a classic philosophical conundrum: if a tree falls in a forest and no-one hears it fall, does it...
TRANSCRIPT
A classic philosophical conundrum:
If a tree falls in a forest and no-one hears it fall, does it make a sound?
‘Is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it? This question, which at first sight might not seem difficult, is really one of the most difficult that can be asked. When we have realized the obstacles in the way of a straightforward and confident answer, we shall be well launched on the study of philosophy—for philosophy is merely the attempt to answer such ultimate questions, not carelessly and dogmatically, as we do in ordinary life and even in the sciences, but critically, after exploring all that makes such questions puzzling, and after realizing all the vagueness and confusion that underlie our ordinary ideas.’
Today’s lesson
You will learn how to explain and evaluate direct realism: the view that the immediate objects of perception are mind-independent objects and their properties
Key things today
An important text: Russell, The Problems of Philosophy, Chapter 1
Some important key terms: Perception External world Mind-independent Illusion Perceptual variation Hallucination Time-lag arguments
A practice definition question: What is direct realism? (2 marks)
Planning an answer: Explain the argument from perceptual variation (5 marks)
Direct Realism
Read p.9 in your booklet about direct realism
In pairs: Highlight key words and phrases Select eight key words / phrases to answer
the question: What is direct realism?
A practice definition question:
What is direct realism? (2 marks) Write your own answer Share your answer with your partner – how could your
answer be improved?
Just give a clear, correct answer Answer the question, then stop DON’T waffle – don’t write irrelevant information
A little information about the exam
3 hours100% of the AS levelAll questions are compulsoryTotal marks: 80
Epistemology Philosophy of Religion2 marks – 5 mins 2 marks – 5 mins
5 marks – 10 mins 5 marks – 10 mins
9 marks – 15-20 mins 9 marks – 15-20 mins
9 marks – 15-20 mins 9 marks – 15-20 mins
15 marks – 35-45 mins 15 marks – 35-45 mins
AO1: demonstrate understanding of the core concepts and methods of
philosophyAO2: analyse and evaluate philosophical argument to form reasoned judgements
Discussion
Do you agree that we perceive objects directly because they really are ‘out there’ and they possess innate properties?
Task – 5 minutes
In the table below we have two things – a real kettle and an imagined kettle. You need to decide how they are different. What makes one real and the other not?
Real kettle Imagined kettle
Homework from last week
Read Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy, Chapter 1 and answer the following questions:1. What problems does Russell encounter when he
starts to think about the table?2. What does Russell mean by the distinction between
appearance and reality?3. Why does Russell argue that colour isn’t inherent in
the table?4. What are sense-data?5. Do you think that the table really possesses size,
shape, colour and texture?6. Why might we doubt that the table is real at all?
Problems with direct realism
The argument from illusionThe argument from hallucinationThe argument from perceptual variationThe time-lag argument
Booklets, p.11-13Textbooks, p.30-36
20 minutes:
In your group, prepare a quick presentation to explain your
criticism