a common country assessment of the philippines 52-102
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52 A Common View, A Common Journey
SECTION 5:
CCA Indicator Framework
The Millennium Declaration, the series of UN global conferences and summit, and UN conventions and treaties, established a number of interconnected goals and targets for reduc-
ing poverty and advocating rights. The CCA Indicator Framework is a collection of develop-ment indicators, compiled to measure progress at the country level.
Key methodological limitations were described in Chapter One. In addition to disaggrega-tion (by gender, age, region, vulnerable group) reliability, and timeliness issues, over the com-ing years, more needs to be done to expand on right-based development indicators, particularlyas regards to identifying specific actors or institutions - that is duty bearers -who are respon-sible for performance. Where available, indicators that measure public confidence in duty-bearers and redress for the poor and marginalization, have been included.
For ease of reference, the CCA Indicator Framework is divided into three major sections,within which are contained thematic indices:
A. Millennium Development Goal indicators: intended to provide baseline data to monitor thecountry’s progress toward the MDGs. To the extent possible, baseline data (for 1990) has beenincluded, or nearest data to that date, as well as current data.
B. Contextual Indicators: broad national indicators relating to demographics and the economyhave been included for reference and monitoring.
C. Recognising that progress on specific targets depends on improvements in a range ofareas, the Other Development Indicator section seeks to supplement the first two sets of indi-cators. These include:
1. Thematic Indicators2. UN Conference Indicators
Regional and Provincial data on key CCA indicators are also included in this document.
It is expected that these indicators will be enhanced and expanded upon in advance of thenext CCA, scheduled for 2009.
53A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
A. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Eradicateextreme poverty
UN CCA Guidelines Philippine Reports Last Data and Trends Data SourceGoals
Baseline DataIndicators
Income - Poverty
– Poverty head countratio (% of popula-tion below nationalpoverty line)
– Poverty incidence offamilies (below thepoverty threshold)
– Number of familiesbelow the povertythreshold
– Poverty incidence ofpopulation (below thepoverty threshold)
– Population below thepoverty threshold
OLDMETHOD-OLOGY 1
1991: 39.9%1994: 35.5%1997: 31.8%2000: 33.7%
1997: 4.5 m2000: 5.1 m
1991: 45.3%1994: 40.6%1997: 36.8%2000: 39.4%
1997 : 26.8 m2000 : 30.8 m
NEWMETHO-DOLOGY2
1997: 28.1%2000: 28.4%
1997 : 4.0 m2000 : 4.3 m
1997: 33.0%2000: 34.0%
1997 : 24.0 m2000 : 26.5 m
National StatisticalCoordinationBoard (NSCB),Inter-AgencyTechnical WorkingGroup on Incomeand PovertyStatistics
– Proportion ofpopulation below $1per day
– Proportion of familiesat subsistence levels3
1991: 20.4%1994: 18.1%1997: 16.2%2000: 16.7%
1997: 13.6%2000: 13.1%
NSCB, Inter-Agency TechnicalWorking Group onIncome andPoverty Statistics
Eradicateextreme poverty
– Proportion ofpopulation below $1per day
– Proportion ofpopulation atsubsistence levels
OLD METHODOLOGY1991: 24.3%1994: 21.8%1997: 19.8%2000: 20.9%
NSCB, Inter-Agency TechnicalWorking Group onIncome andPoverty Statistics
– Poverty gap ratio – Poverty gap ratio4 OLDMETHO-DOLOGY1991 : 13.0 %1994 : 11.2 %1997 : 10.0 %2000 : 10.7 %
NEWMETHO-DOLOGY
1997 : 8.4 %2000 : 8.4 %
1997:Urban - 5.0 %Rural - 15.2 %
2000:Urban - 5.6 %Rural - 15.6 %
1997:Urban - 4.0 %Rural - 12.3 %
2000:Urban - 3.9 %Rural - 12.8 %
– Share of poorestquintile in the nationalconsumption
– Share of poorestquintile in the totalincome
– Share of poorestquintile in the totalexpenditure
2000: 5.8 %
2000: 7.4 %
2000 FamilyIncome andExpenditureSurvey (FIES),NSO5
1 Old methodology is based on regional menus. The estimated annual per capita poverty threshold in 2000 was Php13,823. Poverty data computed using the oldmethodology are with regional breakdown only.
2 New methodology is based on provincial food expenditure over total basic expenditure and regional menus using provincial prices. The estimated annual per capitapoverty threshold for the new methodology in 2000 was Php11,605. Poverty data computed using the new methodology had both the regional and provincialdisaggregation.
3 Subsistence means family income needed to satisfy the family food requirements in 2000 and estimated at national average of Php45,915 per annum for a family offive using the old methodology and Php39,145 using the new methodology.
4 Poverty Gap Ratio is defined as the income short fall (expressed in proportion to the poverty line) of families with income below the poverty threshold, divided bythe total number of families. This value could be thought of as the amount relative to the poverty line that has to be transferred to the poor families to bring theirincomes up to the poverty threshold. (1997 Philippine Poverty Statistics, NSCB).
5 FIES data had regional/provincial disaggregation.
54 A Common View, A Common Journey
Eradicatehunger
UN CCA Guidelines Philippine Reports Last Data and Trends Data SourceGoals
Baseline DataIndicators
Food Security and Nutrition
6 Based on National Center for Health Statistics, USA/World Health Organization (NCHS/WHO) Weight-for-age classification.
7 FNRI data is available at regional and provincial levels.
8 Based on NCHS/WHO Height-for-age classification.
9 DepEd data on participation rate, cohort survival rate and completion rate had regional/provincial and sex disaggregation
10 FLEMMS data had regional/provincial and sex disaggregation.
– Prevalence ofunderweight childrenunder 5 years of age
– Prevalence ofunderweight preschoolchildren 0-5 years old6
– Prevalence of stuntedgrowth8
1989-1990: 34.5%1996: 30.8%1998: 32.0%2001: 30.6%
1989-1990: 40%1996: 34.5%1998: 34%
Facts and Figures,Food andNutrition ResearchInstitute (FNRI),Department OfScience andTechnology(DOST)7
Eradicatehunger
– Proportion ofpopulation belowminimum level ofdietary energyconsumption
– Proportion ofhousehold incomespent on food for thepoorest quintile
– Mean one-day percapita food consump-tion
– Mean one-day percapita energy intake
– Proportion of foodexpenditure to totaldisbursements for thepoorest quintile
1987: 869 grams1993: 803 grams
1987: 1753 kilo calories1993: 1684 kilo calories
2000: 60.5%
National NutritionSurvey (NNS),FNRI, DOST
2000 FIES, NSO
Education
Achieveuniversalprimaryeducation
– Net enrolment inprimary education
– Proportion of pupilsstarting grade 1 whoreach grade 6
– Literacy rate of 15-24year olds
– Adult literacy rate
– Participation rate inelementary level (bothpublic and privateschools)
– Cohort survival rate
– Completion Rate
– Simple literacy rate10-64 year olds
– Simple literacy rate15-24 year olds
– Functional literacyrate 10-64 year olds
1991 – 1992 : 85.1%2000 – 2001 : 96.48%
1991 – 1992 : 68.65%2000 – 2001 : 63.45%
1991 – 1992 : 66.5%2000 – 2001 : 66.1%
1994 : 95.02%
1994 : 97.28%
1994: 83.79%
Department ofEducation(DepEd)9
1994 FunctionalLiteracy, Educa-tion and MassMedia Survey(FLEMMS),National StatisticsOffice (NSO)10
Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment
Promote genderequality andempowerwomen
– Ratio of girls to boysin primary, secondaryand tertiary levels
– Ratio of literatefemales to males 15-24 year olds
– Ratio of girls to boysin elementary andsecondary levels
– Proportion of literatefemales and males 10-64 year olds
– Proportion of literatefemales and males15-24 year olds
SY 2000-2001:Elementary – 95:100Secondary – 105:100
1994:10-64: Females – 95.46%
Males – 94.6%15-24: Females – 98.1%
Males – 96.6 %
DepEd
1994 FLEMMS,NSO
55A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
UN CCA Guidelines Philippine Reports Last Data and Trends Data SourceGoals
Baseline DataIndicators
11 LFS data had regional/provincial and sex disaggregation.
12 17 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1997 and 11 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2001 as reported by DOH based on Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS). Thefigures are lower compared to the results from surveys due to under reporting of field health units affected by devolution.
13 NDHS data had regional/urban and rural disaggregation. 2003 data is preliminary.14 MCHS data had regional disaggregation.
Child Mortality and Welfare
Promote genderequality andempowerwomen
– Proportion of seatsheld by women innational parliament
– Share of women inwage employment inthe non-agriculturesector
– Proportion of womenin House of Represen-tatives (HOR) andSenate
– Proportion of womenin wage employmentto the total wageemployment in thenon-agriculture sector
2003:Senate: 13%HOR: 18%
October 2002: 41.2 %
Congress, NationalCommission of theRole of FilipinoWomen
2002 Labor ForceSurvey (LFS),NSO11
Reduce childmortality
– Under five mortalityrate
– Infant mortality rate
– Proportion of oneyear old childrenimmunized againstmeasles
– Proportion of oneyear old childrenimmunized againstmeasles
– Under five mortalityrate (per 1,000 livebirths) for the five-year period precedingthe survey
– Infant mortality rate(per 1,000 live births)for the five-yearperiod preceding thesurvey12
– Proportion of oneyear old childrenimmunized againstmeasles
– Fully immunizedchildren (12-23 mos.old), urban and rural
1990: 801993: 54.21998: 48.42003: 40
1990: 571993: 33.61998: 35.12003: 29
2001: 80.8%Urban – 84.4%Rural – 77.7%
2002: 80.2%Urban – 83.1%Rural – 77.8%
1997: 58.2%Urban – 65.2%Rural – 52.1%
1999: 64.5%Urban – 66.6%Rural – 62.5
2000: 65.2%Urban – 68.0%Rural – 62.7%
2001: 61.3%Urban – 66.9%Rural – 56.5%
2002: 62.9%Urban – 66.6%Rural – 59.8%
– NSCB, Inter-AgencyTechnicalWorking Group(TWG) onMaternal andChild Mortality;
– 1993 NationalDemographicSurvey (NDS),1998 and 2003NationalDemographicand HealthSurvey (NDHS),NSO13
– NSCB, Inter-AgencyTechnicalWorking Group(TWG) onMaternal andChild Mortality;
– 1993 NDS,1998 and 2003NDHS, NSO
2001 and 2002Maternal and ChildHealth Survey,NSO14
Maternal and ChildHealth Survey(MCHS), NSO
56 A Common View, A Common Journey
UN CCA Guidelines Last Data and Trends Data SourceGoals
Baseline DataIndicators
15 SOC data had regional and sex disaggregation.
16 Family Planning Survey data had regional and provincial disaggregation.
Reproductive and Maternal Health
HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
Reduce childlabor
– Proportion ofchildren age 15 whoare working
– Proportion ofworking children age5-17 years old overtotal 5-17 year olds15
– Total number ofworking children 5-17years old
– Proportion of girlsand boys working
1995: 15.98%2001: 16.2%
2001: 4,018 thousand 63.4 % were boys and 36.6 % were girls
1995 and 2001Survey on Children5 – 17 years old(SOC), NSO
1990: 2091991: 2031992: 1971993: 1911987-1993: 2091994: 1861995: 1801991-1997: 172
Medical Doctors: 1993: 26.0% 1998: 30.9% 2002: 33.2%Nurses/Midwife: 1993: 26.8% 1998: 25.5% 2002: 1% (Nurse) : 26.2 % (Midwife)
1995: 50.7%1996: 48.1%1997: 47.0%1998: 46.5%1999: 49.3%2000: 47.0%2001: 49.5%2002: 48.8%
– Maternal mortalityrate
– Proportion of birthsattended by skilledhealth personnel
– Contraceptiveprevalence rate
Improvedmaternal healthand reducedmaternalmortality
Improvedreproductivehealth
– Maternal mortalityrate (deaths per100,000 live births)
– Proportion of livebirths in the five yearspreceding the surveydelivered by profes-sionals
– Contraceptiveprevalence rate
NSCB, Inter-Agency TechnicalWorking Group(TWG) onMaternal and ChildMortality;
1998 NDHS, NSO
1993 NDS and1998 NDHS,NSO;
2002 MCHS, NSO
Family PlanningSurvey (FPS),NSO 1
2001: <0.1% PhilippineEpidemiologicalFact Sheet onHIV/AIDS andSexually Transmit-ted Infections,2002 Update,UNAIDS
– HIV prevalence ofadult population (15-49 yrs old)
– HIV prevalenceamong 15-24 year oldpregnant women
Combat HIV/AIDS
Philippine Reports
57A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
UN CCA Guidelines Last Data and Trends Data SourceGoals
Baseline DataIndicators
17 Defined as the ratio of employed persons to total labor force instead of employment to population of working age ratio (data for third quarter series).
