sI verb following Clauson(1972: 854-55), who argues that there is a clear semantic connection between*sa:r- to ill-use (someone) and sars :- to be harsh, rough, which he concludes is bestexplained as a simulative of sa:r (843). The lack of mention of an affix in the forma-tion of sr- to stumble (Clauson 1972: 845) as well as any discussion of the verbt rs- be seized with fright and give up on stg. in the sources consulted, led us to listthese verbs under bare roots as verbs of unknown status.


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2.2 Verbal stems of TurkishWe have observed that Turkish verbs fall into 34 distinct verb classes based on their morpheme-bearing properties. These classes are-A, -(A)l, -AlA, -An, -Ar, -ArlA, -At,-DA, -DAr, -I, -Ik, -I/AklA, -IksA, -Il, -ImsA, -In, -Ir, -IrgA, -I lA, -I tIr, -It, -KI, - KIn, -KIr, -lA, -lAn, -lA , -nA, -rA, -sA, -s(I), -sIn and -y. Verbs belonging to each of these morpheme types are alphabetically grouped in Appendix 2a.

We have pursued a further classification with respect to the most productive af-fixes, namely -lA, -lAn, and -lA affixes of Turkish and classified verbs derived bythese affixes, on the basis of whether they are affixed to nominal, adjectival or adverbial roots.

We have offered four subcategories of -lAverbs: -lAverbs derived by affixationto noun roots (e.g.arzu+la- to desire,hedef+le- to aim at) are listed in (25.1); -lA verbs derived by affixation to adjective roots rendering transitive verbs (e.g.ak+la- to acquit,d +la- to exclude,temiz+le- to clean) are given in 25.2(i); a list of adjective roots rendering intransitive verbs e.g.afal+la- to be flabbergasted, i -man+la- to gain weight) is given in 25.2(ii); and finally section 25.3 comprises alist of adverbial roots from which-lA verbs are derived, such asnice+le- to quan-tify, yine+le- to repeat. As for the verbs which are derived by the affixation of -lA to nouns, it is possible to categorize them under many subclasses regarding their semantic properties such asverbs of containment: depola-to store, dosyala- tofile, f la-to barrel andkutula- to box, which are derived from the nounsdepodepot, dosya file, f barrel, kutu box respectively; or verbs denoting activi-ties carried out by use of a certain tool such asapa hoe inapala- to hoe,eki hammer inekile- to hammer,di teeth in di le- to bite, t rm k scythe int rm kla- to scythe. However, we have not pursued such a detailed classificationsince classifications of that sort, though nonexhaustive, are available in Banguolu(1986) and Korkmaz (2003). We have, however, sorted out verbs which are derivedwith the affixation of -lAto onomatopoeic words. Thus verbs such asc yak+la- to

squeal, a +la- to ripple, gr+le- to roar,hor+la- to snore , t s+la- to hiss are listed in Appendix 2a (25.4). A final class of -lA verbs that are sorted in thisstudy comprises verbs which look like-lAverbs, i.e., they appear to bear the affix-lA,but the roots to which this affix is attached are mostly bound and nontransparentin meaning, as can be seen in Appendix 2a (25.6). Verbs such asan+la- to under-stand,bek+le- to wait,din+le- to listen,z+le- to long for are listed under thiscategory, and information available on the etymological origins of some of theseverbs is provided in endnote (14).

For verbs derived by the affixes -lAnand -lA , several subclasses have been of-fered in an effort to provide semantic distinctions among verbs. Noun+ -lAn verbshave been observed to fall into two subclasses: Verbs such asak l+lan- to becomewiser; to come to ones senses,bilin+len- to become conscious,heves+len- to become eager to do stg., sinir+len- to become irritated which denote processes, in particular the point reached at the end of the process, are listed in Appendix 2a


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(26.1); verbs such asa a+lan- to lord it over someone,day +lan- to swagger,horoz+lan- to bluster,kabaday +lan- to bully, in which certain nouns are at-tached to the affix-lAn, rendering the reading to behave in a certain manner, have been classified in Appendix 2a (26.2). Furthermore-lAnverbs which are formed byonomatopoeic roots such asbbrlen- to boast,m zm zlan- to whine; to make afuss about trifles, seslen- to call are listed in Appendix 2a (26.4).

We have also pursued a subcategorization in the classification of Noun +-la verbs and classified these verbs as change of state verbs and verbs denotingreciprocity. In Appendix 2a (27.1.1) verbs of change of state, such asac +la - to become bitter , l+le - to become desert-like, fosil+le - to fossilize, p ht +la -to coagulate, siyah+la - to blacken, have been listed. Noun+ la - verbs denotingreciprocity, such asdert+le - to pour out ones grief to another,haber+le - tocorrespond,hal+le - to confide troubles to one another, aka+la - to joke withone another, yard m+la - to help one another are listed in Appendix 2a (27.1.2).

In what follows we will outline the content of Appendix 2b. Though Turkish iscommonly held to dissociate between noun, adjective and verb roots in well-defined

ways, there are some adjective and noun roots such asa r pain, boya paint,damla drop, ek i sour, etc. which are identical to verb roots. Tietze (2002: 84) points out that in Old Turkish the morpheme-(I)g was used to derive verbs fromnouns. The drop of the phoneme /g/, as stated in Tietze, rendered verb andnoun/adjective forms which are alike such asac , a r , bavl , boya, damla, tat , ek i and eski. With that background, we categorize such verbs as verbs that are identicalto noun roots and verbs that are identical to adjective roots in Appendix 2b (1&2). Inthe same appendix we have also listed some of the compound verbs of Turkish suchas et- compounds,eyle-compounds,ol- compounds as listed in the TDK dictionary.As mentioned earlier, compiling the entire compound verb lexicon of Turkish is beyond the scope of this study. Hence in the present work, we have restricted our-selves only to compound verbs which assume a distinct status in the dictionary as being written as a separate entry where the nominal and the auxiliary are joined up.Thus et-, ol- and other compound verbs which do not have an entry status in thedictionary are not within the scope of this study. More precisely,et- verbs such asaffet- to forgive, bahset - to mention,emret - to command,katlet- to kill areincluded, but nominal compounds in which the nouns and the verbs are not joinedup such asdua et- to pray,nefret et - to hate, yard m et - to help are not covered.The number of all compound verbs of Turkish must be in the order of thousands.Sev (2001), investigating theet- compounds of Turkish, concludes that there areabout 2000et- compounds in Turkish. Needless to say, a quantitative study of theother compound verbs such as yap- to do,ek- to pull, etc. is needed to determinethe exact verb count of Turkish.

Verbs derived by voice affixes such asreflexive verbs, reciprocal verbs andcausative verbs have been listed in Appendix 2c. This appendix excludes passive asa voice affix as passivized verbs have an invariant passive reading. As for reflexive,reciprocal and causative verbs, we have observed considerable variation as the verbs


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in question behave differently both with respect to their morphemic properties andthe readings they convey. This has given rise to a thorough semantic analysis of reflexive, reciprocal and causative verbs. The analysis of reflexived and causativizedverbs has shown that there are several bound roots in Turkish that surface when theyare attached to the reflexive or the causative morpheme. To cite a few examples, theroots avu-, dire-, ku a-, re-, tke-, which cannot stand alone and hence cannot belisted as a separate entry in the dictionary, surface in the form of reflexivized or causativized forms as inavun- to have ones mind taken off stg./avut- to con-sole, diren- to resist/ diret- to insist, ku an- to gird oneself/ku at- to sur-round; to besiege, ren- to learn/ ret- to teach, tken- to be exhausted/tket-to consume in Turkish. Similarly the bound rootsalda- and yelte-,which are- DAverbs, surface only in reflexivized and/ or causativized forms asalda-n- to bedeceived /alda-t - to deceive and yelte-n- to attempt. Further examples of such bound roots come from the rootsdada-, kaza- and ya-, which when reflexivized,form the verbsdadan- to acquire a taste for,kazan-to earn, and yan- to burn.

To illustrate the need for a detailed consideration of reflexive and causative

verbs, let us consider some affix types which allow for reflexivization or causa-tivization only for some of the verbs derived by the affix. For instance, as Appendix2a (3) shows, there are 27 verbs derived by the affix - AlA in Turkish such asab+ala- to endeavour, gev+ele- to hum and haw,it+ele- to keep on pushing.Of these verbs only 11 can undergo reflexivization such ash rpalan- to be buffettedabout fromh rpala- to illtreat,oyalan- to keep oneself amused in order to wardoff boredom fromoyala- to put someone off to gain time. When we take a look at- AlAverbs that are causativized, we observe again that only 11 verbs can be causa-tivized -see Appendix 2c (3.3.4). For example, an - AlAverb such asisele- to driz-zle cannot be causativized nor can a verb such as serpele- to sprinkle down.

