A Chaos of Delight SCIENCE, RELIGION AND MYTH AND THE SHAPING OF WESTERN THOUGHT

Geoffrey P. Dobson

•

e~ulnox LONDON OAKVILLE

Published by Equinox Publishing Ltd. UK: Unit 6, The Village, 101 Amies St., London SWll 2JW www.equinoxpub.com

© GLD Enterprises (NQ) Pty Ltd 2005

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN I 84553-018-7 (hardback) 1 84553-019-5 (paperback)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A chaos of delight: scicnee, religion and myth, and the shaping of western thought / Geoffrey P. Dobson.- 1st ed.

p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-84553·018-7 (hardcover) -- ISBN 1-84553-019·5 (pbk.) 1. Religion and science. 2. Mythology. 1. Title. BL240.3.D632005

140--dc22 2005001884

Typeset by Kate Williams, Swansea. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham.

Contents

Preface vii Acknowledgements ix

1 Science, religion and myth: making sense of the world

2 Life among the gods, part I:the Sumerians - service and supplication 23

3 Life among the gods, part II: ancient Egyptians - optimism and opportunity 55

4 The Presocratics: from myth to philosophical reason 92

5 Classical philosophy: different roads to truth 140

6 Early Christianity:the historical road to one God 186

7 Medieval Christendom: faith and reason 219

8 The triumphant rise of Western science: methodologies, mathematics and measurement 257

9 The Big Bang: starlight to superstrings 300

10 Origins of life: from molecules to machines 315

11 Humankind's evolutionary origins and emergence of mind 339

12 Tradition at the crossroads: seeking unity in diversity 370

Notes 375 Bibliography 437 Index 463

Preface

Let each one examine his thoughts, and he will find them all

occupied with the past and the future. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)1

A Chaos of Delight has been a labour of love for over ten years. The title is taken from the words of Charles Darwin when he witnessed the natural magnificence and extraordinary diversity ofhfe in a BrazHian rainforest. On 28 February 1832, he wrote in his diary: "The mind is a chaos of delight, out of which a world of future & more qlliet pleasure "ill arise."2 My illspiration came around 1986 when I was working as a research scientist at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Maryland, USA. Ironically, the idea was not seeded in the intensely stimulating \vorkplace at NIH with its thousands of scientists and medical discoveries, but when my neighbours in Highwood Road, Rockville asked what I did during the day and ,vhy science was important. When I look back on those enjoyable years chatting about the "news and views" of the day, usually over a beer, I don't think I ever offered satisfactory answers.

Over the years, as I became more interested in promoting the understanding of science, I realized that any meaningful effort must include an 1111derstanding of what science is not. What began as a story about science grew into something much larger and more difficult thallI had first imagined: a history of the different ways human beings have sought meaning and made sense of the world. The tantalizing fact that underpins our story is that despite human beings sharing 98.5 per cent of our 32000 genes with the chimpanzee (differing only in about 500 genes), we are the only species to seek meaning by imposing order and process on external stimuli, and expressing it in language, art, history, myth, religion and science. Human beings are, as cultural anthropologist Clifford Geertz (b.1926) claims, "symbolising, conceptualising, meaning-seeking animals", who possess the "drive to make sense out of experience, to give it form and order".3 This dtive by different peoples in different places and at different times is a major factor responsible for the cultural parallels and differences that exist today.

A Chaos of Delight was written for a general readership with two principal aims: to

understand how different cultures have looked at the same wodd and de\'ised totally difterent explanations ranging from deeply mythopoeic existential~metaphysical

reflections to purely physical ones; and to provide a history of Western ideas in which the reader can place their OWll worldview, and better understand its origins and

vii

A CHAOS OF DELIGHT

development. The book is a guided tom into the succession of ways human beings have constructed order and meaning over the past 5000 years. At a time in history when our knowledge-base is doubling every ten years or so, there is a gro\ving concern that the general public are being left behind. It is my hope that this book will help to bridge this ever~widenjng gap.

It is further hoped that the book ,¥ill help to promote a better understanding of the changing roles that science, religion and myth have played in shaping the images of ourselves and our place in the wider universe. Por much of the last century, despite ongoing efforts to reconcile the differences between science and religion, deeper chasms appear to have flxmed. One school argues that there is no conflict because religion is completely in accordance with reality, and within its theological framework science is its servant not its master. A.nother school argues that science and religion are incompatible because each system rdies on difterent methodologies, and disunity may arise when both seek to explain the same phenomena with ditlerent answers. In the public arena, religion is often associated with barrier-building, violence and wars, and science with mischief and mistrust. In my view, greater harmony between science and religion can be reached fi·om a deeper understanding of their respective origins, intersections and divergence through the history of ideas. Much benefit can be gained by appropriating the past in the present and future. In this context, I agree with the sentiments of Danish philosopher S0ren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) when he wrote: "Life can only be understood backwards, bur it must be lived forward."4

As we move through the Sumerian, Egyptian, Greek, early Christian, Medieval and Renaissance periods to the present, one unifYing feature that stands om above all others as the most certain thing about human knowledge in general, and science, religion or myth in particular, is its uncertainty. From a cross-cultural perspective, one's religious views are framed by articles of faith derived hom history, and within their highly prescribed boundaries there exists a system that is just as dynamic as modern-day science. In alllike!ihood, you will come away from the journey with a cache of historical biases and legacies that frame and underpin your worldview. For me, one great legacy from the ancient Greeks, and befitting of the twenty-first century, is that you could be wrong in your thinking and still be highly productive in society by advancing knowledge through endless creativity and discovery. An important lesson for the third millennium is that diversity of opinion is healthy and essential; it is blind acceptance of dogma that impedes understanding and progress.

Lastly, and in accordance with my broader theme of appropriating the past in the present and future, r invite you to ponder the question on how human beings 2000 years from now might view progress in the tw-entieth and twenty~first centuries. Just as the ancient Greeks reflected on older cultures, and we reflect on all of them today, what do you think peoples of the future will write of our recent history? I asked this question of Nobel Laureate Sir John Cornforth (b.1917) early in 1993 and in his reply (23 June 1993) he \vrote: "I think it is possible that our posterity 2000 years on might say something like this: These people had the first opportunity to secure the eaTth)s

futl~re) and they squandered it. That might have been expected: they were imprisoned by the past, and they did not live long mough to break free." I sincerely hope Cornforth is wrong, as I am sure he himself does. The ball is in our court to make the changes we wish to see.

vii!

Acknowledgements

I should like to thank the many specialists who took time out of their hectic schedules to comment on the very early draft chapters and who have helped steer the enterprise. vVarm thanks go to John T. Edsall und Brian Davies for their guiding comments on Chapter 1, John Baines fiJr his comments on the ancient Near Eastern chapters and Edward F. Wente t(x his helpful criticisms; Ed\vard Hussey and Lloyd Gerson for their commentaries on the Presocratic chapter, Venerable Edward Byford and Roseillary Dunn t<)r commenting on the early and Illedieval Chlistian chapters and 01l,'er Lealllan t(lr clari~·ing Averroes. I should .llso like to thank John Hedley- Brooke tor his fathomless ~cholar.~hir on CopernicLls, Kepler, C;alileo and Newton. Thanks also go ro fan \Vhittingham for his early comments on the origins of the universe, and to my good ti"iend, the late Peter Hochachb fi)r his comments on the origins of life. No person is expert in all the areas covered in t his book, and I take full responsibility fiJI" any obscurities 3nd errors that remain.

I should also like to thank my mentors and colleagues over t.he years; John Bakhvin, Peter Hochachb, David Randall, Britton Chance, Richard Vccch, Janet Passonneau, and the late Eldo \Viebe. Special rlunks go to Kirk Jensen J-o]" his editorial criticism and hicndship over the years, and to Joe VVisnovsky and Richard O'Grady for their continual encouragement. Thanks also go to mv past coworkers at the National Institutes of Health, in particular 'Valter Teague and the late Ming-ta Huang, to my colleagues at r,Hnes Cook University and to my present and past students. I should also like to thank Sir Gustav Nossal for his wisdom, e.ncouragement and athict, and the Equinox team, J,H1<.:t Joyce and Valerie Hall, and Tene Williams for their profession'llislll, flexibility and constructive comments on the text, layout and referencing. I should also like to thank K~rla rincott for her editorial suggestions, the library staffat James Cook University and J (:an Dartnall for providing the index. Lastly, I sbould. especially like to thank my parents Be\' and Des, Dianne and Tim Donovan, Bill and Nora Green, their respective progeny ,lilli, most orall, my \'Crv patient and loving wife, Louise, and daughters, Georgia, Caitlin and Ash kyo vVithout)'OlU resolute 100'e, support, and sense ofhur11our, Louise, this book \Hlllid have never been completed.

I X

Index

Abd.lrd, Peta 238,247-8 on educ,llon 256

Abrohom 187-8,379 absolute knowkdgc rn: c~rt,1int)l~

knowledge A,"knl)" (of PI <lto ) 144-5

closed 207 ctymolob')' 399

Achilles and I he tortuise par.\da" 121-2

actinomycetes 335 Acts of the Apostles 11)2-3 Adilm set Gcnt::sis; hllnl.J:O cr(;~lIion

Adams, John, quotations 72 acth,:r (diville airj

of Ari,wtk 162, 163 -idincd 105 Plato n:jected 162 of the Prc"JCratics 110,114,

117, 126-8,138-9 Ae:tills

on A!cmocon 403 on Empcdocles 125 q uotatio", 1 31 on Thab 106

___ -\tjrica

J.pe-hmnan divergence 350 birthplace of Hmll(l 347, 349 ~~Ollt of Atiica'~ hnxJthcsis

356, 358-60 aft(rlite

in AJ-Kindi 229 ",,,,ient Ep.ypri,ll 1",lids 71-i,

86 in Aquinas 244 In Ari,tolk 164,166 in AllgU~( inc 215 jn Aw:rroC's 234 in Axiccnn" 231-2 classical Greek views 182

modern belief in 371 in Moscs Maimonidcs 236 in Philo 198 in Plato 148 in Pythagoras ]19 in Socr;\lc, 143-4 see also irnmonaJiry

AIJ";,,st Cds"J 201 Agah/st tiJl' Gcogmjl/iy of

EmtortilClir.< 1 H 0 Agassiz, ) C.m Louis 340 a~e of the unil'erse 304,423 ::tCtlVC or ;)p,cnt intelkct

of /\,1-fc\rabi 230-32 "f AI-Kindi 229-30 of Aquilla, 244 of Ariscolie 166. 228 01 Avermes 234, 244 Grossctcsre rejected 249 ill Isbmk philo,..,phy nil Ockham rejected 254

Ahlquist", J oil" 351 '\kerblad, D,\·id 62 Akhcnatcn 71 ,\kkadians 26-·9, 39 Albright, 1'.

