a comparison of consecutive and concurrent input text entry techniques for mobile phones
DESCRIPTION
A Comparison of Consecutive and Concurrent Input Text entry Techniques for Mobile Phones. Daniel Wigdor & Ravin Balakrishnan. Text Messaging. Estimated 500,000,000,000 text messages in 2003 worldwide More popular outside North America. Ambiguity. Pressing “2” : {2,a,b,c,A,B,C}. Problem. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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A Comparison of Consecutive and Concurrent Input Text entry Techniques for Mobile Phones
Daniel Wigdor & Ravin Balakrishnan
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Text Messaging• Estimated 500,000,000,000 text messages
in 2003 worldwide
• More popular outside North America
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Ambiguity• Pressing “2” : {2,a,b,c,A,B,C}
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Problem• Multiple selection actions required• MacKenzie & Soukoreff:
• Between group selection: {2,a,b,c,A,B,C}• Within group selection: {a}
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Consecutive Selection• Most prior techniques consecutive:
• First make between group selection• Then make within group selection, or
disambiguation of automatic selection• MultiTap, T9, 2-Key, LetterWise,
WordWise…• What about selecting concurrently?
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Concurrent Selection: TiltText• Presented at UIST 2003• Between-group selection: press key• Within-group selection: tilt phone• Actions performed concurrently• Suggests new area of research
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Taxonomy: Multiplexed KeypadSingle Key Multiple Keys
Single Press Multi Press Single Press Multi Press
Consecutive #1 MultiTap Linguistic, Two-key
#4
Concurrent TiltText (with tilt
sensor)
#2 #3 #5
• 1,2 not possible• 4 & 5 are regressive• 3 suggests a use for chording
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Mobile Chording• Chording input for mobile devices:
• Selection tasks suggests better fit for chording on mobile phone
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ChordTap• Mobile phone selection tasks:
• Between group selection (phone keypad)• Within group selection (chord keys)
• Performed concurrently
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Design Issues• Mapping chord states to within-group
selection• Event that triggers text generation
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Chord Mappings• Ignoring case, buttons have 4 or 5
characters• Each chord has 2 states (down=0, up=1)• log25 = 3, 3 chords needed
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Chord MappingsChord States
Character Selected
Example
000 Numeral 7
001 First letter p
010 Second letter q
100 Third letter r
011 Fourth letter s
101 Fourth letter s
110 Fourth letter s
111 Fourth letter s
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Character Generation Event• Issue: when is character generated?• Actions To Generate a Character:Depresskeypad button
Depresschord Key1. 2. 3. Release…
which?
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Why Does it Matter?• Non-event keys can be visualized
• Reduces erroneous text entry• Helps with learning
• Non-event key can be held for subsequent character, savings
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Keypad Button Release (eg):1. Depress
keypad button:2. Depress chord key:
Screen: 9 W X Y Z
3. Release keypad button – text is generated.If next character requires same chord, keepit held down to skip step 2.
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Work Savings• Subsequent characters with same chords:
000 001 010 100 110
2 A B C -
3 D E F -
4 G H I -
5 J K L -
6 M N O -
7 P Q R S
8 T U V -
9 W X Y Z
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Keypad Button Release• Allows for visualization of within-
group selection• Allows same chord to be held for
successive characters• Savings on 20% of pairings
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Chord Key Release (eg):1. Depress
chord key:2. Depress keypad button:
3. Release chord key – text is generated.If next character requires same chord, keepit held down to skip step 2.
Screen: A D G J …
…
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Work Savings• Subsequent characters with same keypad
button:2 A B C -
3 D E F -
4 G H I -
5 J K L -
6 M N O -
7 P Q R S
8 T U V -
9 W X Y Z
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Chord-Key Release• Character generated when chord-key
released• Allows for visualization of between-
group selection• Allows same button to be held for
successive characters• Savings on 9% of pairings
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Chord-Key or Keypad Button• Text generated every time any key
released• Allows for no pre-visualization• Greatest savings: 29%
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Our Prototype• Button release text
generation• Equipped with 3 chords• Implemented on Mot i95cl• Mouse board for chords• 2-handed
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The Study• Comparing ChordTap to MultiTap• Between-Subject Design:
15 participants3 techniques (MultiTap: 1 or 2 handed, ChordTap)16 blocks of 20 phrases each2 sessions
• Same phrases for both techniques• Measured time & accuracy• Participants told to correct mistakes
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Results: Overall Speed• End of experiment: MT1: 11.05, MT2: 12.04, CT: 16.06
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8
10
12
14
16
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Block
Text
Ent
ry S
peed
(WP
M)
One-Handed MTTwo-Handed MTChordTap
`
Day 1 Day 2
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Power-Law Extrapolation
y = 8.0351x0.1195
R2 = 0.9032
y = 7.7391x0.1466
R2 = 0.7964
y = 8.4133x0.2411
R2 = 0.9479
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12
14
16
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Block
Tex
t Ent
ry S
peed
(W
PM
)
One-Handed MTTwo-Handed MTChordTap
`
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Results: Error Rate
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Block
Err
or r
ate
(%)
One-Handed MTTwo-Handed MTChordTap
Day 1 Day 2
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Conclusions• Identified taxonomy of research• Explored a new area within taxonomy• Fit chording to mobile-phone keypad:
• Mappings• Text generation event
• Implemented prototype• Formal study conducted• Chording better than MultiTap
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Future Work• Chording for one hand• Further exploration of taxonomy• Study of text generation event and
mappings
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Acknowledgements• Tovi Grossman• Maya Przybylski• Krista Strickland• DGP Lab members• Study participants• Microsoft Research
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Thank You!