A study of the reflexivized forms of - AlAverbs also reveals bound roots such asdebele-, which appears in the dictionary only when it is reflexivized as indebelen-to struggle and kick. As for the causatived verbs, two examples deserve specialmention:hprdet- to slurp andiziktir-to jot. These verbs are also bound rootswhich, when affixed with the causative morphemes-t and - DIr respectively, becomefull-fledged verbs. Therefore a careful segmentation of verbs as to whether they can be attached to the reflexive or the causative morphemes has revealed both the boundroots that surface only in reflexivized and/ or causativized stems and the number of verbs that can undergo these processes.

Most of the affixes used to derive verbs in Old Turkish appear to have survivedinto Modern Turkish. With respect to the morphemes they possess and the meaningsof the morphemes, a thorough comparison of Modern Turkish with Old Turkish iswell beyond the scope of this study. Nonetheless, we seek to provide a general over-view. Therefore in Section 3 below we intend to lay out some of the similarities anddifferences between Modern Turkish and Old Turkish.


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3. Verb deriving affixes: A comparison of Modern Turkish with Old TurkishAs indicated in Erdal (1991) in Old Turkish (OT) the most productive verb derivingaffix, as in Modern Turkish (MT), is the affix -lA. (1a) below gives some examplesderived by the affix -lAwhich are obsolete in MT.

(1) klin-l- to provide (a young man) with a bride,ku -la- to hunt birds,or -la- toshout,vke-le-to get angry,talu-la- to choose,tanuk-la-to become a witness,dg-le-to measure, yer-le to settle, y d-la- to smell, y g-la- to cry, etc.

Another productive affix of OT, as stated in Erdal (1991: 418), is the transitivizingaffix -A which derives verbs from adjectives/ nouns and has a similar function andmeaning to the affix -lA. The affix -A departs from the affix -lA in that unlike theaffix -lA, which can only be attached to native and nonnative roots, the affix-A isattached to native Turkish roots ending in consonants. Examples of - A verbs,adapted from Erdal (1991), used in both Modern Turkish and Old Turkish are givenin (2a). As the examples indicate, while most verbs still have a transitive function inModern Turkish, the verbkana- to bleed is used intransitively. (2b) lists some-A verbs which are again obsolete in Modern Turkish.

(2) a. at-a- to nominate,benz-e-to resemble, gev -e- to soften; to ruminate ,kan-a-

to bleed a person or animal,oyn-a-to play, s n-a- to acquire exprience of; test, ya -a- to live b. a -a- to eat,igid-e- to lie,-e- to desire revenge

Another affix which has functions similar to-Aand -lAverbs and which is known to be widely used in Old Turkish is the affix-DA. In Modern Turkish, except for theonomatopoeic verbs such asc v l-da- to chirp,horul-da- to snore, we observe the

affix only in the verbsis-te- to want, ba -da- to tangle, fingir-de- to behavefrivolously and sap-ta- to confirm.Erdal (1991: 457) observes that the onomatopoeic - DAverbs in Old Turkish such ast rp l-da to quack, yelkl-deto tremblediffer from verbs such asis-te to want in the sense that the - DAaffix in the former may come from the verbde- to say. In (3) below some - DAverbs of OT which areobsolete in MT are given.

(3) n-te- to call,t l-ta- to make excuses,ok-ta-to shoot an arrow at something(adapted from Erdal 1991: 455-457)

A further affix that needs consideration is the affix -( I)rKAwhich according to Erdal(1991: 458) was a productive affix in OT used to denote feelings and sensations. InMT there are only four -( I)rKAverbs as listed in (4a). Some-(I)rkAverbs of OT asdiscussed in Erdal (459-63) are given in (4b).


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(4) a. bas rga- to feel uneasy,esirge- to protect from , indirge-to reduce,yad rga-to find stg. strange

b. si-rke- to regret the loss of a thing;zi-rke-to regard as ones ownta- rka- to find something astonishing

Two affixes attached to onomatopoeic words, namely the affixes-KIr and -rA were productive affixes of OT. The affix-KIr denoting substance or sound emission as inthe MT verbs f +k r- to gush,hay+k r- to bawl, ps+kr- to spout can also beobserved in the OT verbs exemplified in (5).

(5) ka-k r- to clear ones throat, s -k r- to whistle, -kir- to hiss

As for the morpheme-rA, in Modern Turkish, we observe the affix in the verbskk-re- to roar and ak-ra- to sing loudly. Some examples of the occurrence of thisaffix in OT are given in (6).

(6) ma-ra- to shout,m-r e- to belch,ko-ra- (of male voice) to deepen during puberty,kald-ra- to rustle (of a garment)

There are also verb deriving affixes which MT lacks but which are attested in OT.Two interesting examples that can be given for such affixes are-s(I)rAand - ImsIn.According to Erdal (1991: 507) the affix - s(I)rAdenotes the lack or loss of some-thing as in the OT examples in (7).

(7) kagan-s ra- to lose ones kagan,g-sire- to become or be unconsciousk-sire-to lack or lose strength, sz-sire-to shut up

The simulative-ImsInwhich MT lacks, however, was used to describe an action asmere pretense as in the examples in (8) (Erdal 1991: 531).

(8) k l- ms n- to pretend to be doing something;vk e-l e-msin- to pretend to be angry, y gla-ms n- to pretend to cry

We would like to conclude this section with a discussion of another interesting discrep-ancy between MT and OT which is exhibited in the intransitive forming affixes - I and-U (Erdal (1991:474)). The not very productive OT affix-U is known to denote change of state verbs and is argued to constitute a subclass of -I verbs which have various other meanings in addition to denoting change of state. As the examples in (9) illustrate the-U affix of OT is replaced with the - Al and -lA affixes in Modern Turkish.

(9) OT *agr-u- / MTa rla - to be or become heavy, OT *az-u- / MTaz-al- to become less, OT*bo -u-/ MTbo -al- to become empty, OT *kaln-u- MT kal n-la - to become thick


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The -I verbs, however, in addition to denoting change of states as in (10a), can de-note various other meanings as illustrated in (10b).

(10) a. l-i- to be or to get moist, s mr-i- to be or become fat, yavr- - to be or become weak

b. kan- - to bleed (int), y d- - to smell, sekr-i- to hop

As stated earlier, a thorough comparison of the current stage of Turkish with the ear-lier stages has not been attempted here, rather we have sought to give an overview of some affixes used in MT which are hard to treat as affixes unless accompanied byetymological information coming from the OT sources.

4. Discussion and conclusionThe present study, as the first complete lexicon of Modern Turkish verbs whereverbs are morphemically segmented, has shown that there are about 4700 verbs inTurkish which fall into 34 morphemic categories. As table 1 illustrates, the four most productive verb deriving affixes of Modern Turkish are-lA, -lA , -lAn and - DA.

A quick look at table 1 reveals that only the first six affix types, i.e.-lA, -lA ,-lAn, - DA, - In and - Il, have over 60 verbs. In the remaining 28 affix types, the affixand the verb root are so coalesced that a native speaker of Turkish would not be ableto consider as an affix the affix - A in the verboyn-a-to play, or the affix -U in by- to grow, the affix - DAin the verbis-te- to want, the affix-Ir in ot-ur - to sit ,the affix - KI in o-ku-to read , the affix -KIr in ba- r- to shout , -nAin i -ne- tochew, the affix -rA in kk-re- to roar , or the affix -sI in the verb yan-s - to re-flect.

Table 1. Verbal affix types and number of verbs

Affix type Number of verbs Affix type Number of verbs1. -lA 953 18. -y 152. -lA 615 19. -It 143. -lAn 362 20. -KIr 134. -DA 87 21. -rA 115. -In 66 22. -DAr 66. -Il 64 23. -s(I) 67. -A 52 24. -ArlA 58. -Ir 40 25. -At 59. -I/U 30 26. -nA 410. -Al 32 27. -(I)k 511. -sA 31 28. -IrgA 4

12. -AlA 30 29. -sIn 413. -ItIr 26 30. -KI 2


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14. -Ar 26 31. -KIn 215. -An 21 32. -IksA 116. -I/AklA 15 33. -IlA 117. -ImsA 15 34. Et-+lA 1

A verb database of Turkish can serve as an important resource not only in morpho-logical processing studies but also in retrograde morphemic analyses and frequency based analyses of both language use and language acquisition.

