a buccaneer's atlas

A Buccaneer's Atlas

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Preferred Citation: Howse, Derek, and Norman J. W. Thrower, editors A Buccaneer's Atlas: Basil Ringrose's SouthSea Waggoner. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1992 1992. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft7z09p18j/

A Buccaneer's Atlas

Basil Ringrose's South Sea Waggoner

Edited by Derek Howse and Norman J. W. Thrower

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford

© 1992 The Regents of the University of California

To Warren L. HannaAuthor, Lawyer, and Gentleman

(1898-1987)


To Warren L. HannaAuthor, Lawyer, and Gentleman(1898-1987)

FOREWORD

In the history of the buccaneers, those romanticized robbers of the Spanish Main, the Caribbean, and the Pacificcoasts in the late seventeenth century, Henry Morgan has well overshadowed Bartholomew Sharp, and Sharp, inturn, has overshadowed Basil Ringrose. As a criminal, Ringrose had something to be said for him: not the mostcruel and savage of the breed, he had a gift for sketching harbors and for writing (when he was not seasick on avoyage) a very readable kind of narrative—one of historical importance. Certainly Bartholomew Sharp got most ofthe credit, and deserved at least some of it, after he appeared in England, along with Ringrose and some others, inthe spring of 1682. Sharp had been an effective and enduring leader of his band of buccaneers in the enterprise ofcrossing to the Pacific shore and, in capturing Spanish shipping, had reaped a considerable harvest from the colonialpower, though not without many setbacks. Moreover, he had shown remarkable skills in navigating the waters southof Cape Horn from west to east (the first English captain to do so) and bringing his stolen vessel, the Trinity , tothe West Indies. If Sharp bought himself off with the English King Charles II (who had even knighted and given thelieutenant governorship of Jamaica to Henry Morgan some years before), he did it by means that were not asdespicable as most of the actions of Morgan and his like—Sharp supplied as penance a book of charts of the coastof western Spanish America that was regarded as a great prize, and with it he won his freedom.

It was Basil Ringrose, however, who made Sharp's voyage known and popular with the adventure-lovingreading public of the day. Ringrose wrote a literate and revealing account of the venture that brought thebuccaneers across the isthmus of Panama. It followed the core of them, normally under Sharp's leadership, throughtheir many vicissitudes until they arrived rich (except for those who had made their shipmates richer by gamblingaway their gains) in the West Indies, from there to disperse and commit further crimes until their usually short-spun lives gave out. Ringrose gives us the impression that he might have preferred to spend a quieter life at sea oreven on shore as a scholarly writer or craftsman, but he could not resist returning to the pirates' trade, only to losehis life in it some four years after the Trinity adventure.

Basil Ringrose's journal, his chief claim to modern notice, has never been printed from the autographmanuscript. What we know is an altered but substantially correct version (somewhat slanted to glorify Sharp) that

A Buccaneer's Atlas


was, in 1685, published as the second volume of the 1684 London edition of Exquemelin's chameleon-like book,Bucaniers of America . Ringrose tells us little about himself, and little more is so far known, but the journal is bothan effective document in maritime history and a record of a particular group of buccaneers in the Pacific. The talehe told, and the sketches of Spanish harbors on the western shores of the Spanish Indies he made, were revealingto his contemporaries and useful to his successors (most of whom had more legitimate grounds for attackingSpaniards than had Sharp or Ringrose). But he did even more: he compiled a substantial "waggoner"—a verbaldescription in the form of sailing directions—to much of the coast he sailed along as well as to some parts he nevervisited. This waggoner has remained unprinted; it is presented for the first time in this book by Commander DerekHowse and Professor Norman Thrower.

Ringrose's work stems from the famous "Waggoner of the South Sea" with which Sharp bought his freedomfrom the king. He had captured from a Spanish ship a great prize: a set of official manuscript sailing directions,illustrated by a very large number of coastal charts, and probably by a general map, much more detailed thanpreviously available. This he set a hack translator to render into English, and then enlisted a veritable Hack—WilliamHack, no less, a tradesman chartmaker of the Thames School—to copy its words and charts so that it should besuccessful in conveying detailed information to the English authorities on the minutiae of the shorelines of what, toalmost all Englishmen, was Terra Incognita indeed. King Charles II in the end received several copies, and otherswere commissioned for his successor and for other influential persons around the Court. William Hack certainlyworked hard at his copying. At least thirteen atlases

― x ―(some finely bound) survive. They contain somewhat varying numbers of illustrations, but all are well made, highlycompetent, and visually striking. The editors of the present volume rightly consider the relationship of Ringrose'swaggoner to Hack's atlases and add to our existing knowledge. Such atlases were regarded as being tooconfidential to go into print. It is somewhat ironic, therefore, that lesser followers of Sharp and Ringrose—includingExquemelin—had before them in most cases, only the fifteen harbor and town charts and sketches with whichRingrose's published narrative was embellished. So, through Ringrose, that edition of Bucaniers of America had itsspecial value for later venturers into the Pacific.

The editors have here provided us with a valuable summary of Basil Ringrose's published journal, reinforced inplaces by other contemporary narratives, and have printed and commented on his waggoner—the manuscript sailingdirections and charts. They have also given us a list and commentary on Hack's "Waggoner of the South Sea." Allthat is lacking now is an edition of Ringrose's manuscript journal as he wrote it , but they may well spur on othersto do it. The editors have here, however, done more than merely bring Ringrose almost to life; they have recoveredsome of the knowledge and information that constitute the most enduring monument we have of these daring raidson the Spanish Indies, which were so significant in the revealing of the shores of one part of the Pacific Ocean tothe eyes of England and of Europe.

DAVID B. QUINNNOVEMBER 1990

― xi ―

PREFACE

One of the lesser-known treasures of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich is Basil Ring-rose's South SeaWaggoner, a pilot book written about 1682 and never before published. Basil Ringrose was a buccaneer—which is apolite way of saying "pirate"—one of a band of Englishmen who walked across the Isthmus of Darien, embarked inIndian canoes, and captured Spanish ships off the city of Panama. The buccaneers made one of these ships, thefour-hundred-ton Trinity , their flagship, and from her they harried Spanish ports and shipping on the Pacific coastsof the Americas for some eighteen months, eventually sailing around Cape Horn to the West Indies.

The results of this voyage proved of the greatest interest to King Charles II of England and his ministers, evengiving rise to a minor diplomatic incident with Spain. This waggoner was one of those results: it is unique, not onlybecause no other copy is known, but also because it contains a description, with charts, of the coast of Californiafrom Cape Mendocino to Cape San Lucas, the earliest such description in English. It is therefore fitting that thisedition should be published by the University of California Press. One of the editors (H.D.H.), who has in generallooked after matters historical, was lately Head of the Department of Navigation and Astronomy at the NationalMaritime Museum; the other (N.J.W.T.), who has looked after matters geographical and cartographic, is Professor ofGeography at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and Director of its William Andrews Clark MemorialLibrary and Center for Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Studies.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Many people have helped to make this book possible, but our special thanks go to the Director and Trustees ofthe National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, for permitting us to prepare this edition of one of their treasures, forproviding many facilities, and for giving much assistance, particularly financial help in the provision of photographsand the waiving of reproduction charges; and to the UCLA Academic Senate, Committee on Research, for providinggrants over several years. Our particular thanks go also to Tony A. Cimolino of UCLA, who has helped in so manyways; to Professor David B. Quinn of the University of Liverpool and president of the Hakluyt Society, not only forwriting the Foreword, but also for his most constructive criticisms of the introductory text, a task performed also byCommander David W. Waters, formerly of the National Maritime Museum, R. B. Knight of Chartham, Kent, andPeter Earle of the London School of Economics; to Professor W. Michael Mathes of the University of San Francisco,for identifying the original Spanish sources in the early part of the waggoner; to Professor A. Kiralfy of King'sCollege, London, for his elegant translations of Latin court proceedings: to Dominique Pahlavan of UCLA, thecartographic compiler of the index charts; and to Warren L. Hanna of Kensington, California, for his generousdonations.

We owe our thanks also to many other individuals and institutions who assisted us in our research, all sopatient and helpful. In the many libraries whose facilities we used, the following gave particular help: John C. Dannand Laurence B. Kiddle, of the Clements Library, University of Michigan; Philip Hoen and Estelle Rebec, of theBancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; R. C. Latham, of the Pepys Library, Magdalene College,Cambridge, England; Marilla Fletcher, Roger Knight, Ann Montagu (who transcribed the whole waggoner text),David Proctor, Alan Stimson, Christopher Terrell, Piet van der Merwe, and Gervaise Vaz, of the National MaritimeMuseum, Greenwich; Peter Barber, Margaret Nickson, and Helen Wallis, of the British Library, London; J. D. Brown,of the Naval Historical Library, Ministry of Defence, London; Herbert Cahoon and Pamela White, of the PierpontMorgan Library, New York; Howell J. Heaney and Marie E. Korey, of the Free Library of Philadelphia; Thomas R.Adams, of the John Carter Brown Library, Providence, Rhode Island; and Virginia Rust, of the Huntington Library,San Marino, California. Our thanks also go to Nicholas Rodger, of the Public Record Office, London; John Maggs, ofMaggs Bros., London; Jacob Zeitlin, of Zeitlin and Ver Brugge, Los Angeles; H. P. Kraus, of New York; and the lateWarren R. Howell, of John Howell Books, San Francisco.

Of the many individuals who have helped with information and advice, we would make special mention of thefollowing: Carlos B. Hagen and Professors

― xii ―Charles F. Bennett, Henry J. Bruman, Richard F. Logan, Jonathan D. Sauer, and Hartmut Walter, of the Universityof California, Los Angeles; Professor H. Homer Aschmann, of the University of California, Riverside; Professor RobertC. Ritchie, of the University of California, San Diego; the late Professor John H. Parry, of Harvard University;Professor Glyndwr Williams, of Queen Mary College, London, and a former president of the Hakluyt Society;Professor Olaf Pedersen, of the University of Aarhus, Denmark; Professor Ursula Lamb, of the University of Arizona,Tucson; the late Professor Christopher Lloyd, of Heath-field, Sussex; and H. Karno, of San Francisco.

In addition, the editors and publishers would like to acknowledge the following for permission to reproducecopyrighted materials: The British Library, London, for Figs. pp. 7, 17, and 37; Huntington Library, San Marino,California, for Fig. p. 263; the Naval Historical Library, Ministry of Defence, London, for Fig. p. 36 (photo NMM). Allother illustrations are provided courtesy of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.

DEREK HOWSE ANDNORMAN J. W. THROWER

SEVENOAKS, ENGLAND, ANDPACIFIC PALISADES, CALIFORNIA

NOVEMBER 1990

― xiii ―

NOTES ON CONVENTIONS

The following conventions have been observed in the introductory text and the notes to the Waggoner:Dates . In the introductory text, except in quotations, dates are expressed in the modern form, with the year

starting on January 1—e.g., February 12, 1681. Until 1752, however, Great Britain still followed the Julian calendar,with the year starting on March 24. Thus, Ringrose would have expressed the above date as either February 12,1680, or February 12, 1680/1. All the English accounts of the voyage used the Julian calendar—as does thisaccount—but Spanish accounts of the same incidents were in the Gregorian calendar, which at that time was ten

A Buccaneer's Atlas


days in advance of the Julian—February 22, 1681, for the above date.Place-names . In the Introduction only, place-names are generally given in the present-day form, with

seventeenth-century equivalents in parentheses where desirable, e.g., Ilo (Hilo), Huasco (Guasco); names that arethoroughly anglicized are spelled without accents, e.g., Panama, Peru.

Distances. Miles are nautical miles of approximately 2,000 yards, or 60 to a degree of latitude, unlessotherwise mentioned. (English statute miles are 1,760 yards.) Leagues in English texts are nautical leagues of 3nautical miles, 20 to a degree. The Spanish legua commun was the same measure (5-57 km), although sometimesa Spanish geographical league, at 17.5 to a degree (6.35 kin), was used.

Abbreviations . The table below gives the meanings of the abbreviations used in the notes throughout thisvolume. Most of these abbreviations refer to documents described, along with others, in detail on pp. 261-67 andlisted in Tables 1-5, pp. 267-71. Complete citations to secondary works referred to in the notes are given in theselect bibliography.

Abbreviation Description

BL British Library, London.

HMC Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 3d report, 1872.

J4 Ringrose's journal, holograph manuscript (BL MS. Sloane 3820).

J5 Ringrose's journal, manuscript copy (BL MS. Sloane 48).

J6 Sharp's journal, manuscript copy (BL MS. Sloane 46B ).

J11 Sharp's journal, late manuscript copy (Naval Historical Library, Ministry ofDefence, London, MSS. 4).

J14 Anonymous journal, manuscript copy (BL MS. Sloane 2752).

JP1 Cox's journal, printed (P. Ayres [ed.], 1684).

JP2 Account by W. D. (William Dick), printed (Exquemelin, 1684).

JP3 Ringrose's journal, printed (Ringrose, 1685).

JP4 Account by William Dampier, printed (Dampier, 1697).

JP5 Account by Lionel Wafer, 1698, printed (Knapton, 1699).

JP6 Sharp's journal, printed (Hacke, 1689).

NMM National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.

PRO Public Record Office, London.

W8 Hack's waggoner, manuscript, 1685 (NMM MS. P.33).

W9/A4 Hack's waggoner, manuscript [1688] (Philadelphia MS. Elkins 169).

A Buccaneer's Atlas


W12 Hack's waggoner, manuscript, 1698 (BL MS. K.Mar. VIII 16).

Cross references . Parenthetical citations in the form "Wag. p. 50" refer to the transcriptions of the text ofRingrose's Waggoner (W3 ) between pp. 46 and 256, where a particular place has been described by Ringrose.

― xiv ―Image not available.

The Pacific coast of the Americas, showing the track of the Trinity , April 1680-January 1682. From William Hack's manuscript South Sea Waggoner, dedicated to King James II in 1685.

(From National Maritime Museum MS. P.33.)

― 1 ―

INTRODUCTION

Prologue

That which often Spurs men on to the undertaking of the most difficult Adventures, is the sacred hunger of Gold; and 'twas Gold was thebait that tempted a Pack of merry Boys of us, near Three Hundred in Number, being all Souldiers of Fortune, under Command (by our ownElection) of Captain John Coxon , to list our salves in the Service of one of the Rich West Indian Monarchs, the Emperour of Darien orDurian . Which Country has its Name from a River so called, running into the South Sea, almost a cross the Isthmus , which is between thetwo formerly Great Empires of Mexico and Peru , and joyns the Northern and Southern America .(JP1 , 1)

This flowery prose opens the earliest printed account of the voyage that gave rise to the South Sea Waggonerdescribed in this book.[1] In 1680 a band of English buccaneers marched across the Isthmus of Darien from theAtlantic, or North Sea, to the Pacific, or South Sea. They captured Spanish ships in front of the city of Panama, oneof which they made their flagship. From this vessel they terrorized Spanish possessions on the west coast of theAmericas for eighteen months (mostly under the leadership of Capt. Bartholomew Sharp) and finally sailed aroundCape Horn to the West Indies—the first Englishmen to do so from that direction. When they reached England earlyin 1682, Sharp presented to King Charles II a "great Book full of Sea-Charts and Maps, containing a very accurateand exact description of all the Ports, Soundings, Creeks, Rivers, Capes, and Coasts belonging to the South Sea,and all the Navigations usually performed by the Spaniards in that Ocean" (JP2 , 3:80).

That "great Book" was a prize of great military value indeed, because it contained just the sort of informationthat, since the days of Columbus, Spain had tried to keep secret from other nations—and it was almost certainlythe source of Ringrose's South Sea Waggoner reproduced here. So when Sharp and two of his crew were arrestedin London—accused by the Spanish ambassador of piracy and murder—there is some evidence that royal influencebehind the scenes may have effected the verdict of not guilty, a verdict that eventually caused a minor diplomaticincident with Spain.

At the time we are speaking of, England and Spain were at peace. By the Treaty of Madrid in July 1670,"universal peace anti friendship" was proclaimed among the subjects of the two sovereigns in the New World,formal hostilities of every kind were renounced, commissions granted to privateers were withdrawn, and for thefuture all offenders were to be punished. England was to hold all her possessions in the New World as her ownproperty—particularly Jamaica (a remarkable concession on the part of Spain)—and she consented, on behalf of hersubjects, to forbear trading with any Spanish port without a license.

This treaty, which allowed for hostile acts to be excused up to July 1671, did very little, however, to deter thebuccaneers of Jamaica. In January 1671, before details of the treaty had reached Jamaica officially, the infamousHenry Morgan (later to become respectable as Sir Henry Morgan, lieutenant governor of Jamaica), with acommission from the governor "to defend Jamaica," led 1,800 men across the Isthmus of Darien and attacked theold city of Panama, which the Spaniards set on fire. The buccaneers occupied the city for three weeks, thenmarched back across the isthmus, taking with them a great deal of booty—Morgan himself

[1] Until well into the eighteenth century, the eastern Pacific Ocean was generally known—certainly in England andSpain—as the South Sea, a name bestowed in 1513 by Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the first European to set eyes onthat Mar del Sur . The Atlantic (or Western) Ocean near the Americas came to be called the North Sea—Mar delNorte . The names North and South seemed appropriate (see, for example, Ringrose's Waggoner Chart 105)

A Buccaneer's Atlas


because the Isthmus of Darien separating the two oceans runs roughly east and west.The term waggoner was an English corruption of the name of Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer, a Dutch cartographerwho, in 1584, published the first printed sea atlas with charts and sailing directions assembled systematically in onebook. Generally known as the Spiegel der Zeevaerdt , it was translated into English four years later as The MarinersMirrour . Such books—and Ringrose's is an excellent example—were known in England by the generic termwaggoner until the early eighteenth century.

― 2 ―Image not available.

The city of Panama on fire after Morgan's raid, 1671. (From an engraving by Jan Kip in John Exquemelin's Bucaniers of America , 2d ed. [London, 1684], pt. 3, opp. p. 26.)

Image not available.

Panama and Darien. (From James Burney, History of the Buccaneers of America [London, 1816], opp. p. 81.)

― 3 ―claimed £30,000 worth, although his critics said it was £70,000 and that Morgan had concealed the balance.

The Third Dutch War between 1672 and 1678, in which England and France were in somewhat unnaturalalliance against Holland, reduced the level of buccaneering activity against Spain, but soon after Christmas 1679, afleet of five ships sailed from Port Royal, Jamaica. After casting around for some time, they decided to try andrepeat Morgan's success of 1668 by attacking Porto Bello (Portovelo), the city on the Caribbean coast from whichthe Spanish treasure fleets sailed to Europe.

Landing two hundred men some considerable distance to the eastward, they marched through the jungle andtook the town, gaining booty that allowed some £40 per man, "beside what extraordinary shares were drawn by ourOfficers, the Owners of the Vessels, Carpenters, Surgeons, and those who lost any Limbs, or were killed in thisExpedition, according to the customary Laws of the Bucaniers " (JP2 , 3:64).

Flushed with success, they decided to try to repeat yet another of Morgan's successes—no less than an attackon the great city of Panama on the Pacific side of the isthmus, rebuilt on a new site since Morgan's sacking nineyears earlier.

And so starts our story proper. But, before we embark, two points must be made: first, since it has not provedpossible to consult original Spanish sources as much as we would have wished, this account relies heavily on thewords of the buccaneers themselves, very prone to exaggeration and to inaccuracy in detail; and second, althoughwe may euphemistically use the word buccaneers , the reader must remember that these "heroes" were, plain andsimple, pirates—robbers and murderers of subjects of a friendly power, albeit magnificent seamen.

Several of the participants wrote accounts of their adventures (discussed at greater length pp. 261-62):Bartholomew Sharp, counted leader in all the published accounts of the voyage; Lionel Wafer, the surgeon; WilliamDampier, later to be a circumnavigator; John Cox, the New Englander; William Dick, alias William Williams; ananonymous buccaneer who went to the then Danish island of St. Thomas in the Virgins; and Basil Ringrose, thesubject of this book, who wrote far and away the best account. The story told here is culled from all the variousaccounts mentioned above, interspersed with—to give the period feeling—the actual chapter headings and chartsfrom the printed version of Basil Ringrose's account of the voyage, edited by—or for—Bartholomew Sharp, andpublished in 1685 after Ringrose had left on another voyage.

Bucaniers of America

The Second Volume

Part IV

Containing the dangerous Voyage, and bold Assaults of Captain Bartholomew Sharp, and others, performed in the South Sea, for the spaceof two years, &c.

Chap. I

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Captain Coxon, Sawkins, Sharp, and others, set forth in a Fleet towards the Province of Darien, upon the Continent of America. Theirdesigns to pillage and plunder in those parts. Number of their Ships, and strength of their Forces by Sea and Land.

On April 3, 1680, seven buccaneer ships arrived at Golden Island, where the River Atrato (Darien) flows into theCaribbean Sea. The local Indians proved friendly, delighted to help the English buccaneers in anything that woulddiscomfort the hated Spanish. The attack on Panama they thought a good idea but suggested that, on the way, theraiding party might first attack the Spanish settlement of Santa María, where the gold dust washed in the upperbranches of the Santa María River was collected before being sent in batches to Panama. Santa María lay fortymiles across the isthmus and a few miles from the Gulf of San Miguel—so called because it was on Michaelmas Day1513 that Balboa, "silent upon a peak in Darien," first saw that very gulf, becoming the first European to set eyeson the South Sea.

Leaving a small party to guard the ships, 331 men landed at daybreak on April 5, almost all armed with fuzee,pistol, and hanger, and "each of them [having]

― 4 ―three or four Cakes of Bread, (called by the English Dough-boy's ) for their provision of Victuals; and as for drink,the Rivers afforded them enough" (JP3 , 4). They marched off in seven companies, each distinguished by a coloredflag, led by Captains John Coxon, Peter Harris (two companies each), Bartholomew Sharp, Richard Sawkins, andEdmund Cook. The first "general" was Coxon, but, in true buccaneering tradition, the chief leadership changed fromtime to time, according to the votes of individual buccaneers. The most important leader in our story, though, wasBartholomew Sharp, who, eighteen months later, took the surviving buccaneers back to the West Indies aroundCape Horn.

Chap. II

They march towards the Town of Santa Maria with design to take it. The Indian King of Darien meeteth them by the way. Difficulties of thisMarch, with other occurrences till they arrive at the place.

On Monday, April 5, 1680, the seven companies started their march—through a wood, across a sandy bay, andthen up a woody valley, with seven Indians as guides. At nightfall they built huts for shelter, having been warnedby the Indians not to lie in the grass for fear of snakes. There they were joined by a native chief called by thebuccaneers Captain Andreas, who spoke some Spanish and was to remain with them until they reached Panama.The next day they started climbing and had soon crossed the dividing range, reaching the headwaters of the RiverTuira (Santa María), which, Andreas told them, passed through the town of Santa María before emptying into theGulf of San Miguel, which in turn empties into the Pacific. And then the difficult part of their march really began, asrecounted by Ringrose:

Hence we continued our march until noon, and then ascended another Mountain extreamly higher than the former. Here we ran muchdanger oftentimes, and in many places, the Mountain being so perpendicular, and the path so narrow, that but one man at a time couldpass. We arrived by the dark of the evening on the other side of the Mountain, and lodged again by the side of the same River, havingmarched that day, according to our reckoning, about eighteen miles. This night likewise some rain did fall.(JP3 , 6)

Following the river and crossing it every half mile or so, the buccaneers continued their difficult march untilthey arrived at a large Indian village, where they were able to rest for the remainder of that day and the whole ofthe next, Thursday, while Indians were sent downriver to obtain canoes. While there, it was decided that RichardSawkins should lead the "forlorn," the advance party to attack Santa María. They marched along the river bank allFriday, and when they reached the canoes on Saturday they decided to divide into two parties for the tripdownstream—and perhaps have a rest from walking. Coxon, Sharp, Cook, Captain Andreas, and seventy men,including Ringrose, embarked in fourteen canoes, each with two Indian pilots. The remainder of the party, led bySawkins and Harris, continued to march until they embarked in canoes on another branch of the river. "But if it wasso that we were tired in travelling by Land before," complained Ring-rose, "certainly we were in a worser conditionnow in our Canoas . For at the distance of almost every stones cast, we were constrained to quit, and get out ofour Boats, and hale them over either Sands or Rocks: at other times over Trees that lay cross and filled up theRiver, so that they hindred our Navigation; yea, several times over the very points of Land it self" (JP3 , 8).

All Sunday and Monday they continued down-river, building huts for shelter each night. But the worries of bothparties were compounded by having lost touch with each other: both feared treachery by the Indians. On Tuesdaymorning, however, Ringrose's party reached a spit of land where the other branch of the river joined, and the

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Indians predicted that the main buccaneer fleet of canoes would soon arrive. And so it proved. Early on Wednesday,the whole fleet—sixty-eight canoes containing 327 Englishmen (4 had returned to the Caribbean during the march)and 50 Indians—set off downstream, propelled by oars and paddles instead of the sticks and poles that had beenneeded before. The buccaneers' march—through jungle, over mountains, down swift tropical streams—was nearlyover:

Thus we rowed with all hast imaginable, and upon the River hapned to meet two or three Indian Canoas that were laded with Plantans.About midnight we arrived and landed at the distance of half a mile, more or less, from the Town of Santa Maria , whither our march wasall along intended. The place where we landed was deeply muddy, insomuch, that we were constrained to lay our paddles on the mud towade upon, and withal, lift our selves up by the boughs of the trees, to support our Bodies from sinking. Afterwards we were forced to cutour way through the woods for some space, where we took up our Lodgings for that night, for fear of being discovered by the Enemy, untowhom we were so nigh.(JP3 , 9-10)

With this sort of prose—and this sort of adventure story—it is not surprising that Ringrose's saga became abest-seller, with new editions right into the twentieth century.

― 5 ―

Chap. III

They take the Town of Santa Maria with no loss of Men, and but small purchase of what they sought for. Description of the Place, Country,and River adjacent. They resolve to go and plunder the second time the City of Panama.

"The next morning, which was Thursday April the Fifteenth, about break of day, we heard from the Town a smallArm discharged, and after that a Drum beating a travailler . With this we were roused from our sleep, and takingup our Arms, we put ourselves in order and marched towards the Town. As soon as we came out of the Woods intothe open ground, we were descryed by the Spaniards , who had received before-hand intelligence of our coming,and were prepared to receive us, having already conveyed away all their Treasure of Gold, and sent it to Panama "(JP3 , 10). Sawkins led the attack on the palisades with about fifty men, and the garrison of some two hundredsoon called for quarter, the only casualties among the attackers being two men wounded.

Despite their apparent success, the buccaneers were disappointed with what they found. This was no largetown but only "some wild houses made of Cane," by the side of a river twice as wide as the Thames at London,with depths of two and a half fathoms at the town. "But as bad a place as it was, our fortune was much worse. Forwe came only three days too late, or else we had met with three hundred weight of Gold, which was carried thenceto Panama in a Bark[2] that is sent from thence twice or thrice every year, to fetch what Gold is brought to SantaMaria from the Mountains" (JP3 , 11). But what was probably worse for the long-term success of the expeditionwas the fact that the governor escaped with a few men (including the priest), and was able to take to Panama thenews of the attack, eluding Sawkins who with ten men in a canoe gave chase.

Obviously there was no time to lose: the sooner they could attack Panama, the better, and Coxon was chosento lead the enterprise "to please the humours of some of our company," as Ringrose put it (JP3 , 12). On Friday,they burned the fort, the church, and the town and sent what little booty they had managed to capture back to theCaribbean with twelve men and a few prisoners. Andreas and his son "King Golden-cap" decided to stay with thebuccaneers, but most of the remaining Indians left.

Chap. IV

The Bucaniers leave the Town of Santa Maria, and proceed by Sea to take Panama. Extream difficulties, with sundry accidents and dangersof that Voyage.

On Saturday, April 17, 1680, having stayed in Santa María only two days, the buccaneers embarked in thirty-fivecanoes and a captured piragua (a large dugout propelled normally by sail) and started to row downriver, taking twodays to reach the Gulf of San Miguel (or Bellona). Ringrose had a miserable time, having, with four other men,been allocated a heavy and sluggish canoe. When the tide fell, many shoals appeared, and Ringrose got badly lost.Soon the other canoes were out of sight. Then when the tide turned, they found they could make no headwayagainst the flood and had to improvise some sort of mooring and await the ebb. They spent most of the first nighton a sandbank in the rain. The next day, Sunday, they managed to overtake some of their companions who hadspent the night in a hut and who were filling their water jars. By the time Ringrose and his crew had done likewise,the other canoes had gone and they were once more alone. By now they were near the mouth of the river—the

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Boca Chica—but they were unable to make way against the very strong flood tide, so they went ashore to awaithigh water. We will finish this chapter in Ring-rose's own words:

As soon as the Tyde began to turn, we rowed away from thence unto an Island, distant about a League and an half from the mouth of theRiver, in the Gulf of San Miguel [Wag. p. 43]. Here in the Gulf it went very hard with us whensoever any wave dashed against the sides ofour Canoa, for it was nigh twenty foot in length, and yet not quite one foot and a half in breadth where it was at its broadest. So that wehad just room enough to sit down in her, and a little water would easily have both filled and overwhelmed us. At the Island aforesaid, wetook up our resting place for that night, though for the loss of our company, and the great dangers we were

[2] In the seventeenth century, the term bark (occasionally barque ) was used for any small sailing vessel notdesigned to be carried in a ship, which would have been called a "boat" or, if large, a "launch" or "longboat." It wasnot until the eighteenth century or later that barque attained its present more limited meaning to describe a vessel,generally with three masts, square-rigged on the fore and main, fore-and-aft-rigged on the mizzen.

― 6 ―

in, the sorrowfullest night that until then, I ever experimented in my whole life. For it rained impetuously all night long, insomuch that wewere wet from head to foot, and had not one dry thred about us; neither through the violence of the rain, were we able to keep any fireburning wherewith to warm or dry us.

The Tide ebbeth here a good half mile from the mark of high water, and leaveth bare wonderful high, and sharp pointed rocks. We passedthis heavy and tedious night without one sole minute of sleep, being all very sorrowful to see our selves so far and remote from the rest ofour companions, as also totally destitute of all humane comfort. For a vast Sea surrounded us on one side, and the mighty power of ourEnemies the Spaniards on the other. Neither could we descry at any hand the least thing to relieve us, all that we could see being the widesea, high Mountains and Rocks; mean while our selves were confined to an Egg-shell, instead of a Boat, without so much as a few cloathsto defend us from the injuries of the weather. For at that time none of us had a shooe to our feet. We searched the whole Key, to see ifwe could find any water, but found none.(JP3 , 15-16)

Poor Ringrose! But it was to be some time before things got much better.

Chap. V

Shipwrack of Mr. Ringrose the Author of this Narrative. He is taken by the Spaniards, and miraculously by them preserved. Several otheraccidents and disasters which befel him after the loss of his Companions till he found them again. Description of the Gulf of Vallona.

Wet and cold, Ringrose and his companions launched the canoe at daybreak on Monday and started rowingwestward. The sea was high and they had to bail continuously. Then a larger sea than usual capsized the boat.Luckily they were close to an island and managed to struggle ashore, followed by the overturned canoe; however,although their arms and powder were safe, they had lost all their bread and fresh water. They then saw anothercanoe capsizing in almost the same place. The crew turned out to be six Spaniards from the Santa María garrison,and Ringrose says they all sat down together and made a fire to cook meat, which the Spaniards had with them.Soon they were approached by friendly—friendly to Ringrose—Indians who had a large canoe and said that, if theEnglish came with them, they could catch up with the main party of buccaneers by the next morning. The Indianswanted to kill the Spaniards, but Ringrose persuaded them not to; they did, however, insist on keeping one as aprisoner. The other Spaniards left hastily in Ringrose's old canoe, which he had given them because theirs hadbroken up when it was driven ashore.

Despite these adversities, Ringrose somehow thought of his duty to future English navigators. He tells us thaton this day he produced his first chart, "A Description of Laguna or Gulf of Ballona."[3] (The adventures of the nextweek or so are well illustrated in Fig. p. 7, top, drawn by Ringrose himself for his journal, and in Hack's copy of it,Fig. p. 8, which has rather more place-names.) The Indians' canoe held twenty people and had a sail, so when theyleft the island they made good speed. About nine o'clock at night, the Indians, having seen fires they thought weremade by Captain Andreas and his companions, decided to land


[3] A map indexing the fifteen charts from the printed version of Ringrose's journal, Bucaniers of America ,reproduced here can be found in Appendix A, Index R (p. 282).


A Buccaneer's Atlas


Panama Bay, from the English copy of the Spanish derrotero of 1669, probably that captured by Morgan in 1671. Sailing directions in Spanish, with an English translation

in a different hand underneath, can be seen written on the sea areas of the chart. North is to the left.

(From British Library MS. Harley 4034.)


Panama Bay, drawn by Basil Ringrose in his holograph journal of ca. 1681-82, from which the corresponding chart in the printed version (reproduced here on p. 11) was copied. (The pencil copying squares can still be seen on the original.) "Of this," he said, "I may

dare affirm, that it is in general more correct and true, than the Spaniards have themselves" (JP3 , 38). North is to the left. (From British Library MS. Sloane 3820, f. 29.)