<)n Hebrew belid< 190 quoration, 207-8

akhcl11)' 390 :\Ie maeol1 171 "'Jeuin ofYnrk 222-3 Alexandria 172-R 1 .. \Jt:.x;lndrJ:tn mU!,.C.illl and 1ibr~lry

172 Archillll'dcs visited 174 Arist.lrdms visited 176 Eratosthenes worked ,n 177 Euclid visit cd 173

:\1-Farabi of Baghdad 229-3(l 011 AI'i, torlt 126

disputed by Al-Ghazali 227 influence on i\vicenna 231

AI-Ghalali 227 Al -lGnd i of B3ghd;1<! 22 7-9 Allen, D. )., quut;nioll' 157 Alien. J.P., qllo['llions 63,66,89 Allman, John 366 allcgories ill 1'10110 146-7 Alwagl'st 180-S 1 Altman. S~·dLle)' 329 AI~heimcr's dise."" 366 Ambrose, St 209-10,412

Lomp~rcd with Augustine 216 ;Hllino ~1l: ids 327 Alw/ects or COJ~Ii(cilf.< 10 Anaxago!"as of C1"zol11cnae 126-

9, 135, 320, 397 Anaximander or Miletus 106---1 D,

134,393 tomp.U'ed to An;,(\'3goras 128 cOllljl"red to DemoL rillls 131 compared to Hcsiod lOS compared to Hippolyt", on

108 (osrnuII )gr Ilnd cosmogony

107-9 on spontancotJ.'i gcnr:r.ltlon

109 theology 138

;\.naxjrncnes tlfMiktu< 3,110-11, 134-

on "ir 394-compared to Empedocics 126

.1nCiClll E!,;yptian~ 55-<) 1 ,mimdes 60, 63 chronology 58·-60 -co~mogony 66-7 ("osl11oiogy 64--5 (re.nion stor~(<:; 63-:;: origins 59

463

A CHAOS OF DELIGHT

politio S9-00 :J.ninul bn:('ding 34:4 :;,,!Iljmal Sllcrlticc:

in Smm::ri:.tn rdigioll 45 views of Heraclitus 11 4

aninllsm 4-in ,,"ci"ll! Eg~1't 71--2, 375

AU1Jn IJ ~r the Ilorld 430 Anselm, St 139--H anth ropomorphic gods -4

in aJ1ci~nt E!;,'pt 71-2 ,·jews or Aristotle t67 Yk\\'s of Demo.:rinl5 I:U vie,,"s of Heraclitus 1 14 "iews ofT-lcsiod 99 \'kws of Plato 154 "iews of Pre socratic Grcl.:ks 101 \'ic" s of Xcnophancs III

apes evolmioll 350-52 ~imihfitie, to l1ullla", 432-3

Apalll[fic, 199,200 apologists 198-203 Aquill"" Sl ThDmas 241-{),417

On Augustilll: 213 influence of Avi.(enl1~l on 231 influcll(e of ;\losc-s ]\t(;'lmonidt:!>

on 236 Arab Empire 226 Arabic scholarship 225-37 Ar;lkani· I-]Il.nlcd ~ N,~ quu·tations

3[3 archod>;IClcri,l 325, 332-4 Ill"! .. 'bi

ddincd 105 of the Presoer,nics t03~ 4, 127,

133,138,149,IR7 sa aim tirst princip h.:

Archimed", 174-6,403,403-4 quotation., 176

Archil11cde~' principle 175 A;-dipitbulIs rnm.idus 353 i\l'i,tarchu~ of -Samos 176--7 Aristotle 153-67

;lGn'c (agellt) intdkct 218 on AnJ;..irnandcr 107 on Anaximenc, 110 defining Presocratic (;n:\.:cc 102 on ])elll' JCritl1, 130 frknd-.'ihip W~d1 Eratosthenes

178 on h:lrmony of till: sphcn;~

39S-·6 intluc",~d by Empcdncb 126 intlllcnl.:cd b~< Plato 1;:'2 illtlucnced lw Xenopll,1l1C5 112 intluenc~ on PI,lto 400 on Leuc l1'pu5 I 29 logic 1 S9-60, 404 and physic,l reality lotO qUDt"tion< 1,104,117.143 sciCII<.:" ni" 404 (In Tllak" 106

NiHS 208,41 1 Arrhenius} SvalltC 320 .U'[

allcient Egypti"" 73-4, 385 cwe art 7, ~76

artincial sdcclion 34-4 A,cdpiCis 168, 170 '\5'111an, Jan 64 asrrology

in ancient El;\ypt 82 etymology 3~3 ill Kepler 272 in medic,",,1 !-'"rope 384 in NeWlon 286 in the Roman perind 38+ Sumerian 4<)-50

astron.Qrn~·

of~-\naxagor.ls 128-9 "fthc ancient Egl'priam 80-

82 B"b~'loniall 48-9,53-4 Big Bang tl",ur)' 300-·314 of Br.,hc 270-71, 297-~ of Copernicus 264-70 or F:ratosth~n(s 178-9 ,)f Galik" 276-9,297-8 of Hipparchlls J 79-80 of Kepler 271-6 of "'''''"ton 286-90 of Ptolemy WO SUlllcri:t1\ 4t:-9,54 of Thall" 1 04

Atell 69-71 :\rhan,lsius, St 209

l'-:c\\·ton 011 292 allllmphcre, etymology 428 alfll()sphcric ch:l11ges

illidcnt EgYPI~;l1l vit':\,-s 90 s(lc:ntifi..:: l:);pbli:ltions .5 \"j/::"ws of .!\nJxll1under 107 vicws ofH"raciitLls 11S

.ltomism (in Greek. philosophy) 129-~2

rejected bv :\m totle 162 views of PLlto 146,153

atnrn~ 426 I\tllill 69, 3~6, 386-7 Augustine of Hip!,o, St 211-16,

411 \>icws un S~1l 413

.-!lIflmiopit/)1'(1f.( 353-5 t\,-crrocs of Cordon 2·32-5, 416

coll1j.lJrcd with Aristotle l(i(i

Al"icebron 235 :\<-iconna of Persi'l 230-32.416

disputed by AI· (j hanE 227 inllncnc(;; on Grossc[cstc 2-S0

;\xi,)1 Age 8, 37(l

[lob),!.)])i" 379 ereniD!) myth 381 mathell13tic-s 46, 383 Inedicine 51-2,384

Babylon ian exile 1 Wi-91 , 406 B:.lCOIl, Fr<ull::is, quOt.JttOIlS 1 L

259 ll;1wn, Roger 251-2,418

sckntific methods 251-2,259-61

bactcri~t 327 b,ckground r,ldia!ir)!] 306-7, 425 Be,hn, P. C., qUnJ.Jti()i\s 357 Bollard, Robert 41 banning or books

by rhe COllnci1 of C.>rth;)ge 207 In rh~ tbin~enrh rwtury 246

bapt\~1J1 9, 195,216, .. OS Barbcrilli, Matfw 279-81 lhrbal'ini, Cardinal FrolKesco

284-5 Barghorn, Else 325 B~lrlle~l John

on Grcc.:k cm .. l1logony 124 q llotallons 12 (j

Barrow, Isaac 21':6 belid,

dining bum.an history 370-7-1 slatis! ies 10-12 Set (I/so J,,;rh; religion

BCIlt'dktincs 207,219--20,414 Bergson, Henri 31 r, Ikrn,l, j.!) 329 Bernard, Claude 316

on tail]] in scienc(' 11 Ikrnard or C)airvclI', St,

<1 \Ioto_tio", 247 B-crm:l's-Lt't:, Tim 14

Ikr~c1ill." Jakob 316,328 Bible 194, 196

Acrs orlhc Aposrb 192-3 Ambrose 011 210 Exudus Y,71, 11':8, 190,406 G,lliko on 278,283-4 Nc\\· TL$t,unent 1,);:; Ncwllm on 291-3 Old Teslamont J 8~-l)O, 202,

3~1, 406-7 PCIlI.It('uch 191 prophetic books 191, 406 ScptLl<lgint 191, 202, 211 Ten Comlll;lndll1l"1lts 188-9 rr'lmlated b)' jerollK 210-11 Vll:~,IIL 211 Sf~' /1/10 GCI)L:".';is

Biblic,,1 IileralisO"l 316,372,435; StC aim l:fcationl~111

Big l\;tng theon· 300--314 Big Chill 30<),323 Big Crllllch 309-10, ~23 Bigg, C, q\!()t~tions 197 Biggs, R. D., quotations 51 binding n.:b[jonship~ )T(C

rt'Lulollships bCl\\Crn god(~"l

Clad hlln1aJlS

biologicol c13ssific<lliD!1 -t23·-30, ,t~9-40

biologicll evolution :J-a; evolution bipedalism 353 bhck hob 307-8,425

and (he theory of rcbtil'ity 16 Blackwell, R., quomtiom 27~

blood !erring 171 blue grce n Jlpe 334 Boethius 221-2 Bohr, Niels 312

On the hr,\;n 369 disilgn.:,clllt.::nt with Einstem

312 qll,lllUIH [hcor)' 312,426 qumations 312

Baok ~ft!J" Dead 67,72, 3H7 books

ballni ng by ("he Coulle il of Cartlllg~ 207

banning ill the thirteenrh century 246

and Ncopl,tonism 255--6 printing 258 scarcity in th. Middb Ages

220 sec alsu indiv!dual bo()ks by title

Bottero, r, <[u"t~tiol1s 42, 45 Boycr, P",cal 367 Bradsh,\\\" rock paintings 7 Hr~dw"rdinc, Thomas 262,296-

7 Bmhe, Tvdll> 270-71

Kepler .,,,istollt to 273 br'lin size 362-5~ 434 Breasted, J. H., quotations 71 Brono\\"ski, )awb

on falsifkatloll of sdcJlc~ 19 on proYisl< HUt n;ltu re of

science 372 Brown, Pcter 358

On Greek culmre 218 Bruno~ Giurdano 271 Buther, ],,1. iI., quotations 301 nuddh" S, 9, 10 Buddhi~m 376 Budge, Sir William 62 Burton, Georgcs-Louis 340 Bngl', G~I"'g;c 341, 372-3 buri,,] sires alld bnrials 7,358

pyr.mlids 86 Burkett, \\', 'luonrions 149 Burkill, T. A., quotations 187 Burner, John, quotations 92 Byzantine Empire 413

Cairns-Smith, Gr.thal1l 330 calcu!us

i" Archimedes 175 Newton 286

e.lendars 280 in anci~IH Egypt 81 .sllm.~ri<lll 48-9 ofTha1c5 104

Calvin, John 011 Copcrniclll 269

Campbell. Joseph 4, (} Carnap, Rudolf 14 Carolingian renaissance 222-3 CastCS in Mesopotamia 380 Cassin;]' > Ernst 3-4

<]uomtions 140 catal~'S[s 329 CatllO]icism 206-7

growth of 198 politics in the Middles Ages

219 Sa "If/) Church

c;\usality 18 c-ave art 7, 376 Cech, Tom 329 cdls 317

nllckus 327 theory 319

Cd..,illS l Anders 15 Cd"j, 409 cere brOl I cortex 365 cerebral hemisphere, 363~5

cerebrnn1 362-5 certainty 136-7,298,371-4

Aug:llstinc un 212-14 :\"crroc50o 223 R,lcon, Francis and Des-cartes

(Ompar~d 259-61 Bacon, Roger 251-2 in hloillic thought 227 Ockha", 252-4 philosophy and 6ith C<Jmpared

195-6 1'10[0 ;\nd Al'isrotle's l·inNs

compared 183-4 ",i""~,, dlld faith compared 20-

21, 367~8 5t'f n-lm kllow-ledgc

Clladwick, H., qllnratiolls 192, 1~6, 199

Ch"ldc<llls 50 Chalmers, D. )., quoutions 36S~9

Chol11pollion, Jean Franci, 63 "chans of delight" vii, 3{4, 431 Clurlenugne 222-3 chemiq I clements 307-8 chemical evolution 321 chemistry

ill 'l1cienc Egypt 87-9 Sutncri.iu 52-3

Cherni", H. f. on Amximandor I 38 quotations 136

chimpanzees brain 365 chloml,j,tsts 334 Christiall hith 193,194,195

in Aristutle 195 in 1510ml<: thought 227 ""d philosoph)' 195-6, 2J7~18 view, of Alll brose 210 "ie,,"s of Clement 20 I \'icws uf Gros5cll.:-stc 249 view., of Tertulli,ll 203

INDEX

Christi,1ll the<Jlogy, borro"'ings from the Greeks lSi, 216-IS

Christi;\l\ity Ul6-218 under the Roman Empire 187

Christians, persecution of 207 chrull1<Jsol11cs 327, 328 Church authority 2l0, 218

;\nd Augustine 216 ,H1d Ruffon 341 ","Ilensed by Gros,clcste 249 alld Galileo 279-11 I in the Middle Ages 223, 246-

55 I'0"t-Renaissan(~ 299 SCI.' als(I III quisiti<Jn

Church condemnations of Ockhom 255

Church f~t"hers 205-16 ,,~rccd with St Paul 196

Church reform 222 Chnrch response tn Copernicus

2611-70 Churer, E., quotations 197 Cic<fo, Marcus Tullius 72

011 Thales 106 quotations 370

Ciftdoglu, Neva 335 cir~"Sl·,\tes, Sumerian 28-9 CIl." ~fGod 212,215 Li\·!I~/'.J.t1on

defined 379 in Egypt 57-9 ori gi ns 23--4 ill SlIlller 25-8

Chggort, Morsh"l1 ] 84 t.:1;lS.'i~tication

in Aristotle 166-7 biological 429-30, 439-40 by Sumerians 53-4

ChHldius Ptolemy 81 dOl'