HIV/AIDSRegistry, DOH
National HIV/AIDS SentinelSurveillanceSystem TechnicalReport 2002,DOH
Family PlanningSurvey, NSO
1984-2003:– 1,965 HIV Ab seropositive
cases - 636 of whom hadAIDS
– 257 had died– majority belong to 20 – 49
years old and mostly males– about 32 % (634 cases)
were Overseas FilipinoWorkers
Trends:1984-1989 – cases increased
by <50 per year1990-1992 – cases increased
by >50 but <100 per year1993-2003 – cases increased
by >100 per year
2002: Vulnerable Groups -40%
General Population - 1.3%
– Condom-use rate– Condom-use rate
1990: 1.51995: 0.5
1990: 1231998: 96.92000: 66.62001: 52
1975: 691995: 391997: 32.21998: 38.3
1975: 3141990: 1871995: 1731998: 207.32000: 165.72001: 142.2
1997: 60%2002: 87%
Philippine HealthStatistics, DOH
Department ofHealth
– Mortality rate (deathsper 100,000 popula-tion)
– Morbidity rate (casesper 100,000 popula-tion)
– Mortality rate (deathsper 100,000 popula-tion)
– Morbidity rate (casesper 100,000 popula-tion)
– Cure rate
– Prevalence and deathrates associated withmalaria
– Prevalence and deathrates associated withtuberculosis
– Proportion oftuberculosis casesdetected and curedunder directlyobserved treatmentshort course (DOTS)
Combat malariaand otherdiseases
Employment
LFS, NSO1991: 91.0%1995: 91.6%1996: 92.6%1997: 92.1%1998: 90.4%1999: 90.6%2000: 89.9%2001: 90.2%2002: 89.8%
– Employment Rate 17– Employment topopulation ofworking age ratio
Creation of fullemployment
Combat HIV/AIDS
Philippine Reports
58 A Common View, A Common Journey
UN CCA Guidelines Last Data and Trends Data SourceGoals
Baseline DataIndicators
Environment
1991: 9.0%1995: 8.4%1996: 7.4%1997: 7.9%1998: 9.6%1999: 9.4%2000: 10.1%2001: 9.8%2002: 10.2%
2001: 45.02%2002: 46.02%
– Unemployment rate(Data for ThirdQuarter Series)
– Informal sector aspercentage of totalemployment (includesself-employed andunpaid family)(Data for ThirdQuarter Series)
– Unemployment rate
– Informal sectoremployment aspercentage of totalemployment
93% original forest cover lostover 500 yearsCurrently existing cover is18% of total land area
Total 244 sites of PAs in thecountry covering 4.46 millionhectares.
2000: 83 sites with anaggregate area of 2.33 millionha have been proclaimed asprotected areas under theNIPAS
The year 2000 figure indicated72.12 MMBFOE (millionbarrels of fuel oil equivalent)NRE contribution to the totalenergy mix.
An average growth rate of5.5% for New and RenewableEnergy during the period2001-2010 or a cumulativefigure of 29,578,500 metrictons of CO
2 will be avoided.
1999 : 345.36 mt2000 : 270.63 mt2001 : 668.57 mt1999 : 1,742.22 mt2000 : 2,632.82 mt2001 : 1,378.28 mt1995 : 65.53 mt1996 : 30.80 mt1997 : 0.75 mt2001 : 4.10 mt1999 : 6.27 mt2000 : 5.58 mt
1999 : 13%2002 : 17%
DENR
DOE
EMB
PHDR 2002UNDP
Ensureenvironmentalsustainability
– Proportion of forestto total land area
– Number of declaredPAs
Increased renewableenergy in the overallenergy mix displacingfossil fuel consumption.
CFC – 11
CFC – 12
CFC – 113
CFC – 115
CFC - 502
– Proportion ofpopulation with noaccess to sanitationfacilities
– Proportion of landcovered by forest
– Ratio of protectedarea to surface area
– Carbon Dioxideemissions (per capita)
Consumption of CFCs
– Proportion ofpopulation withsustainable access toimproved watersource, urban andrural
Creation of fullemployment
Philippine Reports
59A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
UN CCA Guidelines Last Data and Trends Data SourceGoals
Baseline DataIndicators
1994: 77.3%1997: 76.9%1998: 78.1%1999: 79.1%2000: 73.1%2002: 80.0%
FIES, CPH, NSOAnnual PovertyIndicators Survey(APIS), NSO18
– Proportion of familieswith access to safewater supply
B. CONTEXTUAL INDICATORS
SourceIndicator Data
1990 – 60,703,206Urban proportion - 47.03%
1995 – 68,616,5362000 – 76,498,735
Urban proportion- 48.05%1990-2000: 25.8% increasein the total population in 10years
1990-1995: 2.32%1995-2000: 2.36%
2003 – 82.044 million2015 – 108.545 million
2000 : 101.43 males forevery 100 females
1993 – 4.091998 – 3.732003 – 3.5
1995 – 64.83 (M)– 70.08 (F)
2000 – 66.33 (M)– 71.58 (F)
1990: 1,071,4331991: 1,254,5621992: 1,374,8381993: 1,509,5071994: 1,736,3821995: 1,958,5551996: 2,261,3391997: 2,528,3211998: 2,802,1321999: 3,136,1692000: 3,496,8632001: 3,853,301
1990: 716,9291991: 720,2181992: 731,3961993: 751,4791994: 786,1361995: 824,5251996: 884,2261997: 930,6581998: 934,4811999: 969,3342000: 1,016,1312001: 1,051,137
1990 and 2000 Census of Popula-tion and Housing (CPH), 1995Census of Population, NSO20
1993 NDS, 1998 and 2003 NDHSNSCB, Inter – Agency TechnicalWorking Group (TWG) on Popula-tion Projection
NSCB, Inter – Agency TechnicalWorking Group (TWG) on Popula-tion Projection
2002 Philippine Statistical Yearbook,NSCB
2002 Philippine Statistical Yearbook,NSCB
Population size
Population Growth Rate
Estimated Population 19
Sex ratio
Total fertility rate
Life expectancy at birth (pro-jected)
Gross National Product(at current prices, in million pesos)
Gross National Product(at constant 1985 prices, in millionpesos)
Demographic
Economy
18 APIS had regional and provincial disaggregation.
19 Estimated using population growth rate of 2.36 % per annum.
20 Census of Population and Housing Data had regional/provincial/municipal, urban/rural and sex disaggregation.
Ensureenvironmentalsustainability
Philippine Reports
60 A Common View, A Common Journey
SourceIndicator Data
2000 – $300.5221
2000 – 44.85 %22
1997 : Php 1.6 trillion2003 : Php 4.1 trillion
1997 : 66.9 %2003 : 93.2 %
1997 : 16.58 %2003 : 27.39 %
1997 : 16.8 %2003 : 12.3 %
1995 : 15.7 %1996 : 15.8 %1997 : 16.4 %
2000 : 40.2 %2002 : 42.86 %2003 : 42.81 %
1997 : 5.46 %2003 : 4.25 %
3.2 % as of 2000, Philip-pines spent higher thanIndonesia and China butlower than Malaysia, Korea,and Thailand
1992 – 2000: USD 16.66 B
1990: 27.21995: 14.41996: 12.71997: 11.61998: 11.71999: 14.12000: 12.5
1999 : 67. 6 %2000 : 65.3 %2001 : 58.9 %2002 : 59.6 %
2002: 3.4 million
Budget of Expenditure and Sourceof Financing, DBM
PIS, NEDA
2002 Philippine Statistical Yearbook,NSCB
2003 Philippine Statistical Yearbook,NSCB
Philippine Socioeconomic Report2002 NEDA
21 GNP in 2000 = Php1,016,131 million at constant 1985 prices; Population = 76,498,735; Exchange rate in 2000 = Php44.2/$.
22 GNP in 2000 = Php3,496.863 Billion (current prices); Foreign debt in 2000 = Php1,568.20 Billion.
23 Basic social services include basic education, primary health care, water and sanitation and others.
GNP per capita (in US$ at 1985prices)
External debt as percentage ofGNP
National government outstandingDebt
National government outstandingdebt as percentage to GDP
Interest payment’s share to totalexpenditures
Tax revenues share to GDP
Share of basic social services tonational budget23
Share of social services to nationalbudget
Share of social services to GDP
Public expenditure to education aspercent to GDP
Total ODA
Ratio of debt service burden toexports
Manufacturing exportsPercent share of electronics in thetotal manufacturing exports
Number of internet users
61A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
C. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
1. THEMATIC INDICATORS
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
INCOME, POVERTY, EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION
Rural Poverty
DAR, DENR, 1999 – 2004 MTPDP1993 – 1998: DAR – 82.2% DENR – 64.9%
Proportion of land distributedInequality toaccess toproductiveresources
Urban Poverty
1.3 million, 57% in MetroManila (2000)
Five per family (2000)
2.36%
Refer to Demographic,Contextual IndicatorsSection
Refer to Women’s Health andNutrition
Refer to Reproductive andMaternal Health, MDGSection
1970: 31.8%1980: 37.5%1990: 47.03%2000: 48.05%
Old Methodology1997: 17.9 % (Urban) : 44.4 % (Rural)2000: 19.9 % (Urban) : 46.9 % (Rural)
New Methodology1997: 15.0 % (Urban) : 39.9 % (Rural)2000: 15.0 % (Urban) : 41.4 % (Rural
1995: 5.8 %2002: 7.3 %
2000: 2.069 million200-2005: 482,213
Philippines Progress Report on theMDG 20032000 CPH, NSO
1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 CPH,NSO
NSCB, Inter-Agency TechnicalWorking Group on Income andPoverty Statistics
LFS, NSO
Housing and Urban DevelopmentCoordinating Council (HUDCC)
No. of informal settlers families inurban centers
Average family size
Annual population growth rate
Fertility rate
Unmet family planning needs
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Proportion of urban population
Rural poverty incidence vs. urbanpoverty incidence
Unemployment rate in the ruralareas
Housing backlog
TotalAnnual Backlog
Proliferation ofslums
Large family size(common torural and urban)
Migration fromrural area
High ruralpovertyincidence
Lack ofemploymentopportunities inrural areas
Inadequatehousing in ruralareas
62 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
Employment
1991: 64.5%1995: 65.6%1996: 65.8%1997: 65.5%1998: 66.0%1999: 65.8%2000: 64.3%2001: 67.5%2002: 66.2%
Refer to Employment, MDGSection
Refer to Employment, MDGSection
1999: 14.12000: 11.62001: 13.6 %2002: 13.2 %
1991: 22.1%1995: 19.8%1996: 19.4%1997: 22.8%1998: 23.7%1999: 22.1%2000: 19.9%2001: 16.6%2002: 15.3%
– 33,914 (2001)– 32,363 (2002)
– 47.8% with violations(2001)
– 49.6% with violations(2002)
– 20.1% (2001)– 24.1% (2002)
Coverage: 2000: 24.061 million 2001: 24.948 million
Total Contribution: Php 68,785.7 M (2000) Php 74,144 M (2001)
2001: 45.02%2002: 46.02%
– 2,518 (2001)– 2,700 (2002)
– 462,000 (2001)– 528,000 (2002)
Labor Force Participation Rate
Employment Rate
Unemployment rate
Proportion of unpaid familyworkers in the total employment
Underemployment rate (percent tothe total employed)
Establishments inspected ongeneral labor and technical safetystandards
Compliance rate
Correction rate
Coverage of SSS/GSIS
Informal sector workers (self-employed and unpaid familyworkers)
No. of firms with CBA, LMS, EAS
No. of workers covered by CBAs
LFS, NSO
LFS, NSO
Department of Labor and Employ-ment
GSIS, SSS;2002 Philippine Statistical Yearbook,NSCB
LFS, NSO
Current Labor Statistics (CLS),DOLE
Insufficientemploymentgrowth (poorhuman resourcemanagement; jobmismatch)
Limited coverageand enforcementof laborstandards
Limited socialprotectioncoverage oforganized andunorganizedsectors includingthe informalsector, women,youth, elderly,differently-abledmigrants
Limited/weakworkers’representation tolabor manage-ment dialogue
63A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
Population and Development
Housing backlog
TotalAnnual Backlog
Availability of potable water
School building/classroom backlog
Average family size
Inadequatehousing
Inadequateaccess to waterand sanitation
Inadequate basicinfrastructure
Inadequatereproductivehealth and familyplanning services
2000 : 2.069 million2001 – 2005 : 482,213
Refer to Environment, MDGSection
Refer to Education andECCD, Thematic Section
– Five per family
HUDCC
2000 CPH, NSO
HEALTH AND NUTRITION
Child Health and Nutrition
Malnutrition – 30.8% (1996)– 32% (1998)– 30.6% (2001) ===
(MTPDP target)
– PEM slightly higher amonggirls (1998)
– 34.2% (1989)– 30.2% (1998)– 32.9% (2001)
– PEM slightly higher amonggirls (1998)
– 15.8% (1993)– 19.8% (1998)
– 35.3% (1993)– 38% (1998)
– Highest at 56.6% amongspecific population groupsin 1998 (national rate is30.6%)
– 49.2% (1993)
– 1998:Female (36.5%)Male (34.8%)