Panama Bay, from the James II copy of William Hack's South Sea Waggoner. This is typical of all the other copies listed in Table 3 (pp. 269-70) and is geographically the same

as Ringrose's Charts 40 and 41 reproduced in this book. Surprisingly, all these omit the Pearl Islands, which lie between the Gulf of San Miguel (here called the "Gulf of Vallona") and Panama, although they are shown in detail in separate charts anti are included in the

charts illustrating the journals of the voyage. This and other indications cause one to wonder why Ringrose and Hack did not include in their waggoners the information obtained

on the voyage. North is to the left. (From National Maritime Museum MS. P.33, f. 48.)

near Punta San Lorenzo. When they reached the breakers close to shore, however, some sixty Spaniards ranout of the woods and hauled the canoe bodily out of the water onto the beach: the Indians managed to escape,but Ringrose and his companions were captured.

Having first tried English and French, Ringrose eventually managed to communicate in Latin with "some ofthem, who were more intelligent than the rest." Apparently they were a party of prisoners from Santa María whohad been marooned by the main body of buccaneers in case any of them managed to escape and take the news toPanama. Things looked pretty bleak for Ringrose and his companions until the Spaniard who had been madeprisoner by the Indians came in "and reported how kind I had been to him, and the rest of his Companions, bysaving their Lives from the cruelty of the Indians . The Captain having heard him, arose from his seat immediatelyand embraced me, saying, that we Englishmen were very friendly Enemies, and good people, but that the Indianswere very Rogues, and a treacherous Nation" (JP3 , 22). Ringrose and his companions were invited to share whatlittle food there was and to stay the night. Ringrose politely refused, though. By this time the Indians had beenenticed back out of the woods, and they all re-embarked in the canoe, which was then pushed back into the sea bythe Spaniards.

Sailing west all night in miserable weather, Ringrose and his companions eventually rejoined the main body ofthe English, at anchor in a small bay, at about ten the next morning, Tuesday. Though several canoes had capsizedafter leaving the shelter of the gulf, no one was lost, and the other buccaneers seem to have had a lessadventurous passage than Ringrose.

― 9 ―

Chap. VI

The Bucaniers prosecute their Voyage, till they come within sight of Panama. They take several Barks and Prisoners by the way. Aredescryed by the Spaniards before their arrival. They order the Indians to kill the Prisoners.

Soon after Ringrose rejoined the buccaneers, they all set sail again and at about four o'clock reached Plantan Key(the small island about halfway between Pto San Lorenzo and Chepillo on Fig. p. 7, top), where they surprised anold man in a watchtower (Wag. p. 128). From him they learned that the governor of Santa María had left only theday before for Panama: Sawkins was once again dispatched to try and intercept him before he reached the town.Soon after dark, a thirty-ton bark was seen approaching the other side of the island. This was swiftly captured.

The next day, Wednesday, April 21—with Sharp, Cook, and some 130 men in the captured bark and theremainder in their canoes—the whole party sailed once again toward Panama, making for the island of Chepillo,

A Buccaneer's Atlas


rowing and sailing through shoal water about three miles from the coast. In the afternoon, Harris managed tocapture a bark that accommodated thirty men. The next morning, another bark was sighted and was attacked byCoxon. She proved to be a man-of-war bark. In the ensuing battle, one buccaneer was killed and five wounded, thebark herself escaping toward Panama. This seemed to eliminate any idea of surprise the buccaneers might havehad—if the governor had not already given the alarm (Sawkins had had no success in his chase), then the man-of-war bark was bound to do so.

Reaching Chepillo on Thursday afternoon, the buccaneers took a few native prisoners and captured a piragua.Since the element of surprise was lost, they decided not to make a direct attack on the town but to attack shippinginstead. Time was of the essence, so, having stayed only a few hours, they left Chepillo at about four o'clock androwed all night.

Meanwhile, Sharp and the men in the bark captured at Plantan Key had lost touch with the canoes, theirprovisions were few, and they had no water. They decided to make for one of the Pearl Islands to the south, wherea prisoner told them a new brigantine had just been launched. And so it proved. At about eleven o'clock onThursday morning they reached the island, where they were able not only to capture the new bark but also topersuade the few Spaniards to part with water, wood, provisions—and wine. Having made a hole in the hull of theirold bark, they sailed that afternoon in their new one and, after spending the night at another island where theywatered all the forenoon, they sailed at noon Friday for Chepillo—only to find, when they arrived after dark, thatthe main body of buccaneers had left two days before.

Chap. VII

They arrive within sight of Panama. Are encountred by Three small men of War. They fight them with only sixty eight men, and utterlydefeat them, taking two of the said Vessels. Description of that bloody fight. They take several Ships at the Isle of Perico before Panama.

Before dawn on St. George's Day, April 23, 1580, the first buccaneer canoes approached the island of Perico. Fromthere they could see the new town of Panama, which was being rebuilt on the peninsula of Ancón (the site oftoday's Panama City), six miles from the original city burnt during Morgan's raid (Wag. pp. 124, 126). When thenews of the buccaneers' approach had reached Panama the previous day, an armadilla of three small Spanish men-of-war had been hurriedly manned, and as soon as the English canoes and piraguas were sighted, this small forcesailed to intercept.

In the fierce battle that followed, the buccaneers triumphed, despite a Spanish superiority in numbers of men.For the loss of only eighteen killed and wounded, the English captured two of the ships, whereas the Spaniards losta hundred or more killed, including the admiral, Don Jacinto de Barahona. One of those captured—badly burned inpowder explosions onboard his ship when trying to give succor to his admiral—was the third-in-command, CaptainFrancisco de Peralta, called by Ringrose "an old and stout Spaniard , Native of Andalusia in Spain " (JP3 , 28). Hewas to remain a prisoner of the buccaneers for eight months. Captain Peter Harris died of his wounds two daysafter the battle.

Of this action, Ringrose said: "And indeed, to give our Enemies their due, no men in the world did ever actmore bravely than these Spaniards " (JP3 , 30).

― 10 ―Having disposed of the armadilla , the buccaneers turned their attention to the five ships at anchor off Perico,which they discovered were almost unmanned, their crews having been pressed into service for the men-of-war theday before. The largest of these was the four-hundred-ton Santísima Trinidad (or Blessed Trinity), the same ship inwhich, according to William Dampier, Peralta himself had fought and escaped with the Panama treasure whenMorgan attacked the town ten years earlier (J14 , 42; Kemp and Lloyd 1960, 40-41).

The buccaneers decided to keep the Trinity as their flagship; of the other four ships, they kept two and burnedtwo.

Chap. VIII

Description of the State and Condition of Panama, and the parts adjacent. What Vessels they took while they blocked up the said Port.Captain Coxon with seventy more returneth home. Sawkins is chosen in chief.

Of Barahona's force in Panama, Ringrose said: "The Commanders had strict orders given them, and their resolutionswere to give quarters to none of the Pirats or Bucaniers . But such bloody Commands as these seldom or never dohappen to prosper" (JP3 , 28). Nevertheless, the buccaneers decided not to emulate Henry Morgan by attacking the

A Buccaneer's Atlas


town itself—which by now had a garrison four times larger than in 1670; they realized that, having lost theadvantage of surprise, their chances of success were slim. As a result of the Battle of Perico, however, thebuccaneers now had three ships—of 400, 180, and 50 tons respectively—together with two or more barks. (Sharprejoined the Fleet in his bark the day after the battle, bringing with him welcome supplies of wine.) They resolvedtherefore to emulate instead an even earlier English "pirate," Sir Francis Drake, and attack Spanish shipping andtowns in the South Sea.

In the meantime, there were loud criticisms of Coxon's conduct during the battle. "The main cause of thosereflexions, was the backwardness in the last Engagement with the Armadilla ; concerning which point, some stickednot to defame, or brand him, with a note of Cowardize" (JP3 , 35). In a huff, Coxon and some seventy men tookthe smallest of the captured ships and a piragua and sailed back to the Gulf of San Miguel, to return overland tothe ships waiting in the Caribbean. To the chagrin of those who remained, he took with him the best surgeon in thefleet (not Lionel Wafer), who refused to leave behind any of his instruments or medicaments. The Indian chiefCaptain Andreas and his son Prince Golden-cap, who had helped the buccaneers so much since they first landed,elected to leave also.

Sawkins, reckoned by all to have been the hero of the Battle of Perico, was elected the new "General," takingover command of the Trinity . On Monday evening, three days after the battle, Sharp and his men captured a smallvessel seen approaching the anchorage. Unarmed except for rapiers, she was nevertheless a splendid prize,yielding, according to Sharp himself, 50,000 pieces of eight (£12,500),[4] 1,400 jars of wine and brandy, andpowder and shot. She had come from Lima (J6 , 18; J14 , 43).

The buccaneers were now down to about two hundred men. After ten days refitting off Perico, the buccaneerfleet of three ships and two small barks sailed to another island, Taboga, slightly farther from Panama, where theystayed about a fortnight (Wag. p. 126). All the inhabitants fled on the pirates' arrival, but soon merchants fromPanama arrived to trade with the English, selling commodities that were needed and buying goods captured fromSpanish vessels, as well as Negro prisoners at 200 pieces of eight each. It seems to have been a pleasant place;Sharp was particularly impressed with the abundant fruit—pineapples, oranges, lemons, "albecato" pears, coconuts,and other unidentified fruit. While there, Sharp captured a bark from Paita, full of flour. Ringrose further describes abig success of about May 10: the taking of the ship San Pedro (JP3 , 37, 158), which had been sent from Peru topay the garrison of Panama. After relieving her of 57,000 pieces of eight (£14,250), plus two thousand verywelcome jars of wine and fifty jars of gunpowder, the buccaneers allowed the ship to go on her way. AlthoughSharp does not mention this incident, it is possible that the San Pedro and the ship he said he captured on April 26were one and

[4] The Spanish dollar, or real de a ocho , also called a peso , was equivalent to some five shillings of Englishmoney. See Earle (1979, 13) for an excellent discussion on Spanish money and measures in this period.


the same and that the dates got mixed up in the various accounts.On May 15, they sailed to the island of Otoque, a few miles farther from the city (Chart 41). "Here at Otoque

," says Ringrose, "I finished a draught, comprehending from point Garachine , unto the Bay of Panama , &c. Of thisI may dare affirm, that it is in general more correct and true, than any the Spaniards have themselves. For whichcause I have here inserted it [see the chart "The Bay of Panama and Gulf of Ballona" above and Figs. pp. 7 and 8],for the satisfaction of those that are curious in such things" (JP3 , 38).

Chap. IX

Captain Sawkins, Chief Commander of the Bucaniers, is killed before Puebla Neuba. They are repulsed from the said place. Captain Sharpchosen to be their leader. Many more of their company leave them and return home overland.

The pirate ships then left the Gulf of Panama "about the middle of May , 1680, in quest of some other purchase ordesign, coasting the Shore towards the Northern Parts of America , commonly called California . We persisted in ourcourse the space of eight or ten days, in all which time nothing remarkable happened unto us; till at the endthereof we arrived at the isles of Quiblo [Coiba], where there is a Town, called by the Spaniards Puebla Nova " (JP2, 3:72). En route, one of the pirate barks was blown back across the gulf (it did eventually rejoin Coxon), andanother was captured by the Spaniards at the Isle of Gallo, where the crew were forced to disclose the buccaneers'future plans—that they were to go south to Guayaquil after a cast up the coast toward Mexico.

On May 22, leaving the Trinity at anchor off Coiba, Sawkins led sixty men in a bark and canoes to attackPuebla Nueva (today called Remedios), on the maim land north of Coiba. But the Spaniards, forewarned, repulsedthe pirates, killing Sawkins and two others. "And here they kiled our Valiant Capt. Sawkings, a man as stoute ascould bee and [likewise next unto Captain Sharp , the best] beloved above any that ever wee had amongst us and

A Buccaneer's Atlas


he well deserved, for wee may attribute but the greatest honour to him in our fighte at Panama, [with the SpanishArmadilla or Little Fleet. Especially considering that, as hath been said above, Captain Sharp was by accident absentat the time of that great and bloody fight]." So runs, outside the brackets, the entry in Ringrose's own manuscriptjournal (J4 , f. 30), the words inside the brackets being the amendments of the editor of the printed version (JP3 ,41-42) who, if he was not Bartholomew Sharp himself, certainly had Sharp's welfare in mind.

When Sawkins was killed, Sharp took charge of the surviving pirates and withdrew, capturing a one-hundred-ton bark in the river and sailing her back to Coiba to rejoin the Trinity and the other remaining ship, commandedby Edmund Cook.

So, of the five captains who had marched across the isthmus, Harris and Sawkins had been killed, and Coxonhad returned to the Caribbean. Only two remained—Bartholomew Sharp, who took over the Trinity and the chiefcommand, and Edmund Cook, to whom Sharp gave the one-hundred-ton ship he had just captured, renamed theMayflower . Sharp's command was not without its problems, however, for whereas Sawkins had enjoyed greatpopularity, many of the crew did not approve of Sharp: "Captain Sharp . . . asked our men in full Councel, who ofthem were willing to go or stay, and prosecute the design Captain Sawkins had undertaken, which was to remain inthe South Sea, and there to make a compleat Voyage; after which, he intended to go home round about America ,through the Straights of Magallanes " (JP3 , 43).

Sharp also promised that everyone who stayed would be worth £1,000. Ringrose's journal continues:


Track chart of the Trinity and Mayflower , 1680-82. (Based on a chart compiled by Capt. John Cresswell, RN. from John Cox's journal, then in possession of Philip Gosse, used as the endpaper of the latter's book

The History of Piracy [London, 1932].)

"All those who had remained after the departure of Captain Coxon , for love of Captain Sawkins , and only tobe in his company, and under his Conduct, thinking thereby to make their fortunes, would stay no longer, butpressed to depart" (JP3 , 43). And Ringrose, by his own admission, was one of those. "Yet, being much afraid andaverse to trust my self among wild Indians any farther, I chose rather to stay, though unwilling, and venture onthat long and dangerous Voyage" (JP3 , 43). So Ringrose stayed (and was to regret his decision several times inthe ensuing months), but sixty-three pirates decided to leave and on May 31, with the four Indians who had beenwith the buccaneers since the beginning, set sail in Cook's old ship for the Gulf of San Miguel. According toinformation from prisoners taken in the Gulf of Nicoya a year later, they returned overland across the Isthmus ofDarien, manned one of the buccaneer ships left at Golden Island in April 1680, and captured a Spanish ship offPorto Bello (JP3 , 145).

Three days later there occurred another mutiny, though a minor one this time. The crew of the Mayflower saidthey would no longer have Cook as captain. Sharp therefore gave the Mayflower to John Cox, a New Englander andold acquaintance who would, as we shall see, be less than loyal to Sharp in the future. At the same time Peralta,the veteran Spanish captain captured at Perico, was transferred to the Mayflower because the newer prisoner,Captain Juan of the San Pedro , had "promised to do great things for us, by Piloting and conducting us unto severalplaces of great Riches" (JP3 , 45). Of those who wrote accounts, Sharp, Dampier, Wafer, and Ringrose stayed inthe Trinity , while Cox, Dick, and the unknown narrator of J14 were among the forty men in the Mayflower .

― 13 ―

Chap. X

They depart from Island of Cayboa unto the Isle of Gorgona, where they Careen their Vessels. Description of this Isle. They resolve to goand plunder Arica, leaving their design of Guayaquil.

In carly April 1680, 331 buccaneers had left their ships in the Caribbean, all optimistic for plunder. Now, twomonths later, only 146 men remained in the two ships that sailed, under the command of Capt. BartholomewSharp, from Coiba, west of Panama, to the coasts of Peru and Chile in search of gold. But first, the ships had to berefitted and their bottoms cleaned of the marine growth that is so prevalent in those waters. They decided,therefore, to make for the Galápagos Islands—the "Isles of the Turtles," on the equator some seven hundred milessouthwest of Panama—where they could expect to carry out these very important housekeeping operations withoutSpanish interference. However, the extremely light winds made their goal impossible to achieve, and at thesuggestion of their Spanish prisoner, Captain Peralta, they settled for the island of Gorgona, about twenty miles offthe coast of present-day Colombia in latitude 3° north (Wag. p. 38), which Peralta said the Spaniards never visitedbecause it always rained (JP3 , 49). About a month after leaving Coiba, they anchored on the south side of the

A Buccaneer's Atlas


island, a direct distance of some three hundred nautical miles to the southeast of Coiba. There the Trinity wascareened—beached and hauled down on her side for her bottom to be cleaned and repaired—and some of her aftersuperstructure removed to improve her sailing qualities.

Chap. XI

The Bucaniers depart from the Isle of Gorgona, with design to plunder Arica. They loose one another by the way. They touch at the Isle ofPlate, or Drakes Isle, where they meet again. Description of this Isle. Some Memoirs of Sir Francis Drake. An account of this Voyage, andthe Coasts all along. They sad as far in a fortnight, as the Spaniards usually do in three months.

The refitting completed, both ships sailed from Gorgona on July 25. The original intention had been to attackGuayaquil, in today's Ecuador, about four hundred miles down the coast in latitude 3° south. However, it wasreckoned that the Spaniards there would be well prepared—an excellent appreciation of the situation, as it turnedout—and it would be better to make for Arica, the port for the silver mines that Drake had once attacked, 1,700nautical miles south of Gorgona, on the border between Peru and Chile, in latitude 18° south. Ringrose explains thethinking behind the decision: "A certain old man [a Moor], who had long time sailed among the Spaniards , told us,he could carry us to a place called Arica . Unto which Town, he said, all the Plate was brought down from Potosi,Chuquisaca , and several other places within the Land, where it was digged out of the Mountains and Mines. Andthat he doubted not, but that we might get there of purchase at least two thousand pound every man. For all thePlate of the South Sea lay there as it were in store; being deposited at the said place, until such time as the shipsdid fetch it away" (JP3 , 53-54).


― 14 ―In thick weather during the night of July 28-29, the Trinity and the Mayflower lost each other, to the consternationof both crews. When the Trinity arrived at the Isle of Plate (Wag. p. 152),[5] however, they were surprised anddelighted to discover that the Mayflower had been at anchor there for some days and was just about to leave. Soboth ships remained at anchor off the island, and the crew spent three days refitting the rigging and catching andsalting a good number of tortoises and goats.

Chap. XII

Captain Sharp and his company depart from the Isle of Plate, in prosecution of their Voyage towards Arica. They take two Spanish Vesselsby the way, and learn intelligence from the enemy. Eight of their company destroyed at the Isle of Gallo. Tediousness of this Voyage, andgreat hardship they endured. Description of the Coast all along, and their sailings.

The two ships sailed on August 17, 1680, making to the south. However, the Mayflower proved a very slow sailerand had to be taken in tow by the Trinity . A week later, off Guayaquil, Sharp captured a Spanish bark—his firstsuccess since leaving the Panama area two months before. Though quite small, the bark yielded 3,276 pieces ofeight and several important prisoners, including Nicolas Moreno, the pilot, who was to remain with the buccaneersfor many months.

From their prisoners, the buccaneers learned that they had indeed been expected off Guayaquil and that theviceroy of Peru had taken steps to warn coastal towns, instructing shipping to stay in port. The Spaniards haddiscovered the English seafarers' intentions—for Guayaquil was Sawkins's original target—when a pirate bark hadbeen captured off the Isle of Gallo earlier in May.

On the night of August 27, the Trinity was taken aback while towing the Mayflower ; resulting in a collision inwhich the latter's bowsprit was fractured. The next day, having transferred the Mayflower's forty-man crew andstores to the Trinity , the disabled ship was sunk, "for that Country could not afford us a Tree large enough tomake a new Boltspreet" (JP1 , 25).

On September 4, another ship was captured. After stripping her of most of her cargo, the buccaneers cut downher masts, put most of their earlier prisoners aboard with some food and water, and set her adrift. Some importantprisoners were retained: Captain Peralta, taken at Perico; Captain Juan from the San Pedro ; Captain Argandona,the pilot Moreno, and two others from the vessel taken off Guayaquil; and "twelve slaves, of whom we intended tomake good use, to do the drudgery of our ship" (JP3 , 82).

Chap. XIII

A continuation of their long and tedious Voyage to Arica, with a description of the Coasts and Sailings thereunto. Great hardship they

A Buccaneer's Atlas


endured for want of Water and other Provisions. They are descryed at Arica, and dare not land there; the Country being all in Arms beforethem. They retire from thence, and go unto Puerto de Hilo, close by Arica. Here they land, take the Town with little or no loss on their side,refresh themselves with Provisions; but in the end are cheated by the Spaniards, and forced shamefully to retreat from thence.

The course from Guayaquil to Arica is directly in the face of the Southeast Trade Winds, which blow steadily almostparallel to the coast throughout the year. Sharp therefore, on September 7, 1680, set course in a southwesterlydirection to make sufficient offing before their intended descent on Arica. On the 19th, having sailed almost athousand miles, he turned eastward. The following night, the two Magellanic Clouds—galaxies visible to the nakedeye in the southern hemisphere—

[5] The Isle of Plate (Isla de la Plata) was so called by the Spaniards because Drake was supposed to have dividedhis spoil there after his successful cruise northward in 1579, when each man—so the story went—received twelvetons of plate and sixteen bowls of corns. We now know that this did not happen.

― 15 ―were seen from the Trinity . Ringrose reported that the smaller was "about the bigness of a mans hat" (JP3 , 85).

More than a month later, on October 22, they sighted land, a little north of Arica, almost on the present-dayboundary between Peru and Chile. By this time they were very short of water, each man's ration being only half apint a day. But they did not dare land lest they should be discovered prematurely. On the evening of Monday,October 25, having anchored about six leagues south of Arica, most of the crew left the ship in the launch they hadcaptured from the last prize, with canoes under tow, and rowed all night toward the town of Arica. When dawncame, though, they found not only that the sea was so bad that landing from boats would be hazardous, but alsothat the alarm had been raised—defenders lined the beach, and ships lay at anchor in the roads. The buccaneersturned tail and rowed back to their ship, where they decided to attack instead the village of Ilo (Hilo), aboutseventy miles up the coast (Wag. pp. 212-14). This they did on October 27, sacking the village and a neighboringsugarworks. Finally after six days they were driven off, most of their plunder still ashore; moreover, they wereforced to sail without having found many of the fresh provisions they so badly needed to combat the disease ofscurvy, cases of which were beginning to appear among the crew.


Chap. XIV

The Bucaniers depart from the Port of Hilo, and sail unto that of Coquimbo.

They are descryed before their arrival.

Notwithstanding they land: are encountred by the Spaniards, and put them to flight. They take, plunder, and fire the City of la Serena. Adescription thereof. A Stratagem of the Spaniards in endeavouring to fire their ship, discovered and prevented. They are deceived again bythe Spaniards, and forced to retire from Coquimbo, without any Ransom for the City, or considerable pillage. They release several of theirchiefest Prisoners.

On November 3, 1680, the Trinity sailed from Ilo, once again steering away from the coast to make a large tack toreach Coquimbo, some 11° of latitude south of Arica and about two hundred miles north of Valparaíso. During thispassage, before dawn on November 19, 1680, Ringrose saw the great comet of 1680, used by Isaac Newton in hisPrincipia of 1687 to illustrate his newly invented method of calculating a cometary orbit. Ring-rose reported that thebody was dull and the tail extended eighteen to twenty degrees directly north-northwest (JP3 , 101).

They made a landfall on December 2 and, near Coquimbo early the next day, landed a hundred men to attackthe neighboring town of La Serena, of which Ringrose says, "I took this following ground-plat thereof" (JP3 , 106;see below). La Serena was quite a substantial place, with seven churches (all with organs) and a chapel. "Stayed init 4 days," says Ringrose; "took much provision and some church plate, [and] very rich Church robes" (Wag. p.232). He also commended the strawberries: "as big as Walnuts, and those very delicious to the taste" (JP3 , 105).Having set fire to the town because the Spanish promise of a ransom was not fulfilled, they returned to the ship todiscover that she had been the object of a remarkably sophisticated sabotage attempt. Undetected by those left onboard, a Spaniard floated out to the ship on an inflated horse's hide, coming under the stern of the ship. He then

A Buccaneer's Atlas


crammed oakum, sulphur, and other combustible material between the rudder and the sternpost and set it on fire.Alarmed by smoke from the burning rudder, the shipkeepers thought their prisoners were responsible, but theysoon found the source of the fire and put it out before too much damage was done. The daring sabo-


― 16 ―teur got successfully ashore again, leaving the hide and a match burning at both ends, which were found bycrewmembers who went ashore immediately after the incident (JP3 , 109).

Even after three hundred years, Sharp's exploits are still remembered in Chile. In the region around Coquimboand La Serena, there is a saying, "Ya llegó el charqui a Coquimbo" ("The uninvited guest is already at Coquimbo"),deriving from an earlier version, "Ya llegó el Charpe a Coquimbo" ("Sharp is already at Coquimbo"), from the periodwhen Spanish mothers used to frighten their children by citing Sharp as a bogey-man. It is said that sometimes theexpression was varied to "Ya llegó el Draque a Coquimbo," a reference to Sir Francis Drake, an even earlierbogeyman in South America (Prof. Lawrence B. Kiddle of Ann Arbor, private communication).

Before sailing, all but one of the more important prisoners were set free. Among these was Captain Peralta, aman much admired by Ringrose—he probably taught Ringrose Spanish—who seems to have been willing to sharehis local navigational knowledge with the buccaneers. Only the pilot Moreno remained, to be put ashore at Nicoyafive months later.


Chap. XV

The Bucaniers depart from Coquimbo for the Isle of Juan Fernandez. An exact account of this Voyage. Misery they endure, and greatdangers they escape very narrowly there. They mutiny among themselves, and choose Watling to be their chief Commander.

Description of the Island. Three Spanish Men of War meet with the Bucaniers, at the said Island; but these outbrave them on the one side,and give them the slip on the other.

Still very short of water and provisions, the Trinity sailed from Coquimbo on December 7, 1680, heading for theisland of Juan Fernández about four hundred miles to the southwest, where she anchored on Christmas Day on thesouth side of the main island, in a bay open to the prevailing southeasterly winds. In the eighteen days they spentoff the island, they never found a secure anchorage: anchors dragged and the cable parted time and time again(although, except on final departure, there were no reports of anchors not being recovered). On one occasion,Ringrose, in charge of a party sent ashore for water, was stranded for two nights when the weather was so badthat the party could not return on board and the ship had to put to sea. Despite these difficulties, however, thebuccaneers managed to embark wood, water, and goat meat (Wag. p. 256n).

On January 2, 1681, John Hilliard, the Trinity 's master, died. John Cox, former captain of the Mayflower ,became master for the starboard watch, John Fall for the larboard. Perhaps these appointments stimulated mutinyno. 4, described thus by Bartholomew Sharp himself:

My company understanding that I was resolved home this year they got privately on shore together & consulted to turn me out of bearingcommand, & put in another in my place, the promoter of which designe as I was cordially informed after was a true hearted desembleingNew England man, whom I for old aquaintance sake had taken from before the mast (& made him my vice admirall) it was not at all for hismanhood or art for he had none (only as I said before for old aquaintance) as they consulted so they acted, & took my ship perforce out ofmy possesion, & kept me as prisoner. There was about 70 of them in the caball. This fellow that bred the mutiny was named John Cox.(J11 , Jan. 6, 1681)

William Dick fills in some of the background for this dispute:

From Coquimbo we sailed to the Isles of Juan Fernandez , where we kept our Christmass, that year 1680, finding there good plenty ofProvisions, and as much dissention among our Men, who would not return home that year, as our Captain would have them to do, but makea farther search for Gold,


― 17 ―

A Buccaneer's Atlas



A description of Juan Fernández in Basil Ringrose's holograph journal (Jan. 11-14, 1681).(From British Library MS. Sloane 3820, ff. 82r, 82v.)


Basil Ringrose's journal description of Juan Fernández in the printed version. (From John Exquemelin, Bucaniers of America , [London, 1685], pt. 4, pp. 122-23.)

― 18 ―

or golden Prizes, into those Seas. But the true occasion of their grudg was, that Captain Sharp had got by these adventures, as it was said,almost a thousand pound, whereas many of our men were scarce worth a groat: and good reason there was for their poverty; for at the Isleof Plate , called by us Drakes Isle , and other places, they had lost all their money to their fellow Bucaniers , at dice; so that some had agreat deal, and others just nothing. Those who were thrifty men sided with Captain Sharp , and were for returning home; but the otherschose another Commander, by name John Watling , and turned Sharp out of his Commission, pretending they could do it as being a freeelection. And so they might do, for they were the greatest number by far; and power may pretend to anything.(JP2 , 3:76)

The new commander, John Watling, "an old privateer and a stout seaman" (said to have been the Watling whogave his name to the Bahamian island that some say was Columbus's first sight of land in the New World), seemsto have brought a certain respectability to the company. The day after he took command he put William Cook,servant to the deposed Capt. Edmund Cook, in irons for committing unnatural acts and for alleged sedition. (WilliamCook died for reasons not specified on February 14.) Two days later, a Sunday, Watling held Divine Service, thefirst since the death of Sawkins—who, a rather unctuous Ringrose added, had even gone so far as to throw diceoverboard when he found them being used for gaming on the Sabbath.

Later that week, on January 12, three Spanish men-of-war were sighted approaching the island. Watlingslipped his cable and put to sea immediately,[6] sailing northeastward toward Arica once more.

Chap. XVI

The Bucaniers depart from the Isle of Juan Fernandez, unto that of Yqueque.

Here they take several Prisoners, and learn intelligence of the posture of affairs at Arica. Cruelty committed upon one of the said prisoners,who had rightly informed them. They attempt Arica the second time, and take the Town, but are beaten out of it again before they couldplunder, with great loss of men, many of them being killed, wounded, and made Prisoners.

Captain Watling their chief Commander is killed in this Attacque, and Captain Sharp presently chosen again, who leadeth them off, andthrough Mountains of difficulties, maketh a bold Retreat unto the ship.

After a reconnaissance raid on the island of Iquique, where the buccaneers learned that Arica had been put in astate of defense, on January 27 Watling anchored the Trinity some forty miles south of Arica and set off in canoes.Three days later ninety-three men landed a couple of miles south of the town.

Watling proved to be a poor military commander, and the buccaneers were soundly repulsed, with thirty-onedead and nine taken prisoner, including three surgeons, said by Sharp to have been looting apothecary shops, byRingrose to have been drinking, by Dick to have been tending the wounded—perhaps all three! Since CaptainWatling was among those killed, Sharp was persuaded to reassume command. Better the devil, you know . . . ! Theremaining forty-two men fought


[6] The island Juan Fernandez is known as the castaway island. In his journal for January 3, 1681 (J4 ), Ringroserelates a story told to him by a Spanish pilot: that, many years before, a ship was wrecked on the island with onlyone survivor, who lived alone for five years until he was picked up by a visiting ship. On the present occasion inJanuary 1681, Watling sailed from the island so hurriedly that he left behind a Miskito Indian, William, who livedthere for three years, evading visiting Spanish crews that attempted to find him. His rescue in March 1684 by thebuccaneer ship Batchelor's Delight is described by Dampier: "He had a little House or Hut half a mile from the Sea,which was lined with Goats skin; his Couch or Barbecu of Sticks . . . was spread with the same, and as was all his

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Bedding. He had no clothes left . . . but only a Skin about his waste" (JP4 , 86).

The most famous castaway on the island was Alexander Selkirk, master of the privateer Cinque Ports , who in1705, after a violent disagreement with his captain, Thomas Stradling, asked to be put ashore. He was taken off in1709 by Woodes Rogers in the Duke and the Duchess , Dampier being present at his rescue. Selkirk's story wasthe inspiration for Darnel Defoe's famous novel Robinson Crusoe (1719). Selkirk became a master's mate in theRoyal Navy; he died at the age of forty-five on board HMS Weymouth .

― 19 ―their way back to the boats and to the ship. They learned later that the Spaniards had lost seventy dead and twohundred wounded (Wag. pp. 214-16).

Chap. XVII

A description of the Bay of Arica. They sail from hence unto the Port of Guasco, where they get Provisions. A draught of the said Port. Theyland again at Hilo to revenge the former affronts, and took what they could find.

After the Arica fiasco Sharp, on February 1, 1681, once more headed southwest into the Pacific. On March 3,Ringrose tells us, all hands were called up and a council held. With winter approaching, the buccaneers decided thatthe time had come to abandon the project and return overland to the Caribbean (which, in the event, they did notdo). But first it was essential to get water and provisions, so course was set for the mainland. About this time,Ringrose fell ill.

On March 12, they fell in with the coast of Chile a few miles north of Coquimbo and landed sixty men at thetown of Huasco (Guasco) (Wag. p. 230). With almost no hindrance from the locals, who all ran away, thebuccaneers embarked 500 jars of water, 120 sheep, 60 goats, and 200 bushels of corn, but alas, the inhabitantshad driven away all the oxen and hidden their wine and plate.

Image not available.After three days ashore, they sailed again on March 15, making northward before the prevailing wind at an

average speed of about two and a half knots. On March 27, having passed Arica of bitter memory, they landedonce again at the village of Ilo (Hilo) (Wag. p. 212), achieving complete surprise. There they took water, wine, figsand other fruit, molasses, and sugar. They sailed the same evening, making their way northwest-ward once again.

Chap. XVIII

They depart from the Port of Hilo, unto the Gulf of Nicoya, where they take down their decks, and mend the sailing of their ship. Fortyseven of their Companions leave them, and go home over land. A description of the Gulf of Nicoya. They take two Barks and some Prisonersthere. Several other remarques belonging to this Voyage.