0' basis for He 329-30 .lS origin of hUIllJ.I1S in Sllnlt:rian

myths 35-6 clay tahlets Sumerian 30,383 Clcamhes 176 Clcment of ,-\)cHndria, 5t 114,

196,200-201 Oil crcation 41 0 intluencc on Ori",<')) 2() 1 quotations 200

CkrnCilt of Rome 208 Ck<.,,"edes 178 dl111JtC change

ann th~ Icc Age 23 global ,,"orming 322~3

grecnholls<' gases 322-3 ill hominid ~\"'ol1l1ion 354~ 358

COllE satellite 30R Code ofH"mnHlrobi 51-2,384 Cllh--:n~ L B.l q L1ot,\tlons 273,

276,288

465

A CHAOS OF DELIGHT

Cohn, Norman 38 quot,,,ions 40

Colc,I. H. 79 Cole~t[)ll, F. c., q\lotations 235 Colli.h, M. L., quotatiom 203 COlJlmmta,.io!JIS 268 Cunn:l"l'llug Nntun.' 108 ConfuCIus 8, 10 Con rllcianism 376 Consciousness, IH!lnan 362-9 Constantine, Emperor 207 COllVC rsinn, of Justin 200 Coon, Carkton 360 Copemicus, Nicolas 264-70

on gravity 290 lIn'stcry preface 269-270 on l'wlemy 264,266 use of Egyptian okndar 81

Coptic snipt 61 Cornf[)rd, f:rancis 9H-9

qUO!".\tiOllS 132, 141, 150 Cornforth, John vii, Cosmk 13.lC kgro\l nd Explorer

(COllE) ,otellile 308 co,mic innation 300, 302-3,

304-6,310,423--4 cosmic wormhole. 17 cosmogony

of Anangor"s 1 26-8 of" Allaximander 107-9 of Anaximenes 1 LO of the ;,ncient Egypti.ms 66-7 of A.ristotle 156, 161-3 of Democriws I 31 or Empedocles 123-5 of EriLlgcna 224 of lh" Hebrews 1 YO of Plato 149-51 of Pythagoras 1 1 6-9

cosrnoiogical consLlIl1 310 and Einstein 306

cosmology of the ~ncienl Egyprians 64-; of Anse 1111 239 of Aquims 245 of Arisrarchus 176-7 oi"ArislOtle 156-7,161-3,

401 of Avame, 23.~

Big Rang theory 300-314 of Bmhe 270-71 of Copernicus 267-8 of Eratosthenes 178 of Golileo 276-9 of J-ksiod 97-100 of Kepler 272 .... 6 in medicval thought 261-2 in Plato 149-54 in Ptolemy 180-81,262-4 Sumen,Hl 31-3

CDSmy.!

ill AJ·istorle 156, 161, 164 ill Copernicus 266

466

ddincd 1115 III Greek philosophlca! r<\igiOll

184 in Hippocratic medicinc 171 in Plato 149,150-53 in Prewer"tic Greece 11, 107-

17,119,124-8, Ln, 136-9, 315

Jet also (OS1110iogy

Council uf COlUtanrinopic 2()2 Councilor CllThage 207 Conncil of ungrcs 22S Council of ~ic"<!" 209, 41 1 Council "fTrcnt 280 Council of Valence 225 COllJlrer·Retorm~lion 258,268 crcation of Ii fe

in Greek thought 315 in the la boratorv 33U~· 2

(rcation stodes ,mcit'nt Egyptians 63-8 Babylonian 381 Hcsiod 97-100 parallels \\"ith Bible storks 33-

6 Sumeriall 32--Q views of Aristotle 115 views of"l kraditus 11 ~

cre;)tiolli~l~l 371-3~ 435 and geology 341 and Noah's Ark 42 and ~~("ond law 323-4

Crick1 Franri~

discO\crv of DNA double hdi, 328

on panspermia 320 on R..'lt\ 329

Critiml Histo,.y of the OM Tr:stlll"mt 292

Crombie, A. C. on phi!ml)phy of scic,,,"c 250 <]tlotanons 248-9, 252

Crombie, l. 'ltlolatiom 154 011 ThuiI/.·Ui 154

crusades 237-8, 4] 6 uni!)'ing encet Oil Europe 220

cultun.:

~llc" rhe lee Age 24 defined 24, 378 human porcnthlilY and 353,

362, 370-74 cultures of the l\:ear Eo,t

compan:d 89-91 cuneiform "r;l't 28 em·ier, George 340 cyanobactcri~ 325, 334

dacn10J)

in Plato 150 in $oCrJlc.\ 143-4

Dalton, lohn 316 Daniel, GIYIl 29

dark energy 31 0-11 d;lrk m~tter 3US, 310-11 Dart, Raymond 353 D~I"Win, Charies 341-50

~chaos of delight" vii 344, 431

letter to Hooker 16 quutations 11,326,339,432 rctlcctioll' 011 ,·cligiun 348

Darwin, Erasmus 430-31 daring bf Eratosthenes 177; 5/.·f

,,/so calendars Dc C",,;olfltiUl": l'iJilosapiJie 222 de fontcnelk, BCfl1.1rd 295 D,: Lib,,·oAI<bitrio 214 D~ t'tl1oiutiouifm-J tl1'bi1tm

COdfstilllll 267-70, 279 prdace 269-70

Dc Sacy, Silwstre 62 Dc r,<iuittltr. summarized by

Aleuin 223 decimal nurn bl.:rillg syst;;;nl in

ancient Egvpt 75-7 ded u(tion and induction in

Aristotk 160 Dcmoccdes 402·-3 Dcmocritus of f\bdcra 129-32,

135 ['!atu urges that his books "oc

burned 145 DeIlnen, D. c., quotations 349 demity of matter 310 deo~Tribonllclcic Kid 320, 321,

327-8 Dosc;lrtcS, Ren~ 260

rcsponse to Galileo 281 Dmmt (iitia" 347-8 Di(/I(~IJJlC COIJ{."millg tho· 111'0 Chicf

Systems oftl,,· mH·/d, Prolc'i-}]'lJic nlld COpf.i"J1t"rnu 278,280,421

Dia./o!!"" with hypha 199 Dicke, Robert 307 Diels, Hermalln 102 dill1cmions 313-14 Dioclorus Siculus of l\!,'yriull1 (> 1

011 Egyptbn w~y of life 85 Diogcncs of Babylon influence on

Ptolemy lRl Dlra("~ P.wI, qno(;.1(ions 7S Di.lClmnf OJI i\leriJod 260-61 lJi!.lw"tlltiolls -un the Power aud

Efficac)" of [j/d"~,"'lctS 258 divine crotion 197

in Abelard 248 i" Al-Kindi ng in An:lxagoras 127-8 ill ,\rismrk 164 in Augustine 214, 216 in Cleillent 201 in early Christian thought J 99 in Empedocks 126 ill Eriugena 224

in Islamic thought 237 logo, and Jesus 208 and n,\nllallaws 249 in Origen 201 in I'lorinus 205 in Presocr"tic thought 110,

137 as theory of origin of lik 318-

9 divil1~ mind

in Abelard 248 in Anaxagoras 127-H in Aristotle 164--5 in Allgustine 214, 216 in classical Greek thought

184-5 ill Heraclitus 137 in Tsl~l11ic and Je\l'ish

philosophy 236-7 in Justin 200-201 in Plotinus 205-6

divine truth for ancient Egyptians 71

divj!li~y

Darwin on 348 of l~~ll. 208 origin of Greek concept 391 in Plato and Aristotle 185 in Prcsocratic thought 137--9 in Stoic philosop}1\' 185 ,'iews of XellophaJles 112

D:>:,\ 320,321,327-8 h~'bridization 351-2 struet \I rc 328

Dobbs, Betty J. 1'. 293 doctors in ,lncient Egypt 83; fie

n.lso medicine Dominican order 246,255 Doppler effect 304, .. 24 double helix 328 double truth doctrine 233 Drake, Stillman

on Galileo 281 'l"otations 281

dr~<lll1ing

<IS :l forTIl of con~ciotl s nC:<iS 366 Driesch, Hans 316 Du Dl1\,c, Christian 330 Dubois, TIlIgcne 357 Durkheim, Emile 7

quot<1.tions 370 dyeillg in anciellt Egypt 88 DY'OIl, Freeman J, 3 t 7

Earth, rotation 2,420 in Copernican theory 265-6 in Kepler 274

earthquakes, explanotion Dcmocrirus 131 Th~h 104

E bas Mcdical Papyrus 83--5 [cdes, Sir lohn 367,368 eel ~P!lCS~ explanation

Ana ,agoras 128 allcirnt Egyptian 6\1 l'nhagoras 117-18 Thales 106

economy defined 378-9 Eddingtoll, Arthur S, 16

c"lculations comp,(red with Archilnedcs 175

Oil the braill 369 OJ) the expanding unlvcr.,e 305

Edelstein, L, quotations 168 edth.:atjOll

during the Carolingian renaissance 222-3

in the Middle Ages 237-8 role of Pythagoras 116 "leWS of Bacon, Roger 251-2 "ie"'s of Boethius 221-2

Edwin Smith Surgicall'apyrlls 83-5, 389

Egypt c1rrhi.lcology 56} 5~ historl' and geography 55-6,

386 prehistory 57

Egyptian ~criP[S 61-2 Egypti<\lls' daily liy~s 90 Eig~!I, Manfred 329 Ein't~in, Albert

blunder 306 on expanding un,,'crsc 300,

306 !lencr"l rclativitr 16, 30/l, 311 Un intuition 377 mas.l-cncrgy equival~nce 404 on qu,\Iltum mcd'<lllics 312 gllot<1tions 133, 136, 295 'pecial rdati,ity 16,311,426

dC(Tri(ity, Th;1ks:l" explanation 106

clements 173-4, 177 in Hcsiod 99 in Hippocratic medicine 171 ill Ptolemy 264 V1cWS of Anaxagoras 126 views of Aristotle 162 views of Plato 146, 152-3 }·I:e..~ alsl) dtnlcnts, chemical

dcmcnts chemical 307-8 embalmment 86-7,390 t:nlbryonic development 352-3 Elllprciodcs of Acragas 11 0, 112-

6, 135,396-7 empiricist vs. rationJli~[ debate

in ni:1(on~ FrancL~ 260~ 295 in Descartes 261,295 origin of 141,171,183

cnt.:fl:W conscnration 316 energy within li\'ing sy~l(m~ 327~

8 Enki 31-2

Enki-Ninhursag myth 33-6 Enlightenment 260

entropy 323, 324 enZ<l1Ies 328-30

INDEX

Epic ofGilg31nesh 38~40, 382 ~pic poetn' 92, 96-7 Epiwmc of Cvpc,.nicn.n ASlnmomy

280 equinox 420 Erasist,-atus of Chios 365 Eratosthenes' fntmbhip \l'ith

:\rchimedes 174 hillgena of Ireland 223-5,415

cL)mpar~d to Aquinas 242 error calculations 283,418 essence

ill Aquina< 244-5 in Aristotle 157 in A • .\'icc nna 231 "iews of PlotinllS 205 Stt a/so divine mind

Essen~ ext 407-8 eterniT~f, views of AV1c~llna 231 ethics Jnd morality 166

ill IhbylolliJI1 mediCine 51-2 ,CjOIllC contro\,ersit:s 22 in Hebrew religions 190 in Plaw 1;0 in Xcnophancs 1 11

Eucharist 194 Euclid 173-4 Eudoxus intluence on Aristotle

161-2 eukar),ol"-l 327,336,337 Ev,u\s, J" quotations 264,265 Eve .Ie~ Genesis; hun1an ('n~alion evil

and death ofJesus 194 Jnd God 189-90 views of Augu,tine 212 215-

l6 vicws of Boethius 222 Vl~WS of Philo 198 ,'iew, of Plato I 51 "jews of Plotinus 206 .ft', nlso sin

evil SpiLits in Sumerilln medicine 51

evolution Allaximanckr as thst

evolutionist 109, 134 biological 15,321-30,332 E",['cdodes on 12 5 :1J1<1 geology 339-4 l Hacckd on 109 human 339-69, 433 b ("l1:m-ape 2 50-351 ""d nalural selection 321-2,

344-5 origins oflifc "nd 3 n-7 :-inti second hw 323--4 'kin colour ,nd 258, 360·--{jl theory ,rrer Darwin 15, 341,