The finding that the number of monosyllabic verbs does not exceed 221 but thatmultisyllabic verbs number in the thousands has important implications for languageacquisition studies. Nakipolu & Ketrez (2006), for instance, has shown that theratio of monosyllabic verbs to multisyllabic verbs appears to cue the child in thechoice of allomorphs regarding the Turkish aorist. As is well known, Turkish multi-syllabic verbs are affixed with - Ir in the aorist as opposed to monosyllabic verbs,which are attached the affix-Ar . 13 monosyllabic verbs in Turkish, however, distortthis rule-governed distribution, yielding forms where monosyllabic verbs are at-tached to - Ir rather than-Ar, such asal- r takes,ver-ir gives. Nakipolu & Ketrez(2006), studying the path the children follow in the acquisition of aorist has revealedthat in early acquisition, Turkish-speaking children produce mainly monosyllabicverbs and have a tendency to use the affix-Ar even with the irregularly behaving 13monosyllabic verbs, yielding errors such as*al-ar takes, *ver-er gives. Chil-drens choice of the affix-Ar with -Ir taking monosyllabic verbs appears to beshaped by frequency. The developmental path that children exhibit in the acquisitionof aorist further adds to this frequency-dependent acquisition. In particular, Naki- polu & Ketrez (2006) have observed that with an expanding verb lexicon, whichcorrelates with the acquisition of more multisyllabic verbs, children encounter more-Ir examplars. More -Ir examplars, however, leads to a reconsideration of the affixthat is attached to monosyllabic verbs, where children start producing errors such as

*k r- r breaks for k r-ar and *sr-r rides for sr-er. We think databases like theone this study provides can serve as an invaluable resource for eliciting the rolefrequency plays in acquisition studies.

To conclude, with this study we have aimed to deepen our understanding of themorphological structuring of Turkish verbs and morpheme frequency pertaining toverbs. A database to be constructed for compound verbs of Turkish in future work will be a great contribution to determining the exact verb count of Turkish.


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AcknowledgmentsThis paper is a revised and extended version of an article first published in Dilbilim Ara t rmalar 2006. Our heartfelt thanks go to Zeynep Kuleliolu for her help andguidance in scanning the TDK Dictionary and the Writing Guide. This work wassupported by Boazii University Research Fund grant to Mine Nakipolu (Grant No: #07B402).

ReferencesBanguolu, Tahsin 1986.Trkenin grameri. Ankara: Trk Tarih Kurumu Bas m Evi.Clauson, Gerard 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford:

Clarendon Press.Erdal, Marcel 1991.Old Turkic word formation.Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Eren, Hasan 1999.Trk dilinin etimolojik szl . Ankara: [self publication].Alderson, A.D. &z, Fahir (eds.) 1972.The concise Oxford Turkish dictionary. Oxford:

Clarendon Press.Korkmaz, Zeynep 2003.Trkiye Trkesi grameri. Ankara: Trk Dil Kurumu Yay nlar .

Nakipolu, Mine & Ketrez, Nihan 2006. Childrens overregularizations and irregularizationsof the Turkish aorist. In: Proceedings of the 30th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development . Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. 399-410.

Nianyan, Sevan 2002. Szcklerin soya ac . a da Trkenin etimolojik szl .http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/

Sesliszlk . http://www.seslisozluk.com/Sev, Glsel 2001. Etmek fiiliyle yap lan birle ik fiiller ve tamlay c larla kullan l . Ankara:

Ankara niversitesi Bas mevi.Tietze, Andreas 2002.Tarihi ve etimolojik Trkiye Trkesi lugat . Cilt 1, A-E. stanbul:

Simurg.Trk Dil KurumuYaz m k lavuzu. http://tdk.org.tr/yazim/Trk Dil KurumuTrke szlk . 1998. Ankara: Trk Tarih Kurumu Bas mevi. Zargan szlk . http://www.zargan.com/


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Appendix 1Monosyllabic verbs in Turkish

AA- , a-, ak-, al-, an-, art-, as-, a-, at-, az-

BBak-, ban, bas-, bat-, bay-, bez-, b k-, bi-, bil-, bin-, bit-, bo-, boz-, bl-, bul-, bur-, burk-, bk-, bz-

CCay-, co-

ak-, al-, arp-, at-, ek-, el-, k-, rp-, it-, iz-, z-, k-

DDal-, de-, del-, de-, dik-, dil-, din-, dit-, diz-, do-, dol-, don-, doy-, dk-, dn-, dv-, dur-,duy-, dr-, drt-, d-, dz-

EE-, ek-, em-, er-, es-, e-, et-, ez-

GGe-, gel-, ger-, gez-, gir-, git-, giy-, g-, gm-, gr-, gl-, gt-

-, il-, in-, it-, iv-

K Ka-, kak-, kal-, kalk-, kan-, kap-, kar-, kas-, kat-, kay-, kaz-, kert-, kes-, k l-, k p-, k r-, k rk-,k rp-, k s-, k y-, k z-, kok-, kon-, kop-, kork-, ko-, kov-, koy-, kur-, kus-, ks-


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Appendix 2aA morpheme-based classification of Turkish verbs

0. Bare rootsa- opena- dangle; descendak- flowal- takean- call to mindas- hanga- pass overat- throwaz- go astray bak- look ban- dip into; dunk bas- publish; raid bat- sink bez- be tired of stg. b k- get bored with bi- cut (up); mow bil- know bin- mount bit- end; cease bo- choke; strangle boz- destroy, spoil bl- divide bul- find bur- twist bk- wring bz- ruffleco- gushak- drive in by blows; nailal- play an instrument; stealap- rushat- scoldek- pull; drawel- trip k- exit; break outit- put together/ darniz- drawk- collapsez- untie; solvedal- divede- saydel- piercede- dig up; ripdik- stitch; erect; plantdil- slicedin- stop; pass offdit- pick into fibres; teasediz- arrange in a row; stringdo- be borndol- filldon- freeze

es- blowe- dig lightlyet- doez- crushge- passgel- comeger- stretchgez- travelgit- gog- migrategm- burygr- seegl- laughgt- nurse; leadi- drinkil- tie one thing loosely to

another in- descendit- pushiv- be in a hurryka- fleekak- push, embosskal- staykan- be satiatedkap- snatchkar- shuffle; mixkas- stretch tightkat- addkaz- digkes- cutk l- do; performk p- winkk r- breakk s- cut downk z- get angrykok- smellkon- alight; settlekop- snap; set outko- runkov- drive awaykur- set upkus- vomitks- be offendedol- beon- heal upov- rub with the handl- diel- measurep- kissr- knit

se- choosesek- hopser- spread outsev- likesez- perceives - defecates - go into; fits k- squeezes z- ooze; infiltratesik- fucksil- wipesin- penetratesok- insertsol- fadesor- asksk- pull upsa- scattersn- deflate; wanesv- cursesun- offersus- be silentsn- stretch; elongatesr- rub on; drivess- butt, tosssz- straina- be suprisedi- swelltak- attach; put ontap- worshipta- overflowtep- kickt k- squeeze intot n- make a soundtoz- saunter abouttut- holdtt- smokeu- flyum- hopez- worryvar- arrivever- givevur- hitya- rainyak-1 burnyap- makeyar- splityat- lie downyaz- writeye- eatyen- win/overcome


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dk- pourdn- turndv- beatdur- stopdr- roll upd- falldz- arrange; counterfeite- bendek- sowem- sucker- reach

t- chirpv- praise pi- be cooked pus- crouch downsa- milksal- let gosan- supposesap- deviatesar- wind/wrapsat- sellsav- dismiss

yer- criticizeyet- sufficey - pile upy k- demolishy l- dreadyit- be lostyol- pluckyor- tireyum- shutyut- swallowyz- swim

i. CVrp rootsarp- strike; bump; palpitate rp- tap, pat

k rp- clip; trimserp- sprinkle slightly

ii. (C)Vrt rootsart- increasedrt- pokert- cover

srt- rubtart- weigh

y rt- tearyont- chip; chisel

iii. CVCk root burk- twistkalk- stand; risek rk- shear; clip

kork- be afraidsark- hang down

silk- shake offrk- flinch

iv. CVC roots which have undergone sonorant insertionent- nick kert- notch sark- dangle

v. CVCC roots with unknown statussr- stumble; slip upt rs- be seized with fright and give up on stg.

yont- carve

1. A verbs 2 ada- vowara- searchata- appoint benze- resemble beze- adorn bile- sharpen boa- divorce buda- prune bula- smear buna- become senilealka- rinseise- drizzledala- bite; stingdaya- prop updene- trydile- wish fordola- encircle; wind rounddona- deck

de- lay down; spreaddze- administer dosage;

(chem) prepare (a for-mula)

ele- eliminateene- castrateesne-3 yawngeve- relaxharca- spendie- urinatekana- bleedkapa- closek na- reproachkoca- grow oldkre- shovel upok a- caressona- approve

oyna- play

de- pays na- trys va- plastertara- combt ka- plug; gagtne- perchtre- spring up suddenlyura- stop byula- join one thing to anotheruza- grow longerre- reproduceyala- lickyama- patchyara- be of useyasa- legislateyaa- livey ka- washyumua- soften