– 35.8% of children haveUrinary Iodine Excretion(UIE) values below 50ug/L (moderate to severe) in1998;
– 34.7% of children haveUIE value equal / greaterthan 100ug/L in 1998
1993Protein Intake : 49.9 g % adequacy : 106.2Iron Intake : 10.1 mg % adequacy : 64.7
Prevalence of underweightchildren -protein energy malnutri-tion (PEM)
– 0-5 years old
– 6-10 years old
– 11-19 years old
Prevalence of Vit.A deficiency inchildren (6 mos.-5 yrs.old)
Prevalence of iron deficiencyanemia (IDA)
– 6 mos.-<1 year
– 6 mos.-12 years
Prevalence of iodine deficiencydisorder (IDD) among 6-12 yearsold
Food and Nutrient IntakeMean one-day per capita nutrientintake and percent adequacy ofthe recommended dietaryallowance (RDA)
FNRI 2002, Situational Analysis ofChildren and Women (SACW) 2003,UNICEF
NNS, FNRI
64 A Common View, A Common Journey
Calcium Intake : 0.39 g % adequacy : 67.2Vitamin A Intake : 391.9 mcg
RE % adequacy : 88.1Thiamin Intake : 0.67 mg % adequacy : 68.4Riboflavin Intake : 0.56 mg % adequacy : 57.1Niacin Intake : 16.1 mg % adequacy : 88.0Ascorbic Acid Intake : 46.7 mg % adequacy : 73.2
Food groups RDA : 1,031 FS : 1,127Cereals and cereals products RDA : 334 FS : 341Starchy roots and tubers RDA : 73 FS : 51Sugar and syrups RDA : 24 FS : 45Pulses and nuts RDA : 17 FS : 39Vegetables and fruits RDA : 297 FS : 201Fats, oils and miscellaneous RDA : 28 FS : 215Meat and fish products RDA : 151 FS : 217Milk and milk products RDA : 82 FS : 9Eggs RDA : 25 FS : 10
1993 :
0.4 %0.9 %
1994 : Php83,1611997 : Php123,1682000 : Php144,0391994 : Php83,1611997 : Php98,6922000 : Php94,576
2000 : 1.9 %
22.4 %
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
Malnutrition Food and Nutrient IntakeMean one-day per capita nutrientintake and percent adequacy ofthe recommended dietaryallowance (RDA)
Recommended Dietary Allowance(RDA) and available daily percapita food supply (FS) forconsumption (grams) in 2000
Overweight children 0 to 5 yearsold (NCHS/WHO Classification) Weight-for-age Weight-for-height
Average Family income At current prices
At 1994 prices
Percent share of family expendi-ture on health to total familyexpenditure
Iodized salt utilization
NNS, FNRI
2003 PSY, NSCB
NNS, FNRI
2000 FIES, NSO
1999 MICS, NSO-UNICEF
65A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
High childmortality
Refer to Child Mortality andWelfare, MDG Section
Refer to Child Mortality andWelfare, MDG Section
Refer to Child Mortality andWelfare, MDG Section
Refer to Child Mortality andWelfare, MDG Section
Under five mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Proportion of 1 yr. old childrenimmunized against measles
FIC (12-23 mos. old) coverage
Increasingnumber ofchildren at risk
2000:– 4 million working children
5 to 17 years old– 2.4 million (59.4%)
exposed to hazardousenvironment
1994:– 4.7 million young drinkers– 37 % still consume alcohol– 29.4% tried smoking– 21 % currently smoking– 6 % tried drugs
11 % male users (overtotal males)
2002:– 47% tried smoking– 69% tried drinking– increasing trend in
drinking experience from54% in 1994
– 11 % tried drugs 20 % male users (over
total males)
Proportion of children in a riskyenvironment (health hazardous)
Proportion of children involved insubstance and alcohol abuse
2001 SOC, NSO
YAFS 2 and 3, UPPI
Women’s Health and Nutrition
Poor maternalhealth
Maternal mortality rate
Proportion of women (withchildren 0 to 59 months) whoreceived iron supplement duringpregnancy
Proportion of women (withchildren 0 to 59 months) whoreceived iodine supplement duringpregnancy
Refer to Reproductive andMaternal Health, MDGSection
- 1% of total deaths incountry and 18.6% of deathsof women in 15-49 yrs. old(1998)
1998 : 74.6 %2002 : 82.2 %
1998 : 56.6 %
Based on registered deaths, Vital andHealth Statistics, NSO
NDHS, NSOMCHS, NSO
NDHS, NSO
66 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
Poor healthseeking behavior
Proportion of women seeking preand post natal care (respondentswere women with survivingchildren 0 to 35 months)
Proportion of live births in thefive years preceding the surveydelivered by professionals
Proportion of live births in thefive years preceding the surveydelivered by traditional birthattendants (TBAs)
Proportion of live births in thefive years preceding the surveydelivered in a facility
Proportion of women everbreastfed
Proportion of women whoreceived at least one dose of TTV
Female literacy rate
Proportion of high risk fertilitybehavior - 2 years interval of pregnancy - 18 years old below and 34 years old above - birth order greater than 3
Prevalence of women with STI
Unmet need in family planning
Contraceptive prevalence rate
– Pre-natal care services:2000: 93.86%2001: 94.6%2002: 93.9%
– Post-natal care services:2000: 60.0%2001: 64.5%2002: 56.39%
– More women in urbanareas (2001: 69.0% and2002: 63.11%) tend tohave postnatal checkupsthan rural (2001 : 60.6%and 2002: 50.45%)
Refer to Reproductive andMaternal Health, MDGSection
1993 : 45.3%1998 : 41.3%
Delivered at home1993 : 71.5 %1998 : 65.5%
Delivered in a facility1993 : 28.2 %1998 : 34.2%2003 : 37.9 %
2001 : 90.1%2002 : 89.7%
– 72.5% (2001) to 71.6%(2002) due to decline inurban coverage
Urban: 72.5% (2001) to72.9% (2002)Rural: 72.4% (2001) to72.2% (2002)
– 95.46% (1994)– 92.3% (2000)
– 56.9% (1998)– 62.4% (1993)
– 58.7%
– 26.2% (1993)– 19.8% (1998)– 20.5% (2002)
Refer to Reproductive andMaternal Health, MDGSection
MCHS, NSO
1993 NDS and 1998 NDHS, NSO
1993 NDS, 1998 and 2003 NDHS,NSO
MCHS, NSO
MCHS, NSO
1994 FLEMMS
1993 NDS and 1998 NDHS, NSO
Raymundo, et. al, 1999
1993 NDS, 1998 NDHS, and 2002Family Planning Survey, NSO
Low immuniza-tion rate
Low literacy ofwomen
Poor access toreproductivehealth services
67A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Indicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
Poor access toreproductivehealth services
Total fertility rate
No. of abortion cases
Percentage of Sexually ActiveYoung Adults
1993 – 4.091998 – 3.732003 – 3.5
– Still higher compared toother Asian countries, e.g.Thailand (2), Vietnam(2.3), Indonesia (2.8),Malaysia (3.2)
– 300,000 to 400,000 (15 to44 years old) annually(17% accounted byteenagers)
1994: 18% had PMS2002: 23% or 2 out of 10youth had PMS
1993 NDS, 1998 and 2003 NDHS,and Family Planning Survey, NSO
UPPI 1996
Young Adult’s Fertility and SexualitySurvey (YAFS 2) 1994YAFS 3 (2002)
Percentage of Youth with pre-marital sex experience (PMS) whodo not use Contraceptives
Percentage of Young womentreated for Abortion complications
Average age at first sexualencounter
Proportion of teenage pregnancies
Anemia prevalence - for pregnant women
- for lactating women
Mean one day/ capita
Poor access toreproductivehealth services
Poor women’snutrition
1994: 63%-females 28% males2002: 72% -females 42% -males
1994: 36% of womentreated for abortioncomplications belong to 15-24 years
1982-94: 18 years old2002: 17.5 years old
– 7.2% among 15-19 yearsold (1998)
– 50.7% (1998)
– 45.7% (1998)
– 1,684 kcal energy (1993)
– 49.9 g protein (1993)
Access to Safe Drinking Water and Hunger
Young Adult’s Fertility and SexualitySurvey (YAFS 2) 1994YAFS 3 (2002)
State of the Philippine PopulationReport (SPPR) 2, 2003
1998 NDHS, NSO
1998 NNS, FNRI, DOST
1993 NNS, FNRI, DOST
Inadequateaccess to water
Proportion of families with accessto safe water supply
Refer to Environment, MDGSection
– 72% of slum dwellerhouseholds with access topiped water or tube wells,but 36% contaminated atpoint of consumption and17% from source
Philippines Progress Report on theMDG 2003
HIV, AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Need toeliminate HIV/AIDS
– <0.1% of populationaffected or 9,400individuals in 15-49 yearsage group (2001)
– 1% among 15-24 yrs.old
DOH, UNAIDS
DOH
Source of Data
68 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
Need toeliminate HIV/AIDS
– 19% of people 15-24years of age can correctlyidentify at least 3 ways ofpreventing sexualtransmission of HIV andwho reject majormisconceptions about HIVtransmission
– 94 % aware of STD-AIDS– 23 % in 2002 thought that
AIDS is curable– 60% think there is no
chance for them tocontract HIV
– 23% of youth engage inpre-marital sex – amongthese, 49% of males and11% of females have morethan 1 sex partner; 20%of first sex episode and25% of latest sex episodewere protected by condomand contraceptive usereportedly decrease withage
– 39% of large corporations
PNAC Budget 2003:$279,1800.16% of DOH Budget0.025% of total generalappropriation
Other HIV/AIDS Budget:DOH-NASPCP = $318,000DepEd = $40,000Other PNAC Agencies/Orgs= $160,000LGUs = $200,000
– 48 cities out of 115 citiesnationwide
– 130 social hygiene clinicsand 102 hospitals
Refer to HIV/AIDS, Malariaand other disease, MDGSection
< 1% of infected mothers
Refer to HIV/AIDS, Malariaand other Diseases, MDGSection
– Deaths higher amongmales (67.3%) and among15-64 years age group(58% to 60%)
– Sixth leading cause ofdeath in the country(1998)
Level of knowledge and attitudesof youth on STI, HIV/AIDS
Proportion of enterprises withworkplace policies and programson STI, HIV/AIDS
Proportion of resources allocatedfor STI, HIV/AIDS, malaria
Presence and implementation oflocal advocacy plan for STI, HIV/AIDS, TB
No. of health facilities offeringSTI, HIV/AIDS services
Condom use rate
Proportion of infants born withHIV-infected mothers
Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000population
2002 Young Adult Fertility andSexuality Study 3 (YAFSS)
DOLE, OSHC, ECOP
PNAC, DOH
PNAC, DOH
DOH Report
DOH Report
Philippine Health Statistics, DOH;High incidenceof tuberculosis
69A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Indicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
High incidenceof tuberculosis
ENVIRONMENT
Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000population
Morbidity Rate (cases per 100,000population)
Cure rate
Philippine Health Statistics, DOH;
Source of Data
Refer to HIV/AIDS, Malariaand other Diseases, MDGSection
– Deaths higher amongmales (67.3%) and among15-64 years age group(58% to 60%)
– Sixth leading cause ofdeath in the country(1998)
Refer to HIV/AIDS, Malariaand other Diseases, MDGSection
– TB cases twice morecommon in urban areas
– Sixth leading cause ofmorbidity in the country(2001)
Refer to HIV/AIDS, Malariaand other Diseases, MDGSection
Need toeliminate malaria
Refer to HIV/AIDS, Malariaand other Diseases, MDGSection
Refer to HIV/AIDS, Malariaand other Diseases, MDGSection
– about 10 cases per 1000population
– an estimate of 600 Tpopulation protected in1998
DOH
Morbidity Rate
Mortality Rate
Proportion of people protected byinsecticides treated nets
Ecological Well-Being
Environmentaldegradationassociated withfour (4) of thenation’s majoreconomicactivities(agriculture,fishery andforestry; mining;manufacturing;and landtransportation)
Air pollutionfrom manufac-turing
Cost increase in pesos/year
Increase in MT of particulatesemitted from manufacturing perannum
1992 : P3.795 B1993 : P5.276 B1994 : P6.962 B1995 : P7.660 B1996 : P9.649 B1997 : P8.905 B1998 : P8.895 B
– 94.2% from 789,020 MTof particulates (1992) to1.532 MMT (1998)
2002 PSY, NSCB
70 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
2002 PSY, NSCBWater pollutiondue to manufac-turing
Increase in MT of BOD per annum Only for TUNA:– 23% from 2,094 MT BOD
(1992) to 2,579 MT BOD(1998)
