a common principle of conflict resolution in single and dual-task settings
DESCRIPTION
A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings. Sander A. Los Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. The sign of. orro. Zorro appears at the critical moment Zorro’s dual strike. Zorro appears at the critical moment. Variable-foreperiod design. S1. S2. R. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task
Settings
Sander A. LosVrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
![Page 2: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
The sign of orro
1.Zorro appears at the critical moment2.Zorro’s dual strike
![Page 3: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
1.Zorro appears at the critical moment
![Page 4: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Variable-foreperiod design
S1 S2 R
Foreperiod (FP) RT
![Page 5: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Variable-foreperiod design
S1
Time
![Page 6: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Variable-foreperiod design
S1
Time
Critical moments
![Page 7: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Variable-foreperiod design
S1
Time
S2
Imperative moment
![Page 8: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Variable-foreperiod design
Foreperiod on trial n (s)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Rea
ctio
n tim
e (m
s)
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
(Zahn et al., 1963)
![Page 9: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Variable-foreperiod design
(Zahn et al., 1963)
Foreperiod on trial n (s)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Rea
ctio
n tim
e (m
s)
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
FPn - 1: 1.0 s
FPn - 1: 2.0 s
FPn - 1: 4.0 s
FPn - 1: 7.0 s
FPn - 1: 15.0 s
![Page 10: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Accounts
Activationon trial n
Sta
te o
f P
repa
ratio
n
Inhibitionon trial n - 1
Imperative momenton trial n - 1
Activation view Inhibition view
Imperative momenton trial n - 1
![Page 11: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
S1
Suppose: S2 appeared at the 2nd critical moment on trial n - 1
S2 on trial n - 1time
Activation view: re-preparation
![Page 12: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
S1
Suppose: S2 appeared at the 2nd critical moment on trial n - 1
=> Expect S2 at 2nd critical moment on trial n
Expectancy trial n time
Activation view: re-preparation
![Page 13: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
S1
Suppose: S2 appeared at the 2nd critical moment on trial n - 1
=> Expect S2 at 2nd critical moment on trial n
S2 on trial ntime
• S2 occurs before expected moment: RT = long
Activation view: re-preparation
![Page 14: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
S1
Suppose: S2 appeared at the 2nd critical moment on trial n - 1
=> Expect S2 at 2nd critical moment on trial n
S2 on trial ntime
• S2 occurs before expected moment: RT = long• S2 occurs at the expected moment: RT = short
Activation view: re-preparation
![Page 15: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
S1
Suppose: S2 appeared at the 2nd critical moment on trial n - 1
=> Expect S2 at 2nd critical moment on trial n
S2 on trial ntime
• S2 occurs before expected moment: RT = long• S2 occurs at the expected moment: RT = short• S2 occurs beyond the expected moment: RT = short!
repreparation
Activation view: re-preparation
(e.g., Niemi & Näätänen, 1981)
![Page 16: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Critical moments
Sta
te o
f co
nditi
onin
g
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 17: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
S1
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 18: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 19: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 20: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 21: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 22: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 23: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 24: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the first critical moment:
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 25: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the first critical moment: Extinction
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 26: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the first critical moment: Extinction
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 27: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the first critical moment: Extinction
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 28: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the first critical moment: Extinction
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 29: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the first critical moment: Extinction
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 30: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 31: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 32: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the second critical moment:
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 33: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the second critical moment: Extinction
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 34: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the second critical moment: Extinction
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 35: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the second critical moment: Extinction
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 36: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the second critical moment: Extinction
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 37: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Bypassing the second critical moment: Extinction
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 38: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 39: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 40: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 41: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
S2The imperative moment:
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 42: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning real time
The imperative moment: Reinforcement
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 43: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
SOAn vs SOAn SOAn vs Activation
Sta
te o
f con
ditio
ning
State of conditioning prior to trial n + 1
Note: state of conditioning associated with the last critical moment remains unchanged.