344,346,349-50,373 SCi: nlw crc~lfioni.sn1

467

A CHAOS OF DELIGHT

Exod", 9,71, 18S, 190,406 expanding L1ni,'crsc 300, 302-3,

304-6,310 exporion(, 1-2, 7, 20 experiments

ofGalilCll 282-4,297 ofNcwtol1 285-6 on urigins oflite 318,327 on RNA 329~30

views of Ba-eoil, Fr;:mds 259 view, OrB'leon, Roger 251-2 vkws of Descartes 261 views I)f Grossetestc 2S0

extilll.::tioll 34-5 01' carl" hOlllinids 357 of ~",ll1derrhals 358, 368

Ezekiel 189

Pahrenheit, G"brid 15 t1ith and rC,lSOn

ill Aqtlillas 241-3 Christian compared with Gr,x:k

philcllophies 217-8 carl\' Chri,tianitl- 196 in Jr!wish rhought 236 in the ,v!Jdd!c Ages 256 in the Renaissance 259 post-Ren.,i.""IlCC 299 ,-iew" oL\I-F.lrabi 229 "lew, oft\I-Killdi 227 vicws of ,>',nsdm 239 yic\\· ... of Augll:itine 21,1--14 vicw!'i of Avcrroes 232-3 vic,,", or Frillgena 225 views of Gro"eteste 250-5 I views of N cwtoll 292-3 views of Ockham 252-3 views "I' Xellophanes III

t~jth Jnd n:-li~ioI1 in human history 370-74

t:nth based on religiolls writings 10

hith, Christian 194-6 ill Ari.st<>lk J 95 in Islamic lhonghl 227 views of i\mbl'O'" 210 vic"" of Clement 201 vic-w!' of Gro:ss~tr.:~te 249 ,'ie"" orT~rtLlllian 203

jnJsa.fir (philo~ophy), ~ttack('d by !\l-Ghazoli 227

Faraday. Michael, quotations 14 }'.,,[,old, David 42 Faulkner, John 287 telld~lislll 22 3, 416

decline 237-~

field c<]Ll"tiom 30G, :l09 Finllt::y~ G. Ll quotations i-lX tlfC~ symboi1S111 188 tire and (O~ )king~ first evidence

354 fmt principk

of AI· Fa,."bi 2 29

of AIl.l~ag()r.lS 127-8 of An.uim.meier IOG,107 of Anaxilllencs 114, 394 of Aristorle 1M, 400 of tmpcdl",k, 123-4 ofHcrKlil-u< 112-13 of Plotil1l1S 204-5 of Pnhagor" 117 post'Rcnai~s.mce 293-4,297-

8 of Thales I 04 of Xenophancs 112

Fitz{l"o\" Robert 343, 344, 347 Il.1t Earth 2-3 Fleming, Alexander 377 fiint implements 339 lIood stories

Robylonian 38~40

GenesIS s'ol'ie5 36-8,381 Gl'cek 382 Hebrew mythology 190 SlImerian 36-8,'tO

tloods, possible "'pla'latioflS 40-41

Flourens , lvbric J C,Hl Pic.rr(: 363 tlying arrow paradox 122 Fo!k, Roben 334"5 I"rc brai" 362-5 forms. {rl.)toLlii.~) J'a Td~a., fossils 325, 326

a,s <:ddence tor Afri(;lll origin of HOiiJV 347-8

as <;\."jdcnt.:c fo-r t'voluuol1 344 of homini,h 3;0, 359 oldest human 3;7-9,433 ,'i~ws ofClIvicr 340 vicws, diftering. of Darwin alld

Fit'Roy 3<14 "Iews ofHuxky 346

I'ostcr. 1- L, qlloUri",,' 69 Fm Talbot, \y, H, 28 Fox, Sydnev 327 F,ancisc<ln ordeL' 246, 252, 252,

255 l!rallklort, H, 90 Franklin, Rosalind 328 Frazer, I 'Illes 6 Frede) ;\1., quolinions 183 fr<:c , ... ·ill

in Augusti Ile 2 15 in jewish thouo.ll1 235 froOl lIncOnS(i~ll$ al'1:enhought

366 vic\\'s of Erluge:lla 22M:f, "iews of Origcll 202

Frere, lohn Hookh.l!n 339 Freud, Sigmund 011 :o.lmes 70 Fricdll1Jll n, .-\le, .",del A, 309

G'lbrici, Angel 225 GabPJgos Archipcl"go 344 galaxies

shape 311

speed ofnlovemcnt 305~ 310-11

Galilco Gllilci 276-,84 .1Ilticip'1tcd bi' William of

Ockhom 253 011 lhe Chun:h 279-2~1

contlict with the Churdl 22 cx.pc:-rin1c-nt) 297 on llI"thematics 378 qIlOt.lriO:t1S 296, 372 on science and rd~g~oll 283~"

284 G:'Hl10n" George

on Rig Bong theory 301.30:; discl1ssion~ with Hoyle 306 OIl t:knu:-nts 307-1) oil yiem 414

Garden of Dihnun 34, 38 G~rdcll oj' Eden 34 Gaster, Thcodor 90 (;""11ilo critical of Amclm 240-

41 genes 327-8, 330, 42~, 432; IC'

a/s(J hUillcobox genes­genome Set.' hUllun genome G~aaniga, lvikhacl 364 Gcnr:.st~ 379

l\dall1 .mel Eve 6, 34-0, 319 erC,' tion "ton' 6, 190, 31 R-19 on Eg~rptiall crops to 5 uppo t·t

[he ph.lraoh 60 and the Fallin Aagll.<ri no 21:; ,md t,,,it: of spec,;, 340-4 L

373 and geology 339-41 Jewish ~.:hola,.,hil' 235 .lOt! n,uural ,cienet' of

A"icebroll 235 and natllral ,election 341 pil,"OlIcI, wirh Stllllcri,lI1 111\'rh,

34-41 popular belief in literal OCl:0l1l1t

371 l'o,,,iblv known to Thab 1. 04 reconciled with 1'1:tto's

cosmogon r and cosmology 197,217

I,ullilanties v"'ith anciellt F~yption belid, 64-5

gene!'ic ,'ariation 321-,21, 349, ... 360; SCI-" also evoiutioll Gellt'iles

defined 408-9 St Paul's mission to 194

gcogr~lphy (JUltrilnuiDIl of ErarostIH.:lH.:S

178 of Eg.ypt 55--6, 386 of Greece \)3-4 of Mesopotamia 2" ~jk Ri,cor 5S e -6,60--61

gcnk,gical periods 326 gcol"gical timese,lles 336

geology of Bufton 340 of euvier 3'10 DarwILlls interest 343 and Gene,is 339-341 of Hu [[on 340 of Lyell 341 DfSedgwkk 343

geometry of AI'istorch", I 77 of AI'chimc<k, 175 of Erat"'th~ ne~ I 79 of Euclid I 73-4 of Kcplcr 272-7·1 in I'b[O 153 of Th·.,.!es 104

Gerald of BrLLs,d, 296-7 Gertz, Clitlord \'ii G!lgamcsh 39-40 Gl";lSsner l J. J"j quotations 33, 5;i global w;mninS 322-3 giuom 313,424 Gnosticism 40l)-10 God (Judco·Christi'1I1) 8-10, 70-

71, 1~1S-l)1 and Abraham I 87-8 comp,\rni with Allah 8,225-6 history" r 1 88-9 and 1,\\\"5 of nature 298-9 ,1Ild iI·!oses 18~

in relation to ')(icllcC 22 "iews of DJrwill ~42, 347-1\ vic\',,-s of Erill~c.:J1J. 224 views of G,ljlco 283-4 vicws of l"ewton 291-3 views of Voltaire ~7 4 see alsD Yahweh; Illonotheism

"God of the g"ps" ~50-51, 3(>7 God~ proot: .. fi lr

ill A",c11ll 239-41 in Aqwll"-l 243-6 in A.fi,tOlle 16 ~-5 in AuguS!1I1C 214 in A"errucs 2.B in Aviccnn" 231 in De,eartes 260-61 in ~loses lvL1imonidcs 236

goddess!:s of\\"i.';dom (l\-1usC's) 170-72, 3<)2

and H",iud 98 and l'arl11< !lides 120

(30ddu~ Andre.: Oil 'Vi\ibn1 of Ockh,\m 253

Gods (noll- Judeo-Christian) in ancLent Egqniall 68-9,387 in i\ristollc 11i. 161-2, 163-4 ··cqui,-aic.:IKc of) 229 in He~iod 100-102 human int.r\'~mion III ond mythology 4-6, 20-21,

133 in PI,lto [.1.9-50 in Stoicism 185 405

in Sellner and B,lbylonia 31-3 vic,,"s of Plato and Aristotle

COil trasted I,H views of Xenoph ,lIles 111-12 sa f!iso divjnity~ divine mind

Goodall, Jane 365 Go..;pd

etYJllology 407 storics 193 Jt:C also New Testan1cnt

ilL'''Ce in Augustine 214-16 gnllld \lni lied theory 312 Grallt, Edward

medicval influence Oll the Renaissance 255_ 258

quolations 255,261 gr,witation"l "'iwe, 290,425 W~"it"ns 290 gra,'ity 17

in Al'istotle 160-61, 404 bending light 16 ill Copernicus 266, 267 ill Galilco 282 '" Newton 15,286,289,290 olle of the four forces 424 in Plato 152 ill 1'1:01.111), 18()-tn, 266 '\Ilc! <j<lantum theory 312 'lild I'cbti\'ity 311--12

Crea! Condemnalion of 1277 251

gre.lr pbgl1e ofAth"", 169,40[ <3rc.lt Pyramid at Giza 79-80 Greece

and Akxc,ndria 172 -8 J democracy <)3, 140,391 genills of 92 .. ·3,140-41 geography 93-4 h ~st(lry 94-5 f!0/i, 93, 391

Grcc:k phHosophical (crl1ls~ defi llirions 1 0;

(.3rcek pocuy 92, 96--7 Green tidd, Sus;m 366 grecllllOlisc g;lSCS 32-·3 C;rcgor)' the Great, St 414 Grether, Daniel 320 Gribbin, J., quotations 308 G I·P.-sclcste, Robe rt 2 4 ~-51 , 418 Grote, George 94 G\'Ei((j,lrdini~ F.~ quotations 257 ,;l:r 312 Guthrie, W. K. C., quotations

102, 116, 183

1 hck, Roy 10 I r l.,eckd. Erns, 346 H;'ggord, H. W., quotatio", 50_

82 [hldanc. J .1\. S. ~27

Hall, A. R., tluototioll., 27D [-Talky, Edmond 2S6

discussions 'Ivith Newton 290

INDEX

lise of Hipparchlls's IllC,l:-;ufcmcnU 180

11;\JophYlic archacobacteria 333 Hclndv,man 354-6, 362 Haren, M., quotations 232 Harkhcbi 81-2 HnnJl(mic.· J{,mdi 275 harmuny or the spheres 118" 19

Ari~mtJc on 39S--{) H;mis, David 359 Hawking, Stephen 312

on co,,,,ic inflation 303, 305 hcarr

in Aris! otic 165-ti be.).! r;:ucs among rnanun:lis

328, 390 kno\\"kdgc of anci~l\t Egypti'lllS

8S Hebrew history 187-91 He brew prophets 8 Heliop"li, creation myth 64, 66,

80 Hdm, Paul

on Christiallity and Cireck philosophy 217

quotations 216 Henders,,", L. J., quotations 300 HCIlSlow, John 343 Hcradi(u~ 134, 395