Total for TUNA, TEXTILE,LEATHER TANNINGAND SUGAR MILLING:1992: 27,613 MT1993: 26,673 MT1994: 25,864 MT1995: 25,025 MT1996: 25,512 MT1997: 24,918 MT1998: 23,525 MT
No data for Leather Tanningstarting 1995
Biodiversity loss
Mangroves havedeclined
No. of endangered species
No. of threatened species
Loss in hectarage of mangrovecover
Mangrove cover decline
Loss per annum (ha/annum)
Current mangrove forest cover
– 212 (1990)– 284 (1998)
– 50% of 283 endemicspecies of mammals andbirds
– 418 species of plants andanimals
– 53 species of terrestrialmammals
– 5 million has. (1920)– 3 million has. (1970)– 2.5 million has. (1980)– 0.8 million has. (1990)
– Mangrove cover declinefrom 450,000 hectares(1918) to 139,100 ha(1988), 115,100 ha (1996)
– Mangrove deforestationabout 3,000 hectares/year(1990-94)
– 112,000 hectares
Environment and Natural ResourcesFramework
FMB 2002
Coral reefs arebeing destroyed
Condition of reefs remaining – 31% (0-24% poorcondition)
– 39% (25-28% faircondition)
98 % of Phil Coral Reef atrisk from human activities70 % at very high risk4 % in excellent condition27 % in poor condition42 % in fair condition
Environment and Natural ResourcesFramework;
Public Affairs Office, DENR
Forest/Watershed and Fresh Water Resources
Need to improveforest cover
Proportion of forest to totalland area
Proportion of protected forestto total land area
93% original forest cover lostover 500 yearsCurrently existing cover is18% of total land area
– 53.6% proclaimed while46.3% undergoingsuitability assessments of4.45 million hectares ofidentified protected areas,
ENR Framework
71A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Indicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue Source of Data
– 83 proclaimed; 160undergoing SA underNIPAS
– of total 77% of waterbodies classified, 15%suffer different levels ofindustrial pollution
Need to improveforest cover
ENR Framework
DENR
No. of protected areas
River water quality
Need to reduceerosion andsiltation
Area of alienable and disposable(A&D) lands and croplandssuffering from erosion
Total land area suffering erosion
Rate of siltation/ha/yr
Erosion rate/ha/yr
Soil loss
Area of reforestation/100 ha.Watershed
– 9 million out of 14 millionA&D lands and 75% ofcroplands suffering fromvarying degrees of soilerosion
– 5.2 million hectares ofcountry’s total land area(severe erosion) and 8.5million hectares (moderateerosion)
– 20% delivery rate (20% ofmaterials eroded fromagricultural soil erosion)
– 7.4 MT/ pa sedimentcarried downstream fromforest
– 2.3 T/ha/yr (lowlandagriculture)
– 112.8 T/ha/yr (uplandagriculture)
– 507.99 T/ha/yr (kaingin)
– 2.05 billion MT/pa uplandagriculture, grassland andwoodland (1993)
– 1,555,919 ha. reforested(1971-2000)
ENR Framework
State of the Philippines Land andSoil Resources 2003, NSCB;FMB, DENR
Lowland Agriculture
Deterioratingland quality dueto soil erosion,land pollutionand landconversion
Need to improveland use and landproductivity
Land conversion rate
Extent of areas devoted toagriculture
– 2,267 ha/annum based on11,337 ha converted from1987 to 1991
– 10.16 million ha (1999)– 10.18 million ha (2000)
State of the Philippines Land andSoil Resources 2003 NSCB
Urban Environment
Poor solid wastecollection
Increasingpopulationpressure
Collection rate
Excessive waste generation
Working sanitary landfill
Proportion of squatter settlements
Percent of urban population rising
– 75% per year, desired100%
– 0.5 kg/capita, desired0.375
– 1
– 50% of 11 millionpopulation in MetroManila live in slums ordepressed areas
– 35.6% (1975)– 48.05% (2000)
DENR, DILG
Ang Bahanggunihanan 2002,HUDCC - Philippine Urban Forum(PUF)
2000 CPH, NSO
72 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
– 20% come from 2-strokeengines
– 200% above worldstandards
Smoke emission
Air TSP
Poor air quality DENR
Access to resources (as indicated by the ability to procure basic services, e.g., housing, health, education,water, and sanitation) and tenure security in lands and over natural resources
Coastal and Marine
Undesirablemigration tocoastal areas
Non-enforce-ment of relatedlaws on habitatprotection
Weak capacitiesfor regulation,enforcement andprosecution
Weak capacitiesfor regulation,enforcement andprosecution
Degradation of fishery resources– increase in production
– catch per unit effort
– proportion of population incoastal and marine areas
No. of endangered wildlife(mammals and birds)
Proportion of coral reefs inexcellent condition
Proportion of sea bed decline
Area decline of mangrove and seagrass beds
Proportion of budget decrease inDENR
– 210% from 1.0 MMT(1971) to 3.1 MMT(2001)
– 11 T/hp in (1948) to <1T/hp today
– Over 65% of populationcenters in the country(cities and municipalities)are in coastal areas
– Over 81% of populationlive in coastal areas
– 212 (1990)– 284 (1998)
– 4%
– 30-50% decrease in thelast 50 years
– From 500,000 has. to120,000 has.
– 43% in absolute terms(about 60% in real terms)from 1998-2003
White and Trinidad 1998
ENR Framework
White and Trinidad 1998
ENR Framework
DENR
– Percent share of housingexpenditures to totalexpenditure of the lowest7 deciles of income groupsrose an average of 9.76%in 1997 to 10.5% in 2000
– Percent share of rent/rental values to totalexpenditure of the lowest8 deciles of income groupsrose an average of 9.35%in 1997 to 10.3% in 2000
1997: 3.4%2000: 3.25%
1995 : 9531996 : 1,0891997 : 1,2151998 : 1,2751999 : 1,3782000 : 1,4772001 : 1,519
Proportion of rise in cost ofhousing
Proportion of rise in rental
Expenditures against GNP
Health expenditure per capita In Phil. Pesos, at current prices
.
FIES, NSO2002 and 2003 PSY, NSCB
Limited access tohousing
Poor healthservices
73A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Indicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue Source of Data
In Phil. Pesos, at 1985 prices 1995 : 4081996 : 4271997 : 4501998 : 4311999 : 4362000 : 4482001 : 435
FIES, NSO2002 and 2003 PSY, NSCB
Poor healthservices
Proportion of households withaccess to health facilities
Rural health unitsBarangay stationsPrivate hospitalsPrivate clinicsRegional hospitalsProvincial hospitals
Decrease in total number ofhospitals
Bed capacities (per 10,000population)
Proportion of assisted births
1998 :8.7 %
16.9 %9.2 %
12.6 %1.5 %4.2 %
1996: 1,7382000: 1,7122001: 1,708– 1.7% decrease in 5 years
1996: 11.72000: 10.6– 0.94% percent decrease
– 52.8 % - 56.4 % (1993-2002)
1998 NDHS, NSO
2002 PSY, NSCB
1993 NDS, 2002 MCHS, NSO
Limited access toimproved watersources and toadequatesanitationfacilities
Landlessness
Poverty
Proportion of population with noaccess to sanitation facilities
Proportion of population with noaccess to potable water
Status of titling of land
Status of cadastral surveys
Status of land transfersto tenant-farmers
Income levels of poor families
– 13% (1999)– 17% (2002)
– 20%-30%
– 9.3 million (66%) titledout of 14.14 millionhectares of A&D lands
– 59% complete (munici-palities)
– 53% of DENR’scontribution to CARP (2.5million ha of forestland)distributed to qualifiedbeneficiaries
– 6.2% increase in 9 years,from 4.8 million in 1991to 5.1 million in 2000 ofpoor families (those havingincomes less than thegovernment-definedthreshold of poverty)
– 9.6% increase, from 28.1million in 1991 to 30.8million in 2000 of poorindividuals
– GINI index below .50with improvements from0.47 in 1991 to 0.48 in2000
PHDR 2002, UNDP
ENR Framework
DENR 2003; Philippine StatisticalYearbook 2002; PHDR 2002,UNDP
Land Management Bureau, DENR
DENR
NSCB, Inter-Agency TechnicalWorking Group on Income andPoverty Statistics;
Family Income and ExpenditureSurvey, NSO
74 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
Climate Change
RICE (1982-83)Loss: 629 million tonsValue (million P) 852Area affected (ha): 153
RICE (1991-92)Loss: 669million tonsValue (million P): 2,440Area affected (ha): 275
CORN (1991-92)Loss: 710 million tonsValue (million P): 2,489Area affected (ha): 450
VEGETABLES (1991-92)Value (million P): 504Area affected (ha): 16
OTHER CROPS (1991-92)Value (million P): 128Area affected (ha): 11
RICE (1997-98)Loss: 622 million tonsValue (million P): 4,666Area affected (ha): 315
CORN (1997-98)Loss: 1187 million tonsValue (million P): 7,718Area affected (ha): 647
EDUCATION AND ECCD
SESAM-CA, UPLB 2000Production losses, affected areasand value of damages
Effect ofEl Niño onagriculture
National diagnostic testresults (Mean percentagescore) – June 2002Subject Grade III Grade VIMath 38.45 26.71Reading 42.14 29.67Science 39.38 27.75
National Achievement TestResults – March 2003Subject Grade III Grade IVMath 48.82 34.92Science 53.92 41.05English 53.73 44.24Subject GradeVI First YearMath 44.84 32.09Science 43.98 34.65Reading 41.80 41.48
Int’l Mean Phil Mean1995:Science 479.5 388.5Math 498.5 392.51999:Science 481.0 345.0Math 487.0 345.0
National Educational Testing andResearch Center, DepEd
SEI, DOST
National diagnostic test results(mean percentage score)
Average scores in Science and Math
Low achieve-ment rate/ Poorlearning impacts– Achievement/
diagnostictests
– Performancein TIMSS(Math andSciences)
75A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Indicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue Source of Data
SY 1994-95Elementary: 8.90%Male: 10.10%Female: 7.70%
SY 1995-96Elementary: 7.31%
SY 1996-97Elementary: 8.01%Male: 9.42%Female: 6.50%Secondary: 11.14%Male: 12.65%Female: 9.68%
SY 1997-98Elementary: 7.39%Male: 8.43%Female: 6.30%
SY 1998-99Elementary: 7.57%Male: 8.47%Female: 6.63%Secondary: 9.08%Male: 10.82%Female: 7.42%
SY 1999-00Elementary: 7.72%Male: 8.72%Female: 6.68%
SY 2000-01Elementary: 9.03%Male: 10.09%Female: 7.91%Secondary: 10.63%Male: 12.52%Female: 8.76%
Weak schoolholding power/Weak stayingpower oflearners– High dropout
rates
Drop out rates RSD, DepEd
– Low cohortsurvival rates
Cohort survival rates(Elementary : from Grade 1 toGrade 6/7)
SY 1994-95Elementary: 66.5% Male: 62.01% Female: 71.4%Secondary: 75.59%
SY 1995-96Elementary: 67.16%Secondary: 72.97%
SY 1996-97Elementary: 67.96%Secondary: 70.48% Male: 68.38% Female: 72.43%
SY 1997-98Elementary: 68.68%Secondary: 71.40%
SY 1998-99Elementary: 64.09% Male: 60.38% Female: 68.13%Secondary: 70.31% Male: 67.42% Female: 72.97%
76 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
SY 2000-01Elementary: 63.45 % Male: 60.77% Female: 66.28%Secondary: 71.68% Male: 69.51% Female: 73.69%
1994-95 : 72.19%1995-96 : 72.43%1996-97 : 72.54%1997-98 : 73.50%1998-99 : 73.69%1999-00 : 70.76%2000-01 : 71.08%
Cohort survival rates(Elementary : from Grade 1 toGrade 6/7)
Cohort survival rates(From Grade 1 to Grade 5)
RSD, DepEd– Low cohortsurvival rates
Elementary SecondarySevere 1.5% 1%Moderate 11.1% 6.7%Mild 21.6% 14.4%Normal 60.4% 72.8%Overweight 5.4% 5.2%
Elementary SecondaryUnder height 13.4% 9.9%Average 86.6% 90.1%
Dental caries – 82%Pediculosis – 75.6%Respiratory infection –60.2%
SY 2000-01Elementary: 96.48%Secondary: 72.25%
Province: Basilan
Total: 87.52Male: 86.01Female: 89.09
SaranganiTotal: 85.54Male: 82.99Female: 88.17
AgusanTotal: 88.51Male: 87.97Female: 89.07
Nutritional status of elementary/secondary school children
Status of height (elementary/secondary)
Leading ailments among pupils
Participation rate
Annual Report 2002, Health andNutrition Center, DepEd
RSD, DepEd
– “Inherent”inability ofstudents dueto poor healthand nutrition