Inhibition view: Trace conditioning
![Page 44: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Accounts
Activationon trial n
Sta
te o
f P
repa
ratio
n
Inhibitionon trial n - 1
Imperative momenton trial n - 1
Activation view Inhibition view
Imperative momenton trial n - 1
![Page 45: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Experiment:Probing the inhibitory process
• Go / no-go task with respect to S2 in variable FP design
• Evidence for response inhibition on no-go trials
• After a no-go trial, extinction replaces reinforcement at the imperative moment
![Page 46: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Design
Ready
0 ms, S1
1000 ms, S1 off: start FP
Response
Time
Conditions:1. 50% “ready” go trials
1300 or 2200 ms, S2: Go
![Page 47: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Design
Ready
0 ms, S1
1000 ms, S1 off: start FP
No Response
Time
Conditions:1. 50% “ready” go trials2. 25% “ready” no-go trials
1300 or 2200 ms, S2: NoGo
![Page 48: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Design
Relax
0 ms, S1
1000 ms, S1 off: start FP
No Response
Time
Conditions:1. 50% “ready” go trials2. 25% “ready” no-go trials3. 25% “relax” no-go trials
1300 or 2200 ms, S2: NoGo
![Page 49: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
PredictionsN - 1 = “ready” go: extinction only when bypassing the critical moment
FP on trail n: 1200 ms
300 1200
FP on trial n: 300 ms
300 1200
Rea
ctio
n T
ime
(ms)
FP_n-1 vs FP_n-1
FP_n-1 vs pred_go_k: 300.00
FP on trial n - 1 (ms)
trial n - 1:go
trial n - 1:
"ready": go
![Page 50: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
PredictionsN - 1 = “ready” no-go: extinction both when bypassing the critical moment and at the imperative moment
FP on trail n: 1200 ms
300 1200
FP on trial n: 300 ms
300 1200
Rea
ctio
n T
ime
(ms)
FP_n-1 vs FP_n-1 FP_n-1 vs pred_go_k
FP_n-1 vs pred_nogo_k_ten
FP on trial n - 1 (ms)
trial n - 1:go
trial n - 1:
"ready": go
"ready": no-go
![Page 51: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
PredictionsN - 1 = “relax” no-go: extinction neither when bypassing the critical moment nor at the imperative moment
FP on trail n: 1200 ms
300 1200
FP on trial n: 300 ms
300 1200
Rea
ctio
n T
ime
(ms)
FP_n-1 vs FP_n-1 FP_n-1 vs pred_go_k
FP_n-1 vs pred_nogo_k_ten
FP_n-1 vs pred_nogo_k_rel
FP on trial n - 1 (ms)
trial n - 1:go
trial n - 1:
"ready": go
"ready": no-go
"relax": no-go
![Page 52: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Findings
FP on trial n is long: confirms prediction
![Page 53: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Findings
FP on trail n: 1200 ms
300 1200
FP on trial n: 300 ms
300 1200
Rea
ctio
n T
ime
(ms)
290
300
310
320
330
340
FP_n-1 vs FP_n-1
FP_n-1 vs go_k FP_n-1 vs nogo_k_ten FP_n-1 vs nogo_k_rel
FP on trial n - 1 (ms)
trial n - 1:go
trial n - 1:
"ready": go
"ready": no-go
"relax": no-go
FP on trial n = short: Zorro appears (... but is a bit off target)
![Page 54: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Conclusions (1)
Consistent with the trace conditioning account, response inhibition on trial n - 1 affects RT on trial n.
Sta
te o
f pr
epar
atio
n
![Page 55: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Conclusions (2)
Response inhibition accounts directly for sequential effects of foreperiod.
Foreperiod on trial n (s)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Rea
ctio
n tim
e (m
s)
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
FPn - 1: 1.0 s
FPn - 1: 2.0 s
FPn - 1: 4.0 s
FPn - 1: 7.0 s
FPn - 1: 15.0 s
(Zahn et al., 1963)
![Page 56: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Conclusions (3)
Response inhibition accounts indirectly for the classical FP – RT function.
Foreperiod on trial n (s)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Rea
ctio
n tim
e (m
s)
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
(Zahn et al., 1963)
![Page 57: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Common themes in Single- and Dual-Task Control
• Switching between levels of an independent variable
• Result: asymmetric switch costs
• Involvement of inhibitory processing
![Page 58: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
2. Zorro’s dual strike
![Page 59: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Task switch paradigm
A A B B B B A B A A …...
Nonswitch: task set on trial n = task set on trial n - 1
Switch: task set on trial n task set on trial n - 1
Participants apply task sets A and B on different trials, as specified by a preceding cue:
Typical findings:• Switch costs: RTnonswitch < RTswitch• Residual switch costs: switch costs when the cue-target interval is relatively long (e.g., exceeding 1,000 ms).
![Page 60: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Task switch paradigm
Two questions:
1. Origin of switch costs: where do switch costs come from?
2. Control of switch costs: Can switch costs be reduced to zero by endogenous means during a long preparatory interval?
![Page 61: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Origin of Switch Costs
Mayr & Keele (2000): Three task sets: A, B, C
C B AA B A
Finding: RTCBA < RTABA
“Backward inhibition”: on trial n - 1 participants inhibit the task set performed on trial n - 2, leading to costs on trial n if the task set on trial n is the same as on trial n - 2.
![Page 62: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Origin of Switch Costs
When does backward inhibition come into play?