From March 27 until April 16 they sailed without incident up the coast, once more averaging about two and a halfknots thanks to favorable winds. On April 17, however, just north of the Isle of Plate and almost on the equator,mutiny broke out again—mutiny no. 5—a significant number of the crew being dissatisfied with Sharp as a leader.After much argument, it was decided that the matter should be put to a vote, the winning party to keep the shipand continue the voyage, the losing party to take the launch and two canoes. William Dampier describes theoutcome:

Accordingly we put it to the Vote; and upon dividing, Captain Sharp 's Party carried it. I, who had never been pleased with his Management,though I had hitherto kept my Mind to my self, now declared my self on the side of those that were Out-voted; and according to ourAgreement, we took Shares of such Necessaries, as were fit to carry over Land with us, (for that was our Resolution:) and so prepared forour Departure.(JP4, IV )

Among those who elected to leave besides William Dampier (later to be author of A New Voyage Round theWorld [JP4 ] and other books) was the surgeon Lionel Wafer, who also wrote an account. The party, consisting offorty-four white men, three Indians, and five Negro slaves, was led by Capt. John Cook, a Creole (no relation toEdmund Cook, one-time captain of the Mayflower ). The launch and two canoes, provisioned and provided withsails, left the Trinity on April 17, 1681, sailing northward. The next day they succeeded in capturing a small bark,which made them much less cramped. On April 30, after a passage of more than six hundred miles, the three craft(one canoe was lost on the way) reached the Gulf of San Miguel, whence they had

A Buccaneer's Atlas


― 20 ―set off for Panama almost exactly a year before. Abandoning their vessels and landing on May 1, the main party—without the injured Wafer, who had been left behind in the care of the Indians—reached the Caribbean twenty-threedays and 110 miles later. But that, with Dampier's subsequent adventures, is another story.

To return to the Trinity , Captain Sharp and his party, which included John Cox, William Dick, and BasilRingrose, were now down to sixty-five men. William Dick summed up the situation: "Now our Company and Forceswere extremely weakned, but our hearts as yet were good, and though we had met with many disappointments inseveral places, yet we hoped that at last, by some means or other, we should attain the ends of our desires, whichwas, to enrich our selves" (JP2 , 3:78).

The weather was deteriorating, so Sharp decided to make northwestward for Central America once again. Whileon passage, in order to improve the Trinity 's sailing qualities, they started cutting down the quarterdeck so thatshe should be flush-decked. After a fifteen-day crossing of the mouth of the Gulf of Panama, they made a landfallon April 25 off Costa Rica at the island of Cano. They then moved up the coast to the Gulf of Nicoya, where theyanchored on May 7 (Wag. p. 104). There they made several raids on villages in the vicinity, capturing a bark andgetting news of the Spanish reactions to their raid on Panama a year earlier. More important, they captured aSpanish shipwright with his men, who were willing to help complete the alterations to the Trinity —to make her aflush-decked vessel, to shorten her masts, and to re-rig her. So pleased were the buccaneers with their servicesthat, before they left the gulf, they gave them one of the captured barks. They also set free "the old pilot"—presumably Moreno (JP3 , 146).

Also at Nicoya, the pirates' interpreter, James Marquis (Ringrose calls him Cannis Marcy; the anonymousnarrative calls him Copus), a Dutchman who had sailed in Spanish ships, became friendly with an Indian girl anddeserted, leaving behind £500 worth of booty. Although the buccaneers were concerned that he would tell theSpaniards what he knew of their plans, losing him as an interpreter did not matter, said Dick, because Ringrose,"being a good Scholar, and full of ingeniosity, had also good skill in Languages" (JP2 , 3:79).


Chap. XIX

They depart from the Gulf of Nicoya, unto Golfo Dulce, where they careen their Vessel. An account of their sailings along the Coast. Also adescription of Golfo Dulce. The Spaniards force the Indians of Darien unto a Peace, by a stratagem contrived in the name of the English.

On May 28, 1681, they weighed and tacked out of the Gulf of Nicoya with one captured bark in company, sailingsoutheast. It was just under a year since the Trinity had been careened, and since much of that year had beenspent in tropical waters, her bottom was very foul. Sharp called the ship's company together to discuss plans. Thedecision was taken that they should head for Golfo Dulce—the "Sweet Gulf"—and careen there, and then sail to thecoast of South America near the equator and cruise thereabouts looking for plunder.

Ringrose describes Golfo Dulce, which Sharp renamed "King Charles his harbour," as "a better place by far thenthat of Nicoya and secure from all winds, yea and from Spaniards also, for the Sea coast here is clear of thatvermin, but here are Indians who were very friendly with us and came abourde with there wives and Children"(Wag. p. 110).

The Trinity and the bark captured at Nicoya entered the Gulf on June 6 and two days later found aImage not available.

― 21 ―suitable place for careening, close to an Indian settlement where they built themselves a house to live in during therefit. Despite an alarming experience with a "great and fierce tornado," careening was successfully completed, theship watered and provisioned, and Ringrose was able to take the bark round the gulf to do a running survey.

Chap. XX

They depart from Golfo Dulce, to go and cruise under the Æquinoctial. Here they take a rich Spanish vessel with 37000 Pieces of Eight,besides Plate and other Goods. They take also a Pacquet-boat bound from Panama to Lima. An account of their Sailings and the Coastsalong.

Careening completed, they set sail for South America on June 28. Having had no success with raids ashore, theydecided that the best strategy would be to lay in wait for Spanish coastal shipping on the trade route from Valdivia,Arica, Callao, and Guayaquil to Panama. Ringrose sailed in the captured bark—a better sailer, according to

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Ringrose, "than the man of war; for so we called the Trinity vessel; notwithstanding she was newly cleansed andtallowed" (JP3 , 156).

The two vessels made a landfall on July 5 in latitude 2° north, turning south just within sight of land andwaiting near Cape San Francisco. On the 8th, their patience was rewarded: a comparatively large ship, the SanPedro , was captured—the same ship that fourteen months earlier had yielded so much money when taken inPanama Bay. This time her main cargo was coconuts, but Ringrose reported that she also carried 37,000 pieces ofeight (£9,250, a substantial sum in the 1680s) and some wine and plate. They took her inshore and anchored,spending a leisurely few days "rummaging" their prize. Eventually they cut down the mainmast by the board, gavethem her mainsail and victuals and drink enough, and sent her away "right afore the wind" for Panama. "TheMaster was very glad we gave him his ship again and the most part of his lading—that he swore that we were thehonestest ladrones that ever he saw in his days" (J14 , 63). The dividend shared out a few days later amounted to234 pieces of eight per man (with a far larger share for the captains and the officers).

On the 27th, cruising in the same area, they took another small prize, a barco d'aviso , or packetboat, whichhowever yielded no worthwhile loot and was set adrift with her crew.

Chap. XXI

They take another Spanish ship richly laden under the Æquinoctial. They make several Dividends of their booty among themselves. Theyarrive at the Isle of Plate, where they are in danger of being all Massacred by their Slaves and Prisoners. Their departure from thence forthe Port and Bay of Paita, with design to plunder the said place.

On July 29, 1681, probably the most important incident in the whole voyage occurred—an incident that was to leaddirectly to the publishing of this book. Sharp's journal starts the story: "29th Fryday. In the morning about 7 of theclock we espied a sayle in the offing. She boare NW, per judgement 4 miles. Wee gave chase and came up withher" (J6 , 96). Cox's printed version continues: "the Spaniard began to fire some small Arms at us, but our waybeing to come Board and Board [close alongside, with the ships touching], and never to fire a Shot at randome,when we came up close with her, we warmed their Decks so that they soon struck, and called for Quarter" (JP1 ,88). Ringrose amplifies the story: "They fired 3 or 4 guns first at us but wee answered them with a continuall volleysoe that they ran down into the hole [sic ]. Wee kild there Capt: and a Seaman & wounded the Boateswane so theycalld quarter: soe our Capt: and 12 of us entered her. I saw the finest woman I have seen in the South Sea. Therecapts name was Don Diego Lopez. Wee found 40 men onboarde" (J4 , f. 106v). The ship's name was El SantoRosario ("The Holy Rosary"), and she was bound for Panama from Callao.

It is interesting that three minor events of this incident are mentioned in only some of the accounts. The firstwas referred to only by Sharp and Ringrose: "In this Vessel we took also a Prize of the Lady call'd Donna JoannaConstanta , about 18 Years of age, Wife to Don John, and the beautifullest Creature that my Eyes beheld in theSouth Seas" (JP6 , 52). The second concerns a prize of silver (unhappily, not recognized as such)

― 22 ―mentioned by Dick, Cox, and the unknown narrator but not by Sharp or Ringrose; the best account was Dick's:

In this Ship, besides the lading above-mentioned we found also almost 700 Pigs of Plate, but we took them to be some other Metal,especially Tin: and under this mistake they were slighted by us all, especially the Captain, and Seamen, who by no perswasions used bysome few, who were for having them rummaged, could not be induced to take them into our Ship, as we did most of the other things. Thuswe left them on board the Rosario , and not knowing what to do with the bottom, in that scarcity of men we were under, we turned heraway loose unto the Sea: being very glad we had got such good Belly-timber out of her, and thinking little what quantity of rich Metal weleft behind. It should seem this Plate was not yet thorowly refined and fitted for to coyn; and this was the occasion that deceived us all.One only Pig of Plate, out of the whole number of almost seven hundred, we took into our Ship, thinking to make Bullets of it: and to thiseffect, or what else, our Seamen pleased, the greatest part of it was melted or squandred away. Afterwards, when we arrived at Antego ,we gave the remaining part of it, which was yet about one third thereof, unto a Bristol man, who knew presently what it was, (though hedissembled with us) brought it for England, and sold it there for seventy five pound sterling, as he confessed himself afterwards to some ofour men. Thus we parted with the richest Booty we had gotten in the whole Voyage, through our own ignorance and laziness.(JP2 , 3:80)

The third event is that which gave rise to this book—the capturing of the Spanish charts and sailing directions.Dick tells us the circumstances, following immediately from the last quotation:

In this ship the Rosario we took also a great Book full of Sea-Charts and Maps, containing a very accurate and exact description of all thePorts, Soundings, Creeks, Rivers, Capes, and Coasts belonging to the South Sea, and all the Navigations usually performed by the Spaniardsin that Ocean. This Book, it seemeth, serveth them for an entire and compleat Wagenaer , in those Parts, and for its novelty and curiosity,was presented unto his Majesty after our return into England . It hath been since translated into English, as I hear, by his Majesties Order,and the Copy of the Translation, made by a Jew, I have seen at Wapping ; but withal, the Printing thereof is severely prohibited, lest otherNations should get into those Seas and make use thereof, which is wished may be reserved only for England against its due time. The

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Seaman, who at first laid hold on it, on board the Rosario , told us, the Spaniards were going to cast this Book over-board, but that heprevented them, which notwithstanding we scarce did give entire credit unto, as knowing in what confusion they all were. Had the Captainhimself been alive at that time, this his Story would have deserved more belief; yet, howsoever, if the Spaniards did not attempt to throwthis Book into the Sea, at least they ought to have done it for the reasons that are obvious to every mans understanding and are hinted atbefore.(JP2 , 3:81-82)

These documents were extremely valuable in terms of military intelligence. Whether there was any officialattempt to suppress the fact that they had been captured we do not know, but the only account ever printed wasthat of Dick, in the earliest published account of the voyage in i684 (JP2 ). No early manuscript version of thevarious journals mentioned the capture of the documents, and the first manuscript reference outside State Papersoccurred in the version of Sharp's journal prepared for the Admiralty after 1686,[7] where the entry for July 29,1681 (J11 ), states:

In this prize I took a Spanish manuscript of prodigious vallue. It describes all the ports, roads, harbours, bayes, sands, rocks & riseing ofthe land & instructions how to work a ship into any port or harbour between the Latt. of 17°.15' N°[Acapulco] and 57° S° Latt. [CapeHorn]. They were goeing to throw it over board but by good luck I saved it. The Spaniards cried when I gott the book. (farwell South Seanow) allso I took in this a nother jewell vizt a young Lady about 18 years of age. Her name was Dona Jowna Constanta a very comelycreature. Her husbands name was Don Juan &a . The ship was call'd the Rosario.

Otherwise, the capture of the documents is mentioned only in the very last known copy of Sharp's journal (J13).

The next day, the buccaneers took their prize inshore and anchored her under Cape Pasado (Pasao), just 23minutes south of the equator. There they "rummaged" her, removing jars of wine and brandy—the number varyingbetween 400 and 650 according to the account—together with much plate, oil, fruit, and some ready money, butignoring the pigs of "tin." They then cut down the Rosario 's masts, leaving only the foremast standing, and, onJuly 31, set her adrift with all the prisoners—including the comely Donna Joanna—except "Francisco , who was aBiscainer , by reason he reported himself to be the best Pilot of those Seas" (JP3 , 163), and a 15-year-old, SimónCalderón, who became Sharp's servant.

They stayed at anchor under Cape Pasado for four days, during which time they stripped and then scuttled thebark they had captured at Nicoya. Weighing anchor on August 2 and standing south-southeast, the buccaneersshared out the ready money taken in the Rosario —amounting to ninety-four pieces of eight per man—at sea. Onthe 12th they anchored off the Isle of

[7] The Admiralty copy of Sharp's journal (J11/A5) was prepared by William Hack (he signed two of the sketches)and incorporated into a single volume together with a copy of the "Waggoner Appendix" (part of the captured"great Book" from the Rosario ) and a copy of Ambrose Cowley's journal of that voyage ended in October 1686—hence the dating of after 1686.

― 23 ―Plate once again, going ashore for goat meat. For some unspecified reason, the quartermaster, James Chappel,fought a duel with Ringrose, who neglects to give us the result, but in any case, Ringrose survived. Later there wasanother mutiny, this time by the slaves, which was quickly and brutally suppressed by Sharp. While at the island,the Trinity was given "a pair of boots and tops" (the hull was painted near the waterline—"between wind andwater"—with tallow, etc.; the term boot-topping is still used for the equivalent operation today), and the crewmeanwhile got very merry sampling the wine and brandy taken from the Rosario .

With throbbing heads, they sailed on the 16th, making what progress they could southward against contrarywinds. It had been generally agreed that the time had come to make tracks for home, with a stop on the way inPaita, some 150 miles south of Guayaquil, to provide themselves with necessaries.

Chap. XXII

They arrive at Paita, where they are disappointed of their expectations, as not daring to land, seeing all the Country alarmed before them.They bear away for the Straight of Magallanes. Description of the Bay and Port of Paita, and Colan. An account of their Sailings towards theStreight aforementioned.

On August 28, 1681, the buccaneers arrived off Paita and sent two canoes toward the town (Wag. p. 162). Onapproaching the harbor, however, they were fired upon; obviously the element of surprise had been lost, so thecanoes returned to the Trinity , and the final decision was taken to head for home with no further aggressiveendeavors.


A Buccaneer's Atlas


Sharp therefore set a southwesterly course out into the Pacific to take advantage of the Southeast TradeWinds, which prevail as far as 30° south latitude. They sailed on that course for about a month, altering to asoutheasterly course toward the entrance of the Strait of Magellan about September 27. From then on, the ever-increasing northwest winds drove them at a great rate—greater than they estimated, as we shall see.

Chap. XXIII

The Bucaniers arrive at a place incognito, unto which they give the name of the Duke of Yorks Islands . A description of the said Islands,and of the Gulf, or Lagoon, wherein they lie, so far as it was searched. They remain there many days by stress of weather, not withoutgreat dangers of being lost. An account of some other things remarkable that hapned there.

"And about 3 a clock in the morning the watch saw breakers very near us and under our lee. It blew [so] hard thata night before we had handed our topp sailes, and went under a pair, of coarses & our mizen. Wee wear gott nowup to

So. lattde. It being little light, before day wee saw the land plaine. Wee heav'd out our topp sailes, reeved & madea shift to weather all the breakers, & when twas day we describd a place between 2 keys which wee concluded tobeare up to see if wee could finde any good anchoring and saife rideing till twas a little later in the year. Twas verycolde heare, much raine, the Hills cover'd with Snow" (J14 , 65).

So ran one account of the dramatic happenings on the morning of October 12, 1681. "It was the great mercyof God, which had always attended us in this Voyage, that saved us from perishing at this time; for we were closeashoar before we saw it; and our fore-yard, which we most needed on this occasion, was taken down" (JP3 , 178).

They entered an inlet, which they named English Gulf (Wag. p. 252), anchoring in the first instance in fortyfathoms of water within a stone's throw of the shore. Until late October the weather was appalling, and variousjournals describe the continual dragging and losing of anchors, the parting of even the largest cables, the need toshift berth again and again, sometimes while attached to the shore, sometimes when just


at anchor. On October 15 the rudder touched ground and the goose-neck fitting was broken—a disasterindeed.

On October 28, however, the weather began to mend—it got hot and the snow began to melt, bringing fogwith it. The calmer weather allowed the buccaneers to unship and repair the rudder. As for food, they had theoccasional penguin and goose but mostly had to be contented with mussels, limpets, and cockles—which ispresumably why Ringrose had to record this in his journal for October 30: "I myself could not go [on an expeditionto the other side of the island], as I desired, being with two or three more, at that time very much tormented withthe Gripes" (JP3 , 183). They were all very glad of the wine and brandy taken from the Rosario . Although they meta few natives, most had fled.

Image not available.The land they had so abruptly discovered was named by Sharp "His Royal Highness the Duke of York's

Islands," and on today's charts the Isla Duque de York is shown at the latitude observed by Ringrose and others.Said Sharp: "and we observed by our astrolobes on shore & found ourselves to be in Lat.

south" (J11 , Oct. 18, 1681). Puerto Morales would seem to fit the description given by Ringrose, who correctlysuggested that where they were lying was not one large island as shown on contemporary charts but rather anarchipelago of smaller islands. In later versions of his waggoner, Sharp changed the name from English Gulf toFortunate Harbour.

Despite its title, the chart of the gulf shown here describes only the vicinity of their last anchorage withinEnglish Gulf, whence they sailed on November 5, having abandoned the idea of wintering there as so little food wasto be had.

Chap. XXIV

They depart from the English Gulf in quest of the Straight of Magallanes which they cannot find. They return home by an unknown way,never Navigated before.

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Heading first southwest away from land, they altered southeasterly after three days, cautiously approaching whatthey thought should be the Pacific entrance to the Strait of Magellan. However, worsening weather drove themfurther and further south; by November 16 and 17 they had sighted whales and icebergs, by Ringrose's observationin latitude 58°23' south.[8] Experiencing by turns gales, calms, and fog, they drove eastward, then, aboutNovember 21, altered northeast into the Atlantic. Sharp and his men thus became the first Englishmen to doubleCape Horn eastward, probably at a distance of some 150 miles—not even Drake had been so far south. They alsoproved that south of South America there was no such continent as Terra Australis incognita . Dick stated this inprint: "Neither could we make any Land, but came round about such a way, as peradventure never any Mortalscame before us; yet nothing remarkable did we see or meet withal, except hard Weather, and here and there somefloats of Ice, of two or three

[8] The farthest south by observation on November 17 was reported as follows:Ringrose 58°23' S Sharp 58°15' S Cox 58°10' S Cape Horn is in 56° S, Isla Diego Ramírez in 56°30' S.

― 25 ―Leagues long " (JP2 , 3:82-83)—although this statement did not stop lames Cook being sent to search for thesouthern continent ninety years later.

While going around Cape Horn, an incident occurred that was recorded by the unknown journal-keeper in thecrew:

One night as wee weare getting about the Land, some men gott merry Especially the capt. and his mess, which caused some words to arisebetweene the capt. and some of the company, in so much that they fell to blowes, but the captain runns into his cabban and fetches out[a] Pistoll loden, and comeing to one of our Peepple by name Richard Hendricks fired itt off as he thought att his head, but it pleased god itmist his head and grased on his neck. The next morning wee found the shott placed in one of the Dead Eyes in the maine shroudes whichwas but jus behinde him. The Capt. thought he had kil'd the man [and] cried out Armes, their was one dead, and he would kill more, [at]which [the] cabban mess ran and fetched their armes forthwith, and those that weir awake was fetching theirs likewise, which [if they] hadnot been soberer then others and [had] more discretion in them, Sharpe had certanly been kill'd [and] it had likt to have been a badbusiness. But when things came to an understanding, all was husht upp, especially findeing the man not so much hurt as wee did supposeand was cured in a weeks time.(J14 , 68)

On December 5 they decided to share out the eight chests of money remaining undistributed, each mangetting 322 pieces of eight (about £80). On December 7 Sharp became aware of a plot to kill him on ChristmasDay, and, feeling he would be safer if stocks of wine were reduced, he gave orders that the wine was to be sharedout then and there—three jars per mess.

So the Trinity sailed northeast into mid-Atlantic.

Chap. XXV

The Bucaniers continue their Navigation, without seeing any Land, till they arrive at the Caribby Islands in the West Indies. They give awaytheir Ship to some of their Companions that were poor; and disperce for several Countrys. The Author of this Journal arriveth in England.

By Christmas Day they were in hot weather in the latitude of Rio de Janeiro. Apparently Sharp's precautionssucceeded, and there were no mutinous troubles for him. The ship's company had a merry Christmas dinner, eatingtheir first meat since leaving Duke of York's Island: a pig, brought on board as a piglet at Nicoya in May and nowweighing ninety pounds, was killed, together with a Spanish dog bought from the quartermaster for 40 pieces ofeight. This food was washed down with several barrels of wine.

On January 18, 1682, by now very short of water, they reached the latitude of Barbados, 13°10' north, andturned west with the Trade Wind on the starboard quarter to "run down the latitude" to Barbados.[9] Ten dayslater, an hour before daybreak on January 28, Barbados was sighted bearing south-southwest, two and a halfleagues (about ten miles)—a remarkable landfall considering it was the first land to be sighted since they had leftPatagonia nearly three months and some nine thousand nautical miles before. Altogether a wonderful feat ofnavigation!

Also remarkable is that none of the journalists mention any of the crew suffering from scurvy—which onewould have expected after forty days on the usual seagoing diet of that time, lacking as it did fresh fruit andvegetables.

They made for Spikes Roads in the northeast part of the island, where they were met by the pinnace of thefrigate Richmond , whose crew refused an invitation to come on board. "Neither dared we be so bold, as to put inthere at Barbado's; for hearing of a Frigat lying there, we feared least the said Frigat should seize us for Privateers,and for having acted in all our voyage without Commission. Thus we stood away from thence for the Island of

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Antego " (JP3 , 210).While on passage north, the crew gave Captain Sharp a mulatto boy "to wait upon him" to thank him for all he

had done. They also had a final share-out of plunder.On January 30, the Trinity arrived off Antigua (some later accounts say Nevis), where the governor, Colonel

Codrington, refused them permission to land, though they were able to get provisions. It was thereupon decidedthat every man should shift for himself, with seven men who had lost all their money at play being given the Trinity. What happened is described in the Epilogue.

[9] Though finding latitude at sea was comparatively easy, there was at that time no practicable method fordetermining longitude. To find the island of Barbados, Sharp therefore used the standard technique of "runningdown the latitude"—aiming for a point well to the east of the destination until its latitude is reached, then turningwest toward the island, with the Northeast Trades on the starboard quarter, and trying to track exactly west (true)by maintaining the same latitude, checked by observation as frequently as possible. The results of using thistechnique are well illustrated in Fig. p. 12.

― 26 ―So ended a remarkable voyage, remarkable not only for the navigational feats achieved but also for the damagedone to Spanish interests by so very few men—even if they were pirates. The Spaniards themselves estimated thetotal damage done to shipping and ports at more than 4 million pesos, with twenty-five ships destroyed andprobably more than two hundred Spaniards killed (Artíñano de Galdácano 1917, quoted in Gerhard 1960, 153).

Epilogue

The End of the Trinity

William Dick tells the story of how, in 1679, before the attack on Porto Bello, the English buccaneer ships met aFrench privateer man-of-war, whose commission was only for three months. "We shewed him our Commission,which was now for three years to come. This we had purchased at a cheap rate, having only given for it the sum ofTen Ducats , or Pieces of Eight. But the truth of the thing was, that at first our Commission was made only for thespace of three months, the same date as the French Mans was; whereas among our selves, we had contrived tomake it last for three years; for with this we were resolved to seek our Fortunes" (JP2 , 3:63). What wickedforgery!

The commission that had been thus "contrived" had originally been issued by the French governor of PetitGoâve (Petit Guaves), a bay in French Hispaniola some thirty miles west of Port-au-Prince. Now, nearly three yearslater, the seven men who had gambled away their money decided that the safest place to make for in the Trinitywas Petit Goâve. The ship proved to be very leaky, though, and as there were only seven to man her, the menprudently decided to put in to a nearby island. St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands, between the Leeward Islands andPuerto Rico, was their choice, for although the Danish West India Company had taken possession of the islandeleven years earlier, in 1671, most of the island's population was English. St. Thomas's governor, Nicholas Esmit,brother of a retired pirate, Adolf Esmit, welcomed the buccaneers and sent out extra hands to bring the Trinity to aberth under the castle. The next day, however, the cable parted and she drove ashore. They got her off, butbecause they could not afford to hire Negroes to pump her, they had to beach her on a soft bottom. The unknownjournalist concludes his account thus: "The good ship Trinity which was built in the South Sea ended her voyage,and through the blessing of God brought us among our countrymen again. And these being what I can think on atpresent, being a true account of our voyage, being as near as I can remember, my journal being detained at St.Thomas's and lost. The Lord be praised for all his mercies to us" (J14 , 71).

Thus, in February 1682, the Trinity had ended her voyage—but not her usefulness, for she became a sort ofdepôt ship for buccaneers who came to St. Thomas to careen and refit their ships. A little over a year later,however, on August 10, 1683 (by which time the retired pirate Adolf Esmit had ousted his brother and becomegovernor himself), HMS Francis , commanded by Capt. Charles Carlisle, entered the harbor of St. Thomas. There hefound at anchor the pirate ship La Trompeuse , commanded by the notorious French pirate Jean Hamlin, "who hadtaken seventeen Ships of all Nations, of which eleven [were] English , upon the coast of Guinea , and mostbarbarously and inhumanely treated the men belonging to them" (JP1 , 121).

The Francis was fired on, not only by La Trompeuse , which was to be expected, but also by the castle, whichmade Carlisle most indignant. He therefore "sent on shoar to know the reason, and to demand the pyrate as acommon Enemy; but receiving no satisfactory answer, he immediately prepared Fireworks, and that Night fitted outhis Boats, and set the Pyrates Ship on fire. . . . The Fire took good effect, and when the Pyrates Ship was burntdown to the Powder, she blew up, one piece of Timber of her, which was all on fire, lighting on another Shiplikewise in the Road (that used to be helpful to them in Careening) [and] burnt her also" (JP1 , 121-22). So says aprinted account, but Carlisle's manuscript report of proceedings reveals that the latter ship was none other than the

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Trinity: "a great privateer which the pirate ships cleaned by, and burnt her with her masts and yards standing,formerly commanded by Capt. Sharp in the South Sea; she burnt down to the water" (NMM MS. GOS/7).

So perished the Santísima Trinidad , said to have been the treasure ship Morgan failed to capture in 1671; butthe English buccaneers did succeed in taking her in 1680 off the east coast of Panama, and she served them well,bringing them safely to Antigua. We must now leave St. Thomas for the time being, though we shall return. Whathappened to the seven buccaneers who were left there in February 1682 we do not know, but it is quite possiblethat they eventually made their way back to Jamaica, whence they had started out over two years before.

On March 8, 1682, Sir Henry Morgan, now lieutenant-governor of Jamaica (to be superseded within twomonths), reported to Sir Leoline Jenkins, secretary of state, that four of Sharp's crew had reached

― 27 ―Jamaica, one of whom, Edward Povey, had surrendered and turned King's Evidence—could he have been ouranonymous journalist?—while he, Morgan, had sought out three others, one of whom was a bloody and notoriousvillain. The local vice-admiralty court had found all four guilty, but he sought guidance as to how to proceed. OnJuly 29, the new governor, Sir Thomas Lynch, was ordered to execute the villain and to keep the other three inprison (PRO, CO1 48, no. 37, f. 157; CO1 49, p. 170).

The Trial of Piracy

In the meantime, some of the others had arrived in En-gland—Sharp, Cox, Dick, and about six others, in the WhiteFox (Capt. Charles Howard) from Nevis, landed at Plymouth (one report says Portsmouth) on March 25, 1682; andRingrose and thirteen more, in the Lisbon Merchant (Capt. Robert Porteen) from Antigua, arrived at Dartmouth onMarch 26.

As soon as news of their arrival reached London, the Spanish ambassador, Don Pedro Ronquillo, demandedthat they be found and brought to trial—for piracy and the murder of Don Diego López, captain of the Rosario . OnMay 9, 1682, Thomas Camp of Stepney, parish sidesman (roughly equivalent to a U.S. deputy marshal), made awritten statement which was counter-signed by the secretary of state himself. In it Camp said that the landlord ofthe Anchor on Salpeter Bank had told him, in the presence of three witnesses, that Sharp was lodging at theAnchor; that he, Sharp, boasted that he had been an "outlyer," or pirate, for about sixteen years and that herobbed all nations, particularly the king of Spain; and that "he had lived a wicked Course of Life abroad & thoughtthat he should never dye a Naturall Death, that he came home to sue out his Pardon, which he had no great hopesto obtain, & if he did not, that he would returne again to the West Indyes, or Words to that effect." The landlordalso told Camp that Sharp had several thousands of pounds and several portmanteaux of jewels and of gold andsilver, coined and uncoined; and that about ten of Sharp's men, all that was left of the crew, were in town,including one "Scott," a near relation of Sharp's, living with his father in East Smithfield (PRO, HCA 1/51, ff. 183-84).

On May 18, Simón Calderón, about sixteen years old and of Santiago, Chile, gave a deposition saying that hehad been captured from the Rosario and had become Sharp's servant, coming to England with Sharp in the WhiteFox; he gave his version of the events surrounding the capture of the Rosario and subsequent happenings,mentioning a "Gilbert Dick" (PRO, HCA 1/51, ff. 181-82). The same day, an admiralty court warrant was issued forthe arrest of Bartholomew Sharp, Gilbert Dick, and Scott on a charge of suspected murder of the master of theRosario and piracy on the said ship. They were committed to Marshalsea Prison in Southwark, and the next daystatements were taken from "Bartholomew Sharpe lodging in Captain Peadeler near the Tower, formerly living inJamaica, born in the parish of Stepney in the county of Middlesex, mariner aged about 32 years"; from "John Coxof Lower Shadwell in the county of Middlesex, mariner aged 30 years" (presumably the "Scott" of the warrant,relation to Sharp and author of the journal published by Ayres); and from "William Williams of Shadwell in thecounty of Middlesex, mariner aged 38 years or thereabouts" (presumably the "Gilbert Dick" of the warrant and inCalderón's testimony, and the "W.D." whose account was published in the 1684 edition of Bucaniers of America )(PRO, HCA 1/51, ff. 185-89).

None of these depositions or statements add much to what we know already, nor do they mention the capturedcharts. On May 25, however, the earl of Conway, with the Court at Windsor, wrote to Secretary Jenkins telling himthat the king understood that the Spanish ambassador had delivered to Jenkins books taken from Sharp containing"a Description of the South Sea and Spanish Sea Ports in cartes" and that the king wished Jenkins to bring thosebooks to Windsor next month "with all the Privacy you can, and his Majesty having received copies of those drafts,which are at present imperfect, will Deliver them to you, to get them perfected by that original with the secrecythat may be" (PRO, SP Dom/29, 419, no. 40). That perfecting resulted in the translation made by Philip Dassignyand William Hack dated October 23, 1682, dedicated to the king by Sharp himself, and now in the King's MaritimeCollection in the British Library, London (W2/A1 , K.Mar. VIII 15; see pp. 263-64).

How the Spanish ambassador got hold of the books from Sharp we do not know, nor do we know why he gavethem to Secretary Jenkins, though it must have been connected with the trial. On June 7, Conway at Windsor wrotea letter to Jenkins at Whitehall giving hints of much intrigue behind the Spanish ambassador's back:

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Upon some discourse between his Majesty and the Duke of Albemarle about the pirates in the South Sea, which are to be tried nextSaturday, his Majesty commanded me late this night, to write to you again to put off the trial till Wednesday or Thursday next, but so thatit may give no umbrage or jealousy to the Spanish Ambassador, as if it were done by his Majesty's knowledge and direction of the Court,according to the Rules and Method of their proceeding. When you come here, his Majesty will acquaint you with the reason of it.(PRO, SP Dom/29, 419, no. 80)

― 28 ―What a tantalizing last sentence! One can only speculate that the king was doing his best to see that Sharp was nothanged before he had supervised the preparation of that immensely important South Sea Waggoner in English.