Difficulty inreaching hard-to-reach populationor servingchildren at risk
SY 2000-01Elementary: National:
Total: 63.45 %Male: 60.77%Female: 66.28%
Province: Maguindanao
Total: 23.48 %Male: 27.10 %Female: 20.81 %
SuluTotal: 26.09 %Male: 23.36 %Female: 28.36 %
Tawi-TawiTotal: 47.49 %Male: 46.48 %Female: 48.48 %
Cohort survival ratesDifficulty inreaching hard-to-reach populationor servingchildren at risk– Low cohort
survival rates
77A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Indicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue Source of Data
– Inaccessibilityof somebarangays toschools
– Increasingnumber ofworkingchildren
Poor pedagogicalskills of teachers– Poor quality
of pre-serviceeducation ofteachers
Low access toECCD services
Large andincreasingnumber ofschool-agepopulation– Large family
size– Rapid increase
in populationgrowth
– High fertilityrate
No. of barangays withoutelementary schools
No. of working children
Passing rate in Licensure Examsfor Teachers (LET)
Access of 3-5 years old to earlyeducation services
Total householdsAverage household sizeRate of population increase
Total fertility rate
2002-2003: 1,054 (3%)
2001: 4.0 million
– 20%
1997-1998: 33.5%
– 15,271,545– 5– 2.36%
Refer to Demographic,Contextual IndicatorsSection
RSD, DepEd
2001 SOC, NSO
PRC 2000
DSWD; Child 21
2000 CPH, NSO
Low income offamilies
Low educationof parents
Level andefficiency ofresource useInadequateresources oneducation– Low per
capita cost foreducation
Unemployment rate
Educational attainment ofpopulation 15 years old and over
Real per elementary/secondarystudent expenditure
– 10.2% (Third Quarter2002)
Education of 15 years oldand over:
Total 15 years old and over= 42.697 m
No grade completed= 1.599 m
Elementary Undergraduate= 8.855 m
Elementary Graduate= 6.441mT
High School Undergraduate= 7.358 m
High School Graduate= 9.033 m
Post Secondary = 0.663 mCollege Undergraduate
= 4.931 mCollege Graduate = 3.760 m
Elementary SecondaryP1,690 (2001) P1,546 (2001)P1,859 (1998) P1,890 (1997)
LFS, NSO
1994 FLEMMS, NSO
Manasan, RG: Financing Interven-tions for Children and Women 2002
78 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
– Shortages ofclassrooms,tables, chairs,books
Inefficiency inresourceallocation/deployment– Inequitable
deploymentof teachersespecially atthe local level(division andschool levels)
Increasingdemand foreducationalservices due torapid populationgrowth
Estimated shortages of classrooms,chairs and textbooks
Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) forelementary levelStudent-Teacher Ratio (STR) forsecondary level
Population growth rate
Classrooms:
SY 2001-02Elementary: 8,041Secondary: 27,946
SY 2002-03Elementary: 7,775Secondary: 32,840
SY 2003-04Elementary: 7,533Secondary: 37,163Chairs:
SY 2001-02Secondary: 1,385,586
SY 2002-03Secondary: 1,691,412
SY 2003-04Elementary: 1,299,081Secondary: 1,873,915Textbooks: 24,218,437
National Level:PTR: 35.09STR: 40.2
Division Level:PTR:
Lowest: 4.67 (Batanes)Highest: 703.0 (Antipolo)
STR:Lowest: 2.6 (Maguindanao)Highest: 549.0 (Saranggani)School Level:
PTR:Lowest: 14.3 (Amado T.Reyes ES, Mandaluyong)Highest: 136.3 (KapitanEddie Reyes ES, Taguig)
STR:Lowest: 8.0 (RamonAvanceña HS,Manila)Highest: 265.0 (MuntinlupaScience HS)
– 2.36%
Physical Facilities Division,DepEd 2003
RSD, DepEd 2003
200 CPH, NSO
GOVERNANCE
Disenchantment of the public especially the poor
Surveyed Class E incomeclass: expressed some orlittle confidence in the 3branches of government : Malacanang = 57 % Supreme Court = 39 % Senate/House = 50 %(March 1991)
Social Weather Station SurveyPublic perception on the perfor-mance governance stakeholders
Dissatisfactionon government’sperformance
79A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Indicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue Source of Data
– 35% of Filipinos notgenerally satisfied with thegovernment’s empower-ment thrusts in June 1995and 38 % in Dec. 1995
– 35.5% of Filipinos notsatisfied with presentnational administration(2003)
First Qtr : 41%Second Qtr : 27 %Third Qtr : 38 %Fourth Qtr : 36 %
Social Weather Station SurveyPublic perception on the perfor-mance governance stakeholders
Dissatisfactionon government’sperformance
– Poverty incidence (39.4%)in 2000 affecting 30.85million out of 76.5 millionFilipinos, an increase from36.8% in 1997
Deprivation of the poor from equal access to basic services and productive assets
Public perception on governmentperformance vis-à-vis povertyreduction
NSCB, Inter-Agency TechnicalWorking Group on Income andPoverty Statistics
– 50 laws passed supportiveof interest of poor andmarginalized during the11th Congress
– Reengineering study on thedifferent line agencies
– Decline of expenditurepatterns for social servicesas share of GDP from6.44% in 2000 to 5.97%in 2001
– 90%
Congress, National Anti-PovertyCommission
Presidential Commission on GoodGovernment
General Appropriations Act DBM
DBM
No. of legislations prioritizing theprotection of the interests of poor
Conflicting laws/mandate for lineand oversight agencies
Patterns of expenditure during thelast 5 years
LGU dependence on IRA
State structureshave limitedcapacity torespond to thepoor especiallyto women
Inappropriategovernancestructures andsystems
Low expenditurepatterns for basicservices
– Leakage in tax collectionP242.5 billion
– Individual income taxevasion estimated at morethan 60%
– P150 billion lost to taxevasion
– P92 billion constitutesuncollected income tax
– Tax revenues as share ofGDP decreased from 17%in 2000 to 13.5% in 2001
– 36% say very large– 36% say somewhat large– 25% say there is little or
no corruption
– 13% of national budgetlost due to corruption
– In the P781 billion (2001national budget), P100billion lost to corruptionwith 70% involving publicworks and 30% onprocurement
Estimated uncollected taxes andother sources of public revenuesvs. percentage of total publicrevenues
Public perception on magnitude ofcorruption
Estimates of losses due tocorruption
DOF
DBM, DOF
World Bank Study on Corruption,Social Weather Station Survey
UN Conference on Financing forDevelopment
High level of taxevasion
Pervasivenessof graft andcorruption
80 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
– Estimated total of US$48billion lost over the last 20years
– Estimates that leakages inprocurement could reachP95 billion in 2001
– Philippines rated as 54th
most corrupt among 99countries surveyed
– Senators who won 2001elections spent a total ofP357.3 million or anaverage of P27.5 millionin their campaign fromFebruary to May 2001
– On average, candidates formayoralty would need P3-20 million and P5-50million is required forprovincial governors andhouse representatives
Estimates of losses due tocorruption
Campaign finance
Office of the Ombudsman
Procurement Watch Inc.
World Bank Study on Corruption
Congress Watch Report No. 63;COMELEC
Pervasivenessof graft andcorruption
Denied Equal Access to Justice
No. of cases successfully pros-ecuted vs. total cases filed in courts
No. of qualified judges and courtpersonnel to provide poor legalassistance
No. and availability of publicattorneys
Increase casebacklogs
Inadequate legalassistance to thepoor
Supreme Court of the Philippines,Office of the OmbudsmanSandiganbayan
Supreme Court of the Philippines
Assessment of PAO 2003
– General average of judicialdisposition of casesannually is only at 85.83and it takes 850 days toresolve a criminal case and749 days for a civil case(1999)
– Total of 567,051 newcases filed during theperiod of January –December 2000 and only357,644 resolved for thesame period.
– Out of 55,460 cases filedand/or pending in theOMB from 1991-97, only39% disposed off andremaining 61% stillpending and awaitingdisposition
– In the Ombudsman andSandigan-bayan, 61% ofcases are pending andawaiting disposition
– Clearance rate in anti-graftcourts is at 24% (1994-98)and 45% for lower courtsfor the same period
– 31.88% vacancy in lowercourts, 51.88% inmunicipal circuit trialcourts (2000)
– 204 vacant seats withregional trial court, 161with municipal trial court,244 with municipal circuittrial courts (2000)
– On average, one publicattorney has to serve 2.36courts
81A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Indicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue Source of Data
– 34.4% of surveyed publiclawyers responded they donot have sufficient time todiscuss the case with theirclient
– 8% said that they havesufficient time
– 5% of total jail popula-tions in the BJMP areminors. Male population isat 94% and 6% arefemales
– Average acceptance fee ofP20,000 and P1,000 as anappearance fee
– Public Attorney’s Officecan only represent oneclient in a case even ifboth clients are indigents
– 31.88% vacancy in lowercourts, 51.88% inmunicipal circuit trialcourts (2000)
– 204 vacant seats withregional trial court, 161with municipal trial court,244 with municipal circuittrial courts (2000)
– 1.07% of national budgetor less than P7 millionallocated for judiciary
– Monthly take home pay ofa first level court judgeincluding allowances mayrange from P30,000-P38,000
The 1987 PhilippineConstitution provides for aJudiciary which is indepen-dent from the Legislative andExecutive branches ofgovernment
Provided for in the SpeedyTrial Act and the Rules ofCourt adopted by theSupreme Court of thePhilippines
Establishment of PublicAttorney’s Office (PAO)under the Department ofJustice, which provides freelegal assistance to the poor
Philippine jurisprudenceprovides for clear examplesof legal remedies that can beavailed of by poor litigants
Inadequate legalassistance to thepoor
Unfair practicesin the adminis-tration of justice
Case discussion between publicattorney and indigent client
No. of youth and female inmatesin jail
Cost of litigation
Availability of courts and Courtpersonnel
Percentage of judicial nationalbudget vs national budget
Salary level of judges
Legal guarantees for independentJudiciary
Procedural guarantees for fair trial
Availability of free legal assistancefor the criminal defense of poorpeople throughout the country
Existence of legal remedies inconformity with internationalstandards
Assessment of PAO 2003
Bureau of Jail Management andPenology Report
Supreme Court of the Philippines
Congressional Planning and BudgetOffice 2001
Blueprint of Action for the Judiciary2000, SC,UNDP,NEDA
Philippine 1987 Constitution
Supreme Court of the Philippines,Philippine Congress
Department of Justice
Supreme CourtDepartment of Justice
82 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
Disenfranchised to effectively participate in governance
– 14 sectoral representativesqualified out of the 50allotted seats (1998)
– 13 sectoral representativeswere able to make it(2001)
– Basic sector representationduring last 30 years from 7basic sector types duringthe Marcos years to 9sectors during the Aquinopresidency. Under theRamos and Estrada years,all sectors have representa-tives in various executivebodies at the national level
– DILG reported there are4,635 NGOs and POsseating in the LocalDevelopment Councils(1997) compared to lessthan 1,000 during 1992
– Passage of laws such asthe Modernization Law ofCOMELEC, Voter’sRegistration Act of 1996and RA 8436
– POs are engaged in jointprojects on the followingLGU concerns: coopera-tive development,fisheries, peace and orderand sanitation.