C0111 pa red with Amxagoro, J 28 wl11p,ue.d with Empcdodcs

126 01\ knu\\"lcdgc 137 and l'h~',i(,1 objects 103 vic"', on reality 113~·14

Hcr~dides of Fautu. lIS herb;ll l'c !ned ics

Babyi( mian 51 SUlIH .. 'rian 50,-51

H-crbcrmann, C. G" quot,lrions 2'12

hcrcsic" "ie,,"s ofTertulliJIl 203 heresy of (;·.liilco 281 hcreti,:" 247

Gnostic 199 He rmopolis erea tiun myth 64 Herodotus

OIl t,:mb.lilll\llg 8-6~7

qnot.\tions ;5~.s0

011 Thab 106 yisltillg Eb:rYPt 78,82

l'krsckl, John 343 HesiuJ 97-100

(olllp'lr<'d to A.nJ,;l\undcr 10H comp.1r..:d 1'0 Empt:.dodc~ 124 l'(}~nHJ~nny and cosI11010,hry 97-

lOll good .ll1d ''''i1 1 00, 12 4 Okt:-.)l1trs, SUI11crian pr!lllcv~li :'IeJ

.1IId Egypti Oil ?\ un 10 1 sc:p,u .... nion of creator~god and

Olv111pian gods J 01 hicro&lyphs 61-2, 386

A CHAOS OF DELIGHT

Higgs bo"''' 313 Hindu god, II Hindn myths (omp'lr~d to ancient

Gr<ck myths 109 Hindu",,) 376 Hipparchu, of Nicaea 179-80 Hippas", 3%, 396 Hippocr"tes of Cos 168-9 Hippoc"r.Il'ic rnedicirrc 168-72

:J.doptcd view ofAna.ximander 107

philosopher- physicians 169,·70 prcdal<,d by Egyptian sysLem

85 HippocraLic o,\th 168 HippoJym,

Oil AI",xim.1mkr 108-9 qllot;1tioll' 109

llMS BmlJlt 343-4 hobbit~ 355,358-9,362-3 Hoi kor, Robert 262 Hollister, C. W,' quotations 96 Hoister, Luke 284-5 Holy Spirit, \'!~\\"£ of Clement 101 Holy Triniry 8-9

in the e,lrly Church Fathers' writings 207-10

and Kq)kr\ .hooties 275 use of l\ris[Qtk', langmge 157 views of .. \nscll11 239 vicws of Augustinc 212 Vl,:,"W:'. of~·c\'\o1on 290-1.)3

homtobo:.: gelltS 352 Homcr 96-7,391

on Egypt 82 mentions of medicine 168 usc of "'urd "ph}'si'" 103

hominid, 433-4 c\'ol"lion 353-7 vocal trJct dc.vdopInent 434

Hum" 336 I1HTUl-"s.50r, Ci~t1{(,StCi', tratu5,

jlorCJiI.'1HiJ) /;ffbi/is) ".:iddb"'lIt:11.<i,l, "ffind.e·rt!Jale)J.si~~ ntdo!ji..'1tIt\ sapiCIJs 355, 35R-9, 362-3

IIooKe, Robert ide", on gt"aviL)' 290 and NeWLon 287

Hookltr, letter from Darwin 16 Hooper, IV" quotations 288 Hornung, Eri!.. 68,70 horoscopes ill ancient Egypt ::;2 Howard, J" qllotatilJns 339 Hovk, hed

on Big lImt; theory 301, 306-, 7

Oil p,mspcnnia 320 quota t il JIls 306

Hubble con,mlll 309 Hubble, Edwin 16, 304 11l1m~n creation

Adam ""d Eve (,,34-5,319

470

ancient Egypti"n belie!'; 67-8 ancient Sunu::ri:lI) bdic(" 32-6 l'resocratic Greek belief, 101-2 \'iew, of Plato 149-50 set-" also -creal ionism

hUIl)J.Jl cvol utioll stt evolution hum= genome 328, 360,432 JHlman mind 113, 339

emergence 362,-9 classical G rcc,k vie",s 182 and rcawn in A"i,lolic 164-6 Sumerian storic~ 35-6 views of .>\bdud 24~

"i"ws of AHc'''T;1bi 2 30 views oL\l-Kindi 228 "i<\\s of An ,,-,a ",oras 127 "ie",s ofEmp~docks 125 \'iews ofErillg""" 224 y~CWS or t ~rossct~ :otc 249 "jew, of Plato 148-9

hllIllan pupuhujon size after the Icc .>\g:< 23 o!"ancient Egypt 58,59 of cad" hUI11,"1' 3S8 in the Middle A>;c" 238

human potcntiilliry<'- Jtt' culture human rights 3 human skill (olom 360·-,62 hunlanity, dd~lliLioIl \"ii hunKul bc:ing~' relarllmships to

apes 350-53; Stc p..ho evolution

HUITI"son, j\,illton 16, 304 Humboldt, Friedri,'!' 343 humours 171-2 Hussey, Edward 103

011 Plato 153 quotations 151,152,161

Hutton, Jamc, 340 H uxle\', Thom,l,s H cllrv 346-7 I-Iu~'gens~ Chrjsti,lJ.ll, NC\\"lOn'S- use

of 290 H)'de, Thomas, qllototiom 30 hydrothermal Vent~ 326 hygiene in ancient Egypt 85 HY!lI1J tn AWl 70 hypotheses ill sciCllcc 19, 378

clJuatc with f\itn 21

ice :lges in hOlllmid l:volt~Lion 357 ic-t cores 335 Ide," (Platonic) 140, 14S-6, 148

as God'> thoL1ghts 197,200 Igil"tiu, ofAlltiol"h, Bishop, St

192,208 Iliad 96-7, 168,402 Imhotep 83, 389 i mmort~l]i ty

ill AI-Kind; 22') ~Ilci"nt EgypL"11l bclids 71-4,

86 in Aquinas 244 in Aristotle 164, 166

in ;\?;ian belkf systems 388 in l\ugllsrinc 215 in l\verroes 23'1 in A\icenn~ 231-2 dassi,::',l Greek ,·iews I R2 in Moses Maimonides 236 ,nPhilo 19S in P I,lto 148 in Pythagoras 119 ill Socrates 143-4 itt alsl) ilft<::rlife

111 l.kfmsc of the FOlil 240 h,col"Twceoftlle 11Icoim"Ol(C

232-3 I>JCoflO'OICC of tht l'iJibJ50piJas 217 Iw!c,,' Exp'''"lJatm'ills 269, 281,

378 !wl"x "fh'obibited Blloks 269,

281, 378 infinity, views of t\naxagoras 127 inform::ttion revolutions

{twt'ntieth~cellt.llr~-) 13-14-(n'Joti';lion 22,246-7,279-81,

284,299,421 and Bruno 271 and GaJiJeo 279-81, 284

il'lVtntiuns, ~e\v[on 285-(> Irwill, James 42 Islam

011 conversions 415 >chala,'ship and civili/,arion

225-37,413-14 hr:diT"; 189 11,lIi;1I1 schools ofphilo'0l'hy

115-22

J:,"\I.,:u-bsel1~ T.~ quotation-I,; (1 ].lc:gt..T, \Verner) on Ari:;totk\

(Osmolog:,- ] 1\3 r JllleS, William, on Augustinc 211 ]a"a 1'.lon 3;7 J~rome, 5t 210-11, 412

(ol1tr,lStd \\"ith Ambr",,, 210 views on Origcn 202

J "'liS of N',\zareth 9, 1<;2-4, 40H and thc di"ine mind 20~ ill lh~ carly church 1'12 nc\\" un moraliry 19:1 in the Kitcn~ Creed 209 ric,,"s "r Origcn 202

1 cwi,h sc holarship in rei .,1 ion In 1sl'U11 235-7

J c\\'i~h history 4()7 iihlld 226,415 ·JohJ.nson~ Don 353 JOIH1.S~ J.) quotations 225 Joule, jallles PreKOtl 1 S ludeo-Christianity 186-7 j llnk gene, 351, 432 JlI"lln the .\1artyr 199-200

[(,\hn, Ch"l'l,,,\ 113 nn God 401

on i'tfJoS 114 Kajandcr,Olavi 335 knlrrm (theology) 227 K,nt, Immanuel

011 Ansdn1 239 quotations 365

Katcbalsky, A 324 ](.1utTman, Stuart 317 Kelly, J. N. D., quotations 2)0 Kenny, r. P., quotations 184 Kepler, Johannes 271-6

""m<Jiog\' 423 letter frorn GJlilco 277 love of mathematics 272-3 Newton', use of 290 on the preface to De

Revolutionibtu Orbiulil Coelcsti1lm 270

quotations 257 Kepler's three laws of motion

274-6,297 Kjcrkcg;]ard~ Soren viii Kirk, G. S. J 12-13

quotations 129 knowledge

absolute compared with provisional 20-2l, 136-7, 377

certainl), il) sc~ certainty diversity viii, 2-6, 20-2 J «I·it" I's. "1·thou" 89-92

mythopocic soe myths alld Illythology

pres'Tiptivc compared with descriptive 20-21

religious Set rei igion scientific see science

lu10wlcdgc and wisdom in Abd,ud 247-8 in Aquinas 242-4 in Aristotle 158,163,183·4 in Bacon, Francis 259 in [lacon, Roger 2;; 1 in O(kharn 2;;2-4 ill Plato 147-8 in Socrates 143

Knowles, David on medieval universities 138 quotations 241

Kolbe, Hermann 319 Koran 194, 225-6

on ratiollol enquiry 237 tc.£hings oL\verroes 232-3 \·iews of Al-Kindj 227

Ko)'re, ;\lexandre on Fr,me], Bacon 260

Kramer, S N 90 quotations 26, 30

Krans, L. M., quotation., 30G Kuhn, T. S., quotatio", 12,267,

271-2

Llg.r.l.nge, Joseph on Nowl"" 285

["ke Vostok 3 35 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste 340 language

in Abelard 248 acqui~ition 368 agglutinative 379 correspondence.:: wii.h

experience 20 e\'olution 356 Indo· European 379 I1Utlle!1UtlCS as 18 i.n meraph ),sics 121 origins 362, 364 of science 14-17

Laplace, Simon 300 on respimtjoll 315-16

Lavoisier, A. L., on respiration 315-6

law of gravity, genet'.1 acceptance 17; sec a/so gr;1\'it),

1;1\'1.,'5 of 111otion

outhOl·ities ~ompa rcd 285 of Kcpler 274-6 of Newton 288

laws of nature 303 in Anaxagoras 127-8 in Ano.ximo.nder 107-10 in Aristotle ISS, 161-2,165,

183 in early Chl"isti;1I1 Cra 186 in Gal; leo 2S 1-3 in Grosseteste 249 in Homer and F-ie.li(ld 100-

101 in late Middle Ages 256 in Plato 150-55,183 in Presocrotic pbil050phy 107-·

10,113-1.4,132-4,136-9 in Pythagor.lS II 7-19 in the seventeelllh century-

298-9 sa fllsn physjc;li 10 \\'~

laws of rhcrmudl'nill1lics 323, 324

applied to Ii\'ing matler 328 and the crcationim 324

l.eaman, Oliver on Averrues 234 quotations 23(;

Leibniz, Gotttl·ed 286 Leidetl Papyrus 8!j, 390 Lenlai[re~ Gt:orgc\ 011 Big Bang

thcory 30] Lesko, Leonard 67 f.etter to rb" Gmud Duditfs

Clm"sti"" 278·-9,283 [.-ttCIT 011 5/m SplJls 278 Lcucippus of Elc·" 129 U"i-Slrau~s, Claud~ 4 Lcwis, Clive Staples 4 Libet, Benjam in 366 Lib;, John 42 life definitions 322-4, 335

INDEX

light bending b)' gravity t6 speed 302 work of N cwton 286-7

Linewc"ver, Chorks 32{) Linnacu~, Carolus 339-40, 429-

30 Uewellyn Smith, C., quotations

313 Uinas, Rnd,,] f,> 366 Loeb, Jil['lUCS, c]uDtJtions 330 logle 20, 113

III ,uKicnt Egypt 65 in Aristotle 159-60 definition 377 in Grcek philosophy 136 inference building 377 in P.rmcnides 12()'-21 prohlem of induction 377 in XelloplullCS 113 in Zeno 121-2

logos definition 105 in carly Christialli[y 8, 197,

199-202,206-9,217,294 in Erillgcll:l 224 ill Ph ito 196-8 in Plato and Platonism 154,

183,221,410 in Presot.ratic thDught 1 il­

lS, 126,128, 134.137 in Stoic thought 185

Lombard, Peter 238 Longrigg, hmes 16S Lm.::e I J. V' I g lIotations 115 Lucrctlll.s

on ori gi 11 of1itC 313 quotations 311

Lucy s~" A IIrtmiopith"cus Luther, M<lnin 95

on Cupcmiws 269 these, "f" 258

Lutheran doctrines 419 Kepler on 272

L yccum (of iI ristotie) 155 Lyell, Sir C.harles 341 Lynch,]. H., quotations 215

Mach, Ernst, quotations 18 NIacstlin, Michael, tcocher of

Kepler 272 magic in ancient Egypt 82-6 magnetism, Thales explanation

106 Malinowski, Bronislaw 4 Malpighi, I>hrcello 295 Malthu" TholllOS R. 344--5,431 mall .ICC h lIlll:1Jl

Marci<)nirism 41 () Marenbon, J., quoto.tiol1s 220-

21, 327 ~larrom."~ S. P., quotations 250 martyrs 199-200

471

A CHAOS OF DELIGHT

~1aspcro~ Gaston R 3 mathematical singlll~fities 301 .