In the event, the king's attempts to delay the proceedings failed: the High Court of Admiralty assembled in theNew Hall, in the borough of Southwark, county of Surrey, on Saturday, June 10, 1682. And what an imposing courtit was: Sir Thomas Exton, advocate general, sitting with two commissioners of the Navy Board, both admirals; threeother admirals; a captain; and three senior lawyers.[10] At that time court proceedings were recorded in Latin;translations of the indictments, the counts of the indictments at the trial, and the verdicts are reproduced inAppendix B, and these give the best possible formal account of the trial. The grand jury found that there was "truebill"—a case to answer—but the petty jury acquitted. Exactly what influence the king was able to bring to bear onthe case—if any—we do not know; English juries do not give reasons for their verdicts. Two accounts survive thathelp to give some background, although both are, of course, from the English point of view: William Dick—one ofthose accused, under the name of William Williams—said that he and his companions were acquitted by the pettyjury after a fair trial,

they wanting Witnesses to prove what they intended: Neither had they had any at all against us, were it not for two or three villains of ourown Company, among which were two Negro's , who turn'd Cat in the Pan, and had a spleen against Capt. Sharp and others, that hadprofited more by the Voyage than they had done. One chief Article against us, was the taking of the Rosario , and killing the Captainthereof, and another man: But it was proved the Spaniards fired at us first, as I have hinted at above, and thus it was judged that we oughtto defend our selves.(JP2 , 3:83-84)

Neither Sharp nor Cox mentioned the trial in their published accounts.The second account is by no less a person than the secretary of state, Sir Leoline Jenkins, writing to the

English ambassador in Madrid, Sir Henry Goodrick, in the certain knowledge that the verdicts would find no favor inSpain:

At a late Session of the Admiralty were tried three Englishmen for piracy & murder committed in the Spanish West Indies. The Grand Juryfound the Bill against them, but the Petty Jury acquitted them for want of sufficient proof, there being but two Boys (born in West India) &two negroes (whose testimony were not unanimously admitted by the Judges) that evidenced against them: I need not tell you howuncontrollable the Verdict of Juries are with us; however, the thing [?] may be represented to that Court I doubt not but you'll vindicatethe public justice of the Nation from any aspersions.

Besides, We have very grievous complaints of hard and indeed inhuman usages that great numbers of our people suffer that are in thepower of the Spaniards in the West Indies.(PRO, SP 94/104, 188, June 19, 1682)

The last word seems to have come from the Spanish secretary of state in Madrid in a formal letter to theEnglish ambassador expressing amazement at the English legal system. The Spanish ambassador in London, DonPedro Ronquillo, had personally protested about the acquittal to King Charles II in London, who had replied that "hedid not meddle with matters relating to Law." His Most Christian Majesty in Madrid—by coincidence, also Charles(Carlos) II—said that he was "surprised at this Procedure and that laying the blame on the Judges can never be asatisfaction where the damage is so great as to deserve an interposition of the King of Great Britain's power andauthority, specially where the observance and execution of Treaties is concerned." He, the Spanish king, would havedisregarded such a decision even if it were against the laws of his own realm, if it would cultivate a goodcorrespondence between the Crowns—and he would have hoped that the English king would do the same on hispart (PRO, SP 94/67, 147). Despite the Treaty of Mad rid, it appears that no reply was sent. A month later,however, Goodrick was expelled from the Court at Madrid on a seemingly trumped-up charge.

Basil Ringrose (1653?-1686)

On January 28, 1653, an infant son of Richard and Mary Ringrose was christened Basill at the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster. Richard had married Mary Blithe, of the nearby City of London parish of St. Dunstan-in-the-West, at St. Martin's on November 1, 1649, the year King Charles I was beheaded. In the parish rate book for1653-54, Richard Ringrose is

[10] These were the members of the court:

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Sir Thomas Exton LL.D. Advocate General

Sir Robert Holmes Admiral

Sir James Smith Admiral

Sir John Narbrough Admiral, Comptroller of Victualling, Navy Board

Sir Richard Haddock Admiral, Comptroller, Navy Board

Sir John Wetwang Captain

Stephen Brice, LL.D. Advocate

Sir Richard Raines Advocate

Sir James Butler The Queen's Attorney

Sir John Berry Admiral

― 29 ―listed as living on the water (southern) side of High Street, Westminster, close to where Charing Cross station istoday; his rates were assessed as 6s 6d . A second son, Symon, was born on April 13, 1655, and in the same yearthe endorsement "poore" appeared against Richard's name in the rate book, when he was 5s in arrears. In 1656-57he was 2s in arrears; in 1657-58 the Ringrose house was inhabited by Mr. Russ (poore) and Mr. Raymond. Wherethe Ringroses went we do not know, but presumably they stayed in Westminster, as Richard and Mary had twoother sons christened in St. Martin's—Richard, born January 14, 1661, and a second Symon, born August 31,1663.[11] The Great Plague of London started in the parish of St. Martin's, Westminster, in November 1664, whenBasill would have been nearly twelve. (The Great Fire of 1666 did not reach the parish.) Poverty and the plague arebound to have had a great effect on Basill's life.

Although we cannot be certain that this Basill is our Basil, it is highly likely. Certainly the date is right—hewould have been twenty-seven when he joined the buccaneers. But where did he get his education, which wasobviously of superior quality? We know that by 1680 he had some French and Latin; he learned Spanish with nodifficulty, well enough to act as the buccaneers' interpreter; his English prose was of high quality; he drew somevery creditable sea charts; his knowledge of navigation and pilotage techniques was far superior to that of mostmariners of his time—how many would even attempt to determine their longitude by observing a solar eclipse? Andyet his name does not appear in the lists of pupils at the London schools of Westminster, St. Paul's, Charterhouse,Merchant Taylors', or Christ's Hospital (where the Royal Mathematical School was founded in 1673 especially fortraining navigators—a bit late for Ringrose, who would have been twenty). Nor was anyone of that name recordedas being a graduate of any English or Scottish university of the period.

Although he first enters our story at the general rendezvous of the fleet at Boca del Toro in the early part of1680, in his journal he likens the huts of the Darien Indians to those in Jamaica, indicating that, as one mightexpect, he had been in that island sometime before the departure of the Sharp expedition. One secondary sourcesays that he was a runaway apprentice, but no evidence is offered (Lloyd 1966, 32).

In both journal and waggoner, particularly the latter, Ringrose exhibits what in today's terms might seem anunreasonable hatred of the Spaniards in America. However, when looked at through seventeenth-century Englisheyes, perhaps his feelings are not quite so unreasonable. Here is an example:

There is another village at the bottome of the bay called Chuluteca; it hath aboute 30 houses, not above 2 Spaniards amongst them. They

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live by gathering of provision wch they truck for necessarys when any ship comes to them but then the slye Spaniard will not suffer them totrade but trade for them under pretence that strangers mighte cheate them, but faile not to cheate them themselves of 3/4 of what theyintrust them with. Were it not for this Shift, the lazy Spaniard could not grow soe rich, but there Insupportable crueltyes to these poornatives I hope in due time will reach the allmightyes ear, who will open the hearte of a more christian prince to deliver this people anddrive away these Catterpillers from there superbous seats of Lazyness.(Wag. pp. 92, 94)

—which is not the usual material from which sailing directions are made.Ringrose seems to have been almost universally liked by his shipmates although he does mention having a duel

with the quartermaster (effectively second-in-command), James Chappel, at the Isle of Plate in August 1681 (JP3 ,165).

Before proceeding with his later adventures, two quotations may do something to fill in the back-ground—thefirst is an unbiased opinion by William Dick describing the occasion of the Dutch interpreter James Marquis'sdesertion:

After his departure we had no great use for an Interpreter, neither now did we much want one; yet in what occasions we had, we made useof one Mr. Ringrose , who was with us in all this Voyage, and being a good Scholar, and full of ingeniosity, had also good skill inLanguages. This Gentleman kept an exact and very curious Journal of all our Voyage, from our first setting out to the very last day, tookalso all the observations we made, and likewise an accurate description of all the Ports, Towns and Lands we came to. His Papers, or ratherhis Diary , with all his Drafts, are now in the hands of a person of my acquaintance at Wapping in London , and, as he telleth me, are verynigh being printed.(JP2 , 3:79)

The second quotation is perhaps somewhat more biased, being taken from the preface to the printed edition ofRingrose's journal:

we have given unto us here, by Mr. Ringrose , an exact account of many places in the South Sea; the very Draughts and Maps . . . Allwhich things, as they manifest unto us the inquisitiveness of the Author, so ought we highly to applaud his Curiosity and Genius , who allalong the course of this Voy-

[11] Westminster City Library, Buckingham Palace Road, SW1, rate books and St. Martin's parish registers. Thebreakthrough—discovering where to look—occurred in the Mormon Genealogical Library, Los Angeles; we are mostgrateful for the assistance we found there.

― 30 ―

age, not onely fought with his Sword in the most desperate Engagements and Battels of the Bucaniers against the Spaniards , but with hisPen gave us a true account of those Transactions; and with his pencil hath delineated unto us the very Scenes of those Tragedies. Thus wefind him totally employed towards our information and instruction at home, while he endured the greatest fatigues and hardship abroad: atthe same time making Quadrants at Sea, that others sate idle and murmuring upon the Decks; at the same time ship-wrackt, and almostnaked, and starving upon a desart Island, and yet describing, even more exactly than the Spaniards themselves, the Gulf of Ballona ,otherwise called of San Miguel , where he was cast away. These things, I say, as they are not undeserving of the highest praise andcommendation of this ingenious Gentleman Mr. Ringrose their Author, so shall the Curioso 's of Nature and Posterity it self be his eternaldebtors for their acquaintance with these writings.(JP3 , sig. A2)

We know that, after the Trinity voyage, Ringrose arrived at Dartmouth on March 26, 1682, and sailed again forthe South Sea in the Cygnet on October 1, 1683. The fair copies of his journal and waggoner (J4 , BL Sloane 3820;and W3 , NMM P.32, the subject of the present book), both in the same hand (assumed to be Ringrose's own),were presumably produced during these seventeen months in England, when he would have been in contact withDick's "acquaintance in Wapping," the cartographer William Hack, whose work is discussed below. A doctoredversion of Ringrose's journal, dedicated by Hack to the duke of Albemarle (J5 , BL Sloane 48)—doctored to praiseBartholomew Sharp—was used as the copy for the second volume of Bucaniers of America —"From the OriginalJournal of the said Voyage. Written by Mr. Basil Ringrose, Gent. Who was all along present at those Transactions"published by William Crooke in London in February 1685. His waggoner sees its first publication with the presentwork.

During those same seventeen months, some London merchants were persuaded—by Ringrose himself,according to Dampier[12] —that a ship should be fitted out for trade along the western coasts of South America.The 180-ton, sixteen-gun Cygnet was chosen, under the command of Capt. Charles Swan, with thirty-six men,including three supercargoes of whom Ringrose was one.[13] She sailed from the Downs on October 1, 1683, with acargo worth £5,000.

As a trading voyage, it was a disaster. At Valdivia in March 1684 they were driven off by the Spaniards despitea flag of truce, with two men killed and Ringrose and one other being the only ones of the landing party to escapeunhurt. Dampier continues: "Captain Swan began to repent that ever he took this voyage in hand and he did never

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affect Master Ringrose afterwards . . . for Mr. Ringrose being the proposer of this voyage, did demonstrate the thingbeing very feasible in England which now Captain Swan found to be difficult" (JP4 , 1:540-42nn). They then tried totrade in the gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica with equally disastrous results. Dampier says that, although Ringrose wasan ingenious gentleman, his commercial acumen left much to be desired in choosing two places to trade, "the onebeing only a garrison, the other a port of poor mulattos."

Because of general failure in legitimate trading and the desertion of many of his crew, Swan decided in October1684 that the Cygnet should join the several English and French buccaneer ships then active in the South Sea.

Their raids up and down the coast met with no great success either, however. On February 19, 1686, Swanand his men landed at the mouth of the Rio Grande de Santiago in Mexico, opposite the Tres Marías Islands,seeking provisions. They captured the small town of Sentispac (Santa Pecaque), fifteen miles inland, withoutresistance, but while they were transferring supplies of maize to horses to take to their canoes in the river, a largebody of Spaniards ambushed the English party, killing fifty of the buccaneers, a quarter of Swan's entire force.Among them, said Dampier, was "my Ingenious Friend Mr. Ringrose . . . who wrote that Part of the History of theBuccaneers which relates to Captain Sharp. He was at this time Cape-Merchant, or Super-Cargo of Captain Swan'sShip. He had no mind to this Voyage; but was necessitated to engage in it or starve" (JP4 , 1:271-72).

Bartholomew Sharp

At his trial in June 1682, Sharp was described as having been born in the parish of Stepney about 1650. He

[12] We last met William Dampier (1652-1715) on page 19, near the Isle of Plate, in April 1681 when he was oneof the party that left Sharp and Ringrose to return overland to the Caribbean. He was ashore in Virginia from July1682 until August 1683, when he joined Capt. John Cook in the Revenge . The buccaneers—for that is what theywere—sailed first to the west coast of Africa, where they seized a Danish ship and renamed her Batchelor's Delight ,disposing of the Revenge . In March 1684, they rounded Cape Horn and sailed into the South Pacific, where theyjoined the Nicholas (Capt. John Eaton). Thus began the second "invasion" of the South Sea by English buccaneers.Cook died in July 1684 and was succeeded in command of the Batchelor's Delight by Edmund Davis, another ofRing-rose's former shipmates. As we shall see, the Cygnet , with Ringrose on board, abandoned legitimate tradingand joined the pirates in October 1684. In August 1685, Dampier transferred from the Batchelor's Delight to theCygnet , once again becoming a shipmate of Ringrose.

[13] For the duties of a cape merchant or supercargo, see Croft 1983.


Ambush of the buccaneers from the Cygnet, near Sentispac, Mexico, February 19, 1686, when Basil Ringrose was killed.

(From William Dampier's Nouveau Voyage autour du monde . . . [Amsterdam, 1698], vol. 1, opp. p. 307.)

boasted of having been a pirate for some sixteen years—say, since 1666. Dampier suggests that he was one ofa gang who plundered Segovia (in 1675?). The first definite mention we have of him is in December 1679 ascommander of a bark among the pirate ships assembling for the attack on Porto Bello (J14 , 20).

As we have seen, Sharp reached Plymouth on March 25, 1682, and was acquitted of the charges of piracy andmurder in Southwark on June 10. In the meantime he had made contact with the cartographer William Hack atWapping, assisting in the editing of his own journals—and those of Ringrose—and of the translations of the Spanishcharts and books captured from the Rosario . Of the surviving copies of these (listed in Tables 1 and 3, pp. 267-68,269-70), four have dedications by Sharp himself:

W2/A1 Waggoner and Appendix, datedOctober 23, 1682, dedicated to Charles

II (BL, K.Mar. VIII 15)

J4 Journal, dated 1683, to duke ofAlbemarle (BL, Sloane 46B)

W5 Waggoner, dated 1683, to Charles II(Philadelphia, Elkins 169)

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W6 Waggoner, dated 1684, to Charles II(BL, Sloane 44)

Probably as a result of the presentation to the king of the first of the above documents the previous month,Sharp was given a captain's commission in the Royal Navy on November 25, 1682. He was appointed to commandthe Bonetta sloop, being fitted out to search for the wreck of the Spanish treasure ship Concepción , stranded on acoral reef in the Bahamas in 1640, information on which had just reached Admirals Narbrough and Haddock, twomembers of the Navy Board who had been members of the admiralty court that had tried Sharp and his shipmatesfor piracy and murder the previous June. In the event, the Bonetta sailed under the command of Capt. EdwardStanley in April 1683

― 32 ―(Earle 1979, 119-23). Why Sharp did not take up this command we do not know, but his friend William Dick saysthat he wasted all his money on good fellowship and went out of England, he, Dick, knowing not where (in fact,back to the West Indies, as we shall see). Stanley and the Bonetta failed to find the wreck, but a subsequentexpedition in 1687 under William Phips—backed by Albemarle, Narbrough, and others—found it and brought back toEngland treasure worth some £210,000 (Earle 1979, 173ff.).

Sharp's subsequent adventures have been related in some detail by Kemp and Lloyd (1960, 55-66), so theyneed only be summarized here. The first we hear of him in the West Indies again is in a commission from thegovernor of Nevis dated January 29, 1684, for Sharp to "take and apprehend savage Indians and pirates" (PRO,Colonial Papers, vol. 53, no. 18). On October 31 he captured a ship off Jamaica, which he renamed Josiah . Hesailed to Bermuda where he became friendly with the governor, who described him as very zealous for the king'sservice. He sailed around the West Indies, but at the end of 1686 was brought to Nevis to stand trial for piracy atJamaica in 1684 and at Campeche on the Yucatan Peninsula in 1686. One of his accusers, besides calling Sharp aproclaimed pirate, an absconding debtor, a cattle thief, and a traitor who had sold his services to the French,complained that when writs had been served on him he had lit his pipe or wiped his breech with them. In the trial,on December 30, 1686, the grand jury brought in a verdict of ignoramus;[14] he was brought to trial once again onother charges on February 12, 1687, and this time he was acquitted by the petty jury.

In 1687, the duke of Albemarle, who had been one of the king's advisers during the trial in 1682 and to whomseveral of the journals and waggoners that relate to the Trinity voyage are dedicated, was appointed governor ofJamaica; he took with him as physician Dr. Hans Sloane, who assembled and later presented to the nation so manyof the documents used to tell this story. In a book describing his visit to Jamaica, Sloane mentions that in 1688"Captain Sharp, formerly an English Commander in the South Sea" was "commander" of Anguilla, the northernmostof the Leeward Islands (Sloane 1704, lxxxvii).

In the summer of 1699, when Sharp would have been about fifty-one, Rear Admiral Benbow visited St. Thomasin the Virgins in response to a rumor that the notorious pirate Captain Kidd was near. In answer to Benbow'senquiries, the Danish governor answered "that there were not any subjects of England on the Island, CaptainSharp, the noted pirate, only excepted who was confined for misdemeanours, and having some Alliegence to theKing of Denmark, could not justifiably be delivered up." The author of that account added that St. Thomas itself"hath been, as it now is, a Receptacle for Freebooters of all Nations." So runs the last reference to BartholomewSharp so far discovered (Burchett 1720, 179).

The Cartographic Legacy

The question may be asked: what effect did the South Sea waggoners of Ringrose and Hack have on future Englishcharting of the Pacific coasts of the Americas? Sadly, the answer is probably none at all, though the informationmight have been used subsequently by a few buccaneers.

There is some evidence that the waggoner reproduced here is in fact a fair copy, so it is probable thatRingrose took the original (or another copy) with him when he sailed for the coast again in the Cygnet in 1683. Asfor Hack's waggoner, though none of the surviving copies show any signs of having been to sea, it is possible thatthere were one or more copies among the ships in the second English buccaneer incursion into the Pacific in the1680s—but this is only speculation and we have no evidence. We do know, however, that Ringrose's harbor plans,published with his journal in Bucaniers of America —and reproduced in this Introduction—were widely disseminated,being reprinted at least eight times before 1771, but that the waggoners of Ringrose and Hack were neverpublished, and so their contents remained unknown except to a few individuals.

Apart from a very few privateers (as the buccaneers preferred to be called), hardly any English ships visitedthe eastern Pacific during the first three decades of the eighteenth century, so there was no call for the few existingEnglish charts of those coasts to be brought up to date, even if the information in the waggoners had beenpublished. When Commodore Anson sailed with his small squadron for the Pacific in 1740, one would have expectedthat he had at least seen the Admiralty

A Buccaneer's Atlas


[14] Ignoramus (Latin = we take no notice of it) was formerly the endorsement made by a grand jury on a bill orindictment presented to them when they considered the evidence for the prosecution insufficient to warrant thecase going to a petty jury. The words now used by a grand fury are "not a true bill," "not found," or "no bill"(O.E.D. ).

― 33 ―copy of the journals of Wood (who had been Narbrough's master in the Sweepstakes in the Strait of Magellan in1670), Sharp, and Cowley (J11/A5 ), and possibly Hack's waggoner as well. But, once again, we have noevidence.[15]

So alas (though this conclusion may be refuted by future research), it is very likely that the enormous amountof work that went into producing these wag-goners was never put to any practical use.

[15] Henry Hutchinson, a former South Sea Company factor who sailed with Anson as agent-victualler, had acquiredsome charts during his various spells in Spanish America, including "a modern Manuscript coasting pilot of all theSouth Sea coast from Cape Horn to California" (Williams 1967, 24-25). In 1740, Hack's South Sea waggoners werenearly sixty years old, so could hardly be described as "modern."

― 34 ―

A NOTE ON GEOGRAPHIC AND NAVIGATIONAL MATTERS

Geography

The Waggoner (W3 ) was intended primarily for the navigator, but it is also a rich source of information on thephysical and cultural geography of the Pacific coast of North and South America. Although the work is short ontheories (generally developed after Ringrose's time) concerning the morphogenesis of landforms, circulation of theatmosphere and oceanic currents, and the location of settlements, it provides excellent descriptions of a wide rangeof natural and manmade features.

Three major physiographic realms are included in Ringrose's landform delineations: shorelands, uplands, andislands. Within each of these major categories further divisions can be made. Thus the shorelands are divided firstinto bays, lowlands, cliffs, and headlands. Bays are then categorized by size as "small," "deep," and "great," withthe especially large ones designated as "gulfs."[1] Lowlands include the estuaries of large rivers, deltas "full of smallrivers," salt marshes, and mangrove swamps. Sea cliffs are described in terms of their physical characteristics—"bold" or "very steep"—and by the appearance of their constituent materials—"white," "white sandy," or "likeheaps of salt." Headlands range from a "low pointe" through an "endiforent pointe in height" up to a "very high hillbutting into the sea."

A wide range of terms apply to uplands, the second major category of landforms in the Waggoner, including:low hills, high hills, tablelands, high lands, mountains, and volcanoes. Examples of each of the above types are,respectively, "small round hill," "the highest hill of all the coast here aboute," "even and indifferent high land," "veryhigh land," "very great mountain," and "highest volcanoes." Among the several active volcanoes he lists, Ringrosenotes both an eruption with lava and the venting of gases, along with various degrees of activity, from a volcanothat "does not throw out much smoak" to one that "continually throwes out fire." He also mentions earthquakes.

The islands described in the Waggoner include everything from a rocky islet to a feature one hundredkilometers in circumference. Ringrose's island terminology can be divided into three categories: "key," "small," and"greate." Archipelagoes, depending on the number of islands involved, are designated by such terms as "several," a"range," or a "parcell." Depending on a chart's scale, smaller rocks, stacks, and islets may or may not be indicated,but larger islands are always included, even if special plates are needed, as in the case of Juan Fernández or theGalápagos. Ringrose notes several unusual insular features, such as the blowhole, called bufador in Spanish"because of the noise the sea makes against it" (Wag. p. 76), and groups of islands that appear like ships undersail, "called Velas" from the Spanish vela , a sail.

Hydrographic features were of great importance to mariners. It was especially critical to find sources of freshwater (as well as of wood, for cooking, drying, and ship repair), so inlets were thoroughly investigated to determinewhether potable water might be had in abundance all year long or only seasonally. The physical character of inletswas likewise noted. Since rivers have sand bars and alluvial fiats that obstruct ships, only small boats are advisedfor use in such areas. Ringrose showed shoals by symbol, and on some of the charts he indicated depth of water by

A Buccaneer's Atlas


number of fathoms. The nature of the bottom material, important for anchoring, is noted as "good grounde," "sandybay," "broken grounde and sunken rocks," or "cleane ousey grounde." Tidal ranges are mentioned in the text butnot indicated on the charts.

Although the general nature of weather patterns in the Pacific was imperfectly known and is not mentioned inthe Waggoner, there are references to local winds and currents. Surf conditions are also indicated. The majority ofnotes on the winds refer to direction, intensity, and potential dangers to ships and their crews: "If a SE [wind]comes, which makes a tempest on this Coaste, it will goe hard to save your vessell or

[1] All quotations in this section are from W3; the page numbers of longer quotations are noted parenthetically inthe text.

― 35 ―your selves, the sea runnes soe high" (Wag. p. 118). Land-to-sea and sea-to-land breezes are also noted: "A windfrom shore wch will drive you from your anchor if you bee not carefull," and "Gett as far in to the Eastward as youcan that the North winds may not drive you a shore" (Wag. pp. 146, 226). Seasonally strong and prevailing windsare mentioned: "It is soe windy but expetially from September till Aprill, wch are times for the north winde" (Wag.p. 100). Precipitation and moisture conditions are referred to as "Gross Cloudy land," "wonderfull raines," andmountains with "snow like a sugar loaf."

Flora mentioned in the Waggoner can be divided into plants introduced from the Old World and plantsindigenous to the New World. Among the former are tree crops such as olive, apple, pear, and plum. Other OldWorld crops, well established by the time Ringrose reached the Pacific coast of America, included the grape, sugarcane, and certain grains. New World flora, both domesticated and natural, added greatly to the attractiveness ofthe area. Among native American domesticated plants mentioned in the Waggoner are corn (maize), cacao, manioc(sweet and bitter cassava), and plantain. Useful native plants that were gathered include mangrove (for firewood)and various hardwoods (for shipbuilding and repair). Many of these plants were subsistence items, but others alsohad trading value. Savanna or subtropical grasslands, used for grazing, are mentioned as well.

As with the flora, both Old and New World types of fauna are referred to. Among the former, cattle kept in"stantions" (stanchions, or stockades), swine kept in "craules" (crawls, or pens), and goats and sheep arediscussed. The New World fauna mentioned are all undomesticated; these include deer, various birds, and seacreatures, including turtles, which the mariners prized especially as food.

A number of references are made to the native peoples, Indians of various groups, and to their treatment bythe Spanish. Ringrose deplores the exploitation of the Indians, who were employed in gathering, fishing, agriculture,simple manufacturing, and trade. Both the racial mix of the inhabitants and the nature of the buildings of certaintowns are discussed, as well as the size of the towns themselves and their industries. Settlements of specialimportance are underscored: Lima, Ciudad de Los Reyes with its outport Callao, is characterized as the "cheife[port] of the South Sea for in Lima resideth the Spanish Viceroy and to this port is broughte all the Gold, Silver,pearles and Stones" (Wag. pp. 190, 192). A vital Pacific port north of the equator, Acapulco, is described as "theplace from whence the Spaniard embarques from Mexico for China and the fillipines, wch is a peculiar privilige ithath for no other port dares trade to any parts of the East Indies butt from hence" (Wag. p. 66). Besides this mostimportant route of the Manila galleon, other sea lanes are discussed, as are some land transportation arteries, foralthough many remote settlements on the nine thousand miles of coast covered in the Waggoner could be reachedonly by water, others did have arduous overland connections.

When the English captured the derrotero , the Spanish had already occupied the Pacific coast of the Americasfor a century and a half and had learned much about the area. This rich Spanish source must have provided asummary of a great deal of geographical lore which was added to, and made available by, Basil Ring-rose. HisSouth Sea Waggoner gave the English of the late seventeenth century strategic information on the Pacific coast ofNorth and South America. Today it offers us much interesting geographical and historical data and, even more, aninsightful and colorful glimpse at a world long gone.

Navigation

Although no generally practicable method of determining longitude at sea existed until the end of the eighteenthcentury, the determination of latitude was relatively simple. This was done by measuring the angular distance ofthe sun above the horizon at noon—the meridian altitude. It was also possible to determine latitude by observingthe pole-star, but not in the latitudes frequented by the Trinity . These facts governed the navigational methodsused during the Trinity 's voyage.

As there was no way of checking east-west progress once out of sight of land, position had to be estimated bydead reckoning—by keeping an hour-by-hour check on courses and distances sailed (possibly, though unlikely in theTrinity , aided by some form of speed-measuring log), taking into account such factors as the strength of the wind,

A Buccaneer's Atlas


currents, leeway, and so forth. This is illustrated in Fig. p. 36, which is copied from Captain Sharp's log-book, withthe actual courses and distances sailed each day resolved into their north-south and east-west components("northing," "southing," "easting," and "westing"). The log includes a periodical check on the totals of each of thesecomponents since the last land seen (the "departure" point—in this case, Juan Fernández), a check that wasmaintained until the next landfall.

East-west progress could only be estimated, but north-south progress could be actually measured daily,weather permitting. To do this, the navigator needed two things: an instrument for measuring the sun's me-


Page from a fair copy of Bartholomew Sharp's log for December 1680, showing how dead reckoning was computed by resolving the courses and distances made good each day into their north-south and east-west components. The "Meridian Altitude" column actually records, not the sun's altitude

above the horizon, but its observed zenith distance at noon (altitude + zenith distance = 90°); this in turn was used to compute the "Lattitude by Observation" column.

(From Naval Historical Library MSS. 4.)

ridian altitude; and a table giving, for every day of the year at noon, the sun's declination—its angular distancenorth or south of the celestial equator. (At the equinoxes, the declination is zero; at northern midsummer, it is23°.5 north, at midwinter, 23°.5 south.)

All but one of the angle-measuring instruments available at the time can be seen in Fig. p. 37, left, whichshows William Hack's title page to the first translation of the "great book" captured from the Rosario (BL MS.K.Mar. VIII 15). At top left is the Davis quadrant, or backstaff, with which the navigator, his back to the sun,makes the measurement using the sun's shadow. Though not easy to use when the sun is high (as at noon in thetropics), it would probably have been the instrument preferred by the buccaneers. They might not have had suchan instrument, however; it is unlikely one would have been carried on the march across the Isthmus of Darien,and, as the backstaff was not popular with Spanish seamen, it was probably not among the equipment of theTrinity or the Mayflower .

In the printed version of Ringrose's journal (but, curiously enough, not in the holograph version), the entry forAugust 2o, 1680, states that he had "finished two Quadrants; each of which were two foot and a half radius" (JP3 ,68). On October 1, 1681, he records: "This day I finished another Quadrant, being the third I finished in theVoyage" (JP3 , 176). In using the term quadrant , he could have been referring either to the Davis quadrant or tothe simple mariner's quadrant, such as that at bottom left in Fig. p. 37, left. It is difficult to decide which. The firstis a complex piece of joinery, and dividing the scales is difficult without a jig and special tools; the second issimpler to make but had virtually gone out of use at sea by that date.


Title page of the first of William Hack's manuscript South Sea Waggoners, dedicated by Bartholomew Sharp to

King Charles II in 1682. It shows contemporary navigational instruments: top left, backstaff; top right, cross-staff; bottom

left, quadrant; bottom right, globe and dividers. (From British Library MS. K.Mar. VIII 15.)

The instrument shown at top right in Fig. p. 37, left, is the cross-staff. This simple wooden instrument wasused by pushing one of the cross-pieces, or transoms, to and fro on the staff so that, with the eye on the butt ofthe staff, the transom's bottom was on the horizon and its top on the heavenly body being observed; the angulardistance was then read off scales engraved on the staff. (Transoms of three different lengths were supplied to caterfor different ranges of angles, only one being used at a time.) Because of the glare, this was not a good instrumentfor use with the sun but was excellent for finding latitude by the pole-star; however, the Trinity was never in alatitude from which satisfactory polestar observations could be obtained (north of, say, 15° north), although thebuccaneers would certainly have found at least one cross-staff on board the Trinity when they captured her.

The contemporary angle-measuring instrument not shown in Fig. p. 37, left, was the mariner's astrolabe, themethod of use being demonstrated in Fig. p. 37, right. One or more of these would certainly have been found in theTrinity when she was captured. Though very difficult to use in a ship with any movement on her, the mariner'sastrolabe was an accurate instrument for measuring altitudes ashore. On October 18, 1681, at the Duke of York'sIsland in Chile, Sharp wrote in his journal (J11 ): "Being Tuesday we had a clear day and we observed by ourAstrolobes on shore & found our selves to be in the Latitude of 50°37' South. High land, mountanous & barren."Cox makes much the same entry, as does Ringrose in his journal, though the latter does not mention the type ofinstrument used (JP3 , 181).

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Observing the sun with a mariner's astrolabe. (From Pedro de Medina, Arte de Navegar [Valladolid, 1545].)

On November 2, in the same place, Ringrose tells us that he has determined the south polar distance (SPD:the angular distance from the south celestial pole) of "the South star in the Cock's foot" and made it 28°25' (JP3 ,184). This was probably the third-magnitude Alpha Tucanae, whose actual SPD in 1680 was 28°10'. He probablydid this by observing the star's meridian altitude and then applying the latitude found a fortnight earlier. At thattime, the positions of the southern stars were very imperfectly known, so he presumably took this observationsimply to add to the corpus of astronomical knowledge, as he would himself have had no navigational use for it.

As for that other requirement for finding latitude, the solar declination table, we have only one reference: onNovember 15, 1680, Ringrose says: "Our latitude by observation we found to be 23D.25S. I took now the

― 38 ―Declination-Table used and made by the Cosmographer of Lima " (JP3 , 101)—which had, perhaps, been capturedat Ilo a few days earlier.

One other navigational instrument was mentioned in the accounts of the voyage, an azimuth compass said byRingrose to have been used south of Cape Horn to find magnetic variation: "In the evening of this day [November27, 1681] we had a very exact sight of the Sun, and found above 30d . variation of the Needle. From whenceought to be concluded, that it is very difficult to direct a course of Navigation in these parts. For in the space ofonly twenty five leagues sailing, we have experimented [sic ] eight or nine degrees difference of variation, by agood Dutch Azimuth Compass" (JP3 , 134). Other navigational apparatus which the mariners were bound to havehad was a lead and line for sounding the depth of water, and possibly, but not certainly, a log-ship, log reel, andhalf-minute sandglass for measuring speed through the water.

On September 12, 1680, there occurred a very rare event, an annular eclipse of the sun visible in the southPacific,[2] which Ringrose seized on as the only opportunity to measure his longitude astronomically. In his journalentry for September 13, he says: "Yesterday in the Afternoon we had a great Eclipse of the Sun, which lasted fromone of the clock till three after dinner. From this Eclipse I then took the true judgment of our longitude from theCanary Islands , and found my self to be 285 D.35 [east of the lie de Fer, the modern Hierro, or 92°19' west ofGreenwich] in Lat 11 D.45 S" (JP3 , 84).