– Gender-related projectsaccount for 7%, relativelylow number for justice andhuman rights joint projects
– Farmers account for 31%of seats in thePARCCOMs dividedamong grassrootsassociations and coopera-tives
Povertydiscourages thepoor toparticipate
Poor mecha-nisms foreffective people’sparticipation
Limitedparticipation ofdisadvantagedwomen
No. of party list representativesover total number of representa-tives
No. of appointees by sector indecision-making bodies
Participatory mechanismsmandated by law
Efforts in addressing electoralproblems
Venues for people’s participationare only accessible to organizedgroups
House of Representatives
National Anti-Poverty Commission
SRA Sourcebook 1997
COMELEC
DILG Survey of Devolution, 2000
DAR
12th Congress– 18% or 42 members of
the present HOR arewomen
– 15.2% of gubernatorialposts
– 12.7% of vice-gubernato-rial post
– 189 women mayors– 161 women vice-mayors– In the judiciary, 21.4% or
318 out of 1,487 totalincumbent judges arewomen
– In Supreme Court, 4 outof the 14 incumbentjudges are women
Congress;National Commission on the Role ofFilipino Women
Women representation in publicdecision-making positions at thelocal and national level
Limitedparticipation ofdisadvantagedwomen
83A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Indicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue Source of Data
The 1987 Constitutionprovides for regular nationaland local elections whilevarious laws includingresolutions of emanatingfrom the Commission onElections provide policyguidelines in the conduct ofa fair and free elections
Estimated at around 65,000 to70,000 including people’sorganizations and labor unions
There are several independentbroadcasting and print mediaoutfits which are organizedunder the “Kapisanan ng MgaBrodkasters ng Pilipinas” orKBP (Association ofBroadcasters in the Philippines)
Commission on Elections
Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC);
Department of Labor and Employ-ment (DOLE)Department of Transportation andCommunications (DOTC)
Periodicity of free and fairelections
Number of independent NGOs/CSOs and employers’ and workers’organizations operating in the country
Existence of independentbroadcasting and print media
Limited access todemocraticinstitutions andprocesses
– At least 143 familiesidentified as havingcontrol positions in thelegislature for more thanone term
– 75% of political familiescontrolling certainpositions switchedpolitical parties
– Female representation inpresent HOR is 19%compared to the 81% malerepresentation
– Senators who won 2001elections spent a total ofP357.3 million or anaverage of P27.5 millionin their campaign fromFebruary to May 2001
– 2002, 55% of ODAproject loans portfolio wasimplemented
– 44% was administered bygovernment-owned &controlled corporations &government financialinstitutions
– 1999-2000, 60% went toinfrastructure
– 22% agro-industrialdevelopment
– 12% to human develop-ment & social services
– Availment decreased from62 to 59% between 2001& 2002.
– 2002, total of 31 out of136 loans worth $257Mwere partially cancelled.
Unavailability of govern-ment counterpart funds tomatch donor assistance forspecific developmentprogrammes & projects
Congress
Congress Watch Report No. 63
NEDA/PIS
Percentage of politicians electedand appointed coming frompolitical clans
Profile of political leaders
Transparency in financing electoralcampaigns
Implementation rate (target vs.actual)
Availment rate or actual cumula-tive disbursements/targetcumulative disbursements
Availability of funds and mainte-nance budget
Domination andcontrol by few
Lack ofsustainabilitymeasures indevelopmentprograms
84 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
PEACE, SECURITY AND PROTECTION
Increase of NPA strength by13% annual average since1995
105 NPA guerilla fronts or5% increase from 2001-2002
Increase of NPA firearms by21% annual average since1995
Increase in NPA affectedbarangays by 17% annualaverage since 1995; 22%increase in NPA affectedbarangays for 2001-2002
“All-out war” in 2000;Armed conflict in firstquarter of 2003
Close to 300,000 peopledisplaced in April 2002,almost half were childrenand young people
411,849 persons displaced atthe height of the 2003 war
In November 2002,displacements were recordedas follows: Maguindanao(207,586); Sulu (89, 272);Lanao del Norte(58, 891);North Ctabato (32,189) andMarawi City (52,944).
Total cost of assistance forevacuees estimated at P342million in August 2001
Relief costs estimated atP18.4 million in March 2003
Increase in NPA/MILF strength
Increase of NPA firearms
Number of NPA affected/influenced barangays
Number of large-scale armedhostilities between the AFP andthe MILF
Number of displaced persons
Increase in defense, relief andrehabilitation expenses
Protractedarmed conflicts
Social andEconomicdislocation
Military report cited in MartinMarfil, “Red Fighters ExpandBases”, Phil Daily Inquirer, 5 Aug2002, p A3.
AFP
Amnesty International
DSWD; Tabang Mindanaw
PDI, March 2003
Number of children andyoung people involved asspies, couriers or combatantsestimated at 13% of therebel population
Some 9,039 houses damagedby 2000 war. Of this, 6,455(71.43%) were totallydestroyed and 2,581(28.56%) were partiallydamaged
In November 2001, 849,000or 90% of the estimated932,000 displaced by theconflict had returned homeor moved to other places ofrelocation
Social andEconomicdislocation
Number of children involved inarmed conflict
Number of houses partially ortotally damaged
Migration patterns
AFP;Child 21, CWC-UNICEF
Ramiro, 2002
WB, 2003
85A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Indicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue Source of Data
– ARMM suffered a declinein GRDP from P9,183 Min 1999 to P9,071 in 2000(at constant 1985 prices)with inflation rate thatreached 9.3% more thantwice the 4.3% for theentire island
– Only 50% of the P30billion investment targetgenerated in ARMM in2000
– 8,216 workers lost theirjobs while 334 firmssuspended operations orhave stopped operating inARMM during the 2000all-out war
About 3% of the 4,000members of the NegrosOriental Federation ofAgrarian Reform Beneficia-ries Organization joined theNPA after tiring of waitingfor land ownership
Social andEconomicdislocation
Abject Poverty
Economic cost of conflict
Land ownership opportunity
2002 PSY, NSCB
DTI
DA
Ferrer 2002
Sulu, Basilan, Lanao del Surhave lowest underemploy-ment rates; from 1997-2000,Sulu had an averageunderemployment rate of5.7%; Basilan, 4.6%; Suluhas the lowest female activityrate at only 19.1%, less thana fourth of the correspond-ing male rate.
66% of families in ARMMlive below poverty linecompared to the nationalaverage of 33.7% in 2000
ARMM has highest povertyincidence
6 conflict-affected areas inMindanao and 4 NPA-affected areas in Visayascomprise 10 bottomprovinces
Basilan, Sultan Kudarat andZamboanga del Sur areamong the top ten losers inper capita income
Unemployment/underemploymentrate
Poverty incidence in conflict-affected areas
PHDR 2002
NSCB, Inter-Agency TechnicalWorking Group on Income andPoverty Statistics
PHDR 2000
World Bank
86 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataIndicators Baseline Data and TrendsIssue
Impacts of globalization and influence from financial lending institutions
– Indigenous People’s RightsAct (protection ofancestral lands) vis-à-visthe Mining Act (allowsforeign mining companiesaccess to these ancestrallands)
– Pacification position(maximum concession toadversary; minimumconcession on one’s side),Victory position (militarydefeat of the insurgents;“divide-and-rule” rebelleaders and the institu-tional or peace buildingposition (construction ofinstitutions of peace anddevelopment throughconsultative and participa-tory mechanisms)
Congress
Oquist 2002
Incoherent and conflictinggovernment policies and laws
Competing policy positions
Governmentpolicies and laws
PEACE, SECURITY AND PROTECTION
– 60,000 to 100,000children nationwidevictims of commercialsexual exploitation
– 246,011 street childrenincluding about 45,000-50,000 highly visible streetchildren in major cities andurban centers
– 13.4% children andwomen
– 2001: of the 4 millionchildren 5 to 17 years old,59.4% or 2.4 millionchildren were exposed tohazardous and exploitativeworking conditions such aspyrotechnics, mining andquarrying, constructionand deep sea fishing
– 2001: 5,905, majority ofwhom have been subjectedto pre-trial detention
– 1999 : 3,747
Child 21, CWC-UNICEF
Study by Social Research Develop-ment Center, DLSU 2000;Child 21, CWC-UNICEF
DSWD
2001 SOC, NSO
BJMP Report
Magnitude, service head count
Proportion of children forced tolive and/or work in the streets(child exploitation)
Percentage of women and childrenbeing trafficked
No. of working children aged 5-17years old
No. of children in conflict withthe law
Children andwomen who aresexuallyexploited
Children andwomensubjected toviolence outsideof armedconflict(corporalpunishment,torture in thehome, school,institution)
Children andwomen aretrafficked
Women andchildren inforced andbonded labor(hazardous,exploited)
Children andwomen withoutprimarycaregivers (HIV/AIDS, orphans,children indetention,institutions)
87A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
2. CONFERENCE INDICATORS
Source of DataMD Target IndicatorNational Indicator
(proxy)MD
Conflict Prevention and Peace-building
Data and Trends
Peace, securityand disarma-ment
PREVENTINGVIOLENT CONFLICTS
Men and women havethe right to live theirlives and raise theirchildren in dignity, freefrom hunger and fromthe fear of violence,oppression or injustice.(Millennium Declaration,Values and Principles onFreedom)
– Peaceful negotiatedsettlement of armedconflict
– Status on theimplementation ofGRP-MNLF peaceagreement
– Former combatantselected and appointedto various posts at thedistrict, provincial andnational levels.
1995: GRP-RAM peaceagreement signed1996: Peace Agreement signedwith the MNLF1997-2003: Continuing GRPnegotiation with MILF1994-2003: IntermittentGRP-NDF peace negotiations
2002: 1,500 MNLF formercombatants fully integratedinto the PNP; Regionalsecurity force under the PNPoperationalized in May 20022003: 5,815 former MNLFintegrated in the AFP; ARMMUnified Command establishedthrough Executive Order 212on May 2003
2001: new ARMM legislatedby virtue of plebiscite onAugust 2001, new leaders ofARMM and ARL2003: GMA appointed a totalof 80 Muslims in theExecutive and Judiciarybranches of government incompliance with Article 5 ofRA 9054
Office of thePresidentialAdvisors on thePeace Process(OPAPP)
Peace, securityand disarma-ment
2001: Actual investmentreached Php 12.6 billion in2001 with 79% of the totalinvestments from ODAassistance2002: National Program forUnification and Developmentunder the OPAPP who hasprovided socio-economicassistance program, to MNLFcommunities through skillstraining, income generatingprojects, resettlement housingand study grants to a total1,744 MNLF members andtheir families
1990s : 5 peace zonesestablished nation-wide
2002: 10-12 peace zonesestablished nation-wide
2003: 160 peace and develop-ment communities establishedthrough GoP-UN MultidonorProgramme Phase 3
PREVENTINGVIOLENT CONFLICTS
– Community-basedrehabilitationprogrammes
– Number of armedconflicts settled atlocal level
– Number of peacepacts/agreementsbetween governmentand armed rebelgroups
– Number of commu-nity-based peace anddevelopmentinitiatives sustained,especially in conflict-affected areas
2002 MindanaoBudget Summit
OPAPP
OPAPP
88 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataMD Target IndicatorNational Indicator
(proxy)MD Data and Trends
2001: Executive Order No. 3defines policy and administra-tive structure forGovernment’s comprehensivepeace efforts
– Comprehensivenational peace policyestablished throughExecutive Order
HUMAN RIGHTS,DEMOCRACY ANDGOOD GOVER-NANCE
We will spare no effortto promote democracyand strengthen the ruleof law, as well as respectfor all internationallyrecognized human rightsand fundamentalfreedoms, including theright to development.(Millennium Declarationon Human Rights,Democracy and GoodGovernance)
Peace, securityand disarma-ment
OPAPP
HUMAN RIGHTS,DEMOCRACY ANDGOOD GOVER-NANCE
PROTECTING THEVULNERABLE
We will spare no effortto ensure that childrenand all civilian popula-tions that sufferdisproportionately theconsequences of naturaldisasters, genocide,armed conflicts andother humanitarianemergencies are givenevery assistance andprotection so that theycan resume normal life assoon as possible.(Millennium Declarationon Protecting theVulnerable)
Protocol Additional tothe Geneva Conventionof August 1949, andRelating to the Protec-tion of Victims of Non-International ArmedConflicts/Protocol 2(July 1987)
International Humanitar-ian Law
– Peace and Develop-ment included inMTPDP, definingpeace and develop-ment priorities andthrusts for Mindanao
– Decrease in numberand frequency ofdisplacement due toarmed conflict
– Agreements on HRand IHL
1999: MTPDP adopted byGovernment with chapter 15on Peace and Development forMindanao; Comprehensivepeace programme reflected inchapter 17 on Law and Order
2000: 755,369 peopledisplaced; all-out-war policyof the Estrada administration2001: 1,002,855 peopledisplaced in Mindanao2002: close to 300,000 peopledisplaced as a result of thegovernment operations in Sulu
1998: Comprehensiveagreement on HR and IHL(CAHR-IHL) signed betweenGRP and the NDF
NEDA
PDI, Tumbaga(August 2000)
DSWD August2001World Bank, 2003
OPAPP
89A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Source of DataMD Target IndicatorNational Indicator
(proxy)MD Data and Trends
Peace, securityand disarma-ment
Declaration of HumanRights, 1948
– Number of deaths(insurgents, soldiers,non-combatants)
– Number of HRviolations
– Increase in relief andrehabilitationexpenditures
– Growth of militaryexpenditures
1969-2001: as a direct resultof internal conflicts, civilianand military lives lost at122,000 in the Philippines (asof available data collected inAugust 2001)
2000: 892 casualties by Sept2000 with 465 dead eitherfrom armed conflict, bombblast or epidemics breaking outin the evacuation centers
2001: over a hundred peoplewere illegally arrested anddetained in line with the DOJmemo authorizing warrantlessarrest in the area.