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2. (A)l verbs 4 alal- descendayr l- separateazal- decrease boal- empty oneself bunal- be distressedoal- increasekel- subsidemel- squat downdaral- become narrowdiril- be reviveddorul- straighten out

dnel- descend having reachedthe peak

dzel- ameliorateeril- bendeksil- diminishgencel- become youthfulincel- slimk sal- shortenkocal- grow oldkrel- become bluntkl- wanesaal- recover

sertel- become violentseyrel- thin outsivril- become

pointed/prominentenel- become cheerfultmsel- become roundufal- dwindle awayyamal- camouflageynel- tendycel- become high; riseyksel- ascend

3. -AlA verbs5 abala- endeavouralkala- rinse; gargleisele- drizzledeele- scratch updurala- hesitateeele- scratch and scrabbleevele- try to evadegevele- hum and hawgezele- strollh rpala- illtreat

rgala- move; shakeitele- keep on pushingkakala- keep on proddingkovala- chaseovala- rub and press with the handoyala- put so. off to gain timersele- handle roughlysaala- scattersarmala- wrapsarsala- joggle

aala- be bewilderedsepele- sprinkle downserpele- sprinkle downsilkele- shake offsrmele- bolt (a door)tepele- killt rmala- scratchufala- crumble; break upyakala- catchyarmala- split in two

4. -An verbsaban- lean over/againstaldan- be deceived been- like bezen- be adorneddiren- resistgnen- live a content lifegcen- be offended

gven- thrust inilen- curseinan- believek skan- be jealousk van- be proud of, glory inzen- be envioust rman- climb

tken- be exhaustedusan- be tired ofutan- be embarrasseduyan- wake upuzan- lie downsten- undertakeen- be lazy to do stg.

5. -Ar verbs

i. -Ar verbs indicating change of color aar- become white or pale bozar- become grey/brown or

sunburntalar- become ripe

gver- turn blue or greenkarar- turn blackk zar- turn red; blush

morar- turn purplesarar- turn paleyeer- become green; bloom

ii. -Ar verbs indicating change of state baar- succeed becer- carry out skillfullydelir- become insanegeber- die contemptouslygider- remove; satisfy a desireier- contain

kabar- be puffed outkurtar- rescuener- proposesuvar-6 water an animal mar-7 spoil

tozar- become dustlikeuyar- warnrper- trembleyakar- imploreyalvar- beseechyaar- fill with tears

6. -ArlA verbsierle- resenttoparla- collect together

tekerle- rolluyarla- adapt

yuvarla- roll


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7. -At verbsgzet- mind; look afterilet- convey; transmit

ornat- substituteyarat- create

ynet- command; govern

8. -DA verbs

i. Onomatopoeic verbs bang rda- yell loudly benilde- wake up suddenly and

give a bewildered look b ng lda- quiver like jellycay rda- creakcaz rda- cracklec r lda- chatter; screechc v lda- chirp, tweetc y rda- (of paper, cloth) make

a sound when ripped or torn

c z lda- sputterc z rda- sputter

cumbulda- fall into water andmake a splashcumburda- plopa lda- burble; purlak lda- make a clattering

soundang rda- make a clanking

soundat lda- crackle, creakat rda- crackle ng rda- tinkle t rda- crackledang rda- speak boorishlydingilde- rattle; wobblef k rda- make a bubbling

noisef s lda- whisperf lda- rustlef rda- gurgle; rustlefokurda- gurglefosurda- breathe noisilyfourda- plashgac rda- creak

g c rda- creakgurulda- rumblegmbrde- boom; thundergrlde- gurglehar lda- make loud and

continuous noiseha rda- make a rough scraping

soundh r lda- growl; wheezeh lda- make a wheez-

ing/rustling noiseh rda- rustlehorulda- snore

hngrde- sob lda- glimmerinilde- moan, groankak rda- rattle; rustlek k rda- gigglek m lda- budgek p rda- move slightlyk t rda- make a crunching

noisektrde- make a crunching

soundl k rda- gurglem r lda- murmurm lda- sleep soundly par lda- gleam, glitter pat rda- make a knocking

noise p r lda- sparkle p t rda- make a tapping sound;

patter pof urda- make a popping

noisesak rda- shiver due to fear/

cold

ak rda- (of rain) to beat;sing

ang rda- make a sound of crashing

ap rda- make a slurpingnoise

ar lda- flow with a splashingnoise

k rda- rattle; jingle ng rda- crash; make the

noise of breaking glass p rda- (of water) to make a

lapping noise r lda- burbletak rda- make a tapping or

knocking noisetang rda- clatter; clangtap rda- make the noise of

foot stepst k rda- rattle lightlyt ng lda- tinkle; clinkt ng rda- clink; clangt p rda- make a light tapping

noisetirilde- shivertokurda- make a bubbling

noise with a hookahuulda- hum; buzzv c rda- chirpv r lda- talk incessantlyv z lda- buzz, humyelpirde- move slightlyzang rda- tremble with teeth

chatteringz mb rda- twang; strumz ng rda- rattlez r lda- bitch; blubber

ii. Other -DA verbs bada- tangleiste- want

fingirde- behave frivolouslysapta- confirm; make a price

9. -DAr verbsaktar- transfer; pass on

gnder- sendgster- show

kotar- dish up food; complete a job

kaytar- jib at a jobs rtar- grin


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10. -I/U verbs

i. -I verbs berki- become strongerc v - become jellylikeeri- meltfar - become weaker l - become lukewarm

- shine; sparkleka - scratchkaz - erase; scrapem z - quit as soon as things

start going against one

salk - shrivel; flagsanc - ache gripinglytan - recognizeta - carry

ii. -U verbs br- cover up; enfold by- growr- rotdoku- weavekoru- protectkuru- dry

kr- shovel upsou- become coldsolu- pantsoru- suck noisilysr- drag along the ground

tozu- raise the dustulu- howluyu- sleepr- howl (of dogs)- feel coldyr- walk

11. -Ik verbsac k- feel hungryay k- get sober

birik- come togethergecik- be late

gzk- appear

12. -I/AklA verbsa kla- explainay kla- clean off; pickdidikle- tease out into fibres

and shredsdurakla- stop once in a whiledrtkle- prod

g d kla- tickleitekle- manhandle; goad pinekle- slumber; dozesavsakla- put stg. off with excusessay kla- rave; talk in ones sleep

srkle- dragtartakla- harasstutukla- arrestuukla- have vesiclesuyukla- doze

13. -IksA verbskan ksa- become inured

14. -Il verbs (reflexive verbs)as l- be obstinate; insistat l- dash; rushay l- come to oneself; sober bay l- faint boul- drown bozul- rot; break down burkul- be sprained bkl- be twisted bzl- contract; shrinkak l- drop like a rockarp l- become paralyzedekil- withdraw; recedezl- (ice) thaw; loosenda l- be disperseddar l- get crossdelin- be worn throughdevril- fall over; capsizedikil- stand stiffdkl- drop off; fall outdurul- become quiet; settle

down

kas l- contractkat l- joinkavrul- become scorched,

parchedkayk l- lean backkesil- be exhausted; be cur-

dledk r l- be hurt; offendedk vr l- be squeezed into a tight

placekoyul- be busied with; set to

workkurul- settle oneself comforta-

blykurtul- be free fromsa l- be scatteredsa l- (of a snake) uncoil itselfsar l- embracesars l- be hit hard by illness,

shocksavul- stand aside

s yr l- sneak awaysokul- insinuate oneself intosoyul- peel, scaleskl- come offszl- become thin; glide

along swiftly and silentlytak l- attach oneself to a per-

son; bantert k l- be crammed intotutul- fall in love with; (part

of ones body) get stiffzl- worryvurul- be in love withyamul- become bent to one

sideyamrul- become uneven and

lumpyyan l- be mistakenyar l- split off; cleaveyay l- spreadyaz l- be enrolled


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eil- bowgeril- become tenseirkil- be startledka l- clear out of a placekap l- become carried away

seril- lie at full length on theground

serpil- (of a child) to growapace

s k l- get bored

y l- slumpy k l- collapsey rt l- become tornyorul- be tiredyumul- dig in

15. -ImsA verbsan msa- recallayr msa- realizeaz msa- regard stg. insufficient benimse- adopt as ones own; embraceoumsa- regard stg. moreduyumsa- feelglmse- smilegcmse- be unwilling to do stg.

ka msa- look for an excuse to avoid doing stg.ktmse- disparagekmse- belittlezmse- assimilatesayr msa- feign sicknesssylemse- take pains about saying stg.yokumsa- deny the presence of stg.