Alas, we have no means of checking the accuracy of that longitude, as the Trinity was on a long tack someeight hundred miles into the Pacific on passage between Guayaquil and Coquimbo. The order of magnitude iscertainly right, however (see Fig. p. 12), proving that Ringrose must have had considerable navigational trainingeven to attempt such an observation. He would of course have needed some sort of almanac with predictions of thetimes of the various parts of the eclipse. This was most likely a Spanish manuscript almanac—perhaps taken fromone of the prisoners—based on the meridian of the Ile de Fer.

The documents that have survived prove that there were at least three expert navigators in the Trinity:Bartholomew Sharp, John Cox, and Basil Ringrose; John Hilliard, the Trinity 's master who died, was presumably acompetent navigator as well. Undoubtedly, the best educated of these was Ringrose, but Captain Sharp's predawnsighting of Barbados at two and a half leagues, without any significant alteration of course to search for the island—and after nearly three months with no glimpse of land—was a remarkable feat of navigation, even if he wasfollowing the accepted contemporary practice of finding the island by "running down the latitude." Whatever opinionone might have of these people as pirates, one cannot but admire them as magnificent seamen and navigators.

[2] This was an annular eclipse whose central path crossed about 500 miles north of the Trinity , so it would haveappeared very nearly total (see Oppolzer 1887).

― 39 ―

THE SOUTH SEA WAGGONER

― 41 ―

A Description of the Waggoner and an Explanation of Editorial Conventions

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The Waggoner

Physical Description

Basil Ringrose's Waggoner (National Maritime Museum classmark P.32) contains 110 leaves, each 158 × 203 mm,comprising a title page followed by 106 pages of text on the left-hand side and 106 pages of charts on the facing,right-hand side. Facing pages of text and illustrations have been given the same number. The illustrations arearranged one or two to a page; in total, there are some 140 charts in plan, profile, or near-profile view.Descriptions of places in the text are never more than a few pages from the chart or charts on which the places arenamed. The Waggoner is entirely handwritten.

The charts are drawn in pen and ink on paper, and color has been applied in muted watercolor washes. Mostcoastlines have an orange or yellow wash; a blue wash is used occasionally for trees, and red for roofs of buildings.These colors reinforce the delineation of features drawn in dark ink (see the frontispiece). Crosshatching is used ondark features including cliffs, and a dotted symbol is employed for underwater features, especially shoals. Thevolume has a contemporary binding of tooled brown leather, 165 × 210 mm, with RING/ROSE/WAG/ONER stampedon the spine. It is in very good condition.

Content

The whole of the volume (text and all charts, except possibly Chart 107) is in the same hand, probably but notcertainly that of Ringrose himself. This writing is the same as in the manuscript version of Ringrose's journal (J4 ),an edited version of which was printed in J. Exquemelin's Bucaniers of America. The Second Volume (London, 1685)(JP3 ). We will call this writer "Red" from the color of the ink he used for placenames on charts.

However, someone else, whom we will call "Black," has been through all the charts in the Waggoner making afew alterations and additions in a black ink darker than that used for the coastlines by "Red." All of these additionsare of a navigational nature, presumably from a source other than the one "Red" used. (These additions andalterations are indicated by asterisks in the notes accompanying the reproduced charts that follow.)


A typical opening of Ringrose's waggoner, with text on the left and chart on the right. This spread deals with southern Chile, Los Evangelistos being at the Pacific entrance to

the Strait of Magellan. Each page of the original is 158 × 203 mm. (From National Maritime Museum MS. P.32, p. 104.)


Comparison of Ringrose and modern coastlines of California. (Complied by Tony A. Cimolino.)

― 43 ―The two hands are definitely different, "Black" using the old secretary-hand r , for example, while "Red" always usesthe modern r . Both normally use the secretary-hand e , with occasional lapses into the modern e . Most of thenames by "Red" are copied directly from the Spanish (Malabrigo al Este, 5 leguas , for example), although heoccasionally gives simple words like fort and bridge in English. "Black," however, generally writes in English,occasionally rendering the Spanish with an Italian accent, so to speak (e.g., Pta di Cullo on Chart 54). Certainsymbols also indicate that two hands are involved—soundings are shown in both red and black, and anchoragesmay be depicted by either a Maltese cross or an anchor symbol. Latitudes on the charts are almost always in thecorrecting hand, as are a few remarks concerning anchorages and soundings. A good example of the two handstogether can be seen on Chart 106.

There are generous colored borders, and where two charts occupy a single page, an internal border is used asa divider. With few exceptions, the charts are oriented with the coast across the long axis of the page, north andwest to the left and south and east to the right. Geographically, the charts are arranged with north at thebeginning of the manuscript and south at the end. Exceptions are the next-to-last and last charts in the volume,which show oceanic islands—Juan Fernández and the Galápagos, respectively—that were important for navigatingthe Pacific shores of South America. The Galápagos chart, which lacks any textual reference, has a very differentappearance from any other chart in the Waggoner and is probably from the English survey of the islands made in1684-85 by William Ambrose Cowley.

The total coverage of the charts extends, with small gaps and some overlap, from northern California to Tierradel Fuego—42° north to 56° south latitude (see index maps, Appendix A). The individual charts vary greatly inscale, coverage, and point of view. Even excluding the first and the last two maps, which are not representative of

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the work as a whole, there is considerable variety in the scale of the charts. The first chart, covering about one-fifthof the total area mapped in the Waggoner, is a small-scale general delineation of California as an island. This notion—that California, embracing both the present-day U.S. state and Baja California, was not a peninsula but an island—found expression, as in this case, on maps for more than a century. This particular chart does not appear inHack's waggoners, which have, however, a general chart showing Baja California as a peninsula. In Ringrose'sWaggoner the general chart of California is followed by ten detailed charts of the Pacific coast of California and sixof mainland Mexico north of Acapulco, from a certain Don Melchor (for more on Don Melchor, see Wag., p. 64, n.25). Thereafter, the captured derrotero seems to have been the source of all the remaining charts of the coasts ofCentral and South America.

Following contemporary convention, the more important the area, the larger the scale and the more detailedthe chart. For example, the ports of Acapulco and Callao (Lima) are shown in considerable detail. By contrast, longstretches of coast with no useful anchorages, sometimes with directions altered to fit the map frame more easily,receive little attention. Great differences in scale exist even within individual charts, again according tocontemporary convention; thus, bays are usually larger in scale than intervening stretches of coast. In addition, asingle chart may combine viewing perspectives, with the features of low coasts in plan view and uplands usually inprofile.

The projection used on all the charts is presumably the plane chart with a local reference. Except on Chart107, no lines of latitude or longitude are drawn, but many of the charts have an approximately square grid in lightpencil. This grid varies in size with the chart and was probably used for copying from, or to, other charts.

Whereas nearly all Ringrose's charts seem to be straight copies of the captured derrotero (and are substantiallythe same as Hack's from Acapulco southward), his sailing directions are very much his own account, incorporatinghis own experience when he had been to the place described and interpreting Spanish accounts when he had not.

Symbols

Very large numbers of physical and cultural features are delineated, many by pictographic symbols that generalizeenvironmental features in a semi-natural way.

General points to note in the rendering of the charts in the colored original are as follows:Anchorages . Most are indicated by black Maltese crosses inserted by "Red," although "Black" has added a few

on Charts 81-84 using an anchor symbol.Soundings . Most are in red, a few having been added in black. Only fifteen charts have soundings (see note to

Chart 11).Latitudes and navigational remarks . Almost all of these have been added by "Black."Topography, coastline, etc . Most coastlines are reinforced by an orange or yellow wash, with black-ink

hatching to show cliffs, offshore rocks, etc. A very few—mostly those lined by trees (e.g., Charts 23 and 24)—havea blue wash. Buildings are in black, occasionally with red roofs.

― 44 ―Islands . Mostly in red except those large enough to be outlined in orange.

Borders of charts . Horizontal: red; vertical: blue. There are no latitude or longitude graduations (except onChart 107, of the Galápagos Islands—not by Ring-rose, and added later).

Squaring . Charts 2-85, 105, and 106 are covered with an approximately square grid in light pencil, with sidesof varying lengths between a half and three-quarters of an inch. Squaring is a recognized method of copying maps,with or without a change of scale. Whether this grid was drawn for copying from, or to, is not clear.

Compass roses . On Charts 12-15 only.Appendix A (pp. 277-82) contains a summary map and eighteen detailed index charts (plotted using data from

modern nautical charts) showing the coverage of the 107 pages of charts in the Waggoner (W3 ) that follow.

An Explanation of the Editorial Conventions

Since Ringrose's original book contained the charts on the right-hand pages and the relevant text on the facingleft-hand pages (see Fig. p. 41), the same plan is followed here, with the transcribed text facing the reproduction ofthe appropriate chart. In the transcription of the text, original spelling and capitalization are faithfully followed,although punctuation has often had to be silently added to make the meaning clearer.

Both text and charts are annotated. Notes to the charts include, in italic type, verbatim transcriptions of allplace-names and other writing (excluding depths and anchorages) on each chart. This information is presented fromleft to right and top to bottom according to its position on the charts. An asterisk denotes an alteration or additionby "Black" (see p. 41); a question mark denotes a doubtful transcription. Occasionally the same place-name isrepeated on a succeeding chart, in which case it is also repeated in the notes for that chart; more often, however,

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place-names on one chart are repeated on the preceding or following text page.Known modern equivalents of place-names or notations (especially where different) follow the original, after an

equals sign, in roman type. The modern equivalent is normally given only once. An equals sign after a latitude givesthe present-day determination of latitude. In the annotations, foreign words (e.g., common Spanish words, scientificnames of plants) and some English translations are indicated by single quotation marks, and titles of publications,names of ships, etc., by double. General notes pertinent to the chart as a whole are given at the end of the entryfor the chart.

Where two charts are on the same page with a border between them, or where there is some natural division(e.g., between mainland and major island), place-names and notations are grouped separately within an entry toindicate this division.

In his own South Sea Waggoners, William Hack often added to his charts interesting explanatory notes, someof which are quoted here in the annotations to Ringrose's text. These take the form "Hack, f. 140," referring to thefolio numbers of the National Maritime Museum copy W8 , dedicated to King James II in 1685.

To help the reader place each chart in modern context, it is identified by giving in the running heads the nameof the country in which the area represented lies (in terms of present-day political boundaries).

Glossary of Spanish Words Found in the Waggoner

The Spanish word is first given in modern spelling, followed in a few instances by Ringrose's spelling.

Spanish English

Afuera Outer, outside (of islands, etc.)

Agua Water

Aguja Needle

Ancón Open bay or roadstead

Archipiélago Archipelago

Arena Sand

Bahía, baya Bay

Bajo,-a Shoal (n.); below, under, lower (adv.)

Barra Bar (of a river, etc.)

Barranco Precipice, ravine

Blanco, -a White

Boca Mouth

Cabo, cavo Cape

Cala Narrow cove or creek, with steep sides

Caleta Cove

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Casa House

Cerrito, cerillo Hillock

Cerro Hill

Ciudad, civdad City

Cordillera Mountain range

Cuña Quoin, wedge

― 45 ―

Embarcadero Landing place

Ensenada Bay

Este East

Estero Creek, inlet

Estrecho Strait, narrows

Farallón Stack, steep and sharp-pointed rocky islet

Golfo Gulf

Grupo Group (of islands, etc.)

Herradura Horseshoe-shaped (bay, etc.)

Isla, ysla Island

Isleta Islet

Islote, yslote Barren islet, skerry

Loma Hillock, knoll

Mar Sea

Mesa Tableland, plateau

Moreno, -a Brown

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Morro Headland, bluff, hummock-shaped island

Negro, -a Black

Norte North

Nuevo, nueba New

Oeste West

Pan de Azúcar Sugar-loaf

Peña Rock

Playa Beach

Pueblo, puibla Town

Puerto Port, harbor

Punta Point

Quebrada Ravine, gully

Río River

Roca Rock

Rojo, -a Red

Salinas Saltpans

Sierra Mountain range

Silla Saddle

Sucio, -a Foul

Sud, sur South

Teta Breast, knoll

Tierra Land

a Tierra, de Tierra Inner, or nearer land (cf. Afuera )

Valle Valley

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Verde Green

Viejo, -a Old

Villa Town

Volcán, bolcan Volcano

Source: South America Pilot , vol. 3, 5th ed. (Taunton, England, 1968), pp. ix-xii.

― 46 ―

THE SOUTH SEA WAGGONER

Shewing the making & bearing of all the Coasts from California to the Streights of Le Maire done

Basil Ringrose


Symbols Used by Ringrose on Waggoner Charts

Anchorages

Soundings are in fathoms on the few charts that show them.Conventions Used in Footnotes

* An alteration by "Black" (see p. 42)

Hack f. 12 Folio numbers in the Greenwich copy ofHack's South Sea Waggoner (W8 )

― 48 ―Cavo de Andreus is the utmost cape the Spaniards make use of in there Voyages to the East Indies.[1] TheDiscription of the Coaste of this Island is as followeth declared at large.[2]

[1] For a recent discussion of the Manila galleon trade with map, see Bruman 1981.

[2] For the history of California as an island, see Tooley 1963, and Leighly 1972.


Chart 2Anian —a legendary strait connecting the Pacific with the Polar Sea. The name derives from 'Aniu' in the account of Marco Polo's travels. As a strait, the name is first found in a pamphlet by Giacomo Gastaldi, who used the name 'Ania' in 1559. Its first appearance on

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a dated map was on Bologna Zaltieri's map of Nova Franza in 1566, as 'Streto de Anian,' probably copied from a lost map of Gastaldi (W. Michael Mathes, private communication; and Wagner 1968, 426).Quivera o Nueba Granada —Quivira, a legendary kingdom sought by explorers and placed on maps anywhere from Kansas to California. Granada is an important city in old Spain and also a city on Lago de Nicaragua in Central America. Nueva Granada was also the name applied to Colombia in colonial times. Nueba GineaCavo Coriantes = Cabo Corrientes ('corriente' = current).Acapulco = Acapulco.California = California, Alta and Baja (Upper and Lower).Cavo de Foitunas —'Fortunate Cape,' an imaginary place which Ringrose locates in the northeast corner of California.Cavo al Oest—'Cape of the West,' an imaginary place usually located northward of the northernmost named point along the California coast.Cavo de San Andreus = possibly Point Saint George or Cape Blanco.Cavo Mendocino = Cape Mendocino, often the landfall for the eastbound Manila galleon.Pta de los Reys = Point Reyes.Pta de Pinos = Point Pinos.Seniças = Cenizas = Isla San Martín.Cedros = Isla Cedros.La Nabidad = Isla Natividad.Madalia = Bahía Magdalena.Cavo Sn Lucas = Cabo San Lucas.

― 50 ―This Cape Andreus is Gross Cloudy land,[3] very high continueing to run South between 10 & 11 leagues to anotherCape Called cavo de Mendocino wch is in North latt.

. Here is a small village of Indians who have Cocao walks.[4] Here you must anchor in 8 fathom water, good groundright off the River. ffrom hence the Land runnes SSE endiferent[5] high, all woody land[6] and at the sea side whiteand red cliffs[7] till you come to Latt.

where you will see a low pt full of white Clouded Cliffes and you will find good riding to Northward of ye Point in abay, good Grounde and 7 fathom water. Hence the Coast runnes SEbS[8] till you come at Pta

[3] The frequently cool coast of northern California, which Sir Francis Drake visited in June/July 1579, is describedby Fletcher (1628, 64) as having "most vile, thicke, and stinking fogges." Cape Andreus cannot be positivelyidentified, but it probably represents Cape Blanco, marked as such on a few of the charts of the period (althoughmany of them show nothing north of Cape Mendocino).

[4] It is not clear what "Cocao walks" refers to, as this is much too far north for cacao (Theobroma cacao ), theobsolete spelling of which is cocao ; "walk" = an avenue bordered by trees (O.E.D .).

[5] Indifferent = neither very high nor very low—of medium height.

[6] Probably a reference to the California coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens ) and other conifers, including theDouglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii; P. taxifolia ).

[7] This rugged shoreland is composed of rocks of various colors, the most distinctive being white, which causedDrake to name the area Nova Albion for "the white bancks and cliffes, which he toward the sea" (Fletcher 1628,80).

A Buccaneer's Atlas


[8] "SEbS" = southeast by south, the compass point between southeast and south-southeast.


Chart 3Cavo de Sant Andreus = possibly Point Saint George or Cape Blanco.

Cavo Mendocino = Cape Mendocino.Pta Baja = Point Arena.

Pta de los Reyes = Point Reyes.Triangulos = Farallon Islands.

Pta del año nuebo = Point Año Nuevo; also Point Ano Nuevo.The anchorage northwest of Point Reyes, marked "+," is probably today's Bodega Bay. The

one inside the point is certainly Drakes Bay. The next anchorage down the coast might seem to be in the entrance to San Francisco Bay, but this is unlikely in view of the strength of the tidal

currents in the Golden Gate, and it probably represents Drakes Estero, an inlet in Drakes Bay.

― 52 ―de los Reys, an Endiforent pointe in heighte. At some distance it seemes an Island and NW from it is a rounde hill.It is an Exellent port and you are here safe from all winds. In the harboure you have a Creeke in wch is safe andsmooth riding and find friendly Indians and good watering. The Coast is shoaly soe keep 5 or 6 leagues offe andwhen you see los Triangulos[9] then make in for the porte. Here was lost the Ship St Augustine 1595 by sailing tooneer the pointe.[10] Hence the land runnes SEbS to Pta del año Nuebo, a low pt in latt.

and hence the land makes severall deep bayes till you come SE from it to Pta de Pinos.

[9] "Los Triangulos" are the Farallon Islands, which Drake called the Islands of Saint James (Fletcher 1628, 185).These islands were later an important landmark for finding the Golden Gate, thirty miles to the east, which isnarrow and often fog-bound. The Golden Gate is not known to have been navigated by the Spanish until 1775 (seeGalvin 1971).

[10] The intrusion of Drake and Cavendish into the South Sea made the Spaniards feel the need for some port onthe coast of California in which returning galleons could take refuge. Sebastián Rodríguez Cermeño, a skilledPortuguese navigator in Spanish service returning from Manila in 1595 in the fully laden San Agustín , was orderedto examine the coast for that purpose. Alas, in November of that year, the San Agustín was driven ashore in whatis now known as Drakes Bay, just east of Point Reyes. Cermeño and most of his crew reached Chacala two monthslater in a pinnace they had assembled after the shipwreck. See Wagner 1968, 91-92.


Chart 4Pta de Pinos = Point Pinos.

Estero Salada —mouth of the Salinas River.Puerto de monte Rey = Estero Bay, not Monterey Bay, which lies north of Point Pinos.

Puerto de Sardinas = Point San Luis.Pta de La Concepsion = Point Conception.

Yslas Nobladas = four islands: San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and San Nicolas.Canal de Sta Barbara = Santa Barbara Channel.

Sta Barbara = Santa Barbara Island.Pta de la Conversion = Santa Barbara Point.

Sta Catalina = Santa Catalina Island.Ya fortuna = San Clemente Island.

― 54 ―Here you have very good riding in 6, 7 and 8 fathom water. You may know this port by the pine trees & by verywhite Cliffs one the South side. It is in North latt.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


. Hence you saile SE for a port Called El Puerto de Monte Rey, a very good port and greate succor for ChinaShips.[11] Hence the coasts run SSE, high Cloudy land, to Pta de la Concession, wch is a steep land with Streaks ofWoody and Savana land[12] and is in latt.

. Before you come here, in latt.

is a very good Port called Los Salinas. From Consessession begins the Chanell of Sta Barbara wch is 10 leaguesbroade & without it are Severall Islands, very well peopled.[13] Next in latt.

is P. de la Conversion. Hence the Land runnes

[11] See Bruman 1981 for a discussion of the importance of Monterey in the trans-Pacific trade.

[12] "Savana land" refers here to the oak woodland-grassland vegetation typical of the California coast. The wordsavanna , from the Carib zavana (or Taino zabana ), is used generally to describe a natural subtropical grasslandwith scattered trees.

[13] For a detailed discussion of these islands and their inhabitants, see Grant 1978, 524-29.


Chart 5Baya de St Andreus = San Pedro Bay.Puerto de San Diego = San Diego Bay.

Yslas de San Martin = Coronado Islands.Baya de Todos Santos = Bahía Todos Santos.Baya de San Quintin = Bahía de San Quintín.

Sn Marcos = Isla de Guadalupe.

― 56 ―East 12 leagues. In the way is the Greate Island Sta Catalina, above 20 leagues rounde, well peopled & is in latt.

. 10 leagues further is another greate Island Called ffortuna. From the afore said pt the land runnes East 16 leaguesand you find a good port called la Baya de St Andreus in latt.

. Hence the land runnes SE to latt.

where is a port Called St Diego[14] in wch grow severall sorts of fragrant herbs, close to wch you anchor in 12 or 14fathome water. Hence SSE 6 leagues you may anchor at the Islands of San Martin. Hence ESE, all high land, isBaya de Todos Santos in latt.

. Along SEbS is the bay of San Quintin, a good port with a long cliffe like a wall on its west side.[15] Hence 11leagues is the Island of San Marcos

[14] The first exploration of the coast of Alta California was made in 1542-43 by an expedition commanded by apilot in the Spanish service, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. Sailing in the San Salvador and Victoria from Navidad, Mexico,in June 1542, they examined the coast northward from Cape San Lucas to Point Reyes in some detail, discoveringthe bays of San Diego, Monterey, and others, but not of San Francisco. When Rodríguez Cabrillo died in January1543, his successor, Bartolomé Ferello (Ferrer), made another cast to the north, probably sighting Point Arena in38°57' N (possibly Ring-rose's Pta. Baja on Chart 3A). The survivors returned to Navidad in April 1543. Otherexpeditions to Alta California before 1680 were those of Francis Drake in 1579, Francisco Gali in 1584, SebastiánRodriguez Cermeño in 1595, and Sebastián Vizcaíno in 1602-3.

[15] A striking fault scarp exposed as a sea cliff forms this prominent feature at Punta Banda.


A Buccaneer's Atlas


Chart 6Baya de Virgines = Bahía Rosario.

St Geronimo = Isla Gerónimo.Ya de Cenicas = Isla Cedros.

Messa de Juan Gomez = Sierra de Santa Clara.Cavo St Augustíno = Punta Eugenia.

Ya de Nra Sma = Isla Natividad.Islas de Cenos = Isla San Roque and Isla Asunción.

― 58 ―wch is in latt.

and SE 4 leagues is a very good bay called baya de Virgines, a very good port. On its barre you have 3 fathom.Within 8 or 9 fathome SEbS 4 leagues more is the Island St Germo . Other foure leagues is the Island Ceniças inlatt.

, more then 12 leagues from maine. North from the sd Island is very high even land called the table of JuanGomez[16] in latt.

. Further SE are Islands Called Islas de Cenos, to NW of wch 6 leagues is a high rounde Cape Called Cavo St

Augustine. These Islands are in latt.

. Hence are many Deep bayes full of Shoales for above 40 leagues, soe keep without them till you come to Baya deMadalina[17] in latt.

; a good port but no wood nor water. Hence 14 leagues SEbE is Puerto del Marquese in latt.

. Hence to Cape

[16] The Mesa de Juan Gómez—or the Sierra de Santa Clara—is a large plateau adjacent to the coast.

[17] Bahía Magdelena consists of a complex association of bays, lagoons, volcanic headlands, and offshore bars allalong the coast shown on Chart 7A.


Chart 7Baya de Madalina = Bahía Magdalena.

Puerto del Marques —at Punta Marqués; there is, in fact, no harbor there.Puente de lansado —at Punta Gasparino.

Cavo de San Lucas = Cabo San Lucas. The departure point for the Acapulco-bound Manila galleon, and therefore a focal point for pirates waiting for the galleon.

Baya de San Barnabe = Bahía San Lucas.

― 60 ―St Lucas is 20 leagues in latt.

and about it is a port called St Barnabe,[18] the best port of all in Spring time, and here ends California.

On the Maine land[19] you meet the hill called Xalisco and Close to it the Island Maxantelba. The maine[20] isall along full of Cocao walks[21] and Stantions.[22] Hence SEbE 22 leagues is Pta Ponteque whence runes a Deepbaye 14 leagues to Cape Corientes wch is in latt.

. If you Saile from St Lucas to Corientes you must steere ESE 48 leagues to Islands called Las Marias and from ym

to Corientes SE 23 leagues. From Corientes 30 leagues SEbE is the bay of Chamettlan, the Port of La Purification

A Buccaneer's Atlas


wch is 3 leagues up. Hence 20 leagues is the Porte of St Jago neare wch is the Volcan de Alima, a Citty 5 leaguesupe hence

[18] Bahía de San Barnabé, so named by Vizcaíno on June 11, 1602; now Bahía San Lucas (Wagner 1968, 497).

[19] The mainland of Mexico (see index maps), in contrast to peninsular (or insular) Baja California. Xalisco(Jalisco) is the hill behind the port of Matanchel (Matanchén).

[20] "Maine" = mainland, as opposed to islands off the coast: for example, "the Spanish main."

[21] In this instance reference is probably to the coconut (Cocos nucifera ), as this is too far north for cacaocultivation (Bruman 1945, 1947). (Cf. n. 4.)

[22] An obsolete form of the word stanchions , meaning cattle pens made with upright posts.


Chart 8Cerro de Xalisco = Monte San Juan, 7,550 feet (2,302 m), in the region of Jalisco.

Majantelba = Isla Isabela.Pto de Matanchel = Ensenada Matenchén, three miles southeast of San Bias, which was not founded until 1768. It was the principal port of New Galicia and the principal supply

port for Franciscan missions in Alta California. Just off the chart about ten miles northwest is the mouth of the Río Grande de Santiago, the largest river in central Mexico, near which is Sentispac, where Ringrose was killed on February 19, 1686 (see Introduction, p. 30, and

Gerhard 1960, 49-51).Las Marias = Islas Las Tres Maríns. Four islands: San Juanito,

María Madre, María Magdelena, María Cleofas.Pta Ponteque = Punta Mita, at Bahía Banderas. The three rocks are called Las Tres Marietas.

Coronados —part of the Sierra Volcánica Transversal.Cavo Corientes = Cabo Corrientes, the landfall for the Manila galleon coming from Cabo San Lucas

and therefore a focal point for buccaneers.Salinas del Piloto

Valle de Balderos —for Val de Banderas = Puerto Vallarta.Yas Pinto = Roca Negra.

Yas de Chamettla—islands in the Bahía de Chametla or Bahía de Pérula, then the southernmost port in New Galicia (Gerhard 1960, 48). Not to be confused with Chametla in lat. 22°40' N.

Volcan de Colima = Volcán de Colima, 12,290 feet (3,748 m), part of Nevado de Colima, with peaks to 14,118 feet (4,306 m).

Ya Blanca = Los Frailes ('The Friars').Puerto de St . Jago—at Punta Farallón.

― 62 ―to the port La Navidad is SE 16 leagues, a very good Port with good water and wood.[23] Here the Spaniards buildeShips, the biggest of the South Sea and here they built the first that ever sailed for the East Indias from this partof the world.[24] It is in Latt.

. Hence to Celagua 8 leagues. Thence to the Port De Supan 16 leagues and halfe a league up is the towne calledJesupar a large handsome towne, all the Coasts full of Cocao walkes and Stantions. Hence begin the high hillscalled los Motines wch stretch near 30 leagues. At the end of them is Rio de Sacatuli wch leades a league up to agood towne of the Same name.

[23] As will become obvious through reading Ringrose's sailing directions, a good harbor must not only providesecure riding and shelter from the elements, but it must also have supplies of wood and water, resources that,although in constant demand (for cooking, heating, and drinking), were too bulky to be stored in quantity on boardand therefore required constant replenishment.

[24] The Pacific coast of Mexico was reached by the captains of Hernán Cortés in 1522, where shipbuilding basedon local supplies of wood was begun almost immediately (Miller 1974).

A Buccaneer's Atlas



Chart 9Puerto de Navidad = Barra de Navidad, discovered in 1523, northernmost Pacific port in New

Spain, served as a port of refuge for Manila galleons, after Acapulco was chosen as the eastern base for galleons instead of Navidad (Gerhard 1960, 46).

Puerto de Celagua —a small bay within the Bahía de Manzanillo.Puerto de Supan = Bahía Manzanillo.

Los Motines —the rugged coast of Michoacán, so named for a 1533 mutiny ('motín') that took place there.Rio Sacatuli = Río Zacatula, which empties into Bahía Petacalco.

― 64 ―Hence the land runnes even and Indiferent high 16 leagues to the towne of Ystapa and hence EbS 20 leagues toMorro de Petaplan, where is a path leading to a towne soe called. Hence to the Port of Acapulco is 8 leagues, allalong a sandy bay and even land.

The fore going Coast I have discribed from the Originall of Don Melchor.[25]

[25] Ringrose almost certainly derived the information and charts north of Acapulco from the derioteros of FrayAntonio de Ascensión and Gerónimo Martín Palacios, compiled about 1620. Don Melchor may have been GeneralMelchor Fernández de Córdoba, in command at Acapulco at the time of the Dutch raid on the town in 1615 (W. W.Mathes, personal communication).


Chart 10Ystapa = Ixtapa.

Ziguatenejo = Bahía de Zihuatancjo.Morro Petaplan = Morro de Petalán, 640 feet (195 m).

Puerto de Acapulco = Bahía de Acapulco.

― 66 ―Acapulco is a greate port of trade. It is the place from whence the Spaniard embarques from Mexico for China andthe fillipines, wch is a peculiar privilige it hath for no other port dares trade to any parts of the East Indies buttfrom hence.[26] It is distant above 80 leagues from ye City of Mexico and all goods are carryed on mules though itis a very ill way and they pass through 4 severall nations of Indians who want but Encouragement to cast of theyoake of there tiranicall masters, neither are the Spaniards themselves in a fitt posture to resist them if they wereheaded by a few resolute men but they have so bauked these poor Innocent people that they dare not think offredome for fear of greater Thraldome.[27] This port is an exellent good harbour where a Ship may ride

[26] Although most of the traffic from and to Acapulco was seaborne, a few overland routes were used regularly aswell. One of the most important of these land routes extended from Acapulco to Mexico City and then on toVeracruz on the Gulf of Mexico. From Veracruz goods were shipped by vessels that plied between that port,Cartagena, Puerto Bello, and Havana to Seville several times a year. The convoy was known as the flota . Thusgoods from the Far East reached Spain by a combination of sea and land routes.

[27] To go from Acapulco, which is in the Tepeixtec country, to Mexico City one would pass through, in order, theTezcatec, Tepuztec, and Tuxtex areas to reach the Land of the Aztecs (Nahuatl). This latter area was the focus ofthe Spanish conquest under Cortés and became the administrative center of New Spain.


Chart 11The pitch hill —containing deposits of bitumen, useful for caulking ships' hulls.

Tetas de Cuaca = Cerro Tetas de Coyuca, 'tetas' (breasts) referring to two distinct conical summits of 1,200 feet (366 m).

* Acapulco

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= Acapulco de Juárez (Lat. 16°50' N), the finest harbor on the Pacific coast of Mexico, with a long history of Indian occupation. Founded in 1550 by the Spanish, it was the American terminus of the Manila galleon, the first of which arrived in 1573.fort = Fuerte de San Diego de Acapulco. Constructed in 1616 to defend the area against English pirates, it is in the shape of a five-pointed star.Bay of Icacos* 2 leaguesMarquese = Puerto Marqués. (See also Chart 13 text.)* 8 Leag. E & WAcapulcoGriffo —'grifo' = griffin, a mythical creature, whose fore part resembles an eagle, and hinder part a lion: it was supposed to watch over gold mines and hidden treasures. Though it can be seen clearly in the view of Acapulco on p. 264, on today's charts no rock is located in this position (nor is the rock Griffo off Concepción on Chart 98 identified on modern charts); the point of land immediately below, however, is now named Punta Grifo. Presumably, the rock has either been demolished or a sea passage between the rock and the point no longer exists.Out of 107 of Ringrose's charts, only fifteen show soundings. This is the first, the others being charts of Acahutla (21), San Miguel (23), Amapal (24), Gulf of Nicoya (31), Punta Hequira (37), Santa Barbara (47), Gulf of Guayaquil (55), Santo Domingo (77), Chule (83), Valparaíso (95), Concepción (98), Valdivia (200), Chiloe (101), Galápagos, Albemarle (107, not by Ringrose). In his waggoners, Hack shows soundings only for Guayaquil, Coquimbo (single sounding), Concepción, Valdivia, and Chiloe (single sounding), though he mentions depths frequently in the textual notes on each chart.Asterisks here and in subsequent transcriptions indicate words added or amended by "Black" (see pp. 41 and 43).

― 68 ―Secure from all winds and weather. The towne consists of aboute 120 famelyes and hath for its defence a Castle of12 gunns though if they should on a sudden bee attaqued I am certain that they have not Artists to work them. Ifone would Enter into this port it is best to bring the hill Cuaca N 1/2 Easterly from you, then bear in to the SouthEast of the Island wch is at the mouth of the harbour & have a care of Coming too near Griffo[28] but if the windshould bee northerly then you may goe to westward of the Greate Island and if you please securely anchorbetweene the 3d Island and the maine. You may know this port by its high land for it is all low both to East & westof it and all along both wayes for Severall leagues sandy bayes. Two leagues to East South East is Puerto delMarquese a very good port and good watering and wooding and here are two or three houses of Indians who liveby fishing. The Port of Acapulco is in North Latt.