305 luathCJnatics

in ~ncicllt Egypt 75-1.; in Archimedes 174--5 in A_rislotk J 56, 167. 400-

401 in Augustinc 213 of the Babylonians 46, 383 in Bacon, Francis 259--60 in B~con, Roger 251-2 in Copernicus 268 in G~liko 377 if:; Grossctcstc 249-,50 in Hipparchm 179--RG in Kepler 271-4 as a language 18 mechanization of namre 296 in Kewton 286-9 origins 3R3 in Plato lSI, 152-3 post Ren~is,ancc 2 \J6-7 in Pythagoras 116-17 Sumerian 45-8

Maxims of A"i 55 lvtayn.ard Sn1ith l J"j quot';ltiol1s

321 '\hyr,_ E" quotatiom 293, 343 nlei1sureJnenr and srandard~

ancient Egyptians 74. 89 ancient $ull)cr',lIl 46-8 lllportanCc jn I1:Hurai ."delle.,;

13-15,46,295-8 see alm weights and measure

meat-cating, early homi!lid 354 Mcciawar, Petcr 319 medicine

in ancient Egypt 82-7 in ancient Greece 168-72,402 in Avicctlna 416 Babylonian 51-2,384 under rh~ Roman Empire 187 Sumerian ~1l-51

1-.-1danchthon on Copernicu5 269 Memphis crci\tion m),th 64 Mesopotamia 25-54

geography 25 history 27

metabolism 319 metallurgy

in ancient Egypt 88-9, 390, 391

Sumerian 52-3 metaphysics 157, i 66, 167

etymology 401 in I'armenides 119

mawrites 320-21, 326, 335 nlethanogcl1s (:Jfch.l\,:ob,11:tt:ri<l)

333 Metrodorus of Chios, q uol~1 iOLlS

320 III i((Oscap" 2

-172

ill\-cmion of 295 microwave r~ld~Jtiol1 306-7 ~ 425 migration, human 358-9 Mill, J. S., quotatiOn> 20 Miller. Stanky 327 Milton, J. R., qllOt<1tIOIl' 298 mind-body dualism 367,434 mind of God Set divine mind miracles 194, 298-9 missionaries 194 Mithen, Stcve 367 mitochondria 335 n,itochondriol DN,\ 359-60 Mohammed ofMec[" 10.225-6,

415 jilJnd 226,415

molecular genetics 351 Molland, G., quotation, 29G monastic Wi: 238

Benedictines 207,219-20,414 and the Carolingian renaissance

222 dcknded by Terome 211 Domi nican order 246, 255 Franciscan order 246, 252,

252,255 I.e MUIl4, 281 monothcisn1

in a,Klcnt Egypt 69-70 in classical Greek thou gill 184-

5 of th~ He brews 1 S 8-9U Islamic 226 "nd rcolity 8

11100n landing 3 moon phoses views of Anoxagm;l$

128 moral du t:y~ views of Xenoph ane-s

112 lllol"<llity, Ch",ti.lIl 193 Marwood, Mid13c1 358 Mosaic Covenant 188-9, 1 \J 1 Moscow Papyrus 75-7 Moses 187-8

association with Egvpl 70-71 ~"1oscs 1\1 J.i monidcs of Corduv.\

235-6 Mother G()dd~s~ 7 Illotion

in Arist{)tic 15 H-9 in Galileo 282 proved impos.<ible by ZellO 122

mO\'~nH"'tS of the SlIn, PytltagOl";Js's explanation 117-18

mummitkuioll 85-7, 390 Murchison metoorite ~2G-21

l<.-111ses sa goddesses of wisdnln music

in Augustine 213 of Bab),lonian gods 118 in Pythagoras cosmolog,' 118-

19,396 Muslim conquest, 226

Muslim scholarship 225-37 mutations 321 L~i'Heriu:m- COJml?!.J1"nphillJ11 273 111,'th defined 375 nwths and mythology

in .ncient Egypt 89-91 dctinition 3-4 in Homeric Greece 96 -102 modern 2 in Near Eastern culture, 3G-40 origins 1 symbolism 5 thentes 3,4, 7 "iews of (\ristotlc 1 66-8 vicws of Pl.to 153--4 views of Pn.:socratics 92 ··3~

102-~, 133

Nammu 32-3 llallobacteria 334-5 nillllral phenolllena St."l;" ph),sical

objects; i'I;J~i" Natural0iCst;mu 405 "atllral selection 15,321-2,341-

2,344-6 Nrrtllrrri TlJ&t)logy 343. 431 naturalness of religion hYP(Jlircsis

367-8 nature

God's creation 92. 1\J7, 233, 256,298

in Ockham 254 physicol "'orld 54, 92, J 33,

135 sum of natllral objects 92, 104,

294 as underlying lirst principle 54,

104 world ofsmse 92 see 11/51) physical obJect, ph_f.lif

N J,varra) Fernmd 42 Neanderthals 357,433

bl"ain size 362-3 extinction 358, 368

NeD-Darwinism 349-50 Neolithic period art 376 Neoplatonism 203-·6

and Augusti no 212-14 effect of red is[overy of books

255-6 influence on Islamic tbought

225--6 influence on Jewd, thollght

235-6 in the Middle Age. 220-25 rejected bv ChristiJU, 209 souls in 119

Kenleship, R. L, gtlotations 144 Neugebauer, 0., '1uot;1[.,ioI15 180 Nell' A<tI"OIw",y FoulII/,,4 "II

Callsfs 275 New Testament 193 Newton, Sir Isaac 285-92, 296

carly schooll'c,'rs 285 f.1liing apple stor)' 239 Holy Tlinity as a Illomtrous

traud 290-91 and Kepler 276 laws Df motion 297, 422 rdill-inus convictions 292-3 rules or reasoning 288-9

Nicene Creed 209, 411 Nile RiYer 385

geography 55-6, 60-61 in rdation to calendars 81

Nippur tabler 36-8 Nippnl' temple libr"y 380 Noah And Noah~!l. .t'Lrk 36, 41-2 l

381, 382 1I01ll

in AI-Kindi 128 in Aristotle 164.-6, 182,228 definition J 05 In Pbto 149,182 in PlotinllS 205 in l'rcsocl'atic thought 112-

IS, 126,128, 134,137,366 $rC "/;0 divine mind; html"n

Illind num bering sy'tems

in ,meient Egypt 75-7 SUlllerian 46-8

Nutton~ Vivian 170

OckhaI11 252-5 Ockham's razor 254 Odym,~ 96-7 Okm",JS 1 07 Old Testament 188-90,202,

381,406,407 Olympian gods

in classical Greek thought 185 in epic poetry 97 list 100 origin 1 DO-I 0 I in Presocratic thought 137-8 vie\V~ of Ptolemy 18 1 vic,,", ofSocr.ltcS 143--4 vicw, of Xenophancs III

0" Fi,'St PriHcipln 20 I 011 AIl/sic 213 011 NMure 122-3 0" th,. Di";,;.,, oj'NI!tZlrf 415 011 ,/;" Mtr811ituda ,wd Directionl

of rIte Sw, (lnd tlte Moo" 277 0'1 tbe Method 174-5 Op.,.ill, Alexander 327 open ur dosed univ,; rse tbcorjc;s

309-10 Oppenheim, Lco 44,54 OPIIS Majus 251, 418 OIEa""'1 159, 400 Or[l:el, te,lit;:

011 e[lzymes 32R-9 on p~nspcrmi" 320 qllotatio[1s 329

Origcn 201-2 compllred with Plminus 205 translated by ] erome 211

origins of lit!: 337 sciclltiti( theories 315· .. 38 theories compared 317-22 5(.C also creation

O"i,qitl of RIJW 360 (k{l}ill oj'Sper,,"s il)' Mea,,; of

Natuml Sefcctioll 341, 345, 346,347,349-50,430

Origill<'S 292-3 OI'1"ori" t1tl}clwis 353--4 Osiander, Andreas 270, 279 "alit ofAfric." hypothesis 356,

358-60 out-or-body C"xperience,

experimcnrally created 367 Owens, j., quotations 158 Oxford Univcrsity deb3lc on

hUIll""~ape rdatiam 346-7 oxygen .md e"rl~' life 325-6 ozone layer 322-3, 326, 428

paganism 199,207,210,217 dcfiLl~d 499 from polytheism 200

hlcoHthic period 339 art 7,376

Palel', Wilham 343 panspenni" 320--21 paper 62 papyrus 62, 386 paradoxes 121-2 parallel universes 301 Pam",",."p'" 353, 357 l'armenides ofElca 119-21,135,

396 particle accelerators 312,313 P'Jscal, Eloise, q llotations 299 P:l$So\'~r 9

Pasteur, Louis 318 P.wl, ]c;\n, quotations 29 Paul, St 9, 194-5

death 409 Jetter 192-3 views 011 faith 196 "lews ofTerrullian 203

Pauling, Linus 337 Peawc ke, Arthur 54 peer review {.)f sr1-cllce 19 Peking ;"hn 357 Pe lagianism 411 Pc1agins critid;:ing Augustinc 215 penicillin discovery 377 Penrose, R"ger 312

on the brain 369 remote llch 191 Pcnzi~s, Amo 306 Pericles nf Athens, quotations

140 Periph\'sc()1l 224 persecution of Christians 207

INDEX

Persinger, Mich,\d 367 Peter, St 192 Pelers, F, E., 011 Ar"b schohrship

256 l'e!larch 219 Petrk, Flinders 71

011 the pyramids 79, 80 l'haris~es critics oOesus 193 Phil" of Alexandria 187,191,

409 contrasted with Origen 202 contr~sted \\'ith !'lotinus 206 jIltln~nc< on Abelard 248

Phil" Judaeus 196-8 cOlllpared to ,Newton 291

PiJi/osophine Nntumli$ Prillcipin Mntbcmntim 286, 288-9, 292-3, 298

philosophy definitiOn< of Icrms 105 etymology 392-3 origins 92, 102

l'hilllfOphim/ Origill$ III' Gmtile T1JOJlg!Jt 292-3

Pbilosopbic o;"ologiq 11£ 340 photosynthesis 321, 429

in cyanobacteria 334 physkal constants 133~ 136

in alternative tHliverses 303-wSillologicol constant 306 in Go!ileo 282 Hubble constant 304 origin of 302 predictive pOWcl' 17 proportionalilY 15,274-5,

282,288,296-7,404 P hysical Jaws 301

conceptu<ll .<chcl1\cS 15-16 in Galilco 2Hl-3 post-Renaiss·allce 298-9 Jtr:- also laws of nanlH:; scknct;

physical objects ilbsence in Slullcrian J.nd

Egyptian thought 54, 90-91,136,294

in Abelard 247-8 in Anaxagoras 127 in }Lnaxinl<1ndcr 107 in Aq\linas 243--4 in Aristotle 156-8,184,264 in Augustine 213 building blocb of naturJJ

science 11, 20, 293--4 in Grossctcste 249-50 ill Homeric traditions 6, 102 in ti1e lote Middle Ages 256,

293--4 in Ockhalil 253 in Philo 198 in Plato 146,150,197 in Presocratic thought 21,

102-3, 133, 136-7 ill P~thJgoras 116-17

473

A CHAOS OF DELlGH"[

JCr.: alsl) physicaI hTW~; scicrl(c pil)'si;

definition 103-4 in Heraclitus 103 in Homer 54, 103 and nature 104, 298 parallels with simtll 104 in Presoel',ujc thought 137 sec "Iso physical obi eel

pi (11) ancien t Egyptia" olcubtion of

7il calculated by Archiilledes 175

pigmentation 360-62 Pitman, Walter 4U planets 427

etymology 401 planetary formation Cllrren!