16. -In verbsac n- be pitieda n- developa n- roll in the dust/grassal n- take offencear n- be purifieda n- wear out; erodeavun- be consoled bak n- look around bar n- take shelter in bulun- be present bkn- writhe with painarp n- struggle; get flusteredat n- frownekin- bewareevrin- keep going round a

place to show respect rp n- flutter; strugglezn- meltdein- mention; touch upondevin- move

didin- wear oneself out; toildokun- touchdn- thinkedin- acquireein- have a propensity or

liking for

erin- melt away; flagein- (of animals) scratch up

the groundgein- live; exist; subsistgezin- strollgocun- take offence; sulkgrn- show oneself; appear k n- strain l n- become tepid s n- grow warmincin- be hurt; offendedka n- abstainkalk n- (of a nation) make a

material recoverykar n- get mixed due to shak-

ingkas n- shrink; contractka n- scratch oneselfkaz n- scratch oneself hardk r n- sway

k y n- have (a feeling of) grip- ping stomach, aching limbsln- deliberatevn- praise oneself

sak n- be cautious; protectoneself

sal n- swaysar n- wrap/ gird oneselfsavun- defendsevin- be pleased, happysezin- senses n- take shelter/ refuges k n- restrain oneselfsilin- wipe oneselfsilkin- shake oneselfsrn- rub against; groveliin- get up with self impor-

tancetak n- put on; assumetap n- worshipta n- move in/ awaytepin- stumpt k n- stuff oneself; gulptutun- hold onto

yak n- complainyerin- feel regret foryetin- be contented withy rt n- shriek in desperation

17. -Ir verbs

i. -Ir verbs denoting sound and substance emission8 aks r- sneezean r- bray br- bellowa r- call out

hap r- sneezeosur- fartr- belchksr- cough

t ks r- sneeze with the mouthshut

tkr- spitfr- move stg. by blowing

ii. -Ir verbs denoting absorption and contact with a substance s r- bitekemir- nibble

s y r- scrapesour- suck

somur- suck heavily


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iii. Other -Ir verbsay r- set apart belir- emerge buyur- command; ruleevir- turn over; spindevir- knock overdevir- gather; pickeir- spinemzir-9 nurseesri-10 experience a trance

evir- changegtr- take awaykan r- force back, bend; try to

twist stg. loosekavur- broil; charkay r- give so. preferential

treatmentk v r- foldkpr- froth, foam

kudur- go mad; be attacked byrabies

otur- sitsavur- toss aboutseir- twitchsemir- fattensmr- exploit; suck spr- sweep; brushyour- knead; mold

18. -IrgA verbs bas rga- feel uneasyesirge- protect from; withhold

indirge- reduce; demoteyad rga- find stg. strange, odd

19. -IlA verbsdrtle- poke repeatedly

20. -ItIr verbs

i. -ItIr verbs denoting intensityan t r- implyarat r- inquire, reseachar t r- be reminiscent ofeletir- criticize

geitir- pass over (a matter)lightly; brazen

l t r- make lukewarmkar t r- combine, confusekovutur- prosecute

savutur- parrysorutur- querysrtr- rub in gentlytak t r- put on a lot of jewelsveritir- utter abuse; swear

ii. -ItIr verbs denoting repetition and continuityat t r- snack; begin to rainekitir- pull; criticize mali-

ciously rp t r- flutter; strike lightly

with a stickdrttr- prod repeatedly

ititir- prod and pushcontinuously

kak t r- keep pushing stg.slightly

k p t r- blinkk rp t r- blink the eyes

ovutur- rubsa t r- scatterserpitir- sprinklesokutur- inject; interjectt k t r- stuff

21. -It verbsaz t- aggravate; exacerbateda t- distributedam t- distileit- educate s t- warm up

k r t- behave coquettishlyt- grind pekit- strengthen; reinforceiit- injectiit- hear

s r t- grinsorut- stand; waitunut- forgetyal t- insulate

22. KI verbs oku- read ak - warble

23. -KIn verbsyutkun- gulp ykn- emulate

24. -KIr verbs ba r- shout

emkir- object

hayk r- bawl

h

k

r- sob, hiccup

pavk r- howl (for foxes and

jackals)


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mk r- defecate (for birds)f k r- gushgeir- burp

hykr- recite prayersloudlyk k r- get excited

pfkr- sputter by blowing pskr- spoutsmkr- blow ones nose

25. -lA verbs

25.1. Noun + -lA verbsa mla- anatomize, analyzeak la- polishadakla- (of a baby) walkad mla- measure by pacingafile- announce via a

poster; showaforozla- excommunicateafsunla- bewitchafyonla- opiateaala- foresta la- poisonaula- poison

aharla- smoothenakala- drainakortla- keyak amla- stay until eveningala mla- alloyalazla- singeal la- plasteralg la- perceiveal nt la- quotealk la- clapaltla- (logic) subsumealtyaz la- subtitleamala- aim atambalajla- packambarla- storeanaforla- steal

apazla- grasp in the handaprele- (cloth) finisharala- jar openargala- weavearkala- backar nla- march up and downar ivle- filearzula- desireasfaltla- cover with asphaltastarla- linea la- implantala- vaccinateatele- igniteatk la- weaveavla- huntavula- take by handfulsavurtla- bragayakla- measure a distance

by pacing

ayarla- calibrateayazla- (weather) become

colday pla- reproachayla- wait; lastazarla- scoldazotla- nitrify badanala- whitewash bala- tie up ba mla- influence ba la- forgive, donate baltala- axe, sabotage

balyala- bale balyozla- hammer bandajla- bandage bantla- plaster barikatla- barricade bas nla- stress belgele- document belgile- mark by a trait belikle- (of hair) plait belitle- display evidence benzinle- cover with

benzine berele- bruise bestele- compose bele- quintuplicate betimle- describe

bezekle- adorn bezele- make dough balls bezirle- treat stg. with

linseed oil bezle- cover with cloth b akla- stab biberle- pepper bilmezle- show up

ignorance birle- make one bitle- pick the lice off bitmle- bituminize bocala- falter bodosla- explain; propose boazla- strangle boumla- make a node bohala- make a parcel of bokla- soil, befoul bombala- bomb

bordala- hit side of a ship boyala- paint over stg. boyla- land boynuzla- cuckold blmle- partition briketle- form briquette buula- steam up buka la- hobble bulgula- find bulgurla- crumble bumla- (of a tyre) burst burgula- bore stg. with a

gimlet burunla- lower, degrade buza la- calve btele- make a budget byle- allure bzgle- make pleatscamla- fit with glassceple- earncevapla- answerc mb zla- pluck stg. with

tweezersc vatala- boltcilala- burnishciltle- bindcontala- put gasketcopla- cosh

cumbala- smooth off therough edge of stg.al mla- dribbleamurla- muddyapala- hoeapla- calibrateapulla- lootar afla- cover with bed

sheetay rla- (of an animal) grazeekile- hammerekimle- attract an object

due to gravitationalforces

elikle- propagate plants bycuttings

elmele- trip so. with onesfoot

emberle- circumscribe


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emenle- smear with cumin paste

engelle- hang on a hookentikle- jagepelle- muddyerevele- frameeitle- (music) varyenile- (food) flavourevrele- surroundevrile- explain away; im-

pose interpretationeyizle- prepare a brides

trousseaueyrekle- make infants exer-

cise by crossing their legsand arms

k la- tie up in a bundle k nla- tie (things) up in a

bundle r rla- clean cotton with a

cotton-gin

t tla- button with pressstudiekle- decorate with

flowersiftele- (for an animal) kickimdikle- pinchimentola- cover with ce-

mentimle- grassirile- smear with pasteitle- hedgeivile- nailivitle- blueizgile- stripeoulla- pluralizeomakla- hit with a club

mlekle- make earthenware potzmle- analyseubukla- beat (a carpet,

cushion, etc.) with a stickulla- cover a horse with a

ruguvalla- fail in somethingdamgala- sealdarbele- blow; strokedayakla- support with propsdeerle- appreciatedenekle- beat with a stickdemetle- stookdemirle- anchordemle- steepdenetle- inspectdeneyle- experiment

on/with

dengele- balancedepola- storederecele- gradedesenle- draw figuresdestekle- support

destele- bundledikizle- peekdilimle- slicedinamitle- dynamitedipikle- club with a rifle

buttdirenle- pitchforkdirsekle- elbowdile- bitedizele- make line of poetrydizginle- bridledizile- arrange in a rowdoala- improvisedopingle- dopedosyala- filedkmle- list; make an

inventorydlle- inseminatedumanla- give out smokeduvakla- put a bridal veil on

a bridedmele- buttondmle- tiedrmle- fold, pleatdle- imaginedzenle- orderebele- tag (in childrens

games)ebrula- marbleefsunla- bewitcheele- fileekle- add

ilintile- sew coarselyeklemle- articulateelektrikle- electrifyelle- handleemayla- enamelencikle- whelpendazele- measureendeksle- indexengelle- avertensele- copesinle- inspireele- paireterle- anaesthetizeetiketle- labeletkile- impresseyerle- saddleezberle- memorizefaksla- faxfaturala- invoice