. Those men who are condemn'd

[28] See Chart 11, n. "Griffo."


Chart 12Rio de Naguala = Río Papagayo ('papagayo' = parrot, macaw).

* 5 Leages NW & SEPisqueria de Don Garcia —on Río Nexpa.

* 6 Leagues NE & SWCerillo de Taclamana = Cerro del Coacoyal, at Punta Acamama, 625 feet (191 m).

Rio de TaclamanaLas barancas* or broken ground = Cordillera de El Fuerte, with peaks to 3,800 feet (1,159 m).

The Tartar Shoals lie just off "Las Barancas" and are symbolized but not named above.Pta Galera = Punta Galera.

* 16.00 Lat. North = Lat. 16°01' N.Rio Verde = Río Atoyac or Verde, 200 miles (320 km) long.

* 7 Leagues* Bajos

Morro Hermoso = Morro Hermoso, 837 feet (255 m) ('hermoso' = beautiful).

A Buccaneer's Atlas


― 70 ―as Robbers att Mexico are sent in Irons to Acapulco & soe kept in the Castle till such time as Ships goe to China orfflilipines and soe are to Serve some years in those places as Soldiers. Eastward from the port of Marquese are 2 or3 Islands with Some Indian fishing houses on them.

From La marquese to the river of Naguala is 6 1/2 Leagues, a small River, only one or two fishers houses whofrom hence have a good path to Acapulco. It is a bold shore.

ffrom Naguala to the fishing place of Don Garcia S.E. is 5 leagues, all Even land and Sandy bay. Here live 15or 20 Indian Slaves[29] to dry fish.

ffrom this place of Don Garcia to el Cerillo is SEbE 6 leagues all along even land and sandy bay. It is a smallrounde hill close to Sea shore.

ffrom this hill to the river of Taclamana is 2 leagues. Here doe live 5 or 6 Indians to fish.ffrom Taclamana to Pta Galera is 8 leages, pretty high land and in the way severall shoales a good mile from

Shore &

[29] For a discussion of Spanish treatment of Indians in the New World, see Sauer 1966; MacLeod 1973; Villamarínand Villamarín 1975; and Sherman 1979.


Chart 13Morro Hermoso —see Chart 12 n.

BahoIsla de Alcatraces = Isla Alcatraz or Piedra Blanca ('alcatraz' = pelican; 'piedra blanca'

= white rock), near the mouth of Río Grande (unnamed above).Puerto Escondido = Bahía Escondido ('escondido' = hidden).

Rio de Agua duce = Río Sicatela ('agua dulce' = sweet water).* 6 Leagues

Rio de Masias = Río Colotepec.Rio Galera = Río Tonameca.

Puerto de los Angelos = Puerto Angel, the western limit of Golfo de Tehuantepec.*

Lat. N. = Lat. 15°39' N.

― 72 ―ffor 2 leagues out you have scarse 2 fathom water.

ffrom Pta Galera to Morro Hermoso is 7 leagues mountienous and full of rocks. A little SE from it is a hillyIsland 2 mile from the maine Called Alcatraces. It is good watering at the river on the maine and here live Indianswith a ffriar.

ffrom Hermoso to the port Escondido is 8 leagues. This is a bay, its East point butting into the sea, 1/2 aleague more then its west. It is a smooth & good port and here is good wooding & watering. It is the only Portfrom Marquese. Here is a roade leading to very greate Cittys & townes in the Country.

ffrom Escondido to Rio Masias is 8 leagues. This is an Exellent Port and well peopled with Indians but muchtroubled wth Calmes. It is smoothest when the N.W. wind blowes. There is a good watering river 2 leagues N.W.from it which in rainy times doth overflow almost all the way to Masias soe that a mile in ye sea you may take upfresh water.

ffrom Masias to Rio Galera is 18 leagues, all mountenous & wild Country full of Greate & little bayes but noport. Many mangrove[30] trees

[30] Several species of mangrove—red (Rhizophora mangle ), black (Avicennia germinans ), white (Lagunculariaracemosa ), and button (Conocarpus erecta )—are found along the tropical coast of Central America in intertidalzones. Mangrove was used by mariners as a source of firewood and by settlers for tanning. See Flores Mata 1971,map, and s.v. "Manglar."


A Buccaneer's Atlas


Chart 14Calera

Rio GaleraRto Cayula = Río Coyula.

Cerillo —an unnamed hill, 769 feet (234 m).Isla de la brea —'brea' = tar, pitch, or asphalt.

Isla de Sacraficio = Isla de Sacrificios.Isla de Caluca = Isla Cacaluta.

Rio Caluca = Río Tayuta.Puerto de Guatulco = Puerto Guatulco, the Bahía Santa Cruz of colonial times, the first

seaport to be developed on Mexico's Pacific coast, and the best harbor between Amapala and Acapulco.

*

N. Lat . = Lat. 15°45' N.Isla Tangola = Isla Tangola-Tangola. This island has a remarkable appearance, its top being covered with bushes.Rio tangola —at Bahía Tangola-Tangola.Rio Capolito = Río Capulita.

― 74 ―and rocky points. In some places good masts may bee had.[31]

ffrom Galera to the Port of Angells is 6 leagues. This is as good a port as it is famous for it is seldome withoutshiping in it. Here are aboute 20 houses. It hath greate trading to it for its hides & tallow and sends Goods to LosAngelos and Mexico by land.[32] When you enter you must keep to Eastward of a rock & shoale. It is in North latt.

: The coast here runs WNW. Hence to Caleta is 2 leagues. It is a very good port but hath neither wood nor water.Have a greate care of 4 or 5 rocks wch lye out from its East pointe.

ffrom the port of Angells to Guatulco is 16 leagues. In the way are severall rivers & Islands. At the IslandSacrificio on the maine side is secure riding from all winds & here you may wood & water and exellent pearle arefound in 6 or 7 fathome water. Guatulco is famously knowne by its being once taken by Sr francis Drake in theyeare 1579 who in one house took a bushell of mony[33] and also a second time taken & burnt by Sr ThomasCandish in the yeare 1587[34] but it hath been alwaise famous in being the port to wch from Mexico they send allsuch goods as they designe for Piru.

[31] Wood suitable for masts was of great importance; along this coast such wood probably came from the uplands,where there is a complex forest of deciduous and coniferous trees, especially oaks and pines. See Flores Mata 1971,map, and s.v. "Selva," "Bosque."

[32] Hides and tallow and other products from domesticated animals, especially cattle, were important trade itemsin the Americas. "Los Angelos" here refers to modern Puebla, near Mexico City.

[33] This incident occurred during Drake's voyage of circumnavigation in the Golden Hind , 1577-80. Having spentsome months terrorizing Spanish coastal settlements and shipping off Chile and Peru—taking in the process anenormous amount of plunder—he decided to turn north in March 1579, thinking it prudent not to return the way hehad come. In April he landed at Guatulco, mainly to obtain water and provisions but also to lade his ship withsilver. He then sailed north again, resting and refitting at "New Albion" (somewhere near San Francisco Bay) beforesetting off across the Pacific in July 1579. He reached home in September 1580. (See Gerhard 1960, 60-77.)

[34] Thomas Cavendish (or Candish; but Mister , not Sir), the third circumnavigator of the globe, sailed fromPlymouth in July 1586 with three small vessels. Cruising along the coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico, he burned andsank nineteen ships and, off Cape San Lucas, captured the Manila galleon Santa Ana , which was carrying a cargoof immense value. He returned home with his plunder in September 1588, having circumnavigated the globe in twoyears and fifty days. (See Gerhard 1960, 81-94.)


Chart 15Rio de Simatlan = Río Ayuta.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Pta de Ayutla = Punta Ayuta.Bishops Bay = Bahía Astata.

Rio EstataBishops Towne = Santiago Astata = Guamalula.

EstataMorro Bamba —a remarkable dome-shaped bluff at Bahía de Bamba, 700 feet (213 m).

Morro Masattlan = Punta Chipeque, a bold dark cliff with a knife-edged ridge, 500 feet (152 m).Rio Masattlan —at Bahía Mazatán.las Salinas = Bahía Salina Cruz.

Ventosa = Bahía Ventosa ('ventosa' = windy). Hack f. 12: "This Port is Call'd Ventosa by reason the wind blows stronger Continually there then in all the Gulfe & it lies in the Middle."

Hack folio numbers here and in subsequent annotations refer to W8 , the James II copy.

― 76 ―It is also the seaport to the greate citys Coxaca & Arato. It is from Mexico 65 leagues, from Coxaca 59, from Arato35 leagues. It is all along high mountenous land. On its west side is a hill Called Buffadore because of the noise thesea makes against it.[35] If you would enter this port keep west from Tangola till the midle of the port bee duenorth then saile in, keeping in equall distance both points. The best anchorage is on the west side due South fromthe towne wch Containes 150 houses & a large Church.

ffrom Guatulco to Capolito is 4 leagues. Thence to Simatlan is 3 leagues. Thence to Pta Ayutla 2 leagues.Thence to Estata is 5 leagues, all high mountenous land. The Country here aboute is very populous. 4 leagueswithin land is the great towne Called el Obispo. It hath 4 churches and at least 300 houses and all aboute it arestantions of beeves. On the seaside is a large Indian towne, not above 3 or 4 Spaniards who lord it amongst them.

ffrom Estata to Morro Bamba is 4 leagues. At the west end of it is a shole 2 miles of Shore, one fathom underhigh water marke. Hence to Morro de Masattlan is 3 leagues. Thence to Salinas 4 leagues. This

[35] The Spanish bufadero means spouting horn or blowhole.


Chart 16Morro de Carbon = Cerro Morro, 150 feet (46 m).

Rio de ffequantepeque = Río Tehuantepec.Barra de [Mosquitos (continued on lower chart)] = Barra de San Francisco.

MosquitosAnegadizas —'anegadiza' = subject to frequent flooding.

― 78 ―port is the place from whence many Comoditys are sent allong the South sea[36] coast to the greate Enriching ofthis towne wch doth containe aboute 50 houses. Merchants who trade from the North Sea[37] come up the RiverGuasaqualpo in barks[38] and thence hawl but 13 leagues hether wch is a good roade soe that waggons pass it;from hence 5 or 6 leagues is the greate towne of ffequantepeque a bishops sea[39] a very rich place and all alonghere very populous and greate store of Perle along the Coaste. The bay of ffequantepeque is a good port but muchSubict to North winds & for yt is Dangerous. It is distant from Salinas 2 leagues.

ffrom Salinas to ffequantepeque river is 6 leagues. Thence to Mosquitos is 8 leagues all along shallow water,therfore keep at least 2 leagues off with a greate ship and send small boates in if you have Occation. It is all lowland (only the hill Carbon) in many places drowned. ffrom Mosquitos to Vernal is 7 leagues. It seems from Eastwardto bee a greate many hills. It is the pointe of the Gulfe of ffequintepeque. ffrom Vernall to Encomienda is 5leagues. It is a small

[36] The "South sea" = Pacific Ocean. See Introduction. p. 1 n. 1.

[37] The "North Sea" = Atlantic Ocean.

[38] See Introduction, p. 5 n. 2.

[39] "Sea" = see, or territory under a bishop's administration.

― 79 ―

A Buccaneer's Atlas



Chart 17Cerro de Vernal = Cerro San Bernardo, 3,034 feet (925 m).

*Lat .

= Lat. 15°54' N.La Encomienda —an 'encomienda' was Indian land, together with its inhabitants, granted to Spanish colonists, especially soldiers. Hack f. 15: "This Mount is Call'd Encomienda by reason of the Great Cross that stands upon it; it is made with trees & may be seen at a great distance when you are of at sea." On 'encomienda,' see Zavala (1935) and Simpson (1929), and on 'hacienda,' or great estate, see Chevalier (1963).Volcan de Soconusco = Sierra de Soconusco, 10,310 feet (3,144 m).Rio de Soconusco —at Barra de Soconusco.

― 80 ―hill with a savana on it in forme of a cross.[40] You may anchor in any part of the Coast aboute and from this placedoth begin the high Volcanous hills.[41] The first is the Volcan of Soconusco distant 7 leagues, a very high land and2 or 3 leagues from the sea, in shew like a sugar loafe. Neare to this Volcan is the towne of Soconusco wch is 6leagues up the river of the same name wch falls into the sea a league to SE of the Volcan.

ffrom the Volcan of Soconusco to the Volcans of the Amilpas is 12 leagues. The Coast runnes SEbE. The twohighest have each of them a river right against them. These Volcans send out smoake some times.

ffrom Amilpas to the Volcan of Sapoteclan is 7 leagues. Here & there a sandy bay full of points & Creeks.Hence to Sacatapeque is 6 leagues. This volcan throwes out much smoake and to the Eastward of it there is a riverof good water but hard getting of for there is no port.

[40] On Chart 17A this feature is depicted by the stylized formée cross. See Chart 17, n. "La Encomienda."

[41] The Pacific margin of Central America has numerous volcanoes, some with peaks exceeding 13,000 feet (4,000m). Some of these volcanoes are still active.


Chart 18Las Amilpas [second word deleted]—

two volcanos, 11,200 and 14,000 feet (3,416 and 4,270 m); the higher one is called Tacana.Volcan de Sapoticlan —an unnamed volcano, 10,850 feet (3,309 m).

Volcan de Sacatapeque [Atittlan deleted] = Volcán Santa María, 12,467 feet (3,802 m).

― 82 ―ffrom Sacatepeque to Attittlan is 7 leagues. This is a very greate mountaine casting out smoake. The coast runnesall along here NW & SE. Attittlan is a townes name also, 4 or 5 leagues up the river, for every of these Volcanstake the name of a towne near them.

ffrom Atittlan to Las Anabacas is 4 leagues. These are two wonderfull high mangrove trees wch may bee seena greate way into the Sea.

ffrom Anabacas to the fiery Volcan of Guatemala is 8 leagues. This Volcan Continually throwes out fire butmost in the rainy Season for the raine falling makes it burn with more vehemence. Behind this mountaine is thegreate City of Guatemala, 14 leagues from the Sea port though not from the sea side. Out of this Citty theSpaniard vapours[42] he can muster 4000 Castilians[43] but Certainely if hee were to show a quarter of them heemust be forst to borrow halfe that quarter from neigh-bouring townes, but it is a greate place and a bishoprick.From hence to barra de Estapa is 8 leagues.

[42] "Vapours" = boasts.

[43] Native-born Spaniards, collectively known as Peninsulares, occupied the highest social rank in the New World.Below these, in descending order, were Creole—white, born in the New World; mulatto—mixed white and black;mestizo—mixed white and Indian; Indian; zambo, mixed Indian and black; and Negro (Mörner 1967, 58-60).

A Buccaneer's Atlas



Chart 19Bolcan de Atittlan = Volcán Atitlán, 11,597 feet (3,537 m).

Las Anabacas —'baca' = laurel; tree of the genus 'Laurus,' or bay tree.Bolcan de Guatemala = Volcán Acatenango, 13,036 feet (3,976 m).

Hack f. 19: "This hill burst & out of it came aboundance of Sulphur which did great damage to the Citty of Guatimala."

* Vulcan de Ventocuagua = Volcán de Agua, 12,306 feet (3,753 m).Volcan de Rumbado = Volcán Pacaya, 8,400 feet (2,562 m).

― 84 ―This Estapa is the port of Guatamala, a place of greate trade and Comerse and here is a small Village of Indiansbut all the country here aboute is very populous of Indians who are most slaves to the Spaniards of Guatemala.From this port to the river of Sonsonate is 26 leagues, all the Coaste low land at the sea side being mangroves, butwithinland extreame high as Paneca wch is the highest land but one of all this coaste and Casts out much smoake.The Coaste runnes between these 2 ports EbS & WbN. Ye river of Montecabo is a fresh river & good port and alsothe other river 3 leagues to Eastward of Estapa hath 3 fathom water at the barre. Acahutla is the Village scituateto westward of Punta de los remedios, a place of the greateste traffick in all these parts, it being a port to manygreate townes and Villages of note and fame as shall bee next seen and is in north latt.

.


Chart 20Barra de Estapa = Puerto de Istapa.

Los Esclavos = Cerro Gavia, 6,335 feet (1,931 m), and Cerro Tecuamburro, 6,100 feet (1,860 m); 'esclavo' = slave.

Guasacapa* Rio Monticalco de los Esclavos = Río Esclavos.

Sierra de Paneca = Cerro Grande de Apaneca, 6,368 feet (1,942 m).*Rio Salado = Río San Pedro.

Volcan de Sonsonate = Volcán Santa Ana, 8,300 feet (2,531 m).Rio Sonsonate = Río Grande de Sonsonate.

― 86 ―This ffamous port leades to a Contry as populos as any part of the Spanish dominions in the west Indies.[44] At thesea side are aboute 30 houses, most ware houses. It is governed by a teniente under the Command of theGovernour of Trinidad. From the port to the City of Trinidad is near 6 English leagues,[45] hath 5 parrishes, aboute400 familyes; to each house, spatious walks & Gardens of pleasure, all very artificiall. From the city it is 2 leaguesin the high roade to Nabiscalco, a village of 20 or 25 houses; then to Salcatican another like Village 4 mile. Thenceto the Greate towne of Paneca is 3 leagues. It consists of neare 200 ffamilyes. It lyes North of the roade 1/2 aleague from Paneca. Southward, Crossing the roade, is the towne of Sta Domingo, from it 2 leagues & from Trinidad6 1/2 leagues, it hath better then 100 large houses and most rich people. Southward of this towne is Sta Lucia of30 or 40 houses, most very large. The whole Contry besides is every where filld with sugar works & stantions ofbeeves & Craules[46] of hogs. At the City

[44] For comparison, it is estimated that in 1650 Hispaniola had a population of 100,000 Barbados 40,000, Cuba30,000, and other islands smaller numbers, totaling about a quarter million for the West Indies (McEvedy and Jones1978).

[45] On distance, see Notes on Conventions, p. xiii.

[46] "Craule" = crawl, or pigpen, from either the Spanish corral or the Dutch kraal .

― 87 ―

A Buccaneer's Atlas



Chart 21Sierra de Paneca = Cerro Grande de Apaneca.

Volcan de Sonsonate = Volcán Santa Ana.Paneca = Apaneca.

Salcatican = Salcoatitán.Naliscalco = Nahuizalco.

City of Trinidad = Sonsonate, founded 1524.Sto Domingo = Santo Domingo.

The King's path from Guatemala —now part of the Inter-American Highway.Sta Lucia = Guayamango.

Caldes? Trape. de Pallo de Guete

trapiche del reyTo: bisalco

Obraje del Rey —'the king's trading station.Trap: de Pineda

Obraje de Geronomo del Dna PenaObraje de Don Melchor

Obraje de J n de CojeresTra. de Carosco

Pescadores —a fishing village ('pescador' = fisherman).Storehouse or Acahutla

Rio Salada = Río San Pedro.Rio de Sonsonate = Río Grande de Sonsonate.

Port of Acahutla = Acajutla.Pta de los Remedios = Punta Remedios.

― 88 ―Trinidad is a large bridge crossing the river of Sonsonate & 2 leagues from it is a Village Called Tovisalco & fromthence Eastward out of the roade is the towne of Caldeo, about 70 famelyes, a rich towne. All these pay homage toTrinidad, & the towne of Sonsonate though in bigness & riches little inferiour to the City it selfe. This is a verypleasant Contry delighting the eye and filling the purse of the Industrious Inhabitant. The best anchorage is in 12fathom right off from the river; from the Volcan of Sonsonate to Sierra de la Paneca NW is 3 leagues. All along thecoast here is very high land. When you are right of the port of Sonsonate you have the land and Valley of Salvadoropen where stands a small towne called Guaymoco. The Chiefe Comoditye along this coast is Cocao. There is sometrade from Mexeco to Sonsonate and also from the port Cavallos on the North Sea.

ffrom Sonsonate to Volcan de Ysacos is 3 leagues and from yt


Chart 22Volan de los Ysacos = Volcán Isalco, 6,328 feet (1,930 m).

Sierra de la Balsama = Costa de Bálsamo. One of the main exports of this area is Peruvian balsam, a product of a tree grown in tropical America, 'Myroxylon perierae,' an expectorant

and stomachic (digestive tonic).Bernerdillo* Moncalco

Volcan de San Salvador = Volcán Salvador, 5,794 feet (1,761 m).Volcan de Sacatelupa = Volcán Vicente, 7,040 feet (2,140 m).

― 90 ―Place to Salvadore is 5 leagues. Under these hills is a stoney hill Called Vernall. Thence to Volcan de Sacatelupa is10 leagues. This Volcan throwes out much smoake and is as bigge as St Miguel. Hence to Rio de lempa 2 leagues.From hence doth begin the faire Con-trey of St Miguels. In the river Lempa thence lyeth a boate which is to Caryover passengers[47] and from the river to St Miguels is 18 English leagues viz: ffrom the river to Liquilisco 4leagues, to Araguaiquin 4 more, to Osolien 3 more, to Sta Maria 3 more, & to St Miguel 4. It is a greate place of 7

t

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Churches and more then 600 ffamelyes. Behind the Volcan the River S Miguel makes a greate lagoone whoseborders are very well peopled. This is a greate place for building of ships. In the wide Creek have been built Shipsof 7 or 800 tunne. The Countrey is very plentifull of all things necessary for man. The Earth yealdeth forth herfruits without the help of man in many places. ffrom Rio de lempa to Barra de hibaltique is 13 Leagues.

[47] This ferry is indicated by an X on Chart 23.


Chart 23Volcan de Tecapa = Volcán Taburecte, 3,880 feet (1,183 m).

Volcançillo de tecapa = Volcán Tecapa, 5,010 feet (1,528 m). Hack's valley of Tecapa (f. 24): "Vulcan a small Mount of Tecapa which casteth out of a hole on the top of it (Brimstan)

& ebbs & flows like the tyde."Volcan de Silottlan = Volcán Jucuapa, 5,640 feet (1,720 m).

Volcan de San Miguel = Volcán San Miguel, 6,300 feet (1,921 m).Cerros de Mondeo

Liquilisco = Jiquilisco.Araguaiquin = Erequaiquin.

Osolien = Usulután.Sta Maria = Santa María.San Miguel = San Miguel.

X—a ferry across the river (see p. 90 text).The kings roade to the City of St . Miguel = the Inter-American Highway.

A Creek to build or Careene greate Ships in = Estero Grande.Capt Morales Crene = Puerto El Triunfo.

Fon Dionisio = San Dionisio.Diego GarsiaCapt Alvarez

Isla del Esperitu Sto = Isla El Espíritu Santo ('espíritu santo' = holy spirit).St Juan de Goso = Península de San Juan del Gozo.

Isla de Palmares = Isla de Samuria.Rio de Lempa = Río Lempa.

Barra de hibaltique = Bajos Lempa.Isla de Socaran = Isla San Sebastián.

Rio de San Miguel = Río Grande de San Miguel.

― 92 ―Thence to the river of St Miguil is 5 leagues. At the mouth of this river at low water you have 2 fathom inEntrance. Keep the Volcan due North of you and you need not feare any thing.

The Guile of ffonceca is 9 leagues deep & 4 wide at its mouth. In it are 2 Islands well peopled by Indianswhich are Conchava and Miangola. There are many more Islands but because they are not Inhabitted I pass bythem but it is deep water aboute them all. The towne of Amapall Consists of aboute 100 houses; hath greateTraffick for its Cocao, Tallow, hides & all sorts of provisions; is governed by a Teniente under the President ofGuatemala. There is another village at the bottome of the bay called Chuluteca; it hath aboute 30 houses, notabove 2 Spaniards amongst them. They live by gathering of provision wch they truck[48] for necessarys when anyship comes to them but then the slye Spaniard will

[48] "Truck" = trade, probably barter.


Chart 24Chuluteca = Choluteca.

QuantepequeGuanasLateca

Lamiangola = Isla Meanguera.Negrillos

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Maçanpique = Isla Punta Zacate.Concava = Isla Conchagua.

Golfo de Amapal or Fonceca = Golfo de Fonseca.Don Pedro de Ginea

Way to St Miguel—see Chart 23 n.Amapall = La Unión, the main port of El Salvador. This should not be confused with Amapala,

the main Pacific port of Honduras, on Isla Tigre, founded in 1833.*Amapal Lat

N . = Lat. 13°18' N.Condadillo = Estero El Tamarindo.RioEsteroAstillero de AvilaAstellero de Padron = Estero Padre Ramos.Pta de Cosivina = Punta Coseguina.

― 94 ―not suffer them to trade but trade for them under pretence that strangers mighte cheate them, but faile not tocheate them themselves of a of what they intrust them with. Were it not for this Shift the lazy Spaniard could notgrow soe rich, but there Insupportable crueltyes to these poor natives I hope in due time will reach the allmightyesear, who will open the hearte of a more christian prince to deliver this people and drive away these Catterpillersfrom there superbous seats of Lazyness.

Cosuvina is a very high hill with a flatt Savana on the top of it. At its foot are 2 rocks a Gunshott from Shore,but it is a very bold Coast. This hill is 6 leagues long and it makes the East point of the Gulfe of Amapall. SE 2leagues in Messa de Roldan on whose top is severall white Cliffs. The whole coast runes NW and SE; observe thatthe white cliffs are not on Messa de roldan but on the


Chart 25La Cosubina = Volcán Cosiguina, 2,860 feet (872 m), with a crater lake.

Messa de Roldan = Cerro Roldán, 1,033 feet (315 m).Pto de Martin Lopez = Estero Padre Ramos.

― 96 ―Top of the port of Martin Lopez wch is 4 leagues SE from it, and from that port to the harbour of Realejo is 4leagues. This is a safe port from all winds. If you would enter, leave the biggest of the two Islands on yourStarboard side (this Island is all Savana) and when you are within it give a Good birth to the land on Larbourdeside and Saile direct for the anchoring place wch is 3 leagues from the towne, wch consists of 150 houses, thepeople very rich. Further within land 3 leagues is the towne Vexo, wch is 2 leagues from a river wch Comes fromamapall and barques Come up with goods to there path side and there lade & unlade.[49] The Port of Realejo is innorth latt.

, a place of very greate trade and Comerse from most parts of the South Sea. It hath its Particular Governour andis a very populous place, and its port is very seldome withoute 4 or 5 saile in it; also they build vessells here.

[49] Lighterage, as described here, was employed on this coast where shallow water prevented more direct shipaccess.


Chart 26Veigho = El Viejo ('the old one'), a town. ('Vexo' in Chart 26 text.)

Volcan de Veho = Volcán Viejo, 5,670 feet (1,729 m).the way to Vejo from Amapall

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Realejo = El Realejo = Puerto de La Posesión = Corinto. Manila galleons were built here before 1585 (Gerhard 1960, 29).

Estero Sta ClaraEstero de Suciagua

?Rio SamadioEstero de Los Asseradores = Estero de Aserradores ('aserrador' = sawyer).

Rio de Nta Snra

Baya de BorachoPasso de Cavallo = Estero Paso Caballos ('paso caballos' = horse crossing).

los Asseradores = Isla de Aserradores.*Realejo Lat

N = Lat. 12°33' N.Nuebo anño = Barrio Nuevo ('new quarter').Bocachica?Cegtanon = Isla del Cardón.Hack (f. 27) makes it clear that the object in the river top left (near Veigho) is a ship coming from Amapal or Fonseca.

― 98 ―ffrom Realexo to Rio Tosta is 3 leagues. This river is sometimes dry, but if it were not yett the Sea runes soe highthat noe one can land neare it.[50] Hence to Messa de Sutraba is 6 leagues, all high land and greate sea and avery windy Coaste.

ffrom thence to Volcan de Telica is 4 leagues. This Volcan Throwes out much smoake and the Coast is verymountenous and very windy and no good port but all along an Iron shore,[51] ffrom thence to Volcan de leon is 5leagues. This Volcan also throweth out very much smoake. It is a very high mountaine, distant from the sea 4 1/2leagues, and beyond this hill, more within land, is scituate the greate City Called Leon. From this city themountaine taketh its name. They say there are 11 churches in Leon and above 4000 houses and its inhabitantsvery rich, ruled by a Governour.

[50] Cyclonic tropical storms originating in the Atlantic sometimes cross the narrow isthmus in the summer,bringing rain and high seas to the Pacific coast of Central America.

[51] "Iron shore" = a rocky and steep-to coast without anchorage.


Chart 27Coma de Tosta = Loma Santa Lucía.

Rio Tosta = Río El Tamarindo.Mossa de Sutraba

Volcan de Telica = Volcán Telica, 3,478 feet (1,061 m).Volcan de Leon = Volcán Las Pilas, 3,543 feet (1,081 m).

The city of León was founded in 1524.

― 100 ―ffrom Volcan de leon to Messa de Mariane is 2 leagues & ffrom thence to the port of Sta Joana is 5 leagues. In thisport are Ships Continually building but here runnes a greate Sea to the utter hinderance of any boates going ashoare unless by a greate chance. From hence to pta Catalina is 15 leagues SSE and betweene them is the greatebay of Papagayo,[52] an ill place to goe a shore in and a worse place to ride in. It is soe windy but expetially fromSeptember till Aprill, wch are times for the north winde.[53] From this Gulfe you see within land the greate Volcanof Granada and nearer the Sea the Volcan of Bombache, both casting out much smoake. In the midst of the gulfeis a fresh river but the sea soe high that it is dangerous adventuring to land in it. Over the point Catalina is theGreate Volcan of Papagayo but that doth not throw out much smoake. This Catalina is a very high pt &mountenous.

[52] Golfo del Papagayo now refers to the bay south, not north, of Punta Catalina (Cabo Santa Elena).

[53] "Papagayo" is the local name for strong northerly winds, which sometimes reach gale force in January and

A Buccaneer's Atlas


February.


Chart 28Volcan de Granada or de la Isla = Volcán Góngora, 5,670 feet (1,729 m).

Volcan Bombache = Volcán Mombacho, 4,300 feet (1,311 m).Volcan de Papagayo = Volcán Rincón de La Vieja, 6,280 feet (1,915 m) ('rincón de la vieja' = the old lady's nook).

Messa de MarianeLo alto de Senosop = Monte Papayal, 1,400 feet (427 m).

Puerto St Juan = Puerto San Juan del Sur.Messa de Sta Juana

Golfo de Papagayo = Golfo de Papagayo ('papagayo' = parrot and macaw, brightly colored birds of the family 'Psittacidae,' several species of which can imitate the human voice; buccaneers kept these birds as pets). Ringrose

incorrectly places Golfo de Papagayo at Bahía Elena; it actually lies south of Cabo Santa Elena.Pta Sta Catalina = Cabo Santa Elena

*in Lat

= Lat. 10°53' N.

― 102 ―At the end of this pta Catalina are 2 small Islands and ffrom hence to the Port de Velas is 9 leagues. It is a verydeep bay and at the bottom of it you may water. The port Opens to the westward and is called Velas[54] becauseof severall rocks wch from Sea boarde looke like ships under saile.

ffrom this port to Morro Hermoso is 7 leagues NNW & SSE. This is a high hill butting out into the Sea and fromthence it growes higher & higher within land. Betweene this port of Vellas and this morro Hermoso is a little highIsland 2 leagues from shore and 3 leagues from the port of Velas, over wch are the high hills of Cepancas. This hilltakes its name from a towne soe called 4 leagues within land from this porte of aboute 40 or 50 houses of Indians& Mulattoes with negros who are slaves to some Spaniards near that place.

[54] "Vela" = sail.


Chart 29Cerro de Cepancas = Cerro Santa Elena, its two highest peaks at 2,346 and 2,158 feet (713 and 656 m).Pta de Sta Catalina = Cabo Santa Elena, the northernmost point of Golfo de Papagayo (or Golfo Culebra).

Puertos de Velos = Golfo de Papagayo, the southern point of which is called Cabo Velas (shown unnamed in chart with many offshore rocks).

― 104 ―ffrom this Morro Hermoso to Cape de Guyones is 8 leagues, all along mountenous land to sea boarde, full of Rocksbut none far from land. It is a very wild Coaste. Here is no Port for a ship. From Cape de Guiones to Cape Blanco is12 leagues. The Coast runnes NWbW & SEbE. In the way are 2 dangerous shoales, a league from land. At lowwater they may be seene. Cape blanco is the highest part of all the Coaste and righte offe it is a rockey Islandneare a mile from it. This Cape blanco it is the west cape of the Gulfe of Nicoya, a place much used by theSpaniard and to theire Cost used by my selfe and some other English in the yeare 1681.[55] Wee tooke in rio de ladispença there carpenters who were building 2 greate ships there and broughte them to the Island Chira, where ourship lay, with all theire tooles & made

[55] See Introduction, p. 20, for the fuller story.


Chart 30

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Morro Hermoso = Monte Hermoso, 769 feet (234 m), with a saddle shape.Cabo de guiones = Punta Guionos ('guión' = guidon, a small signaling flag).

Cape blanco = Cabo Blanco, with Isla Blanca offshore (see p. 104).*Lat.

= Lat. 9°33' N.