theorie, 32 S planetolry motion

in Aristotle 161-2 in Copernicus 266-7 in Galileo 276-7 in Kepler 273-4 in Plato 148, 152 in Ptolem), III I , 262-4

plant breeding 344 Plato 144-55, 399

and /laher 162 '1!1egorY of "the cave" 146-7 and Aristotle 15 5-{" I 67 bdit':vcd to have access 10

Hebrew docul11~nrs IS7, 196

and eternal Ideas 145-6 inlluclIccd by Eml'c<ioc1cs 126 influenced by epic poetry 96 influenced by Xenophcl nc~ 112 influence of Parmenides 119-

20 influence 011 Augusti nc 212 influence on Phi 10 198 influence on Plotinm 204-:; quotJtions i81 On Socrates 140, 142-"3

Flimer, Ion 42 Plorinus of Ncxandri~ 203-{, Plutarch, on anack on /1.ristJrchus

176 PNA-world 330 pnwmrr

definition 105 in Prcsonatk thought 110-

16, 119, 126, 134,137 in Stoic thought 185

Poebel, A,rno 36 politics

change in the Ken,i.,sanee 257-8

training by Plaw 145 Pope John Palll IT

quotatlOfls 195 on science 22

474

Pope C rban \1Il 279-"81 Pope, Alculldcr

death of 299 qliotcuions 284,285

Popper, K~rl on i~l1axirllillldcr 109 conlpared to Bacon, Fr~lnci~

260 on consciousness 368 on f.llsitication of::;(lc.:nce 19 l

378 on Presocratic thought 137 on truth and hunun t"lIibility

372 popular science

POSt- Rcnaiss~nce 294 sixteenth c and s.:n:nt.c:enth R

century 294, 296 popubtioll size

of anciem Eg"pr 58, 59 of cady htlm~n beings 35~

after the Icc Age 23 in the MiJdle Ages 238

popuhtions of anill1als 345 Porphyry, studcllt or Plntillus

204 Powell, ;V!. A., qllotaTions 45,

46,52 pre RNA 330 Precambri,n 326 precdlular lil~ 326-30 p,.elimifll1)"Y DiFWZJ ret" O1J tbe SCI.rty

afNatural PhiloFophy 343 Presneratic Greek philo'oph)' 92-

139 chronology 103 summary 1 33-6, 138

Pr"SC1-iptiolJ A.fJ/limt Hontics 203 Price, B. B., quotations 219 priesthood, Sumcrian 44-5, 51 Pri1Jcipia 286,288-9,292-3,

298 PriIJciplc of SuBicimf RCIlSIIII 109 Principles of GfO/Qgy 341, 344 printing 258 Produs

on Euclid 174 On ParmClldics I 20 quotations 173

probryotes 336, 337 proal" of God

in Amdm 239-41 in Aquinas 243"-6 in Ari'totle 163-S in Augustine 214 in .-\verroes 233 in AV1CennJ 231 in Descartes 260-1 in Moses Nlaimonides 236

Prophetic booh (ofr"e Bible) 191,406

Prophets (Hebrew) 189-91 Prophets 9

PmsiogioJl 239 Protagoras of Abdc fa 011

knOWledge 137 proteins 328, 329 pr""i~iona 1 knowledge 1"(

certainty; kno\\'kdgc psyche

in Aristotle 162,164, 166 definition lOS in Origcn 202 in Plato 148-9, 155 in Plotinus 205 in Prcsocratic thought 110,

118, 133, 137-9,366 in Socrates 143 J-tt' also SQul

Ptolemy of Akxandri.1 180-81 wsmology 262-4

public health in anciel11 Egypt 85 public interest in science post

Rcnaiss;HlCC 294 purific.ltions 125 pyramid texts 387 pyramids 66

as burial sites 86 construction 7ll-9 dimensions .md .llignm<llt 79-

80 history 79-8 [)

P,'th,goras 115-19,135 compared wj[h Plato 152 influenced by ancient

Egyptians 7;' int1uenced hy epic poclr,' 96

Pythagoras ~s theorem in cmcknt Egypt 77 known to Sumerians 46

qU3ntum cOJlSciomllc," 368-9 quantum gr;Jxity 314 q uannUTI mechanics

in relation to consciousness 368-9

theory 311-12,426 quantum physics +35

R.1bbinical Judaism 1<)8,235 origins 194

[.bbi, 408 racism 360-62 rad'll" 307 RasmuS$W, B, 325--6 rationalist vs" empiridst (kbot<

in Bacon, Francis 260,295 in Descortes 261, 295 origin of 141, I 71, 1 83

Rawlinson, H. C. 28 guotdtlons 27

R.~y, John 339 Re 69 reality

experience 1-2 in monotheistic Iradilion~ 8

perception of 2 ultimate IHI"rc of 8 vJews of Heraclitus 113 Iff also physical objects

rcasOn in Descartes 260-61 I'coson and ti,ith

in Aquinas 241-3 Christian ((Impared wirh Greek

philosoph its 217-18 early Christianity 196 ill Jewish thought 236 in the Middle Ages 256 post-Remissmce 299 in the Re;:n:1tssJnce 259 views of AI-F.1r.lbi 229 views ofAI-Kindi 227 views of Anselm 239 I'iews of Aug"stine 213-14 views. of A\'~rnlcs 232-3 views ofEriugena 225 views of Grosselcste 250-5 I views of NeWlOn 292-3 views ofOckh"lll 252-3 views ofXcnophanes III

r<:ilso.uing of Greek ph ilosophers 2 ~c\Vton's rules 288-9

rcd sh ift 304-5 redemption ill Augustine 214-15 Redi, Fl'dncisw 31 S Reciondi, P., quotations 283 rcductioilisill

in ancient Greek thought 102-3

as a scientific method 13, 298 Rees, Martin

on alt~rn.Jtivc universe~ 30:=; on Big B.mg thcor~' 30 I on constants 17 quotations 19, 309, 310

Retorrnn(inn 258, 268, 280, 290-91

reincarnation in Asian bdi~ f systems 388 views of El11l'cdocks 126

relationships bet\Vecn god(s) and human bctllgs

ancient Egl'pti'ln bellef, 68, 71,73

in Hebr~w mythology 189··90 in Prcsocl"atic Greek thought

tOl in SUlllerian rdigion 71

religion in anciem Egypt 89-91 in dalsical Greek thought

184-5 detined {,·-7, 11, 375 ,s ethic, 1 ~ystcm 190-91 origins of 6-10 's a physical txprcssiull of brain

circuib 367-8 under the Roman Empire 1 ~7

social function 6-7,37; Sumerian 42-5 views of Aristorle 166-8 views 01' Darwin 348-9 vi('\\'s of DCJnQ-(rinls 132

religion and science vii, 20-22, 371-4

and bibliGlllitcralisl11 31 (, compued 20-21,298-9 in Darwin 343 in G.,I ilea 283-4 in Newton 292-3 post· Rcmissililce 299 Jt:t:. aim certainty; crclltiollism;

kno\vlcdgc; reJigion; science; sciemific methods

religious beliefS, statistics I 0-12, 371

rdigio", huildings and places 10 Presocr'Lic Greek 100 pyramids 80 Sumerian 29 templc~ in Egypt 388 ziggurat' 29,380

religious <:xpc-ricncc, 3UeJnpts [0 recreate 367

religiolls tnditions 9 religions writings 10 Renaissance

cultural changes 257-8 etymology 419 scientific achievements 258-9

RCllti"cw, Colin 8 Republic 142··-3 rc:'su rrC(I'ioll

in -'\'1" inas 244 of Jesus 194-5 views of Angusti ne 212

revelation II, 20 in Christianity 406-7 in Greek philosophy 394 in I~lalll 9 views of Al-Kind; 227 views of Bacon, Francis 260 Xcnopbal1es' rejection of III

Rhind Papyrus 75-7, 388 ribosomes 329

ill arch aeO bacteria 332 lites and rintals 10

in ancient Egl'pt 71, ~6 of pass.lge 9

RNA-world 327, 329 Roberts, Alan 42 Rochberg, F., quotations 48, 49 rock art 7 Roman Empire 186-7, 206-9

Jnd Christianity 1 R7 conversion to Christianity 218 dedine 219-20 medicine 187 scit::l1ce;" 186

RuscclJinlls of Compicgne, critical of .'l.l1sdrn 241

INDEX

Rosetta stone 57, 62, 385, 386 Ross, Sir W. David

011 Plato 152 quotation 155, 163

1'Ot;)[ion of the Earth 2, 420 in Copernican theory 265-6 in Kepb 274

Royol Society 423 Russell, Bertr~nd

on Panncnides 121 qLlotaUOns 92, 237

Ryan, William 40 Rdc, Gilbert, 322

Sag,lll, Carl, quoutions 307, 317 SaiJdrmthropUI tcbfldcmis 354 silin [S Set individHa1 nllll1CS

Salom, Abdus 312 S,Hldmcl, S., quotations 198 sa race 11 etymology 41 5 Sarich, Vincent 350-51 scnl" mlrrlme 165 Schalit, A., quotatioLl 191 Schofield, 1'.1., quotations 106,

107 Schopf; J. iVilliam 32 I

on date of earliest life 332 quotations 325

Schriidinger, Erwin 319 Schwa nn, Thcodor 319 science 2, 13-14

in mcient Egypt 74-89 in Aristotle 160-61,166-7,

404-5 n"bylonian 45-54 ;\s a belief system 20 wmpared with Plato 183-5 concepts 14-15 conccpmal schemcs 15-16 definition vii, 13-4, 377 in Jewish thought 235 language 14 in the Middle Ages 220 no obsolmes ill 12, 13, 17, 18,

249,373 {Irigin and growth 11-12 post-Renaissance 293-5 power of prediction 16-17 prr)visional naTure of 17,183,

184,249,2~3,260,284,

289,298,372,378 rational enquiry supported by

the Koran 237 ill the Renaissance 2S8-9 sclt~correcting Il,lture 17 Sumerian 45-::;4 types of 377 ullder the Roman Empire 186 views ofAug\l~tille 213-14 views ofB;lcon~ Fr:lilcis and

Descartes 259-61 views of Bacon, Roger 251-2 "iews of Gro",er~$re 249

475

A CHAOS OF DELIGHT

VIews of Ockham 253--4 VlcWS of PI~to and l\ristotlc

compar~d 183~5

science and myth compared 20~21

sc.ience ~md n: Ii giOll vii~ 20-22, 371--4

and biblical literalism 316 compared 20~21, 298~9

ill D.\rwiu 343 'II Galiico 283--4 in :"£\\10n 292~3

post-Reni1i~:lflce 299 Sl.'t ubn (.(;rlainty~ creationism;

knowkdgc; rdlglQn~ s<.:ience; scicntii1c methods

scientific 'Il~tru ments 286-7, 300 Jnicroscopcs 2,. 295 post· RClla'S5ntKc 295 rdescopes 2,276-8,286,300.