1. During the Cue - Target interval
2. After the onset of the target stimulus
switch costs are caused by endogenous task set preparation on trial n - 1.
switch costs are caused by task set competition on trial n - 1.
![Page 63: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Schuch & Koch, 2003
Combined task switch, go / no-go design. A tone was presented simultaneously with the target:• High tone (75%): Go: Apply task set• Low tone (25%): No-go: Don’t apply task set
![Page 64: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Schuch & Koch, 2003
2 R n
R n – 1
Tone + Target
Cue
600 ms
100 or 1,000 ms
Cue: Square (odd / even) ordiamond (higher / lower 5)CTI: 100 or 1,000 msTarget: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9Tone: high (go, 75%)or low (no-go, 25%)
![Page 65: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Schuch & Koch, 2003
Trial Type
repeat switch
Rea
ctio
n T
ime
(ms)
750
800
850
900
950
Responsen - 1: go
Responsen - 1: no-go
Main Finding:Switch costs were only observed after a go trial, not after a no-go trial.
Conclusion:Switch costs require task-set application. Switch costs result from task-set competition.
![Page 66: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Schuch & Koch, 2003
Problem:Given that no task-set competition occurred on no-go trials, why was RT relatively long after a no-go trial?
Trial Type
repeat switch
Rea
ctio
n T
ime
(ms)
750
800
850
900
950
Responsen - 1: go, observed
Responsen - 1: no-go, observed
Responsen - 1: no-go, predicted
Proposed solution:A no-gon – 1 trial prolongs another stage (or other stages) on trial n.
![Page 67: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Schuch & Koch, 2003
Response selection Stage X
Trial Type Responsen - 1
![Page 68: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Present study
Response selection Stage X
Trial Type Responsen - 1Factor
![Page 69: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Present study
Response selectionDecision whether to respond
Trial Type Responsen - 1TTI
Hypothesis: stage X represents a decision-whether-to-respond stage, selectively influenced by the Tone – Target Interval (TTI).
![Page 70: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Design
Odd – Even2
Rn
Rn - 1
Odd - Even Target (+ Tone)
Cue (+ Tone)
600 ms
1,000 ms
Cue: odd - even or high - lowTTI: 0 or 1,000 msTarget: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9Tone: high (go, 75%)or low (no-go, 25%)
![Page 71: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Results
(Los & Van der Burg, in preparation)
Trial Type
repeat switch
Re
act
ion
Tim
e (
ms)
550
600
650
700
750
800
go 0 go 1,000
Responsen - 1 TTIn (ms)
• large effect of TTI
![Page 72: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Results
(Los & Van der Burg, in preparation)
Trial Type
repeat switch
Re
act
ion
Tim
e (
ms)
550
600
650
700
750
800
go 0 go 1,000 no-go 0
Responsen - 1 TTIn (ms)
• large effect of TTI
• short TTI, responsen - 1: no-go - no switch costs - RT is relatively long
![Page 73: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Results
(Los & Van der Burg, in preparation)
Trial Type
repeat switch
Re
act
ion
Tim
e (
ms)
550
600
650
700
750
800
go 0 go 1,000 no-go 0 no-go 1,000
Responsen - 1 TTIn (ms)
• large effect of TTI
• short TTI, responsen - 1: no-go - no switch costs - RT is relatively long
• long TTI , responsen - 1: no-go - no switch costs - RT is relatively fast
Zorro’s dual strike…..!?
![Page 74: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Conclusions
(Los & Van der Burg, in preparation)
Response selectionDecision whetherto respond
Trial Type Responsen - 1 TTI
1. Confirmation the additional stage hypothesis
![Page 75: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Conclusions
Response selectionDecision whetherto respond
Trial Type Responsen - 1 TTI
1. Confirmation the additional stage hypothesis2. Residual switch costs are caused by task set competition
![Page 76: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
General Conclusions
• Common principles may govern task control in single and dual-task settings.
• inhibitory control is exerted whenever conflicting responses are simultaneously activated.
• consequences of inhibition carry over from one trial to the next.
![Page 77: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
The sign of orro
Thank you!
![Page 78: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Results
(Los & Van der Burg, in preparation)
![Page 79: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Conclusions
Response selection
“whether”decision
Trial Type
Responsen - 1
TTIn
1. Confirmation the additional stage hypothesis.
TTIn - 1
Motorprocessing
![Page 80: A Common Principle of Conflict Resolution in Single and Dual-Task Settings](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051517/568146f7550346895db42c6e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
vrije Universiteit amsterdamCognitieve Psychologie
Conclusions
Response selection
“whether”decision
Trial Type
Responsen - 1
TTIn
1. Confirmation the additional stage hypothesis.2. Switch costs are caused by task set competition
TTIn - 1
Motorprocessing