f la- barrelf rala- brushf r nla- bake in the ovenf sf sla- sprayf k la- dung, manure ground

with horse dungfidele- plant a bed or fieldwith seedlings

fihristle- make an indexfilarizle- scutch (flax)filizle- prune the buds of a

plantfirketele- pin up (ones hair)fiskele- give stg. a flickfile- prepare index cardfitille- set offfitle- set so. against anotherfitnele- snitchflitle- spray insecticideformatla- formatfosfatla- phosphatize

fotorafla- photographfrenle- brakefrezele- millhanerle- stabhapazla- grasp with the

palmsharekele- vowelizeharmanla- blendhas rla- cover stg. with mat-

tinghat lla- strengthen a wallhat rla- remembergagala- peckgalvanizle- galvanisegammazla- snitchgarantile- guarantee

gazla- gasgebrele- groom a horse witha haircloth glove

gecele- stay overnightgegele- channel surfgemle- restraingezle- aim a weapong c kla- tickleg rg rla- clean the floor with

a carpet sweeperg rtlakla- stranglegsle- breastglgele- shadowglle- turn (a place) into a

lakegnyele- measure stg. with a

set squaregrntle- displaygzlemle- observe


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gbrele- manuregderile- turn into chamoisgdmle- guide, directgmrkle- clear stg. at the

customhousegmle- silver-plategnele- sunbathegnle- set a dategzle- spend the autumn (in

X)hala- crucifyhaddele- millhaf zla- grindhalkala- make a bangle; sur-

roundhamurla- cover stg. with

doughhavuzla- dry-dockhecele- syllabicatehedefle- aim atherekle- stake (a vine or

plant)hesapla- calculatehidrojenle- hydrogenizehikayele- depict; tellhilalle- make a crescenthizala- align rala- shake; joggle skala- miss the target sl kla- catcall stampala- stamp metal nla- radiateinele- needleihbarla- snitchilala- apply medicine toilikle- button upilmekle- tie in a loop

ilmikle- tie in a loopimgele- envisageimle- indicateimzala- signindkle- induceinekle- bone upiple- pay attention toisle- smokeispatla- proveispiyonla- inform onistifle- stack neatlyiaretle- markile- penetrate jelatinle- gelatinize jurnalle- denouncekafesle- conk tla- cover with paperkalafatla- caulkkalayla- tin

kalburla- siftkal pla- mouldkamala- stabkam la- whipkancala- hook up

kangalla- coil sth upkan tla- provekanla- stain stg. with bloodkantarla- weigh with a

weigh-bridgekapla- coverkararla- make a rough esti-

matekarbonla- carburizekarele- square offkarg la- spearkar kla- open irrigation ca-

nalkar nla- pull up alongsidekar la- measure by the span

of ones hand

karla- snowkar la- welcomekar tla- offer an opposite

viewkartonla- bind in boardskasala- pack in a packing-

casekaskola- insure a carkaa la- currykaele- stampka kla- spoonkala- place the stone of a

ring in the centerkat kla- eat stg. with breadkatla- foldkatranla- tar

kavla- desquamatekay tla- enrollkaz kla- impale; cheatkeele- cover with feltkefele- groom a horse with a

hair glovekefenle- shroudkemerle- give the ridge of a

book a curve in bindingkenetle- clamp togetherkepele- catch a ball with

hands shaped like a ladlekertikle- notchkesele- rub the body with a

hair glovek la la- put a fine edge on a

toolk lavuzla- guidek l la- put to the sword

k l fla- put stg. in a case or cover

k nala- apply hennak nla- put in a sheathk rbala- horsewhip

k rkla- complete forty daysafter an eventk s tla- restrictk la- (winter) set ink t kla- fill with refuse of

flaxk yasla- comparek y la- sail along the coastk zakla- slidekilitle- lockkille- wash laundry with

claykirala- rentkirele- limekirile- string a bowklonla- clone

klorla- chlorinatekolala- starchkoltukla- flatterkonakla- campkonukla- stay overnightkonumla- positionkopala- hook inkopyala- copykoulla- conditionkotla- put down the eleva-

tions of places on a mapkkle- uprootkpekle- cringekrkle- fomentkstekle- hamperkele- put stg. at a corner

kzle- grillkredile- give creditkremle- apply a creamkucakla- hugkulala- swim a strokekulunla- foalkumla- sandblastkurcala- tamperkurgula- editkur unla- shootkuakla- bandkutula- box upkuzula- lambkkrtle- dust with sulfurklle- damp downkmele- aggregatekndele- throw by a trick in

wrestlingkrele- shovel up


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s rla- glazes rtla- shoulders vala- plasters vazla- strokesifonla- flush toiletsiftahla- make the first saleof the daysigortala- insuresilahla- armsilikatla- silicatesilola- put stg. in a silosimgele- symbolizesinirle- hamstringsistirele- planesobele- reach base before

someone elsesoanla- add onion to a dishsolla- overtakesolukla- become pale, fadedsonla- finishsonula- bring to an end

sopala- give a beating tosorgula- interrogatesoyla- recite a poemsoyutla- abstractsle- bleedsnmle- (oscillation) dampstokla- stockpilesula- blamesula- waterslfrle- sulphurizesngle- bayonetsnnetle- circumcisesrgle- boltsrmele- fastenssle- bedeckszgele- strain

akulle- plumbamarla- slapandelle- kick the ball to-

wards the goalartla- lustrateekerle- sugarerbetle- charm so. by

magiceritle- wrap a ribbon around

stg. r ngala- injectifrele- cipherinikle- measure withinik

(a measure for cerealsequalling 10 litres)

iele- bottleile- stab somebodyutla- drive awaytabakala- layer; fold

tabakla- tantakozla- chocktalanla- plundertalala- cover with sawdusttamamla- accomplish

tanele- granulatetan kla- provide a witnesstan la- diagnosetan mla- definetan tla- provetapala- stoppertapanla- harrowtapula- get title to a piece of

landtarakla- combtarazla- make rough by

combingtasarla- designtas mla- reckontasla- affecttasnifle- assort

tala- lapidatetavla- annealtayla- bring forth a foaltebeirle- chalk; smear with

chalktedarikle- preparetekle- (engine) misstekmele- kicktekmille- finishtekrarla- repeattelala- stiffen with telatelle- telegraphterasla- terace (a slope)terazile- balanceterbiyele- cultivateterle- sweat

tertiple- organizetesterele- sawtetikle- triggerteyelle- bastetezghla- plantezle- speed upt kala- plugt marla- (horse) groomt pala- bungt rala- cropt rm kla- raket rnakla- scratcht rpanla- scythetipile- (of a snowstorm or

blizzard) ragetiple- represent a charactertirele- put a dashtitremle- pay attention to

intonation in speaking

tohumla- seedtokala- beat (washing) with

a clothes sticktokatla- slaptopakla- form into pellets

topla- sumtoprakla- earthtopukla- prod with ones

heelstorbala- bagtornala- lathetorpille- torpedotrple- rasptunla- make bronzeturala- skeinturla- tourtula- press (button)tutamla- take a small handful

of sthtutkalla- gluetuzakla- lay a trap

tuzla- salttmle- integratetnekle- perchtple- put in a tubetrkle- sing a folk songttsle- fumeuurla- send offunla- flourle- make threenle- cry out; singstele- persiststple- caulk or pack stg.

with oakum or towtle- ironzengile- spur a horse with

the stirrup

vakumla- vacuumvarakla- silvervazelinle- cover with vase-

linevergile- impose a tax onvernikle- varnishvidala- screwvitrinle- make a

shopwindowvurgula- emphasizeyabala- winnow or carry hay

with a yaba (wooden fork with thr ee to five prongs)

yaftala- labelyala- oilyamala- plunderyamurla- turn into rainyalanla- impugnyalazla- flame


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yald zla- gildyalpala- sway from side to

sideyamala- vampyan tla- answeryarala- woundyarg la- judgeyar la- be halfway throughyar mla- halveyarmala- split stg. length-

wiseyasakla- banyast kla- cushionyay mla- publishyayla- spend the summer in

the mountains

yazla- spend the summer in acertain place

yedekle- back upyele- preferyelekle- put feather at the

end of an arrowyelkenle- sailyelle- blow uponyelpazele- fanyemle- pecky ld zla- (of wind) blow

from Northyourtla- add yogurtyongala- make a chipyorumla- interpretyudumla- supyuhla- boo

yumakla- clewyumrukla- punchyumurtla- ovulateykle- loadyzle- make representations

zamanla- timezamkla- gluezarfla- envelopezedele- damagezehirle- poisonz mbala- staplez mparala- sandpaperz pk nla- harpoonz rvala- drivelziftle- caulkzincirle- chain