― 106 ―them worke for us till wee had taken of our ships deck and shortened our masts, and in Rio del terpesque took 2barques laden with tallow. Wee stayed in this Gulfe 16 dayes. It is from Cape blanco to La herradura 9 leagues east& west. On the Cape side is a towne of Indians, aboute 20 houses, Called Sto Domingo. On the other side is theport of Caldera where is one store house but ships bounde for Nicoya anchor at the Island Chira, from whence thetowne is 10 leagues, consisting of 70 or 80 houses & theire chiefe trade is tallow & hides. On the Island Chira asmall village of Indians, about 10 or 11 houses, where wee filled water at a pond. The poor Indians related the sadusage they founde under there tiranicall masters, who make them work because they have nothing to pay theiretribute with. They have a chappell but when I was there ther was nothing in it. They formerly made Jarrs on thisIsland but now the Indians are


Chart 31Rio del Tarpesque = Río Tempisque.

Rio de Cañas = Río Canamazo.Rio de Baranca = Río de Barranca.

Messa de MacolelaRio de Cartago = Río Grande.

Puerto de SolonPta de Palmare = Punta Arenas.

Caldera = Bahía Caldera ('caldera' = caldron).Herradura = Puerto Herradura = Point Leona.

Chira = Isla Chira. Hack (f. 36) has no soundings. "At the Island of Chira in this Gulfe of Nicoya Capt Sharpe Cut his ship down."

Sa Guayervos = Isla Caballo ('caballo' = horse).Paro = Isla Pájaro ('pájaro' = bird).

Golfo de Nicoya = Golfo de Nicoya = Salinas Gulf of colonial times. Hack f. 32: "Capt Sharpe Calls this the Bay of Snakes; the reason was that dureing the Time he staid here he & his

Company was Sustein'd by eating Snakes & monkeys."Peña = Isla Bejuco ('bejuco' = rattan, reed).

Lucar = Isla San Lucas.ffrales = Islas Negritos.

Rio de la Dispença del reyBerrugate = Isla Berrugate.

Venados = Isla Venado ('venado' = deer, stag).Path to Nicoya

Rio de Mandayare = Río Morote.Rio Campele = Río San Pedro.

Sto Domingo = Lepanto.Cape Blanco = Cabo Blanco.

― 108 ―most of them run away. ffrom Herradura to Rio de la Estrella is 11 leagues and from thence to Canio is 5 leagues.This Island Caño I have been at it is 4 leagues SW from Pta mala. It is aboute a league rounde, Endiferent highland. The best anchorage is on the NE Side in 14 ffathom, a quarter of a mile from Shore where you may wood &water well. There is some hoggs on the Island. We kild one and a pig.[56] Within Pta Mala is a deep bay and goodanchorage. There Sr Thomas Candish Careened in the yeare 1587.[57] In the bay is a Island full of Indians. Hereare exellent Oysters along the bay but the Shore is full of Riffs and shoales. Therefore keep a good league from it.Pta Mala is a low pt and beside that Island close to the point there is a little one 2 mile of it wch showes at distance

t

A Buccaneer's Atlas


like a saile. It is an even Country & woody from the p to Gulfo Dulce, and they are distant at NWbW & SEbE 9good leagues.

[56] In this usage, hogs are the mature wild boar (Sus scrofa ), and pigs the young.

[57] See n. 34. "Candishes Bay" is probably Bahía Uvita in Bahía de Coronado.


Chart 32Herradura —see Chart 31 n.

Rio de la Estrella = Río Viejo; 'estrella' = star.* Rocks of Queypo = Islas de Los Quepos.

Caño = Isla del Caño ('caño'= spout; sea channel). The buccaneers were at Isla del Caño on April 24 and 25, 1681: "In this place grows great number of Cacao trees . . . moreover some

good hogs on shore, whereof we killed one and two pigs" ("Bucaniers of America" [JP3], chap. 18).*Candishes Bay = Bahía Uvita in Bahía de Coronado (the original name is for Thomas Cavendish).

Pta mala = Punta Mala ('mala' = bad).

― 110 ―Gulfo Dulce[58] is a very smooth good Port, a better place by far then that of Nicoya and secure from all winds, yea& from Spaniards also, for the sea coast here is cleare of that vermin but here are Indians who were very ffriendlywith us and came abourde with there wiles and Children. There are but few of them and I beleive live here to shunthe Spaniars but not soe much but they pay the halfe of what fish they Catch to the friar for a toe wch they say is4 sleeps[59] up in the contry, but they stayed from the Spaniard soe long as wee stayed with them and weetrucked with them for honey Plantanes and Casavio roots.[60] Here wee caught each day fish enough for 100 mensoe that here wee kept hollydays. Wee layde our ship aground here and refitted her and founde multitude of LargeCockles here.[61] It is good wooding and watering at very pleasant rivers. The Contrey is mountenous. From henceto Pta Burica is 5 leagues.

[58] See Chart 33, n. "Golfo Dulce"; and Introduction, pp. 20-21.

[59] Four or five days' journey overland.

[60] Plantain (genus Musa ) is any bananalike tropical fruit. Cassava (genus Manihot ), from the Taino word caçábi ,is a tropical plant widely cultivated for its starchy tuberous root; here reference is most likely to the sweet cassava(M. aipi, esculenta ), although the bitter cassava (M. utilissima ) was also cultivated. (See JP3 , 8.)

[61] "Cockles" refers to any of several bivalve saltwater molluscs found near sandy coasts.


Chart 33Pta Mala = Punta Mala.

Golfo Dulce = Golfo Dulce ('dulce' = sweet), between Punta Banco and Cabo Matapalo opposite (unnamed above). The buccaneers were in Golfo Dulce June 6-28, 1681, and Ringrose related that "our Captain [Sharp] gave this gulf the name of King Charles, his

Harbour" ("Bucaniers of America" [JP3], chap. 19). Hack (f. 39) called this Sweet Gulf or King of England's Harbour and planted a large Union flag in the middle of the gulf, noting:

"Capt Sharpe after that he had Cut his ship down at Chira came (here to Corene) where he had Comerce with the Natives & in memory thereof he Call'd it King CHARLES es harbour Anno 1681."

Pta Palmares = Punta Platanel ('platanal' = plantain plantation).Pta Burica = Punta Burica. This point divides Costa Rica and Panama.

― 112 ―Punta Burica is a low point running into the Sea WSW. From Eastward it showes like two Islands. Its coast is full ofRiffes[62] soe that I advise to keep a league and halfe from shore. To East of it the land makes a long deepe bay inwch stands the towne of Chiriqui. A league within the land a river of the same name passeth by it. The towne hath

A Buccaneer's Atlas


aboute 50 houses in it, most Indians. You see hence within land the greate hill of Baru at whose foot is anothersmall towne of 40 or 50 houses. The trade here is for Monteca, Indico, Pitch and tar[63] and Provisions, wch is thetrade of all this coast along. This river of Cheriqui is very seldome withoute some ship or other in it wch bringstrade to them from Panama and other places.[64] In the country you meet plenty of stantions and in the woodsstore of wild Deer[65] & hoggs.

[62] "Riffes" = reefs.

[63] "Monteca," from the Spanish manteca , lard or grease, refers here to rendered animal fat or even cocoabutter. "Indico" is the natural leguminous herb indigo (genus lndigofera ), which was harvested in both the East andWest Indies for the production of blue dye. Pitch, from trees, and tar, a bituminous substance, would be useful forcaulking and other purposes.

[64] The large trade center of Panama City had only a limited hinterland and so was serviced by ship from coastaltowns at some distance from the city.

[65] "Deer" here refers to either the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus ) or the smaller red brocket (Mazamaamericana ) (Gzrimek 1972).


Chart 34Cerro de Baru = Cerro Ave María, 1,138 feet (347 m).

* Rio ffonsica = Río Fonseca.Rio Sn Juan = Río San Juan.

Rio del Dupi = Río Dupí.Rio Sn ffelis = Río San Felix.

Pan Sucre [Sugar Loaf] = Cerro La Garita, 545 feet (166 m)('garita' = sentry box).

Yslas Secas = Islas Secas ('seca' = dry).Puiblo de Cheriqui = Chiriquí.Rio Cheriqui = Río Chiriquí.

Isla de Muertos —'Island of the Dead.'Rio Garache = Río Gariche.

Rio de Piedras = Río Piedra ('piedras' = stones).Rio de Chiriqui Vejo = Río Chiriquí Viejo.

Pto de Limones = La Boca de Los Espinos; there is a town called Los Limones 10 miles (16 km) up the Río Chiriquí Viejo.

Los Ladrones = Islas Ladrones ('ladrones' = thieves).Montuosa = Isla Montuosa ('montuosa' = wooded).

― 114 ―The Country heer is well peopled and there are severall fine townes & Villages and Particularly the Towne of Puiblonuebo, otherwise Called La Civdad de Nra Snra de los Remedios. It is 3 leagues from the Seaside up a river in wch

ships of good Burthen[66] ride, for I found 4 fathom at low water 1/2 a mile within its mouth. As you enter, tolarboarde[67] is a small Island Called Silva from the continuall noise like musick heard in the nighte. There I didhear it and can Liken it to a violin & Organ togeather,[68] but we hear paid severe for our musick for going to thistowne wee lost valiant Capt Sawkins by an Ambuscade.[69] In this river wee tooke one ship and burnt two others &at Coyba burnt another. This coaste is famous for Pearle fishing for at these Islands are hutts built for the fishers.The maine is full of wilde Deer not easily scared, and also Coyba, where I have tasted severall of them. They arebut small and relish

[66] A ship's "burthen" (burden) is its cargo-carrying capacity, expressed generally in tons. A "tun" was a caskholding 252 English gallons of wine.

[67] Larboarde = port side.

[68] Although one might expect the Isla de Silva to have been named after someone called Silva (a common familyname in both Spanish and Portuguese), in fact the word silba in Spanish means a whistling sound, such as thatmade by passing air over a tube or between one's teeth or by the wind in the trees—which corresponds very well tothe sounds made by string and wind instruments combined—a sort of humming breeze. In Spanish, b and v are

A Buccaneer's Atlas


pronounced exactly alike, halfway between the hard b of boy and the soft v of victor . It is very common forSpanish speakers not well founded in grammar to spell vaca as baca, vacante as bacante , or, as did Ringrose,cabo as cavo (W. Michael Mathes, private communication).



Chart 35Rio del Cobre

Rio BajaRio de BequiRio de Virallo

Rio BiobioBaya Honda = Bahía Honda ('honda' = deep).

Puiblo Nuebo = Remedios. Hack f. 41: "Capt Richard Sawkins in an atempt of takeing this town of Puebla Nucho lost his Life on Tusday the 25th day of May 1680. from this place is trasparted pitch: tallow attey & Indigo &a "

? Rioqueva Guebala? Cardos

Pordoma = Isla de Porcada.Rio Beaba

Morro del PuibloYsla de Carillo

way up the RiverCanales = Isla Canal de Afuera.

Rancheria = Isla Ranchería ('ranchería' = small settlement).Silva = Isla Silva de Afuera.

Coyba = Isla de Coiba.Quicarra = Isla Jicarón.

Pan de Sucie —see Chart 34 n.Boca dell Toio —at Isla Toro ('toro' = bull).

― 116 ―more like mutton then venaison,[70] but the Sea affords the best meate wch is Tortoise,[71] very large, fatt, &sweete; besides here is plenty of fish, all excellent & good. On the island Coyba is a store of good medicinall woodCalled Paula Maria and also herba maria,[72] things of good prise in England. In Baya honda there is also muchstore of medicinall herbs, wch the grounde produces without the help of man. In the river of Puiblo Nuibo they buildsmall vessells but exellent good ones. They trade in the same Comodityes as at Cheriqui but have much greatertraffick. More Eastward are many good ports and some rivers that you may Enter with your ship, though 600tunne. The bay is full of Islands but there is no feare of any place but what you see marked by mee in theDraughte of them[73] but it is all a secure coaste only you will find

[70] "Venaison" = venison, and refers to the flesh of any hunted land animal but especially deer (see n. 65).

[71] "Tortoise" is a corruption by English sailors of the French word tortue , or turtle. Here it most probably meansthe green turtle (Chelonia mydas ), much esteemed as food.

[72] Palo maria (Callophyllum longifolia ) and herba maria (Chrysanthemum balsamita ) are referred to,respectively. Herba maria is an Old World plant, known in English as costmary, St. Mary's herb, or herb Mary; itwas brought to the Americas in the sixteenth century (Standley 1928).

[73] Ringrose seems to be referring to Charts 35 and 36.


Chart 36Rio bocubi

Morro hermosoRio Martinello = Río Martín Grande.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


? Rio molinRio Penaga = Río Ponuga.Rio del Torio = Río Torio.

Pta de Tisira = Punta Duartes.Rio de Suay = Río Suay.Rio Meriato = Río Morillo.

Coma de LobaliFarellon de Guayca

Puerto de ZuelaCosta fondable —'coast fit for anchoring.'

Pta Meriato = Punta Mariato.el Toro = Filos del Tigre, 1,065 feet (324 m) ('tigre' = jaguar, 'Panthera onca').

Leones = Isla Leones.Cibaco = Isla Cébaco.

Rio del TabarabaGobernador = Isla Gobernadora ('gobernador' = governor).

Rio de FilipinaPta Filipina = Punta Brava.

― 118 ―a greate Current by reason of soe many bayes & rivers in it. ffrom Pta Burica, the west point of this bay, to Pta

Meriato in the East, is 44 Leagues. From the Pt Meriato to Pta Heguira is 20 leagues E and West very cleane andgood Grounde. ffrom Heguira to Pta Mala is 9 leagues, an open coast to the south East wind and no Shelter here,but to Leeward of the Rocks of Pta Mala, where you may wood & water very well. There is a good Port to Eastwardof Heguera 2 leagues, but if a SE comes which makes a tempest on this Coaste, it will goe hard to save yourvessell or your selves, the sea runnes soe high. You have water in summer in the bottom of the bay but in winteryou may have it as it falls from the Rocks nearer to you in a small rivulett in the Rocks.


Chart 37Pta Meriato = Punta Mariato.

PenascosMorro Puercos = Punta Morro de Puercos.

BajosPta Heguira = Punta Guánico.

Morro PuercosPta Heguira

Rio Cañas = Río de Caña ('caña' = reed).* Rio Quiribibi

Rio de CascajalesLos ffrailes = Islas Frailes ('fraile' = friar).

* N E.b E.Rio de Qria = Río Oria.

Yeguade del Cap t Luis Delgado = Pedasí ('yeguade' = stables).Pta Mala = Cabo Mala.

― 120 ―Near Pta Mala is a greate Stantion of Don Luis Delgado[74] where may be had any thing necessary for sea fareingmen, and if a ship have an ocation to Careene or lay ashore, the Island Yguanas is as good a place as can bee onthe side next the maine, from whence it is distant a league & halfe. It is here aboute cleane good grounds andplenty of fresh water & good wood. From this Island it is 12 leagues to Nata,[75] wch is a well compacted largetowne and hath greate trade with panama in selling them Provisions. Here are severall townes of note that aregreate places and have much dealing with the North side. This towne of Nata is very rich and Populous, though Iam Certaine they have not 50 old Spaine men in it for the mixt blood is soe dispersed that for one white you maysee 100 of other sorts.[76]

A Buccaneer's Atlas


[74] Delgado's stables (yeguade ) are mentioned on Chart 37B , so he must have been important.

[75] Nata, site of the first Spanish settlement in the Gulf of Panama, was settled in 1519, two years before the cityof Panama.

[76] See n. 43.


Chart 38Cerras de Canagua = Cerro Grande, 3,200 feet (976 m).

Rio Oria = Río Oria.Luis Delgado = Pedasí.

Rio del Piazi = Río Pedasí.Rio del Puin = Río Purío.

Mensabe Purro = Río Mensabé.Guarane = Río Guararé.

Boca ViejaRio Cubita = Río de La Villa.

Parita = Río Parita.Rio Escovio = Río Santa Maria.

? el Manbrillan = Río Membrillar ('membrillero' = quince tree, 'Cydonia oblonga').Estero Salado = Estero Salado ('salado' = salty).

Rio Chico de Nata = Río Chico; Nata is the unnamed town shown above.Cerro de San Essovall

Rio grande de Meta = Río Grande.Pta Mala = Cabo Mala.

Isla de Guanas = Isla Iguana; 'Iguana' refers to any of several large tropical American lizards of the genus 'Iguana.'

Pta de licas = Punta Lisa ('lisa' = smooth).La Serruzuela —the hill Cerro Cerrezuela is also called

Cerro de San Essovall, 670 feet (204 m) (see Chart 39).

― 122 ―ffrom Nata the coast streaches in mountenous hills and the water shoales in such manner that there is scarse anycoming in for a ship, but if there were there is not any port along it, nor much traffick aboute the Coaste wch at thesea side is low land but grooves very high within land. Behind these hills is a Village called Sapo wence they fetchhogs and fowles[77] to Panama as they doe from all these places on this Coaste. I would advise every ship to keepof from the shore above 2 leagues, for they will find broken grounde and sunken rocks, but the Coast is full of goodffresh water rivers and exellent fish wch they cary severall leagues within land. This fishing is an Employment theyputt the natives to but reward them

[77] "Fowle" is presumably chicken, brought to the New World by the Spanish, though it could be any of severalgallinaceous birds either domesticated or wild, native or exotic, used for food.


Chart 39Cerro del Sapo —this seems to be a view from seaward of the two peaks Cerro Campana, 3,297

feet (1,005 m) and Cerro Trinidad, 3,170 feet (967 m), well inland, whose position, marked Cerro del Sapo , can bc seen on Chart 40. The real Cerro del Sapo is a hundred miles on the other side of the Gulf of

Panama, eight miles south-southeast of Punta Garachine; it is marked Sapo on the right-hand edge of Chart 41.La Serruzuela —see Chart 38n.

La Cherrera = Río Chorrera ('chorrera' = rapids).Rio de la Estancia = Río Estancia ('estancia' = ranch).

Rio de Anton = Río Antón.Rio Chico = Río Chico ('chico' = small).Rio de Chiru = Río Hato ('hato' = herd).

Rio de ffarellones = Río Farallón.? Cavnas = Río Las Guías ('guía' = guide).

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio de Chame = Río Chamé.Rio de la Gartos = Río Lagarto ('lagarto' = lizard).

ffarellones de Chiru = Farrallón del Chirú.Pta de Chame al NE = Punta Chamé. (See also Chart 40 for a different view.)

Hack f. 46: "Alongst this Coast runs such a boisterous sea that there is no coming near it, without dainger."

― 124 ―very slenderly. From Pta de Chame beginnes the bay of Panama wch is the greatest sea port (next Lima) of all theSouth Sea.[78] It hath 8 Parish Churches and more then 30 Chapells. It is almoste a mile & half long and a goodmile broade. It stood formerly 4 mile to the Eastward of the place it stands now on but by being taken and kept amonth and then burnt by Sr Henry Morgan and by misfortunes 3 times burnt since,[79] they thought it better tobuild here at the sea side then at the old place, and it is now better built and larger then the old towne was. Fromthe old towne there Cathedrall is seen as you ride at anchor at Perico,[80] where all ships wch come to Panama rideunless small barques wch by meanes of a Creeke run into the city. Before this city

[78] Panama City was founded earlier than Lima; however, Lima, with its outport Callao, became more importantboth because it was a viceregal seat and because it was the home port of the Royal Fleet of the South Seas (lessdamage was done to the ships by Teredo worms there than in the warmer waters of Panama).

[79] The old city of Panama, founded in 1519 a few miles northeast of the present site, was abandoned after beingburned down in Morgan's attack in 1671 (see Introduction, p. 1, and Fig. p. 2).

[80] Today the islands of Flamenco (ffarellon on Chart 40), Perico, and Naos (Isla de nats ) are joined to themainland near Ancón by a causeway. This causeway runs parallel to the dredged channel leading to the southernentrance to the Panama Canal, in the mouth of Ringrose's Rio Grande, today's Balboa Harbor.


Chart 40This hall is over Panama —an unnamed hill near the old city, 148 feet (45 m). The present

city of Panama is located at the house below the word Ancon. See Chart 41, first note.

Lat = Lat. 9°00' N.Rio Chico = Río Abajo ('abajo' = below).Cerro dell Ancon = Ancón, 647 feet (197 m).Rio Grande = Río Grande; today this is the site of the Panama Canal.Rio de Benados = Río Venado ('venado' = stag, deer).Cerro de Cabra = Cerro Cabra, 1,673 feet (510 m) ('cabra' = goat).Rio de Bique = Río Botrero.Isla Melones = Isla Melones ('melones' = melons).Isla de nats = Isla Naos ('nao' = ship).Perico = Isla Perico ('perico' = parakeet—also a mizzen-top-gallant sail). Because of the large rise and fall of tide, ships for Panama City had to lie at Perico to load and unload. See Introduction, pp. 9 and 10.ffarellon = Isla Flamenco.Tavogilea = Isla Taboguilla.Tavoga = Isla Taboga.Biabia = Isla Urabá.Valladolid = Isla Chamá.Otoque = Isla Otoque.bonao = Isla Boná.Ysla Verde = Islote Verde.Snra

Mandingo = Isla Mandinga ('mandinga' = little rogue).Silla de Cavallo = Isla Ensenada.pan de sucie = Islote Pan de Azúcar.Tabora = Isla Taborcillo.GuacaCerro del Sapo = Cerro Campana and Cerro Trinidad. See Chart 39 for a different view; see also Chart 39n.Pezepuete = Río Perequeté.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Ro Sahalizes = Río Sajalices.CamaronRio de la Gartas = Río Lagarto.Pta de Chame = Punta Chame.

― 126 ―wee fought the Spaniards, they having 3 Armadilla's with 228 men, wee in 5 canoas and a Periaugre with 68 men.Here we kild there Admirall, took there Vice Admirall and forced there other away, taking 2 of there ships. and thesame morning being Apr: 23: 1680, we tooke afterward 5 greate ships riding in the roade one of wch viz: (theTrinitie) brought us round aboughte the Southerne parts of America. Here wee lay 3 weeks, took all that went oute,or came in, amongst wch one had 52000 Dollers.[81] We brought the city into such straightes for Provision thatthey came and bought the flower[82] and wine[83] &c. of us Wch wee had taken from them. Thence we sailed toTaboga. There took the towne and watered there. It is 4 leagues from Panama.[84] Hence went to Otoque, tookthat village and severall hoggs and fowle. In the woodes here aboute are large Parrotts.[85]

[81] The Introduction. pp. 9-10, tells the fuller story of the Battle of Perico.

[82] "Flower" = flour, which was ground from any of a number of grains, including maize, wheat, barley, and oats.

[83] Wine brought from either Chile (see n. 147) or Spain.

[84] See Introduction, p. 10.

[85] These tropical birds (order Psittaciformes) were prized by the buccaneers for their coloration and vocalization.


Chart 41Panama = Ciudad de Panamá, first visited by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513. The city was founded by Pedro Arias Dávila in 1519, 5 miles (9 km) northeast of the present site; today

this former site is called Panamá Vieja (Old Panama). Panama was the main Spanish exploration base for the Pacific coast of North and South America anti served as the southern end of the

transisthmian trade route. The city was destroyed in 1671 by 1,200 men under Capt. (later Sir) Henry Morgan. Ringrose states that the city was burned three more times by "casualty" before

being moved. The city was rebuilt in 1673 at the present site, a fortified peninsula "much bigger than the old one was, and is built for the most part of brick, the rest being of stone, and tiled. . . .

The extent of the City comprehends better than a mile and a half in length and above a mile in breadth. The Houses for the most part are three stories in height. It is well walled around, with two Gates." These fortifications protected the city from falling to the buccaneers. Ringrose also observed that "some poor people still inhabit the old town, and the Cathedral Church is still kept there, the beautiful building whereof makes a fair show at a distance like that of St. Paul's at London " ("Bucaniers of America" [JP3], p. 33). (The original Saint Paul's Cathedral

was finished at the end of the thirteenth century; it was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666 anti was demolished by 1675 when the cornerstone of Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece was laid. As the second structure was not completed until 1710, Ringrose was probably referring to the former Saint Paul's.) The chart above shows the Catedral Viejo anti the pre-1671 city of

Panama. (The present city of Panamá is located below the word Ancon on Chart 40.)Juan Diaz = Río Juan Diáz.Tocumen = Río Tocumén.

Pacora = Río Pacora.Arbol de Guise —'tree of seasoning'; a spice tree or plantation.

Rio Chapo = Río Chepo.Chepello = Isla Chepillo. The buccaneers landed at Isla Chepillo on April 22, 1680,

where they obtained food anti a small ship.Chimaro = Río Sama Cruz de Chinina.

Pariga = Río Pasiga.La Gartos = Río Lagarto.

la Maistra = Río La Maestra.Rio Honda = Río Honda ('hondo' = deep).

Pta Manglares = Punta Mangle ('manglar' = mangrove, 'Rhizophora mangle').Rio Chiman = Río Chimán.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Lo Alto de Mache = Serrania de Majé.Mache = Isla Majé.

Pta San Lorenzo = Punta San Lorenzo.Quebrada de Mar

Rio Sucio = Río Sucio ('sucio' = foul; here, for submerged rocks).Golfo San Miguel = Golfo de San Miguel = Gulf of Vallona (Ballona).

Pta de Patina = Punta Patiño.Ro Perez = Río Sambú.

Sapo = Cerro Sapo, 4,264 feet (1,300 m) ('sapo' = toad).aguacale

Pta Garachine = Punta Garachiné.On this Shoale was lost ye Almirante 1631

Though they appear separately on Chart 43, the Pearl Islands are somewhat surprisingly omitted here; they are, however, included in the equivalent chart in Ringrose's journal (see Fig. p. 11).

― 128 ―ffrom Panama to Chepello is 8 leagues. Here wee took a parcell of Mulattoes and negroes.[86] On the maine overagainst this Island is the river of Chepo and up seven leagues on this River is a towne Called Chepo, plentiffull ofProvisions and people very rich. By this river[87] it is very easye to Come into the South Sea, it going far up, andthe Indians naturally abhor the Spaniard.[88] From Chepello to Plantan Island is 7 leagues, a league from the maineand Indiforent deepe water about it, but the maine is all a long shallow water. I have been a league from shore andnot founde 4 foote water. From hence to Pta San Lorenzo is 10 leagues, a very sholy pt , low land and full ofCreekes. From hence beginnes the guile of St Miguell or Golfo de Balleno, in which are severall Islands.

[86] See n. 43.

[87] Rivers such as this one, navigated by canoes, were used by both Indians and Europeans in crossing theisthmus (JP3 , 8).

[88] Ringrose met with the Indians of Darien during his crossing of the isthmus in 1680; he noted that these stillindependent people often fought "their ancient Enemies the Spaniards " (JP3 , 9).


Chart 42Sta Maria = Santa Fe. The buccaneers, after crossing the isthmus, sacked and

burned this fort and town on April 15, 1680. For further details, see Introduction, p. 5.Rio Tugueso = Río Tuquesa, a tributary of the Río Chucunaque, a tributary of the Río

Chico, a tributary of the Río Tuira. The Río Tuquesa descends from the continental divide in the Serrania del Darién. This river was part of a route across the Isthmus. On a map by

Dampier (JP4 , opp. p. 12) entitled "A Map of the Isthmus of Darien & Bay of Panama," there is written across the isthmus along the Río Tuquesa, "The A's Entrance into the South Seas." This route was also used by the buccaneers in 1680.

Rio Tuyra = Río Tuira. "This river is twice as broad as the river Thames at London" ("Bucaniers of America" [JP3], chap. 3).

Dos BocasRio San Miguel = Río Sabana.

Rio banbo = Quebrada Corredó.Dos hermanos

Rio Papayall = Quebrada Teteral.Rio Sucio = Río Sucio ('sucio' = foul; here, for submerged rocks).

Pta de BuronQuebrada de Talique

Quebrada de Juan SapeRio de Indios = Puerto Darién. Darien is the name of the province.

Rio de balsas = Río Balsas o Tucuti. Balsa wood ( Ochroma lagopus ) is exceedingly light and is used for making rafts.

Astillero de Estovall Martin = La Palma.Rio bona vista —at Punta Buena Vista.

Piña de D. Diego = Punta Sabanas ('sabana' = sheet).

A Buccaneer's Atlas


boca ChicaCedros = Isla Cedro ('cedro' = cedar).

Pta Patina = Punta Patiño.Camba

Rio SucioRio Congo = Río Congo.

Peña OraAquada

Pta lorenzo = Punta San Lorenzo.Pta Gorda = Punta Gorda.

Pta CorenzoYguanos = Isla Iguana, any of several large tropical

American lizards of the genus 'Iguana.'farellon de Patatas = Islotes Patiñito.

Quebrada = Río Sambú.Cerro del Sapo = Cerro Sapo ('sapo' = toad).

Pta Garachina = Punta Garachiné.This chart is of the Golfo de San Miguel.

― 130 ―This gulfe is very smooth and hath deepe water and good anchoring in severall places. It was the place by wch Sr

ffrancis Drake entered the South Sea and Performed severall brave Exploytes against the Spaniard.[89] Next it isfamous for the unhappy passage of Capt Oxnam in the yeare 1578,[90] but it is most of all famous for our Passagein the yeare 1680 in the month of Aprill where in the River St Miguell wee took and burnte a Spanish Garrisson,260 soldiers being in the fort, and by this Gulfe entered in to the Spanish Seas as they proudly Call them; but ifthe sword gave them there title, it Likewise gave us ours, for wee were masters of these Seas 22 months andmighte have been to this day if wee would have stayed there.[91] Neare to the mouth of this Gulfe lyeth a range ofIslands called the Kings Islands.[92] There are about 40 of them in

[89] Ringrose refers to Drake's 1572-73 overland crossing of the isthmus, during which, on the return, a mule trainwas surprised and a considerable prize taken. Drake was on the Pacific slope, of course, but he hardly "entered theSouth Sea" at this time as the Waggoner suggests.

[90] John Oxenham (or "Oxnam"), a Devonian and former colleague of Francis Drake who was the first foreignenemy to sad against the Spaniards in the Pacific, arrived on the Pacific coast of Panama In 1575; there he madecontact with the maroons (runaway Negro slaves) and, like Sharp and his colleagues a hundred years later, walkedthrough the jungle to the headwaters of the Gulf of San Miguel. Oxenham spent some weeks building a pinnace inwhich he sailed to the Pearl Islands in the Bay of Panama, where he captured several Spanish vessels. After about amonth of success against the Spaniards, however, he was captured in 1578 and taken to Lima to be tried forheresy. Despite Drake's plea to the viceroy for mercy after the capture of the Cacafuego in March 1579, Oxenhamand his men were executed in 1580. (See Gerhard 1960, 57-60.)

[91] See Introduction, p 5, for the fuller story.

[92] The "Kings Islands" are today known as the Archipiélago de las Perlas, the largest island of which is the Isladel Rey.


Chart 43The Kings Islands * or the Perle Islands = Archipiélago de Las Perlas, consisting of many islands and islets with numerous above-water and submerged rocks.

Pacheca = Isla Pacheca.Bartme de la Calle = Isla Bartolomé.

Saboga = Isla Saboga.Contadora = Isla Contadora.

Chapera = Isla Chapera.Chino = Isla Chitre.

Mogomago = Isla Mogo Mogo.Vallanetta

A Buccaneer's Atlas


la Pajamina Grande = Isla La Mina.mina Chica = Isla La Minita.

Cazalla = Isla Casaya.volcanosgarsios

Gibraleon = Isla Gibraleón.Ensalletta = Isla Bolaños.

Gaspar Ramos = Isla Bayoneta ('bayoneta' = bayonet).Carracol = Isla Caracoles ('caracol' = seashell).

Estovall PerezMembrillos = Isla Membrillo ('membrillo' = quince).

Viberes = Isla Viveros ('vivero' = fishpond).Asafrur = Isleta de Afuera.

Chapaceros = Isla San Pedro.Sn Pablo = Isla San Pablo.

Perico = Isla Perico.Elifante = Isla Elefante (may refer to the elephant seal, 'Mirounga angustirostris').

Puercos = Isla de Puercos ('puercos' = hogs, swine).monte = Isla de Monte.

y:polada = Isla Camote ('camote' = sweet potato, 'Ipomoea batatas,' a tropical plant cultivated for its edible tuberous root).

On this shole was lost the Almirante 1631 = Banco San José, the shallowest point of which, Trollope Rock, is 9 feet (3 m) deep.

St Elmo = Isla Santelmo.Galera = Isla Galera ('galera' = crab).

Isla del Rey = Isla del Rey.mendano = Río Mendaño ('mendaño' = sand dune).

Carrino = Río Chuche.Capira = Río Chepillo.

Rio Bermejo = Río San Juan ('bermejo' = vermillion).Mosquitos = Punta Gorda; mosquito—any of various dipterous insects of the family 'Culicidae.' The Golfo de Panamá is infested with mosquitoes that transmit malaria.

Rio Casique = Río de Cacique ('cacique' = a native Indian chief of Mexico or the West Indies).Ro limon = Río Limón ('limón' = lemon or lime).

Pta de cocos = Punta de Cocos, the southern extremity of Isla delRey ('coco' = coconut palm, 'Cocos nucifera').

Cavallero = Quebrada La Guinea (a guinea was an English gold coin issued from 1663 to 1813).Martin Perez = Río Martín Pérez.

? la Gartos = Río San Juan.Puiblo Viejo = Playa Honda.

Canelija = Canal Ventura Cruz.bombaz = Punta Lava Lava ('bombazo' = explosion).

Ortiz = Río San Francisco.Ostion = Río Ostión ('ostión' = a large oyster).

Serez = Isla Gallo ('gallo' = rooster).Mariche

Snra = Isla Señora.Sta Catalina

Mortena = Isleta Platania.Pedo Gonsales = Isla Pedro González. South of here should be the

Armada Channel. The island of Chuche is missing near the title.