301,320 scientific methods 19

in Bacon, Frallcis 259~61

in Bacon, Roge r 2 51 ~2 in Darwin 15 and deathblow to Aristoteliall

eausatioll 297 ~8 disc usscd between Kepler and

Galiko 276 in Grosscreste 250 molecular 337 in Ockl"'lll 254·-5 post-RCll<li~'"nce 295 in the Renai".",c" 259~61

scientific societies 294,295,403 Scott, David, on the moon 282 SCOtliS, Duns, intluence of

Avicenna 231 Scriptuml Gto"Lfl.Y 341 Scriptures sec Bible Sedgwick, Adam 343

quotations 346 S~dlcy, D., quorations 120, 172 Selenells, pupil of Aristarchus 176 sdfawarcncss 366 Seneca 405 ScIlS~ perceptions 2

in A<]lLinas 242~5

dassical Greek views 182~3

and experience 2 in Galileo 283--4 Near East beliefs 91 in Philo 198 views of Phlo 145 in post-Renaissance thought

293--4 view~ ofAmtOl'lc 156-7 vielYS of Augustine 212-13 \~eIVS of R'lcun, Roger 252 views of Dc mocritns 130~31

views of Empcdocks 126 views of Ockh~!1l 254 views of Origen 202 "iews of 1':1 rcmenides 121

476

yiews of Zenn 121~2

separation of church and scotc recommended by Am b""s" 210

ScptuClgint 191, 211 views of Origen 202

Settle, Thomas on Galiko 283 sexagc5~mal numbt:ring systcm in

Sum,r 46·-8 Sextus on Dc Illocrirus 132 Shakespeare, Willi~m, quotations

27fi sh,lmanislll 376 Shea, 'V., quoTations 297 Sibley, Charles 351 Siderus Nuncius 277,278 Simplkius on Amaximandes 106 Simpson, G. G, <luot.lions 3 15 sin

in Augustine 212,215-16,41 in Eriugcna 224 in Pclagius 212,215,224,411 inl'hilo 198 original 195,211,215 views of jesus 193--4 views of LLither 258 vi(:':\vs of Or-igcn 202 vicws of Plotinll' 205 "iews orSt p"ul 195 fee II/SO evil

singularities 301, 305 size of the umvcr.:;;:: 424-5 skin col Om 358, 360--62 Slipher, Yesto 304 Smith, Adam, quotations 46 Smith, George 39, 382

quot,ltl0ns 38 Smvth, Piazz<l 79 social change

and the Can)lil1gian renaissance 221~3

in the dassical Greek period 172

during hUlll"n history 371 eleventh, JIld twelfth-century

237~8

after the Ice Age 234 in the Middle Ages 219, 255-{, Paleolithic 7 post-Renaissance 294 in the Remissance 257-8 in the seventh century 93

social unrest in the Middle Ages 223,416

Socrates 141--4 md his daeillon 44 death of 144

Socratic method 143 Solon of Athcns 391 Sophists "iell's "fSocrates 142 soul

in ancient Egypdan rehgion. 65) 73--4, 83

in ancient Sumai"l1 religion 34,43·4, 5'.

ill Aquin,,, 243-4 in Christi.lnit) 194 dassical Greek "iews \82 in lslalni, philosophy 228 in Philo 198 in Presocratic thought 105,

139 in rdation to mind 365~8

\'iews orAI·Farabi 230 views oL\I·Kindi 228~9

views of Ari.stotlc 162, 164~5 views of Augustine 212-13 views uf Avcrmcs 234-5 views of Democrints 131 "iews of EmpedocJcs 125 views of j·kraclitis 114 v~c\\'~ of J ("~aLS 193 views of Origcn 202 view~ of Plaro 148~51, 399 views of Plotinus 204--5 views or p),thagoras 119 vlcws of Soer,ltcs 143 see aIm psyci}c

Spallan:l"ni, L1z7.~ro 318 speed of light 302 Spence, Kate 80 Spencer, Herbert 345 Sperger, D. N., quotations 301 spirintality

tor ancient Eg"ptialls 73--4 fer ancient Sumerians 44 in Allgustine 211 and myth <lnd religion 20~21

in PlatO 154 in relation to mind 367~8

spontaneous generation 317~18

views of Anaximander 109 Stahl, George 319 star lists of Hipparchus 179~80

Stead, c., quotations 186 Stockholm l':lPYru~ 88, 390 Stoics 185, 405

illflucnc~ on Philo 197~8

stolle implcmcnrs 339 Strato of L1L11pSaCUs tea~her of

Arist.rchus 176 Stomata 200-201 St,abo 379 stroll1~tolites 325, 334, 429 Sumer, geography 25 Sumerians 25~54, 379

biblical parallels 33--8 chronology 27 city-states 2 8~9 COSlllOgOIlY 31-·3 cosmology 31 ~3 discowry of 27~8 inventions 25, 45~52 people 26 science ,1nd technologv 45~S()

Summrr COlltm Gmtile., 242

Summa Tbtologia 242, 298 sun god in ancient Egypt 69 sun, mOl'emellts ot~ l'ythagoros

explonation 117-18 sun spots observed by Gali!co

277 superstring theory 313--4 surgery, BlbrJonian 51-2; sec also

medicine survival of the fittest 345 Sutherland, N, $" quotations 365 Swerdlo\\', N. M., qaorations 276 Sykes, Brian 360 syllogism

in Aristotle 1 59--{\0. 404 ill Avicenna 231

Symmaehlls I Szathrnary, E.l quotations 321 Szcnt-Gyorgyi, A., quotations

322

Tao 8,390 Taylor, A. F.. 335

on Pbto 151 quotations 14S--{\

Taylor, C. C. ,V. on A_naxagoras 128

Taylor, J oill1 79 technology

in al1cknt Egypt 74-89 in Archimedes 175 Babylonian 45-54 origins 24 Sumerian 25, 45-54

Teilhard, Pierre 319 telescopes 2,300,301,320

used by (;alilco 276-8 used by Newton 286

Temkin, 0., quotations 169 Temple, Henrierra, quotations

315 Ten Commandments 188-9 Tertullian 203

in fluencc of Greek philosophy 217

Thales of Miktlls 104, 106, 134 Theagenes of Rhegion 392 Thcodmills, qllomtions 206 tbwlogy 98-100

oL\J-GhoZ<1li 227 of AriW)l1c 166-7 Christian 195, 203-6

in late antiquitv 216-18 in late Midd Ie Ages 256

defined 394 ofHesiod 98-lO0 Islamic 226-7 Ncopl aWllic intlnenc~ 187,

216-18,220-21,231 ofNe\\'to" 286,291-3 of Plam I 84 post-Renaissance 296

theory of everything 312, 313-4

theory of (\'olutio" j{lilowing Darwin 349-50; rer also e"olution

theor), ofrc!ativity 16,311-12 l1)cor.v {lItbc Earth 340, 430 Therapeutic Papyrlls of Thebes

85 ther[noacidupllilic .1rcll:lCob:1crriJ:

333-4 Thucydidcs' .1CCOUllt of the great

plague of Athens 169 tides

explanation of A"st,m:hus 176 explanations of Galileo 280 cxplanatiom of ~C\\1:0n 286

Timacus 151,153-4,197,199, 217

dille and rime keeping in ,lndem Egypt 80-81 in Augustine 214 in Newton 285 in Ockharn 253-4 in the Paleolith",.: Cra 383 i" Ptolemy lSI SlIlllerian 48

TOE 312 Torah 191,407

VielVS ofPhari."es 193-4 7h~ctatt<s 292 translations

age of 238, 255-6 of Greek philosophy in

the twdtth CentllTv 238 of Greek writers by Islamic

scholars 22 6 Ncoplatonic mistranshltions of

Greek liter"tllr~ 220-21 of Old Testa illen t 188,1<)],

201,211 of Plaro, .... risrotle and Porphyry

br Victorinus 207 views of Bacon, Roge T 251

transmigration of $0\1 Is absence ill anciclI t Egyptian

worldvicw 73 Aristotle disagrees with Plato

on 164-5 in Christian compared with

Greek thollght 21 S in Justin 200 in Orphic tradition5 96 in Pythagora, I J 5, 119

T,mtisf 1m NC!tJll't 127 Trdil, James 324 trigonometry in Hipp"dllls 180 Tmc DiswU/'So 409 truth and reality in the Church

F.lthcrs 2 17 truth

tor ancient Eb'ypti"n, 71 in Christianity I 94 classical Greek views 182-3 over human history 370·-71

INDEX

in literature 6 in Presoer'tic thollght 136-7 ;IS verifiable f.1Ct 2 views of AI· Farahi 229 ,'iews oLA.nselm 239 \'icws of Aristotle 160 \'iews of Augllstine 212 "Le\ .... ::; of A\'crrocs 232 view, Df Bacon, Roger 251-2 views of Empedocles 122-3 "iews of Grossctestc:: 250--51 views ofOckham 252-3 views of Parmenidcs 119, 120-

21 vicw, of Plato 145 views of Plotinus 205

TJp'o Nelli Scieuces 282 Tylor, Edward 6

quotations 23 Tynd"H, john 318

lIltr;>viokt light 326, 354 LJ mk rhill, Petcr 360 u "de r\\'odd books 69 un itied rheOl'Y 312 tllliv(:r~ir-iL"s 220,237-9

in the Middle Ages 256 origin 417 p,,,t-Rcn.lissancc 294

Llnl\'l,';rsc

age of 304, 423 bil.L' kground microwa\'e

radiation 306-7 black holes in 16-17, 301,

322,425 ,brk Illatter in 310-11 expansion 304-8 tate of 309-10 uHubblc bubble" 301 light and hca\)' clements 1Il

307-S open or closed 309-10,427 physical 11-13,93 sh~pe of 302 "I';lce-tinle 18,308,425 wormholes 17 sec nlso cosmos; cosmology;

physical objects Unwi"" Philippa 335 urbJ.n~zJtion origins 24 Ure)" I-brold 327 Usshcr, Arch bishop j "mes 341,

430 Utllapishtill1 39~-40

van Helmholtz, Hcrll1"nn 323 van HcimoJl(, Johallllcs Baptista

318 van Leeuwenhoek, Anton 295 Vatic;\n Conncil 242 Vedic writing' 10 vCI'l:cbrates 336

evolution 363--4

477

A CHAOS Of DELIGHT

View lIithe Evidmc~J of Christianity 343

Vincent of Lel'ins 203 viral infections 335 Virchow, Rudolf 368 virtue, views of Socrates 143; JCf

also sin viruses 322 vitalism 319 vitamin J) 361-2 Vlastos, Gregory

on Plato 145 quotations 137 on Socrates 144 on Tiwttw,· 154

von Hohenburg, Herwart 274 von Liebig, Justin 316 von Neumann, John 369 Vulgate 211

Wald, George 32 quotations 317

Wallace, Alfred R. 345-6 Walzer, R., quotations 227, 230 Watson, James discover)' of dou ble

helix 328 w~ather

;} ncicnt Egyptian views 90 views of Anaxunandcr 107 views of Heraclitus ll5 scientific explanations 5

Webb, Richard 335 \"eights and mc:asure

in ancient Egypt 78 Sumerian 46, 383

Weishelpl, J. A., quotations 167 Westermann, C., quoratioll' 36 Westfall, R. S., quotations 274,

286 Wheeler, John, 011 space 174 Whewell, William 12

478

White, Tim 354 Whitehead, Alfred North 7 VVickranasinghc, Ch~ndra, on

panspermia 320 Wienberg, Steven 312 Wilberforce, Bishop Samuel 346-

7 William of Conchc 246 William of OCkh"ll1 252-5 Wilson, ,'\.lIon 350-51 Wilson, Robert 306 wi~dom and knowledge

in Abdard 247-8 in Aquinas 242-4 in Aristotle 158,163,182 in Bacon, Francis 259 in Bacon, Roger 251 in Ockham 252-4 in Plato 147-8, 182 in Socrates 143

Woese, Cor! R. 329 Wohle,. Friedrich 316 women see human Wood, Bernard 356 Woaney, Sir Leonard 40

q uarations 41, 94 On Sumerian texts 50

Works alld Days 97, 1 () 1 worldview 3,6,8,22, 293.....g,

37()-72 of Aristotle 161-3 earl)' Christian 212, 214, 216-

18 of the Egyptians 63, 90-91 of Homer and Resiod 98 medieval Christian 255~6

medieval Islamic (philosophical) 227-35,237,255-6

medieval Islamic (theologkal) 227,237

medieval J udeo-Arabic 235-6

Mosaic 190, 191, 237 nineteenth-century scientific

341-3 of Plato 149-54 of Plutinus 205-6 of the Prcsocratics 138 of Socrates 142 "fthe Sumerians 30,31,54 twentieth and twenty-first-

century scientific 30{l···314 see a.lso cosmology; cosm-os

World Wide Web 14 wormholes 17 Wren, Sir Christopher 422 wtiting

hieroglyphics 61--2, 386 invention 8, 24, 29-30, 38() on paper 62 of Sumerians 379

Xenophancs of Colophon 111-12, 134, 136, 394, 398

on Tinks 106

Y chromosome 360 Yahweh 187-90; .Ice also God

(Judea-Christian) Yinger, J. 1\1., q uorations 7 ylem 424 Young, Thomas 62-3, 386

Zeller, Eduard ] 09 Zeno of Eka 121-2, 135, 40S

compared with Democrims 130

zero used by the Hindus 383 ziggurats 29, 380 Ziusudra (or Ziusdra) 37 zodiac Chaldean 50 Zoroastrhnism 405 Zuc kerkandl, Emile 337