a career in the pharmaceutical sciences

7/31/2019 A Career in the Pharmaceutical Sciences

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A Career in the

Pharmaceutical Sciences

Unlimited Potential


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What are the Pharmaceutical

Sciences?

The pharmaceutical sciences combine a broad

range of scientific disciplines that are critical tothe discovery and development of new drugs

and therapies.


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Drug Discovery and Design

Taxol Synthesis-Science Saving Lives

3D model of a Taxol molecule


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Drug Delivery

EIGHT HOURS OF INSULIN ACTIVITY FROM A

SINGLE OCULAR INSERT

Recent research findings from the University of Arizona

Time (hours)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12%ofinitialglucoselevel

20

40

60

80

100

120140

Placebo

Ocular Insert

Eydrop


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Nicotine patch used tohelp people stop smoking

Cross-sectional diagram of a

nicotine patch

Drug Delivery


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Drugs entering a cell via several

different mechanisms

Drug Action


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Pharmacokinetics and Drug

Metabolism

GRAPEFRUIT JUICE MAY HAVE POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS

INTERACTIONS WITH MULTIPLE MEDICATIONS

Time (hr)0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Lovas

tatin(ng/ml)

0

20

40

60

80 with grapefruit juicewith water

(Kantola et al., 1997)


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Pharmacokinetics and Drug

Metabolism

Time (hr)0 100 200

asmatam

ox

en

ngm

0

20

4060

80

100

120

140

160with rifampinwithout rifampin

336

(Kivisto et al, 1998)

WHEN MEDICATIONS ARE USED TOGETHER, THE

DRUG EFFECTS MAY CHANGE


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Drug Analysis

A research assistant readying an

analytical system for drug analysis


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Cost Effectiveness of Medicines

The economic impact of pharmacy care

$0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $50 $60 $70 $80

Physicians Visits

Additional

Prescriptions

Emergency RoomVisits

Hospital

Admissions

Long-term-care

Facility Admissions

Total

costs withoutpharmacy care

cost with pharmacycare

Annual Cost to U.S. for Medication Related Problems

Billions of dollars spent

Medication-related

Problems


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Education/Training Options

B.Pharm./M.Pharm. in Pharmaceutical

Sciences, or B.Sc/M.Sc in Chemistry,

Biology, Mathematics, or B.E/B.Tech

Biomedical Engineering, Information

Technology, or related field

Pharm.D.

Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences


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Career Prospects

Pharmaceutical Industry - for all degree

levels

Research Laboratories - for all degree levels

Teaching/Research in Academics - Ph.D. or

Pharm.D.

Regulatory Agencies - for all degree levels


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Mean Base Annual Salaries

Overall (x $1000)

(Based on 2001 AAPS Salary Survey)

Industry Academia Government

Ph.D. 97.6 95.1 81.4


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Mean Base Annual Salaries

by Experience (x $1000)

(Based on 2001 AAPS Salary Survey)

0 5

yrs.

5 10

yrs.

10 20

yrs.

20 30

yrs.

> 30

yrs.

B.S. 48.5 56.0 72.0 80.0 85.0

M.S. 55.0 58.0 76.0 100.0 106.0

Ph.D. 72.0 87.0 108.0 120.0 120.5


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Contact Information

American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists(AAPS)

www.aaps.org

703-243-2800

American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) www.aacp.org

703-739-2330

American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)

www.aphanet.org

202-628-4410

Local Schools of Pharmacy
http://www.aaps.org/http://www.aacp.org/http://www.aphanet.org/http://www.aphanet.org/http://www.aacp.org/http://www.aaps.org/


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Presentation Notes Slide3 - Drug Discovery and Design deals with the design and synthesis of new drug

molecules. This category includes specialized fields of study such as medicinal chemistry,combinatorial chemistry and biotechnology. Taxol is a potent anti-cancer agent found in smallamounts in the bark of the slow growing Pacific yew tree. Unfortunately the process that extracthe drug from the bark also kills the tree. One adult tree produces only 1 gram of thismedication. Through the advances of medicinal chemistry, a way has been found to produce ataxol-like drug (Taxolene) from the needles of the European yew tree. This pharmaceuticalbreakthrough has greatly increasing the availability of this drug.