25.2. Adjective + -lA verbs

i. Adjective + -lA verbs (transitive)a rla- accommodateakla- acquitalacala- specklealala- camouflagealla- adornarakla- snoopar la- declare that stg. is free

from defectaa la- humiliate btnle- defragmentaprazla- crossiftle- make twodeirmile- make circulardenkle- even upd la- excludedorula- corroboratedrtle- quadruplicate

durula- rinsedzle- smootherginle- enlightenesenle- greeteitle- equalizegeerle- cause to passgenelle- generalizegerekle- verifygncelle- updatehaz rla- prepareikile- reduplicatekarala- scrabblek r kla- crumblekiresile- turn stg. into limekolayla- finish the hardest

part of a jobktle- denigrate

kurula- drykutlula- offer congratulations

to so. on a feast daymarizle- beat so. uptele- shiftzdele- make identicalzgle- allocate peydahla- produce pakla- cleans k la- make stg. tighttazele- freshentemizle- cleantersle- scoldulula- glorifyzorla- force

ii. Adjective + -lA verbs (intransitive)afalla- flabbergastayk r la- take the short cut bayatla- go stale bengile- eternalizeferahla- feel relievedgenile- broadengerile- deterioratehafifle- lighten

hamla- get soft from lack of work

ihtiyarla- grow old pepele- stutter pisle- dirtyrahatla- feel at easesakinle- calm downsemizle- grow fatserbestle- breathe easily

serinle- get coolsersemle- become dazeds cakla- feel hotimanla- get fatt r lla- be destitutetopalla- hobbleucuzla- cheapenyavala- slow downzay fla- get thin

25.3. Adverb + -lA verbsertele- postponehile- disregard completely

nicele- quantifynitele- qualify

ncele- give stg. priorityyinele- repeatevetle- say yes


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25.4. Onomatopoeic root + -lA verbs13 ala- weepahla- sigh, moancarla- talk loudly,

incessantlyc rtla- screechc yakla- squealc zla- burn with a sizzling

noiseciyakla- squealala- rippleatla- crack, chap nla- clang; tinkle tla- make a slight cracking

sounddefle- drive away; expeldehle- (animal) to urge onf rla- pop outf sla- fizzfosla- fail; be disconcerted

gakla- cawg dakla- cackleg rtla- drink tea with sugar

kept in the mouthgurkla- (of a bird) to sitgurla- rumblegmle- emit a loudly

echoing or boomingsound

grle- roarharla- burn furiouslyhala- boilhavla- barkhayla- drive (an animal) byshoutinghay

h rla- growl; snarlh la- make a wheezing or

rustling sound

hohla- breathehopla- jumphorla- snorehortla- rise from the grave hla- groaninle- moankekele- stutterk k la- shooktle- give out athudding noiselple- choke down; gulp

downmele- bleatm nc kla- pinch and

squeezem rla- purr

miyavla- meowofla- grunt with vexation parla- shine patla- explode pehpehle- applaud p rla- flutter p rp rla- (of light) blink p rtla- protrude p p la- swing a baby

slowly to make him sleep pohpohla- flatter prtle- bulge out pufla- blow; puff pfle- puffs zla- ache

akla- make a loud crackingnoise

ak akla- applaud

apla- make a smackingnoise with the lips or hand

arla- flow with a splashingnoise

rla- make the noise of gently running water

orla- (of liquids) flowloudly

t kla- tickt nla- clangt rt kla- fleecet sla- hisstosla- bumpufla- sigh; express

annoyance

fle- blow uponvakla- quackvakvakla quackv c kla- make stg. into a

goov nla- buzzv rla- nagv zla- buzzviyakla- squawkz rla- keep up a continuous

noisez pla- jumpzonkla- throb with pain

25.5. -Et + -lA verbs gzetle- observe secretly

25.6. Other -lA verbs (verbs the roots of which do not have a specific meaning in MT)14 anla- understandatla- jump bal kla- dive head foremost bala- start bekle- wait belinle- wake up and

blench belirle- determine belle- dig besle- feedakozla- sussitile- (clothes) rub together

while washingdala- scorch

dazla- be pickyderle- compiled zla- swindle; acquire byfrauddinle- listenele- amuseemekle- crawletekle- crawl to so.eyle- dof st kla- sow discord away;

provokegizle- hidegzle- watchhakla- overcome

sla- wet smarla- orderincele- investigateirdele- explicateizle- tracekele- ignorekokla- smellkolla- watch forkutla- celebratezle- miss payla- rebukerastla- encountersakla- coversalla- shake


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sapla- plungesezinle- sensesyle- saytasla- affect

tkezle- stumbleuslamla- think; reckonyad mla- (of molecules)

burn

yasla- justifyyolla- send

26. -lAn verbs

26.1. Noun + -lAn verbsadlan- be namedadalan- become

coagulateda r aklan- (of a boil) swell;

protrudeak llan- come to ones

sensesalakalan- show interest inalevlen- inflameardaklan- (of tree) rot due to

fungusar lan- become clean

ar zalan- break downarlan- be ashamedas lan- benefitatelen- catch fireatlan- be skipped ballan- (fruit) get ripe and

sweet barklan- set up house bedirlen- become a full

moon beneklen- become spotted benlen- get moles bereketlen- increase berelen- bruise b y klan- get a moustache biimlen- get a form

bilgilen- get knowledge bilinlen- becomeconscious

bitlen- get infested withlice

boumlan- become articu-lated

boklan- get dirty; be in a bad situation

boncuklan- (of tears, sweat) become bead-like

borlan- take on debt boylan- grow taller boynuzlan- grow horns bceklen- be infested with

insects

bcelen- become infestedwith insects budaklan- pullulate

buulan- mist over bulutlan- get cloudy buzlan- get icycanlan- awakencelallen- get into a ragecephelen- form a frontcerahatlen- suppuratecesaretlen- take couragecezalan- be punishedcihazlan- be equipped with

the latest technologycisimlen- materialize

cokulan- becomeexuberantccklen- send forth shoots;

sproutcretlen- dareapaklan- (of the eye) be-

come gummyar aflan- (of women) cover

oneselfatallan- furcateavlan- make noiseay rlan- grazeemellen- become bow-

likeerezlen- snack alan- (of a horse tail)

stand stiffieklen- bloomillen- get frecklesimlen- sproutizgilen- come to possess

linesreklen- twineukurlan- become hollowdalgalan- fluctuatedallan- branchdamarlan- become veineddeerlen- gain valuedehetlen- feardemlen- be steepeddengelen- be balanceddertlen- have troubles

dillen- become chattydilen- gain authority

dumanlan- be filled withsmoke or mist

duvaklan- (of a bride) wear a veil

duygulan- be moveddmlen- be tied with a

knotedeplen- be or become

well-behavedefkarlan- become

thoughtful or anxiouselektriklen- be electrified

endielen- be anxiouseseflen- regretesinlen- be inspired byetenelen- establish a

chemical relation between the fetus andmother

etlen- fattenevhamlan- be full of false

apprehensionsezgilen- become rhythmicfaydalan- derive benefit

from stg.fenlen- know what one is

supposed to know at acertain age

ferahlan- become spaciousor airyfeyizlen- benefit byfilizlen- sproutfiyatlan- get expensivegamlan- be grievedgayretlen- endeavourgazaplan- become wrathfulgazlan- become gaseousg c klan- have a tickling

sensationgbeklen- become paunchygrevlen- be assigned dutygrglen- become well-

bredgvdelen- become bulky

gruplan- be groupedgururlan- take pride in stg.glen- grow stronger


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gvelen- get clothes-mothshalelen- form a halohararetlen- become heatedhareketlen- briskharelen- have a sheenhasetlen- envyhastalan- become illhavalan- be airedhay flan- bemoanhelecanlan- become

excitedhelmelen- become like

pasteheveslen- be eager to do

stg.heyecanlan- become

excitedh rslan- seetheh mlan- become furioush zlan- gain speedhiddetlen- become angry

hislen- be movedhuylan- get nervoushznlen- feel sad klan- be illuminatedikirciklen- get suspiciousilgilen- be interestediltihaplan- become

inflamedipliklen- become

threadbareirinlen- suppurateisteklen- want toikillen- be dubiousitahlan- get pleasantly

hungrykabuklan- grow bark

kademelen- becomegradualkah rlan- be grievedkahpelen- behave

deceitfully; perfidiouslykanatlan- take wingkanlan- become blood

stainedkap lan- take servicekar ncalan- pricklekasavetlen- become sadkatk lan- contain an

additivekavlan- be desquamatedkayg lan- worrykeelen- become mattedkederlen- mournkepeklen- become scurfykeyiflen- get tipsy