2002: 1,486 cases of humanrights violations documentedby the Ecumenical Movementfor Justice and Peace, andKarapatan in Basilan (affecting42,898 individuals including1,377 families in 44 communi-ties); lives of 167 leaders andmember of legitimate people’sorganizations claimed by the20-month anti-insurgencycampaign dubbed “OplanHabol Tamaraw”
2001: Total cost of assistancefor evacuees estimated at Php342 million in the form ofrelief supplies, construction ofbunk houses, core shelters andevacuation centers2003: relief cost estimated atPhp 18.4 million
1968-1997: Estimated cost ofinternal conflict in Philippinesbetween 1968-1997 pegged atUS$ 5,100 million2002: Defense with a Php41.5 billion or 5.3% allocationin 2002 budget (out of Php780.8 billion)
Waging Peace inthe Philippines, C.Hernandez, Dec.2002
PDI, Tumbaga
Waging Peace inthe Philippines, W.Tanada, Dec. 2002
PDI, March 2003;Ramiro, 2002
PDI, March 2003
Waging Peace inthe Philippines, C.Hernandez, Dec.20022002 MindanaoBudget Summit
90 A Common View, A Common Journey
Source of DataMD Target IndicatorNational Indicator
(proxy)MD Data and Trends
Peace, securityand disarma-ment
Protocol II Article IV (3)of the Geneva conven-tion states that “childrenshall be provided withcare and aid theyrequire…”Article XIII of the sameconvention espouses that“the civilian populationand individual civiliansshall enjoy generalprotection against thedangers arising frommilitary operations.”Convention on theRights of the Child (Sept2000) clearly declaresthat “state parties shalltake appropriatemeasures to promotephysical and psychologi-cal recovery and socialreintegration of a childvictim of any form ofneglect, exploitation, orabuse; torture or anyform of cruel, inhumanor degrading treatmentor punishment; or armedconflicts. Such reco-veryand reintegration shallplace in an environmentwhich fosters the health,self-respect and dignityof the child.”
Optional Protocol to theConvention on theRights of the Child(CRC) on the Involve-ment of Children inArmed Conflict (Sept2000) prohibitsgovernment and armedgroups from usingchildren under the age of18 years old in hostilities,compulsory militaryservice or voluntaryrecruitment. 0
– Protectionprogrammes forchildren in situationsof armed conflict
– Utilizing andrecruiting children(either as child soldiersor spies)
RA 7610 provided specialprotection of children againstchild abuse, exploitation anddiscrimination1990s: CSAC programmeestablished2001: Executive Order 56defining comprehensiveprogram framework forchildren involved in armedconflict
2002: Abu Sayyaf Group(ASG) utilized 7 children in itsoperation against the AFP
2002: AFP estimated thatnumber of children involvedin armed conflict is 13% ofthe total rebel population ofthe NPA as well as the MILF
OPAPP (Ermita,Feb. 2002)
OPAPP (Ermita,Feb. 2002)
AFP;Child 21, CWC-UNICEF
91A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
D. DATA GAPS FOR THEMATIC INDICATORS
Environment
• Data is sporadically generated, based on quantified amounts in particular years, in limited areas and therefore trend analysisis difficult
• Water body classification is incomplete
• No complete groundwater map
• Inadequate amount of monitoring systems for air / water pollution nationwide
• Imprecise national figures, data only available in some areas, no repository for all data
• Proportion of land owners to land area unknown
Peace, Security and Protection
• No data on number of schools closed; areas without electricity, water, health facilities in conflict areas
92 A Common View, A Common Journey
TABLES, SIDE BOXES AND FIGURES
Table 1: Millenium Development Goals/Targets, Philippines
Target 1: Halve the proportion of people living in extreme poverty between1990-2015
Target 2: Halve the proportion of population below the minimum level ofdietary energy consumption and halve the proportion of underweight children(under five years old)
Target 3: Halve the proportion of people with no access to safe drinkingwater or those who cannot afford it by 2015
Target 4: Achieve universal access to primary education by 2015
Target 5: Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education,preferably by 2005, and all levels of education not later than 2015
Target 6: Reduce under-five mortality rate by two-thirds by 2015
Target 7: Reduce maternal mortality rate by three-quarters by 2015 (half by2000, half by 2015)
Target 8: Increase access to basic reproductive health services to 60 percentby 2005, 80 percent by 2010, and 100 percent by 2015
Target 9: Halt and reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015
Target 10: Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse the incidence ofmalaria and other major diseases
Target 11: Implement national strategies for sustainable development by2005, to reverse loss of environmental resources by 2015
Target 12: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the livesof at least 100 million slum dwellers
Target 13: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscrimina-tory trading and financial system, include a commitment to good governance,development and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally
Target 14: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developingcountries through national and international measures in order to make debtssustainable in the long-term
GOALS TARGETS
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme povertyand hunger
Goal 2. Achieve universal primaryeducation
Goal 3. Promote gender equality
Goal 4. Reduce child mortality
Goal 5. Improve maternal health
Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS,malaria, and other diseases
Goal 7. Ensure environmentalsustainability
Goal 8. Develop a global partner-ship for development
Source: Philippine Progress Report on the MDG, January 2003.
93A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Table 2: Status of Ratification of Principal International Human Rights Treaties, as of 7 July 2003
TreatyDates of
Source of Basic Data: Web-based - http://www.unhchr.ch/pdf/report.pdf
Treaty Body (Committeeof Expert Monitoring
Implementation Signature Ratification Accession
1. International Covenant onEconomic, Social andCultural Rights (CESCR)
2. International Covenant onCivil and Political Rights(CCPR)
3. Optional Protocol to theInternational Covenant onCivil and Political Rights(CCPR-OP1)
4. Second Optional Protocol tothe International Covenanton Civil and Political Rights,aimed at the abolition of thedeath penalty (CCPR-OP2-DP)
5. International Convention onthe Elimination of All Formsof Racial Discrimination(CERD)
6. Convention on the Elimina-tion of All Forms ofDiscrimination againstWomen (CEDAW)
7. Optional Protocol to theConvention on the Elimina-tion of All Forms ofDiscrimination againstWomen (CEDAW-OP)
8. Convention against Tortureand Other Cruel, Inhuman orDegrading Treatment orPunishment (CAT)
9. Convention on the Rights ofthe Child (CRC)
10. Optional Protocol to theConvention on the Rights ofthe Child (CRC-OP-AC) onthe involvement in armedconflict
11. Optional Protocol to theConvention on the Rights ofthe Child (CRC-OP-SC) onthe sale of children, childprostitution and childpornography
12. International Convention onthe Protection of the Rightsof All Migrant Workers andMembers of Their Families(MWC), which was adoptedby the General Assembly in1990 and will enter into forcewhen 20 States have accepted
Committee on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights
Human Rights Committee
Human Rights Committee
Human Rights Committee
Committee on theElimination of RacialDiscrimination
Committee on theElimination of Discrimi-nation against Women
Committee on theElimination of Discrimi-nation against Women
Committee againstTorture
Committee on the Rightsof the Child
Committee on the Rightsof the Child
Committee on the Rightsof the Child
21 Mar 2000
08 Sep 2000
08 Sep 2000
07 Jan 1976
23 Jan 1987
04 Jan 1969
04 Sep 1981
20 Sep 1990
01 Jul 2003
22 Nov 1989
26 Jun 1987
94 A Common View, A Common Journey
Table 3: Other International Instruments Signed/Ratified/Acceded to by the Philippines Relating to Human Rights
Instruments
Dates of
Source: Web-based – http://www.unodc.org/unodc/crime_cicp_convention.html
Signature Ratification Accession
1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of theCrime Genocide
2. Convention on the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons andof the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others
3. Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
4. Slavery Convention of 1926 as Amended
5. Convention on the Political Rights of Women
6. Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, theSlave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery
7. Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age forMarriage and Registration of Marriages
8. Convention on the Non-applicability of Statutory Limita-tions to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
9. International Convention on the Suppression and Punish-ment on the Crime of Apartheid
10. Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
11. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
12. International Convention Against Apartheid in Sports
13. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention of 12August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victimsof Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol 2)
14. Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (entryinto force 29 September 2003)
15. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking inPersons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing theUN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (notyet in force)
16. Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Seaand Air, Supplementing the UN Convention againstTransnational Organized Crime (not yet in force)
11 Dec 1949
20 Dec 1950
22 Jun 1955
23 Sep1953
5 Feb 1963
2 May 1974
16 May 1986
14 Dec 2000
14 Dec 2000
14 Dec 2000
07 Jul 1950
19 Sep 1952
12 Sep 1957
21 Jan 1965
26 Jan 1978
27 Jul 1987
11 Dec 1986
28 May 2002
28 May 2002
28 May 2002
12 Jul 1955
17 Nov 1964
15 May 1973
22 Jul 198122 Jul 1981
11 Jul 1987
95A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Table 4: List of Human Rights-related International Labor Conventions Ratified by the Philippines
29 December 1953
29 December 1953
29 December 1953
17 November 1960
17 November 1960
28 November 2000
04 June 1998
International Labor Conventions Date of Ratification
C.87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948(No.87)Right of workers to form and join organizations of their own choosing without prior authorization, andwithout interference from public authorities.
C.98 Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively Convention, 1949 (No.98)Right to organize and bargain collectively, and protection against anti-union discrimination and employerinterference.
C.100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No.100)Requires equal pay and benefits for men and women for work of equal value.
C.105 Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, 1957 (No.105)Prohibits forced or compulsory labor in all its forms, as a means of political coercion or education,punishment for the expression of political or ideological views, workforce mobilization, labor discipline,punishment for participation in strikes, or discrimination.
C.111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No.111)Calls for elimination of discrimination in access to employment and training and working conditions, ongrounds or race, color, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin and to promoteequality of opportunity and treatment.
C.182 Prohibition and Immediate Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor Conven-tion, 1999 (No.182)Calls for the immediate elimination of the worst and most hazardous forms of child labor, adds to, anddoes not supersede Convention 13.
C.138 Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)Establishes the minimum age for admission to employment (15, or 14 for countries meeting developingcountry exceptions, and not less than the age for completion of compulsory schooling), and stipulates theminimum age for admission to hazardous work (18).