Slide 4 -Drug Delivery is concerned with the design of dosage forms - such as tablets, injectioor patches - that will deliver the drug in the right amount at the right time within a patient. Thenormal model of delivery of insulin to the patients is through multiple daily intramuscular orsubcutaneous injections. To bridge the gap in the treatment of patients with diabetes, a varietyof approaches have been attempted. A pharmaceutical lab at the University of Arizona is tryingto develop a non-painful and an effective way of delivering insulin into the body. They havecompared the reduction of plasma glucose levels following the use of eye drops and a newlyformulated ocular insert. This graph illustrates that when the new ocular formulation was used,

the reduction of glucose levels persisted for more than 8 hours. (Research conducted in Dr. SaYalkowskys laboratory, University of Arizona)

Slide 5 - Another example of drug delivery research is the nicotine patch. Nicotine patches wedeveloped to delivery nicotine through the skin. This type of system has been used effectively thelp people quit smoking. (left scan PDR 1999; right scan Chien ed. Transdermal ControlledSystemic Medications. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York 1987.)


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Slide 6 -Drug Action examines how the drug itself actually works in a living system. The actionof the drug can be studied at the molecular level, in a cell, an organ, and in animals. Specialtyfields include molecular biology, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, toxicology and

biochemistry.

Slide 7 - Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism. This discipline examines the behavior ofthe drug in the body. Researchers in this discipline perform studies to examine the absorption,distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs and the kinetics of drug responses. Anexample of such research showed that grapefruit juice could have dangerous interactions with anumber of medications. The study shown here has looked at the effect of grapefruit juice on the

systemic exposure of a cholesterol-lowering agent, lovastatin. Grapefruit juice greatly increasedthe systemic exposure of lovastatin. This may increase the risk of skeletal muscle toxicityassociated with lovastatin. The following warning label has been posted as a result of this type ofresearch: Avoid eating grapefruit and drinking grapefruit juice while being treated with thefollowing medications: CYCLOSPORINE, FELODIPINE, MIDAZOLAM, NIFEDIPINE,NISOLDIPINE, QUINIDINE, TERAZOSIN, TERFENADINE, TRIAZOLAM, LOVASTATIN,AND SIMVASTATIN. (Graph reproduced from Kantola et al. Clinical Pharmacology &Therapeutics 1998; 63:397-402)

Slide 8 -Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism. Another example of this research area isexamination of the interactions of medication when used concomitantly. Drug-drug interactionscan cause unwanted adverse effects and/or reduce the effectiveness of the medications.Tamoxifen is a medication used to treat and prevent breast cancer. Rifampin is used in thetreatment of patients with tuberculosis. The systemic exposure of tamoxifen measured as the areaunder the plasma concentration versus time curve was decreased significantly when

coadministered with rifampin. This can reduce the efficacy of tamoxifen. (Graph reproducedfrom Kivisto et al., Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1998; 64:648-654)

Presentation Notes


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Slide 9 - Drug Analysis involves separating, identifying, and quantifying the components of

a sample. Analytical chemistry is an important component of all areas of the pharmaceutical

sciences.

Slide 10 -Pharmacoeconomics examines the health and economic related outcomes of

drug selection and patient management (e.g., quality of life, physician visits, potential

hospitalization). An example of research in this discipline found that each year, avoidable

medication-related problems cost the U.S. $76.5 billion in additional medical associate

expenses. $45.6 billion of this unnecessary cost can be avoided by implementing proper

pharmaceutical care, such as: proper drug choice, proper use of the drug, and improvingpatient compliance.(Bootman JL, Johnson JA. Drug-related mortality and the economic

impact of pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1997; 54:554-558)

Slide 12 - There are wide range of employment opportunities in the pharmacy sciences. The

three major areas of employment are industry (drug manufactures), academia (universities),

and the government (the FDA). This is the average salary breakdown for a pharmacy

science Ph.D. (www.aaps.org/members/newsletter/dec98/salsurv.htm)

Slide 13 - This is a slide on the average salary in different employment groups.

(www.aaps.org/members/newsletter/dec98/salsurv.htm)

Slide 14 - This is a slide on the average salary in industry broken down by degree type andyears of experience. (www.aaps.org/members/newsletter/dec98/salsurv.htm)

Presentation Notes
http://www.aaps.org/members/newsletter/dec98/salsurv.htmhttp://www.aaps.org/members/newsletter/dec98/salsurv.htmhttp://www.aaps.org/members/newsletter/dec98/salsurv.htmhttp://www.aaps.org/members/newsletter/dec98/salsurv.htm

a career in the pharmaceutical sciences

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