k llan- become hairyk r llan- become sprinkled

with greyk vamlan- reach the right

consistency

k vanlan- be pleasedk v lc mlan- start to give off sparks

k vr mlan- become curledk ymetlen- become more

valuablekibirlen- become arrogantkinlen- nurse a grudgekirlen- become dirtykokorozlan- intimidate;

challengekokulan- perfumekonulan- deploykonutlan- use a place as a

residencekkenlen- have an origin

kklen- put forth rootskprlen- have a bridgekristallen- crystallizekullan- usekurtlan- get wormykurumlan- be puffed-upkukulan- feel suspiciouskutuplan- be polarizedkuvvetlen- grow strongerkflen- get moldykltrlen- become

cultivatedkmbetlen- become dome-

likekmelen- clusterlezzetlen- become

deliciousmallan- acquire propertymenevilen- have a moird

appearancemeraklan- worry aboutmerkezlen- be centeredmevzilen- take up a

positionmeyvelen- (of tree) have

fruitsmikroplan- be infectedsporlan- sporificatemillen- silt upmutlan- become happyneelen- become cheerfuloullan- (of bees) swarmbeklen- form a grouplen- cherish a grudgefkelen- grow angry

rgtlen- be organizedrmceklen- become

covered with cobwebs pahalan- become dear palazlan- grow strong

paralan- be torn parazitlen- jam paslan- become rusty peltelen- become jellified p ht lan- become

coagulated pipiriklen- be afflicted with

unfounded fears/suspicions

pirelen- become infestedwith fleas

posalan- deposit asediment

potlan- be creased puslan- (of a cold glass) be

misty with condensation

preklen- becometasselled prtklen- become knobby przlen- become rough or

shaggy ptrlen- become

chilblainedraelen- shiver; (of hair)

stand on endrenklen- take on a lively

noterutubetlen- become dampruziklen- live in destitutionrzgrlan- become windysabunlan- soap oneselfsaaklan- become fringed

sakallan- sprout a beardsakatlan- become disabledsanc lan- gripeserinlen- become coolsevdalan- fall passionately

in love withs tmalan- get malariasihirlen- be enthralledsilahlan- become armedsilahs zlan- become

disarmedsineklen- become infested

with fliessinirlen- become irritatedsislen- get foggysonlan- endsonulan- result insorgulan- look like a

plume


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26.5. Other -lAn verbsayaklan- rebel bilmezlen- pretend not to

know plan- become naked;

undressullan- descenddinlen-15 relaxevlen- get marriedgazellen- (trees) to lose

their leavesgevezelen- chattergnllen- be offended, hurtgnelen- sunbathe

hallen- acquire a newcondition

har lan- (of animals) become bad-tempered

holan- likeilen- be emotionally

affectedkapaklan- fall flat on ones

facekaarlan- get used to doing

wicked thingskoullan- be conditionedsoluklan- take a breathterslen- meet with a rebuff

t k mlan- devouruzaklan- be coy; feign

reluctanceslen- position oneself at a

placeyank lan- echoyaylan- bounceyellen- break windy llan- agesebeplen- get a share of the

piesiperlen- take sheltersahiplen- claim possession

of stg.

27. -lA verbs

27.1.1. Noun+ -lA verbs (verbs denoting change of state)abanozla- become hard or

as black as ebonyabidele- become a monu-ment; be memorialized

acemle- become Persianac la- become bitteradla- become a nounaala- become tree-likeadala- become of the

consistency of thick syrup

a la- become poisonousAlmanla- become German-

likean la- become a memoryan tla- acquire a monument

status

apsele- become an abscessArapla- become Arab-likeargola- become slangasalakla- become parasite-

likeayranla- become like ayran

(a drink made of yogurtand water)

ayr mla- become differenti-ated

ba mla- becomedependent on each other

bak rla- turn the color of copper

banola- become banjo-like

bay rla- (of a road) rise; getsteep

bayrakla- have the status of a flag bebekle- become baby-like

bedirle- become a fullmoon

benekle- become spot-like betonla- become full with

concrete buildings bitkile- become plant-like blokla- form a block bokla- (for a project, situa-

tion) go bad boncukla- become bead-

like boynuzla- become horn-

like

bozk rla- become steppe-like buula- vaporize buharla- evaporate buza la- become a calf buzla- get icy buzulla- glaciate blblle- speak fluentlycad la- (of a woman)

become ugly andcantankerous

camla- become glassycazibele- become

attractivecemaatle- become a

congregation,

communitycennetle- become paradise-like

cephele- solidify inoppositioncinle- become smart

cisimle- materializecckle- budak rla- become greyish

blue amurla- turn into mud; get

importunateatalla- bifurcateay rla- become meadowyetele- become a gang banla- become boil-likeiekle- become a flowerirozla- (of mackerel)

spawn or become thin;turn into nothing but skin

and bonesizgile- become line-likeocukla- become childishlle- become desertukurla- become hollowdestanla- become an epic/

legendarydeyimle- become an idiomdikenle- become thorn-

likediile- feminizedomuzla- become obstinate

and disagreeableefele- become hector-likeefsanele- become a legendekle- become affix-like

erkekle- becomemasculineeekle- behave rudely


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eterle- become etherfaciala- become disastrousfilozofla- philosophizefiravunla- behave cruelly

and despoticallyformlle- become aformulafosille- fossilizeFrans zla- GallicizeFrenkle- behave like a

Europeangazla- become gaseousgerillala- become a

guerillagebele- become a

nomadglle- become lake-likegrupla- form groupshamurla- become dough-

likehayvanla- become swinish,

become brutishhelvala- become halvah-like

hevenkle- become a bunchof fruits

h yarla- become doltish,turn into a dolt

hiziple- separate intofactions

holdingle- conglomeratehorozla- become a bullyhulyala- become a dream rmakla- become river-likeifritle- get angryihtisasla- specializeilahla- become god-like

ilkele- become a principleinsanla- humanizeslamla- convert to Islamkad nla- become femininekadrola- place ones men

in key placeskal pla- take a fixed form;

become stereotypedkalpla- start goldbricking;

to start turning outshoddy work

kar la- behave like awoman

kartelle- cartelizekasla- become muscle-likekat rla- start acting

muleheadedlykavla- become tindery or

punky

keele- mat; feltkeile- become obstinatekelle- become baldkentle- become urbanizedk r lla- {of hair) become

greykirele- calcifykistle- become cyst-likekiile- become a personkliele- become a clichkkle- become establishedklele- turn into a slavekyle- become village-likekzle- become cinderkulla- serve so. with utter

faithfulnesskuralla- become a rulekur unla- become heavy as

leadkuzula- become as gentle

as a lamb

klele- harden in a lumpktkle- become rude andinsensible

lakala- get slack; looselaikle- become secularlifle- become fiber-likemelezle- become cross-

bredmilletle- become a nationmitle- become a mythmodala- come into fashionmumla- become wax-likenas rla- become callousednesnele- turn into an

objectneticele- end

odunla- lignify; get rudeokulla- become school-like

olukla- become trough-like

organla- (of a living thing)to develop organs

ormanla- become forestedoyunla- become a gameozonla- become ozonebekle- become a mass,

pilezle- become the

consistency of pastry palazla- grow large partile- become a party peltele- jellify p ht la- coagulate

pile- be ruined, turn into a ballup

putla- be idolizedresimle- become picture-

likerobotla- become a robotRumla- become Greek-

likeRusla- become Russian-

likesabunla- saponifysa rla- become deafsak zla- become stickysalg nla- become an

epidemicsap kla- become a perverts n fla- form a social classs v la- condense; liquefysimgele- become a symbolsirkele- turn sour/into

vinegar

siyahla- blackenSlavla- become Slavicsoftala- become very

pioussucukla- sweatabanla- become stupida la- become cross-eyedehirle- become urbanizedekille- take a certain

shapeirketle- become a

companyistle- become schist-likeuurla- become conscioustabula- become a tabootahtala- become wood-like

tanr

la- become a godta lla- fossillizetala- become stone-likeTatarla- become Tatar-liketaz la- become thin, fasttekelle- become

monopolizedtemelle- become

permanenttenhala- become desertedtilkile- become craftytiple- become

representative of stg.tiritle- become old and

feebletir ele- become pale greentopakla- become lumpytortula- become turbid


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tortulla- becomesedimentary

tozla- become dust-liketunla- become bronze-

liketur ula- get crushed to a pulptutkula- become a passiontmrle- become a tumorTrkle- become like a

Turk

trkle- become a folk-song

ulusla- become a nationurla- become a tumourustala- become skilleduydula- become a sattelitenationuzmanla- specialize;

become an expertle- become tripleyap la- structure

yasala- become lawyedekle- become a

substituteyerlile- become

indigenous, native

y ld zla- become successfuland famousyreselle- become local

27.1.2. Noun + -lA verbs (verbs denoting reciprocity)a zla- (of blood veins)

a complete verb lexicon of turkish based on morphemic analysis

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