Source: ILO
Table 5: Ten Poorest Provinces in the Philippines: 1997 and 2000
Region Rank‘00
Source of Basic Data: 1997 and 2000 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, NSO
Source of Poverty Statistics : Inter-Agency Technical Working Group on Income and Poverty Statistics. The estimates of poverty incidence were computed based on the new methodology approved by
the NSCB Executive Board
Rank‘97
Inc/Dec(%)
2000Poverty
Incidence(%)
1997Poverty
Incidence(%)
Province
Sulu 67.1 63.2 -3.9 1 1
Masbate 61.4 62.8 1.4 2 2
Tawi-Tawi 35.0 56.5 21.5 40 3
Ifugao 57.7 55.6 -2.1 4 4
Romblon 52.8 55.2 2.4 8 5
Maguindanao 41.6 55.1 13.5 27 6
Lanao del Sur 55.6 55.0 -0.6 7 7
Sultan Kudarat 36.6 54.3 17.7 38 8
Camiguin 32.5 53.1 20.6 49 9
Camarines Norte 49.7 52.7 3.0 10 10
Autonomous Region in MuslimMindanao
Region V – Bicol Region
Autonomous Region in MuslimMindanao
Cordillera Administrative Region
Region IV – Southern Tagalog
Autonomous Region in MuslimMindanao
Autonomous Region in MuslimMindanao
Region XII – Central Mindanao
Region X – Northern Mindanao
Region V – Bicol Region
96 A Common View, A Common Journey
Table 6: Poverty Incidence in the Philippines and Rank: 1997 and 2000 (Ranked by Region, #1: Highest Incidence)
Region Rank‘00
Source of Basic Data: 1997 and 2000 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, NSO
Source of Poverty Statistics : Inter-Agency Technical Working Group on Income and Poverty Statistics. The estimates of poverty incidence were computed based on the new methodology approved by
the NSCB Executive Board
Rank‘97
2000Poverty
Incidence(%)
1997Poverty
Incidence(%)
National Capital Region 4.8 16 5.7 16
Region I – Ilocos Region 31.4 10 29.6 12
Region II – Cagayan Valley 27.1 13 24.8 13
Region III – Central Luzon 13.9 15 17.0 15
Region IV – Southern Tagalog 22.8 14 20.8 14
Region V – Bicol Region 46.9 2 49.0 2
Region VI – Western Visayas 37.2 7 37.8 6.5
Region VII – Central Visayas 29.8 12 32.3 9
Region VIII – Eastern Visayas 29.9 5 37.8 6.5
Region IX – Western Mindanao 31.9 9 38.3 5
Region X – Northern Mindanao 37.8 6 32.9 8
Region XI – Southern Mindanao 31.1 11 31.5 10
Region XII – Central Mindanao 45.3 3 48.4 3
Cordillera Administrative Region 35.9 8 31.1 11
Autonomous Region in Muslin Mindanao 50.0 1 57.0 1
Caraga 44.7 4 42.9 4
97A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Table 7: Graft Prone MDG-Related Government Agencies
Government Agency
Source: Assessment Report of CCA Theme Group on Governance 2003
Losses Paid in BribesNumber of
Cases(1993-98)
Department of Public Works and Highways 1762 10-30 percent of total cost of the publicwork projects
Department of Environment and Natural Resources 1149 15 percent of reforestation costs (1988-1992)
Department of Education 1046 20-65 percent total costs of textbooks procured
Department of Health 289 20-40 percent of medicines procured
Department of Interior and Local Governments 247 P45 million a year in ghost payroll
Department of Agriculture 393 10-50 percent total cost of farm inputs
Table 8: Total Government Spending on Health
Source: Assessment Report of CCA Theme Group on Governance 2003
PercentShare
National Government 7.19 2.09 2.95 12.23 71.9
Local Government Units 0.28 0.73 0.38 1.39 8.2
Social Insurance 1.82 1.57 3.39 19.9
Total Government 9.29 2.82 4.9 17.01 100
Percent share 54.6 16.6 28.8 100
Total Government as % of GNP 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.4
National Government 9.89 4.07 4.67 18.63 46.0
Local Government Units 3.92 7.88 3.68 15.48 38.3
Social Insurance 3.87 2.49 6.36 15.7
Total Government 17.68 11.95 10.84 40.47 100
Percent share 43.7 29.5 26.8 100
Total Government as % of GNP 0.7 0.5 0.4 1.6
TotalOtherPublic
Health CarePersonal
Health Care
Billions PHP1991
Billions PHP1997
98 A Common View, A Common Journey
Table 9: Comparative basic Statistics in Selected Asian Countries
Expenditure onEduc. Inst. as a
% of GDP (1999)5
Expenditure perStudent Relative
to GDP perCapita4
Expenditure perStudent3
GDPper
Capita2
Index Change inSch-age Popn
(Base Year2000=100)1
Country Ages Ages Ages Ages Primary Secondary Public Private
5-14 15-19 5-14 15-19 Education Education Primary Secondary Sources Sources
China 18 7 82 95 3617 372 833 10 23 1.4 1.1
Japan 10 6 92 82 24,898 5,240 6,039 21 24 2.7 0.2
Korea 14 8 89 81 15,712 2.838 3,419 21 25 3.2 0.8
Malaysia 22 10 102 116 8,209 1,015 1,813 12 22 3.7 -
Philippines 24 11 105 118 3,805 474 406 14 15 3.4 1.7
Thailand 16 9 99 99 6,132 - - - - 2.8 0.1
1Projections Year 20152In equivalent US$ converted using Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate (PPP): 1999 data3In equivalent US$ converted using PPPs data of Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines include public institutions only4On public institutions only for Malaysia and the Philippines.5Primary secondary and post secondary non-tertiary levels.
Source: Financing Education – Investments and Returns, An Analysis of the World Education Indicators, 2002 Edition
UNESCO/OECD World Education Indicators Programme, Paris, 2002
of Popn(2000)
1994 26,171,999,000 2,960,442,000 29,132,441,000 122,888,867 2,260.28 2,030.59 229.69 2,260.28 2,030.59 229.69
1995 31,009,868,000 3,800,705,000 34,810,573,000 13,619,040 2,556.02 2,276.95 279.07 2,366.69 2,108.29 258.40
1996 38,336,046,000 3,648,658,000 41,984,704,000 13,984,548 3,002.22 2,741.31 260.91 2,544.25 2,323.14 221.11
1997 47,407,401,000 3,705,354,000 51,112,755,000 14,392,833 3,551.26 3,293.82 257.44 2,841.01 2,635.06 205.95
1998 67,586,938,000 4,522,567,000 72,109,505,000 14,785,257 4,877.12 4,571.24 305.88 3,559.94 3,336.67 223.27
1999 71,137,735,000 4,086,156,000 75,223,891,000 15,070,046 4,991.62 4,720.47 271.14 3,418.92 3,233.20 185.71
2000 72,111,660,000 5,288,604,000 77,400,264,000 15,254,213 5,074.03 4,727.33 346.70 3,338.18 3,110.09 228.09
Table 10: Per Capita Cost (Basic Education), 1994 to 2003
PerCapitaCost
(MOOE)
PerCapitaCost(PS)
PerCapitaCost
(PS &MOOE)
PerCapitaCost
(MOOE)
PerCapitaCost(PS)
PerCapitaCost
(PS &MOOE)
TotalEnrolment(Excluding
ARMM)
Nominal Values Real ValuesBudget (In Phil. Peso)
TotalMOOEPSYear
Legend: PS - Personal Services
MOOE - Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses
Source: Department of Education - Office of Planning Service
99A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Table 12: MDG-Related Devolved Functions
LGU Devolved Services, Functionsand Regulatory Powers
Source: Assessment Report of CCA Theme Group on Governance 2003
National Agency
Social Welfare and Services Department of Social Welfare and Development
Agricultural Extension Department of Agriculture
Field Health & Hospital services, Department of Healthother Tertiary Health services
Locally Funded Infrastructure Projects Department of Public Works and Highways
School Building Program Department of Education
Community-based Forestry Projects Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Reclassification of Agricultural Lands Department of Agrarian Reform
Enforcement of Environmental Laws Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Inspection of Food Products and Quarantine Department of Health
GENERAL BUDGET ITEMS 1997 1998 1999 2000
Economic Services 24.9 26.9 33.4 40.0
Social Services 26.3 28.5 35.3 42.3
General Public Services 19.9 21.5 26.7 32.0
Table 11: Internal Revenue Allotment for LGUs (In Billion Philippine Pesos)
100 A Common View, A Common Journey
Institutional CapacitiesReasons
Actions of the InstitutionsState of the InstitutionsFactorsSub-sector
Overlapping mandates andprogrammes; conflictingpolicies and strategies
Non-integration of sectoraland local development plans
Non-prioritization of C&Missues in the deployment ofnational assets
No industry development plansconsistent with public sectoractions on C&M
Weak enforcement of C&Mregulations
Lack of and inaccurate database on C&M ecosystems andresource-use
Non-integration in publicsector actions on C&M of theexternal population pressureson these ecosystems
Concentration of industrialactivities in high density areas
Poor rationality of distributionof space increases costs ofservices
Low quality employmentopportunities
High costs and low qualityenforcement of laws andregulations
Multiple agencies involved inland administration and servicedelivery
Confusing tenure systems andinstruments on FW
Poor LGU support for uplandcommunities
Poor valuation of FWresources
Poor application of PA21principles in FW mgt
Technical standards of FW mgtdiffer across their users
Disharmony in statutory andcustomary standards and normson FW management
Lack of a National PolicyFramework on C&M
Weak governance capacities inthe sub-sector
Weak ecologically appropriateknowledge systems in coastalcommunities
Urban-oriented industrial policy
Poor urban planning andenforcement of zoning
Insufficient supply of services
Political system favorsdensification
Absence of a National LandUse Policy
Lack of access to resources andproductive assets
Poor, unrealistic data andinformation on agriculture,agrarian reform and environ-ment
Disharmony of planningsystems with customary FWresource use systems
Disharmony between regulationand enforcement
Lack of understanding of FWby officials and their users
Ethical systems on FW differacross users
Inappropriate technologies usedin upland farming and otherresource uses
Limited investments andsupport for investments
Insufficient ratioof qualityemployment todemand
High density ofsettlements
Insufficientservices
Breachedcarryingcapacities
Deterioratingland quality dueto soil erosion,land pollutionand landconversion
Poverty in FW
Land usesystems
Water use
Undesirablemigration tocoastal areas
High ratio ofimmigration toemigration infew commercialareas
Decliningcompetitivenessof agriculturevis-à-vis services
Population (size,density,structure,fertility)
Global trade(value,substitution anddemand fornaturalresources)
Climate change
Coastal andMarine(C&M)
Urban
LowlandAgriculture(LA)
Forests andWatersheds(FW)
Table 13: Sub-sector Issue Analysis for Environment
101A Common Country Assessment of the Philippines
Period China Thailand Indonesia Philippines
1960 – 1980 * NA 1.3 1.6 1.0
1980 – 2000 ** 4.7 1.0 1.5 0.1
All Periods 1.2 1.5 0.2
Notes: * 1960-1980 estimates pertain to 1971-1991data for Indonesia and Thailand, 1961-1980 data for the Philippines;
** 1980-2000 estimates pertain to 1979-1995 data for China (covering rice, wheat, and corn only), 1981-1998 data for Indonesia and 1980-1998 data for the Philippines.
Source: Mundlak et al (2002) for Indonesia, Thailand, and Philippines: Jin et al (2002) for China.
Table 15: Comparison of Health Indicators across Income Quintiles, Philippines:
Quintiles
Poorest RichestIndicator AveragePoor/RichRatio
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
IMR per 1000 live births 48.8 38.2 33.7 24.9 20.98 36 2.35
Under 5 MR per 1000 live 79.8 60.5 49.7 33.4 20.9 54.9 2.73births
TFR 6.5 4.7 3.6 2.9 2.1 3.7 3.095
Age 15-19 Specific 130 90 32 29 12 46 10.833Fertility Rate (births per1000 population)
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate 40.1 50.2 47 0.80
Source: 1998 Philippine Health, Nutrition, Population Survey
HNP/Poverty Thematic Group of World Bank
Table 16: Health Status Indicators, Philippines: 1970-2000
Indicator 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000
Life expectancy at birth: male (a) 57.3 59.7 62.2 62.7 67.0(f)
Life expectancy at birth: female (a) 61.5 65.1 67.5 67.9 72.0(f)
Infant mortality rate: male (a) 93.8 65.2 59.9 53.2 na
Infant mortality rate: female (a) 83.2 59.4 53.4 48.4 na
Child mortality rate: male (1-4 years) (a) 37.2 32.1 23.3 20.0 na
Child mortality rate: female (1-4 years) (a) 35.4 30.6 25.4 22.2 na
Maternal mortality ratio 213(b) 209(c) 172(d) na
Total fertility rate (e) 6.0 5.1 4.1 3.7 na
Sources:
(a)Flieger and Cabigon (rates are life table probabilities)
(b) Data from 1993 NDS and refer to the period 1980-1986.
(c) Data from 1993 NDS and refer to the period 1987-1993.
(e)1973,1983 & 1993 NDS survey results and 1998 NDHS
(f) Projections made by the TWG on Population by NCSB
Table 14: Growth in Total Factor Productivity in Agriculture
102 A Common View, A Common Journey
Table 17: Prevalence of Deficiencies in Physical Attributes Among 0-5 and 6-10 year-old Children: Philippines, 1989-90 to 2001
Nutritional Status1989-90 1992 1993 1996 1998 2001
Percent Prevalence
0-5 YEARS OLD
Underweight 34.5 34.0 29.9 30.8 32.0 30.6
Underheight 39.9 36.8 34.3 34.5 34.0 31.4
Thinness 5.0 6.6 6.7 5.2 6.0 6.3
Overweight-for-age 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.0
6-10 YEARS OLD
Underweight 34.2 32.5 30.5 28.3 30.2 32.9
Underheight 44.8 42.8 42.2 39.1 40.8 41.1
Overweight-for-age 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.4 N 0.8
Source: FNRI (www.fnri.dost.gov.ph)
Table 18: School Enrolment, By Level and Sector for SY 1981-82 and SY 2001-2002
SY 1981-82 SY 2001-2002
Source: Department of Education, Research and Statistics Division, Office of the Planning Service Tables.
Table 19: Repetition Rates for Elementary Level, by Grade
1 2 3 4 5 6
Total Phils 4.16 2.36 1.63 1.18 0.87 0.45
Male 4.92 3.05 2.16 1.60 1.22 0.63
Female 3.31 1.62 1.06 0.75 0.54 0.28
Elementary Level, SY 2000-2001
Level Public%
Private%
Total Public%
Private%
TotalShare Share Share Share
Elementary 8,073,290 95% 444,993 5% 8,518,283 11,900,362 93% 909,532 7% 12,809,894
Secondary 1,591,510 54% 1,344,222 46% 2,935,732 4,383,142 78% 1,251,562 22% 5,634,704
Repetition by Grade (In %)
Source: Department of Education, Research and Statistics Division, Office of the Planning Service Tables
Table 20: Repetition Rates for Secondary Level, by Year
1 2 3 4
Total Phils 2.76 2.45 2.02 0.97
Male 4.09 3.65 3.04 1.41
Female 1.39 1.28 1.10 0.59
Secondary Level, SY 2000-2001
Repetition per Year (In %)
Source: Department of Education, Research and Statistics Division, Office of the Planning Service Tables