― 132 ―all and severall good Ports and harbours with good wooding and watering. On the greate Island there is a villagewere they build vessells. There wee tooke one of 30 tunne, a very good Sayler.[93] Betweene the Island Galera andPta Garachina is a Dangerous shoale wher on the Spaniards have lost 3 or 4 greate ships and it is in the usuallpassage of there fleete from Lima to Panama and betweene the said Island and the maine is near 6 leagues.[94]

From Pta Garachina to Puerto de Pinas is 8 leagues. It hath two small Islands at the mouth of it, but you may saileif you please close to them for there is not less then 12 or 14 ffathom. Here is good wood and water and ffruite. Itis very high land and makes a hollowing in the top and is in latt.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


. From hence to Cape Corientes is NW, SE 69 leagues. ffrom Puerto de Pinas to Puerto Quemado is 25 leagues. Atits

[93] Captured by Bartholomew Sharp. See Introduction, p. 9.

[94] See Chart 43 for a notation on one wreck in 1631.


Chart 44Pta Garachina = Punta Garachiné.

Puerto de Caricoles —a cove at Punta Caracoles ('caracol' = seashell).Puerto de Pinas = Bahía Piñas.

= Lat. 7°35' N.Puerto Quemado = Bahía Octavia.

= Lat. 6°45' N.Puerto Claro = Bahía Cupia.

― 134 ―mouth is a rounde hill, not so high land as Pinas. There are severall good Ports and bayes along this shore, as thesmall village of ffranciscans, it being the place where some of that Order were left till the Country werediscovered.[95] ffrom the bay of San Antro begins a Drouned land very low wch in rainy times hath only its treesabove water. It is Called Las Anegadizas. Before you come at Corientes by 12 leagues is a River Called Rio deSandio. All along this Coaste is deepe water and you may sail close to the shore in 10 or 12 ffathom water, cleareOusey grounde.

This Cape Corientes is very high land and from sea boarde showes like an Island and on its top hath 3 hillock.If you look at it to the SE it seemes a round Key.[96] It is in north latt.

: a very cleare good Coaste but often

[95] "Discovered" = settled.

[96] "Key" = cay, a low island or reef.


Chart 45Baya de ffian Solano = Bahía Solano, at Punta San Francisco Solano.Baya de San Anto o = Puerto Utría. Hack f. 55: "Here is the Religious

seat of St Francisco [the Order of Saint Francis of Assisi]."Las Anegadas = Picos tic Ananas, 1,500 feet (457 m). This is the first high land near

the coast north of Cerro Montecristi (see Chart 53), more than 400 relics (640 km) distant, and from the south looks like an Island.Rio Sandio = Río Tibuga, at the head of Golfo de Tibuga.

Cavo de Corientes = Cabo Corrientes ('corriente' = current)—well named, as there is a constant northerly current in its vicinity.

Lat = Lat. 5°30' N.

― 136 ―raines, wch this Coaste is much subject to till you come past Cape ffrancisco.[97]

ffrom Corientes to the River Buena Ventura is 23 leagues NW and SE. In the mid way is the Island de Palmasand near this Island a River falls into the sea, wch at low water hath 2 ffathom at its bar. It is very deep water on

A Buccaneer's Atlas


most parts of this Island, Buena Ventura in North Latt hath

. It is a very greate river and runns up amongst the Gold mines.[98] Formerly there was a fort 10 leagues up it butthe wonderfull raines hath forced them away from it. From this River to the Island Gorgona is 25 leagues SW & NEa very rainy Coaste. At this Island wee lay and Careened the first time in the South Sea.[99] Along this Coast aremany rivers, at whose heads the Spaniard doth

[97] This area receives precipitation from both the Pacific and the Caribbean with total annual rainfall exceeding 80inches (200 cm), except in rain-shadow areas of the Cordillera Occidental.

[98] See n. 100.

[99] Careen = to heave the ship down on one side on a beach to clean or repair the hull. The Spanish prisonerCaptain Peralta recommended that the buccaneers go to Gorgona to careen because, he said, it rained so much thatthe Spaniards never visited the island. The buccaneers named Gorgona "Sharp's Isle." (The fuller story is given inthe Introduction, p. 13.)


Chart 46Cerro de Torra from here & the gold mines come —n. 100 (Chart 47).

? Cerro de Caraba hallCavo Corientes

Rio Bogotes = Río Baudo, 100 miles (160 km) long.Rio de los Noanamas = Río San Juan, 200 miles (320 km) long, navigable most of its length,

with rich gold placers in the upper reaches (department of Caldas) in the Cordillera Occidental. The first reconnaissance of the Pacific coast of South America, by Pascual de Andagoya in

1522 from Panama, reached Río San Juan (4°15' N), which was the northern coastal limit of the Incan Empire.

Palmares = Isla Palmas.ffran:de Sn PoRio de Pagua

Baya de la buina ventura = Bahía Buenaventura ('buenaventura' = good fortune)—the largest Pacific port of Colombia.

Rio de la buina ventura = Río Buenaventura.Pta de Arena

Isla de RealezoRio ostiones

Baya de RaposaEstero de los Piles

Rio de los PilesRio San JuanLa Madalina? SarambriaRio GorgonEsmiralldos

Gorgona = Isla Gorgona. Francisco Pizarro waited nearly seven months, during 1526-27, on Isla Gorgona for Diego de Almagro to return from Panama with reinforcements. Hack f. 57:

"Capt Sharpe Call'd Gorgona after his own name by reason he Core'nd there. This Isle is full of a sort of trees Call'd Maria: which are very servicable for ships masts & on the SE part of it is

a River of excellent good water."

= Lat. 2°58' N.

― 138 ―waite for gold wch falls from the mountaines of Toro.[100] The Island Gorgona is in North latt.

. The Coast is low land and there are some Rivers that are sholey 2 leagues into the Sea. There fore keep of theshore for if it bee flowing water the Current will heave you a shore, soe I advise that whenever you find 20 ffathom

n

A Buccaneer's Atlas


water you y stand off into the Sea. From hence to the Island Gallo are 28 leagues and better. You may anchorsecurely here on the NW side in a small bay where you have betweene 4 and 5 ffathom water, cleane and goodGrounde, but it is a very rainey place. It lyeth in a bay in wch is a village of aboute 20 houses, from wch place theysent oute 50 men who lay in ambush for 7 of our men who coming ashore not thinking of them, 6 were kild andthe other taken. These 7 men wee lost one night in a small barque when

[100] Throughout northern Colombia in pre-Conquest times, the Indians worked gold placers using nets strungacross rivers to catch nuggets. In Colonial times this area became a very productive gold region as deposits werereworked using pans (bateas ) and sluices (Sauer 1966, 220-70).


Chart 47Rio de Cedros = Rio Mícay.

Serras de PastaRio de Tilimbi

Sta Barbara = the town of Pizarro.Gallo = Isla del Gallo. Francisco Pizarro waited on Isla del Gallo during 1526 while Diego de Almagro returned to Panama for reinforcements; he moved to the larger Isla Gorgona (see Chart 46n) 90 miles (144 km) north when Isla del Gallo proved too small. Onthe mainland near Isla del Gallo is the town of Pizarro.Arastra = Río Amarales (mouth of the Río Tanaje).Estero = Río Curay.Rio de Maldu = Rio Chagui.Rosario = Río Rosario.Surhidero de los Navios = Ensenada Tumaco.Rio de Mira = Río Mira, 150 miles (240 km) long.Gorgonilla = Islote Gorgonilla. This island is located 70 miles (112 km) too far south on the above chart; it actually lies close by Isla Gorgona.

― 140 ―wee first left Panama and they had Come up hither in search of us and here unfortunately mett there ruine.[101]

ffrom the Island Gallo, wch is in north latt.

to Pta de Manglares is 12 Spanish leagues. The coast runnes NNE & SSW. Betweene is an Island, small but prettyhigh, called Gorgonilla. The point of mangroves is a low pt streaching out into the sea SSW. There are severallshoales aboute it wch streach a league and better, but all along here is good and cleane Anchorage. It is in NorthLatt.

. From this Pt beginns a greate & deep bay Called Ancon de Sardinas. It is 10 leagues & better long, all low land,full of small Rivers wch are peopled with Indians but not very Populous. The Spaniards reason is because they havenot been taughte there way of Christianity and soe blinded by the divell. They war one on another every dayMurder =



Chart 48Pta Manglares att first Sighte* all Low Land

Pta de Manglares = Punta Manglares ('manglar' = mangrove).

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Ancon de Sardina's = Bahía de Ancón de Sardinas—Sardine Bay. This is a shallow bight 33 miles (53 km) long in which there are numerous openings that resemble the mouths of rivers.

Rio de St. Jago = Río Santiago, 100 miles (160 km).

― 142 ―ing there Neiboures, by that meanes decreasing faster then Nature gives Increase, but a truer reason is the Spanishtiranny hath drove these poore Natives into such unwholesome places of Bogges and ffennes yt the ill Vapours[102]

of the Earth consumes more then theire warrs. At the End of this bay there doth begin high land and the Coastebends away to WSW as far as cape ffrancisco. This river of St Jago is a very greate river but ships enter not,though the Spaniards have a small Village 3 leagues up it and they say there is 4 ffathom at its mouth. If youwould Enter, Encline to the SE side and when you are over the barre there is very deep water. It is a mile broade.It is the highest land of all this Coaste except Matteo to wch is 7 leagues. Here ships have masts yards orprovisions. It is inhabitted

[102] In this very wet area, low-lying land is apt to be inundated, like fens, or full of water-soaked vegetation, likebogs.


Chart 49Baya de San Matteo = Bahía San Mateo, at the mouth of the Río de Esmeraldas (50 miles [80 km] long). Hack f. 60: "The Bay of St Matheo . . . is posest by Indian warriours (who

will hurt no strainger) & here is sold by the Mullata's all sorts provissions. But I give you a Caution of 2 things which are of great importance Vizt 1st not to Jest with there

women or debauch them; 2dly not to threaten the natives; with armes or otherwise but treat them with humility you may have what you please."

la baya de San Matteo 10 or 12 leagues dist:Tacames = Población de Atacames.

Puerto de La Galera = Bahía de Atacames.Pta Galera = Punta Galera.

The dotted symbol off Puerto de La Galera is an extensive coral reef (Arrecife de Atacames).

― 144 ―by Spanish Mottattoes & Indians. To leeward of this bay 3 leagues is a river where wee watred when the Sn Pedrowas taken by us the second time.[103] Wee fetched our water 3 mile up the river. If you would enter into the baykeep to the SE side. It hath North Latt

. From this bay to Tacames is 9 leagues. It is lower land then Matteo and its Entrance seemes like a small Island.You may Anchor in any part of the porte to windward and the nearer shore the better anchorage and deeper water.Here you may wood and water. In this port were taken in the year 1594 by Don Bertran some few stragling Englishmen who had come here to water but while they were buisy the Spaniard caught them at unawares. ffrom hence toGalera is 3 leagues. If you would ride it must bee a mile to leeward of the pt righte off which

[103] The buccaneers captured the San Pedro for the second time near Cape San Francisco on July 8, 1681.According to Ringrose, on that occasion she carried 37,000 pieces of eight. Her previous capture in Panama Bay onMay 10, 1680, had yielded 57,000 pieces of eight, wine, and gunpowder.


Chart 50Pta Galena all NW.

Cavo de San Francisco = Cabo de San Francisco.el Portete —the mouth of the Río Portete.

Ties Rios de Los Coxemies —there are a number of mouths to a large lagoon (Estero Cojimies) into which drains the Río Cojimies. Hack f. 61: "I give you to understand yt when you com to or near the Latt of yc Port of Quemado: that if any Birds which are call'd Mariposas coms on

A Buccaneer's Atlas


board that you are within 5 or 6 Leagues of the shore; & allso I advise you that if at any hour in the night you hear a bird call'd Graja that then you tack & stand of to sea: steering N W

if possible you can with small sailes. Both this I have experienced. I made a voyage takeing my departure from this said Cape. . . ." [We do not know who is talking here. It was certainly not Hack.]

Coaque = Carrizal.Serra de Coaque = Montanas de Cuaque, up to 1,000 feet (305 m).

Rio de Sama = Río lama. The equator is just north of Río Jama.Hack f. 62: "On the shoalds of Jama, Domingo Antonio by going to near the shore

was cast away the ship was call'd Gonzalo Baltran; this was in the year 1612."

― 146 ―are rocks for halfe a mile. Here are Indians who will have hoe Comerse with the Spaniards who are forced if theywant water to goe a shore armed. Here is noe very good water butt such as it is you will find in a lagoone a quarterof a mile within land at a river wch in the seasons runnes into the Sea. From this Point to Cape ffrancisco[104] is 2leagues. It is a high Cape but it is far higher within land being North and South with it. It seemes an Island andfrom windward it seemes 3 capes. It is a woody mountenous land and hath white cliffs. From hence to El Portete is3 good leagues, the Coast SE. It is a rounde hill behind wch is good wood and water and very smoothe landing. Ithath a white cliffe at the head of it. You doe anchor in good grounde. Sometimes, though seldome at noones, theresprings a wind from Shore wch will drive you from your anchor if you bee not carefull.[105] From Portete to

[104] In his journal (Aug. 5, 1680), Ringrose likens Cape San Francisco to Beachy Head in the English Channel.

[105] Such offshore winds blow down the Pacific slope of the Andes, which in this area reach elevations up to20,000 feet (6,000 m) within 125 miles (200 km) of the coast.


Chart 51Enseñada de Bocia Borachos = Punta Borrachos ('borracho' = intoxicated)—bare white

cliffs fronted by a long sandy beach in this bay.Cavo Passao = Cabo Pasao = Cabo Pasado, where the Rosario was captured (see Introduction, p. 21).

PassaoLa Canoa = Río de Chone.

Baya de Caracas = Jaramillo.La Canoa

Baya de CaracasPescadores —a fishing settlement ('pescador' = fisherman).

Passao al sur —two views of Passao from the south.S b E

― 148 ―the first river of the Coxemies is 3 leagues. There are 3 of them wch take 4 leagues in length of the Coast. Theyare full of Shoales, in some places a league of into the Sea, soe when you come aboute 2 leagues from Shore, youwill do well to Sounde, but to windward of these 3 rivers you may come nearer the land, but it is all along not verydeep as far as Coaque 6 leagues distant from hence SbW. In this bay you have 11 fathome water and one theshore soe many white cliffes wch appeare like heapes of Salt. Over this place doth pass the Equinoctiall[106] andyou may anchor close under these hills out of danger of the wind if you have Occation. From this bay to CapePassao[107] is 12 leagues WSW, all along deep water and close under Shore you may ride to Leeward of this cape.You will find people in a small Village of 20 familyes. When you would enter have a care of

[106] The equinoctial is the terrestrial equator, where day and night are equal. It is from this great circle that themodern country of Ecuador takes its name.

[107] It was off Cape Passao (or Cape Pasado) that Sharp captured the Rosario , from which the charts and sailingdirections that gave rise to thc waggoners of Ringrose and Hack were taken. See Introduction, pp. 21-23.


A Buccaneer's Atlas


Chart 52Cape Lorenzo = Cabo de San Lorenzo.

*pt di Cama = Punta de Jaramijo.Manta = Ciudad de Manta; center for production of Panama hats.

Cape Lorenzo

― 150 ―of Severall rocks wch lye right of from the cape. It is in South latt.

. It is mountenous land. There is water though not very good hard by where the village is. From this cape to CapeSan Lorenzo is near 18 leagues SWbS. From Passao to the bay of Caracas is 3 leagues SE. It is a good and Safebay & here you may find Masts if you have Occation. Here is good water and a league up you may have provisionsat a small Village of 20 or 25 ffamylyes. In your Entrance, observe to leave a small key wch lyes in the mouth ofthe bay on your larbourd side. From this bay to the port of Manta is 9 leagues SSW. It is a very steep coast till youcome within a league of manta. The towne is 3 leagues up in the Country, but on the sea side are settled 20 or 30familyes and have a church wch you may see a good way of out [?] the Sea. This is a good port but there is adangerous shoale righte off it on wch the Spaniard hath lost severall Shipes.


Chart 53Monte Xpo SE = Cerro de Montecristi, 1996 feet (609 m); three views, as indicated here and

at Xpo al Norte and Xpo al SW on this chart.Plata al Nort = Isla dc La Plata, 590 feet (180 m) ('plata' = silver); three views, as indicated here and

at Plata al N.E . and Plata al NbE on this chart.Plata al N.E.Xpo al Norte

Sta Helena al SbE = Punta Santa Elena, a narrow promontory at the northern point of Golfo de Guayaquil, appears as an island when seen from the sea. The hill at the point is steep anti flat-topped, 297 feet (90 m);

two views, as indicated here and at Sta Hellena al Sur on this chart.Sta Hellena al Sur

Plata al NbEXpo al SW

― 152 ―It is 4 foot under water and makes a greate Sea. From this Port to Cape Lorenzo is 6 leagues. Over the port ofManta is Monte Christo and the Shoale is from it NbW. This is a very high hill. There are 2 or 3 more hills to thewestward of it but are not soe high. On this Coaste the wind blowes at SW & West South West and there runnessuch a Current to leward about this cape that some ships cannot in a long time gett to windward of it. We were 3dayes.[108] From this Cape 4 leagues SW is an Island called Plata wch is soe called from Sr ffrancis Drake hisshareing of plate there.[109] I have been here twise and have founde good Turtle, Goates, & fish.[110] It lyeth inone degree

, So. Here is some small wood but no water. There is but one place of Anchorage aboute it on the NE side in 25ffathom water, Sandy grounde, soe that if fflawes[111] come from shore, wch come often, you will drive if you havenot a care from

[108] Throughout the year, the Southeast Trade Winds blow more or less parallel to the coast between aboutlatitude 40° south and the equator (with occasional diurnal modifications due to land and sea breezes); these windsare intimately connected also to the north-ward-flowing Peru Current, which occurs fairly close inshore on all but afew days of the year. This prevailing wind and current affected a sailing ship in two ways that have particularrelevance to our story: first, since the wind was so important to everything they did, seamen tended to describeanchorages and so on with the terms windward and leeward rather than south and north (see p. 186, forexample); and second, when sailing southward, since coasting was impossible because of contrary wind andcurrent, it was necessary to take a long offshore tack into the Pacific, as Sharp did in the Trinity —forty-three daysfrom Guayaquil to Arica (Sept.-Oct. 1680): twenty-nine days from Ilo to Coquimbo (Nov.-Dec. 1680): thirty-ninedays from Arica to Coquimbo (Feb.-Mar. 1681): and finally, sixty-one days from Paita to Patagonia (Aug.-Oct.1681). Northbound, there was every advantage in coasting—which Sharp exploited to the full, the 1,800-mile

A Buccaneer's Atlas


voyage from Huasco to Isla la Plata (Mar.-Apr. 1681) taking thirty-two days at a mean speed of 2.4 knots.

[109] In Bucaniers of America (JP3 , 63), Ringrose details Drake's exploit of late February 1579 as follows: "ThisIsland received its name from Sir Francis Drake and his famous Actions. For here it is reported by tradition, that hemade the dividend, or sharing of that vast quantity of Plate, which he took in the Armada of this Sea, distributing itunto each man of his company by whole bowles full. The Spaniards affirm unto this day, he took at that time twelvescore Tuns of Plate, and sixteen Bowles of Coyned Money a man; his number being then forty five men in all.Insomuch, that they were forced to heave much of it over board, because his ship could not carry it all. Hence wasthis Island called by the Spaniards themselves the Isle of Plate , from this great Dividend, and by us Drakes Isle. "According to Fletcher (1628, 59-60), the amount involved was "a certaine quantitie of jewels and precious stones,1??. chests of opals of plate; 80. pound weight in gold; 26. tunne of uncoyned silver; two very faire gilt silverboules, and the like trifles, valued in all at about 360,000 pesoes."

[110] Ringrose relates: "The next morning very early, about six of the clock, we came under the aforesaid Isle ofPlate , and here unexpectedly, to our great joy, we found at anchor the ship of Captain Cox , with his wholecompany, whom we had lost at sea for the space of a whole fortnight before. We found they had reached thisIsland, and had been there at an anchor four days before as, being now just ready to depart from thence. Aboutseven we came to an anchor, and then the other vessel sent us a live Tortoise, and a Goat, to feast upon that day;telling us withal, of great store of Tortoise to be found ashoar upon the Bays; and of much fish to be caughthereabouts"; furthermore, said Ringrose, "goats . . . there run wild up and down the country" (JP3 , 61, 62-63).With these feral goats and native marine animals, the buccaneers provisioned their ship plentifully.The Trinity and her company anchored off Isla la Plata twice—July 10-17, 1680, on the way south just before thelong board into the Pacific to reach Arica, and August 12-16, 1681, on the way north just after the capture of theRosario .

[111] Flaw = a sudden gust or squall of wind, usually of short duration.


Chart 54Cape Lorenzo = Cabo de San Lorenzo.

*Rio Picoaza = Río Jipijapa.*pta di Cullo = Punta de Callo ('callo' = tongue, in Quechua).

Salango = Isla Salango.Los Ahorcados = Islotes Los Ahorcados ('ahorcado' = one who has been hung by the neck):

these islands were the site of executions, as noted by Ringrose.Colanche = Islote Pelado. The town of Colanche is 5 miles (8 km) inland; see also n. 112 (Chart 55).

Sta Helena = Villa de Santa Elena.el Copeel Sal

Pta Sta Helena = Punta Santa Elena.Although he shows three views of it on Chart 53, Ringrose omits Isla la Plata from this chart, presumably because it was omitted from the derrotero he was copying. It should be placed just below the border of Chart 54A, under Cape Lorenzo , which is where Hack places it on

some of his versions of the same chart (f. 57 in the Greenwich Waggoner), often calling it Sir Francis Drake's Isle.

― 154 ―ffrom Plata to Salango is 6 leagues SE. From Salango Northward is the Port of Callo, a good port. A league up fromit is the towne of Picoaza wch in time of the breezes is a better port then that of Manta. ffrom Plata to Pta de Sta

Hellena South is 18 leagues. Here aboute is a stronge leeward Current. SE from the Island Salango are two rockscalled Los Ahorcados because one Machicao hanged two Spaniards there. These are Distant from Salango 3 leagues,and Deeper in the bay 3 leagues is the Island of Colanche, where you may anchor very safe in 10 fathomwater.[112] This Island is one league Distant from a river of the same name, a fine freshwater river from whencethe[y] fetch water to serve the towne of Sta Helena, where there is exellent riding for ships but not above 4 fathomwater, for there is not much water all along this coaste of low land. You must ride over against the Indian housesfor you may see the towne. Here you may have any sort of provision if you have occation for it.

[112] The Bancroft Library copy of Hack's Waggoner (W7/A3 , f. 50) says of Colanche: "On this rock was cast awayin the year 1644 a very riche shippe having then on board 15,000,000 pieces of 8; & 70 pieces of brass ordnance &lyes in about 7 fathom water." Ringrose amplifies this in his journal for August 18, 1681: "At this place, and upon

A Buccaneer's Atlas


this Rock was lost the ship afore-mentioned, that was ordered from these Seas, to the aid of our most graciousSoveraign, King Charles the First, late King of England . Said ship had on board, as the Spaniards relate, the sumof many millions of pieces of Eight: all which quantity of Plate was sent as a present unto our King. being then inhis troubles, by the worthy merchants of Lima. " The editors have found no confirmation for this unlikely story. JohnStrong of the English privateer Welfare made an unsuccessful search for this wreck in 1690 (Bradley 1989, 174).


Chart 55Pta Sta Helena = Punta Santa Elena.

Cerras de Chanduy = Cerro Chanduy, three peaks to 1,400 feet (427 m).Estero de Chanduy = Chanduy.

Yla Verde = Isla Verde.Pta de Alcatraces = Punta Alcatras.

Estero = Estero Salado ('salado' = salty).Pta de Piedias = Punta dc Piedra ('piedra' = rock).

Pta de BalsasPta de MielPta Goide

Guayaquill = Guayaquil.La Matansa

Puerto de Dievelez = Eloy Alfaro.Puerto de Da

Isla Rodriquez = Isla Santay.del ReyLeon

Bajos de mondiagon = Isla Mondragón.Ro Alonde

Ro Montaña = Canal de Matorrillos.el Naranjal = Canal tic Naranjal.

Rio de boliRio baleo = Río Baleo Grande.

Lo Alto de Tunbes = Cerros Los Amotapes.Rio Tongoi = Río Tenguel.

Rio Machala = Río Machala.Salte de Buij

Bajos de Paguell = Isla Jambeli.Rio Tunbes = Río Tumbes.

La Puna = Isla Puná.Pta Sa Bernard = Punta Cascajal.Pta Españiol = Punta Buenos Aires.

Alto de Mala = Cerro Zambapala, 975 feet (297 m).Pta Arena = Punta Arena.

las Salinas = Punta Carnero ('carnero' = sheep, ram).Cambray = Isla de Santa Clara.

Sta Clara

= Lat. 3°10' S.SombrerettMancora = Máncora.Pta de Mero = Punta Malpelo.Cavo Blanco = Cabo Blanco.Golfo de Guayaquil, shown on this chart, is the largest inlet on the west coast of South America north of Isla Chiloé (42° S). The gulf extends from Punta Santa Elena on the north to Cabo Blanco on the south and is 126 miles (203 km) wide at the mouth.

― 156 ―Righte off from the pointe are sunken rocks. If you would enter the port by night, stand not in for Shore till the

A Buccaneer's Atlas


high point of land bee withoute you. It showes at distance to bee an Island. An 100 Leagues from Passao west areseverall greate Islands Called Los Galapagos.[113] From Hellena to Cape blanco is SSW 38 leagues. The Point andSta Clara are NWbN & SWbS. The Point with Chanduy is ESE & WNW 5 leagues. Here it is fful of Shoales. If youwould Saile from the pointe to Sta Clara or Tunbes, have a care least the Current Cast you into the bay further thenyou think for soe be sure to mind the tides. It is high water at La Puna and Sta Clara at moon setting.[114] FromSta Clara to Pta de la Arena you Saile ENE. They are distant 8 leagues. Betweene these two Islands there is nopassage for a greate Ship. From Pta de la Arena to Pta de Bay is other 8 leagues. This is the port of Lapuna. Fromhence to the City of Guayaquil is other 8 leagues. This is a very difficult

[113] For a delineation of these islands, see Chart 107 and notes to that chart.

[114] The tides "follow the moon," meaning that, at any one place, high water always occurs approximately thesame number of hours and minutes before or after the moon crosses the meridian, that quantity being known todayas the "tidal establishment" of the place. It is usual to give the establishment with reference to the time of themoon's southing, not to moonset as Ringrose has done here.


Chart 56From these hills the River of Guayaquil springs

Embarcadero in winterBridge

Embarcadero in summerSt Juan de Pimoche = Pimocha.

AmoresRio Pimoche

Pueblo de San Pedro de baba = Samborondón.Rio de baba -= Río Los Tintos.Caranca = Hacienda Barranca.

BarrancaPuiblo daule = Pascuales.Rio Daule = Río Daule.

HernandoRodriguez

Guayaquil = Santiago de Guayaquil, the principal port and largest city of Ecuador, founded in 1536 by Sebastián de Benalcázar.

foitRio de Quilca

Rio de Chilintomo = Río Juján.Puiblo de Chilintomo = Baquerizo Moreno.

el ContadorYaguache el Cone = Yaguache Nuevo.

Rio de Yaguache = Río Chimbo.Juan de Novael Vermejo

Belin? noavioso

Taura? el mausoIsla dell Rey

falesThis chart shows the drainage area of the Río Guayas above Guayaquil. The Río Guayas

is formed by the confluence of the Río Babahoyo and the Río Daule 4 miles (6.5 km) above the city.

― 158 ―Channell and many Severall wayes are given to Saile it, but few good ones, for the ablest pilott of the South Seawill not think it a disparagement to bee beholding to one of the Indians of La puna or Sta Clara to guide him up,but Capt Perallto[115] hath often told mee that his way was to sounde all along & when bee founde not above 6ffathom to goe aboute and by that meanes had Carryed up severall. This city of Guayaquil is a greate towne, thebest built of the South Sea and richest for gold, it being the Embarcadero for the greate city of 80 leagues up

[116]

A Buccaneer's Atlas


called Quito, where they make good broade cloth. Here are many greate and rich townes in this gulfe. TheGovernour of this Guayaquill came out with Soldiers in a Ship to fighte us but wee kept him from Returning forSome months & Caryed him and severall more of the Chiefe of them wth us a long time.[117] The land of Tunbes isthe subject of a Spanish

[115] Captain Peralta was captured at Perico in April 1680 and was kept prisoner by the buccaneers until putashore at Coquimbo in December of the same year. It is obvious from Ringrose's diary that the two became friendsin spite of the unfortunate circumstances (see Introduction, pp. 9 and 16).

[116] Quito, the great city of the interior highlands behind this coast, lies 190 miles (300 km) north-northeast ofGuayaquil. The commodities mentioned and others, including cocoa nuts, were traded through the port of Guayaquil(JP3 , 71).

[117] The governor's action is graphically described by Ringrose (JP3 , 72-85). Almost more important to thebuccaneers than the governor, however, was the capture on this occasion—in August 1680—of the pilot NicholasMoreno, who was the only prisoner retained on board after the others, including Peralta, were put ashore atCoquimbo in December 1680 (see Introduction, pp. 14 and 16). Moreno was put ashore at Nicoya five months later.


Chart 57Cape Blanco al Sur = Cabo Blanco, the southern entrance point of the Golfo de Guayaquil,

with inset showing this feature from the south.These hills are seene within land —Cerro Los Amotapes, with peaks to 5,300 feet (1,616 m).

Rio Tunbes = Río Tumbes, 110 miles (177 km) long. The many mouths of the Río Tumbes lie north of Punta Malpelo. In 1527, Diego de Almagro and Francisco Pizarro, on their second voyage south,

reached the active Incan port of Tumbes (on the Río Tumbes) and established friendly relations. On their third voyage in 1531, which resulted in the conquest of Peru, they landed at Caleta La Cruz de

Pizarro, just south of Punta Malpelo, and found Tumbes in ruins, the result of an Incan civil war.Sombrerett —'small hat.'here ends the mangroves

Pta de Moro = Punta Malpelo. At this point, at the apex of the Río Tumbes delta, the luxuriant vegetation (including mangrove) of the tuner part of Golfo de Guayaquil ends, with only brushwood

growing on the desert coast to the south.Mancora = Puerto Máncora.Cape Blanco = Cabo Blanco.

South = Lat. 4°15' S.

― 160 ―Story. They say that the first settlement of the Spaniards in the South Sea next to Panama was here were theyfirst came, two preists went a Shore with Crosses in there hands while 10000 Indians Stood Gazing on them. Ithappened that two Lions and two Bears came forth of the woods and the preists streachmg out there armes thesavage beasts Came and worshiped the cross and became very tame.[118] In this Gulfe the Spaniards build greateships. From Pta de Mero to Cape blanco is 16 leagues, a very windy Coaste espetially off of the Cape wch is inSouth latt.

. This cape is the highest part of all the land here aboute. Here is all aboute good anchorage. ffrom Cape blanco toPta de Parina is 8 leagues. All along you may anchor but it will stick soe fast that you must have a good Cable anda good bu[o]y to haule it up. Between Malacca and Parina is a Shoale where there

[118] This event, which prompted the Indians to accept Christianity, was related to the English buccaneers by theSpanish prisoner Captain Peralta aboard their ship (JP3 , 76; the journal account speaks of tigers instead of bears).Although no historical evidence exists to support this story, it is said that this area is where the Spaniards landed in1528.


Chart 58

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Cape Blanco = Cabo Blanco. Between here and Punta de Pariñas lies the modern city of Talara, the center of Peru's petroleum industry, just south of Punta Malaca.

Malaca = Ensenada de Malaca.

― 162 ―Spaniards lost a ship with there pilott Michaile Angell. Pta Parina is low land and at Distance lookes like 2 smallround Islands. There alwaise runnes a greate sea here abouts.

From this point to the Port of Paita is 8 leagues low land to sea boarde. The Coaste runnes SSE. Within landare the high hills of Motape. This is a very good Port. The towne Consists of 250 ffamelyes, nor 4 of themSpaniards borne to this towne. The City of Piura come to Trade. This City the Spaniards say is 4 times soe bigge asPaita & distant from it 13 leagues in the roade to Lima wch is a greate roade for those persons whose BusinessCalls them from Lima to Panama or from thence to Lima, and whose stomachs cannot brooke the sea doe travell byland to Paita or from it to lima.


Chart 59Serras de Motape = Cerros Los Amotapes, with peaks to 5,312 feet (1,619 m).

Pta Parma = Punta de Pariñas.Rio Colan = Río Chira, 100 miles (160 km) long.

Colan = Colan.Puerto de Paita = Puerto de Paita, today a major port and cotton area.

Pena Oradada = Punta Ayoyero (phonetic local variant of 'agujero,' or hole = 'horadado.' pierced).La Silla de Paita = Cerros Silla de Paita.

― 164 ―Above Piura is a greate towne Called Loxa from wence they bring much gold to Paita. Paita hath felt the force ofthe English, for May 10: 1598 Sr Thomas Candish took it & burnt it only with 60 English routing 300Spaniards.[119] In the yeare 1681 wee were before it[120] but they had stockadoed the towne aboute and hadthere the whole strength of Piura, Loxa & Colan, wch is but 2 Leagues distant to leeward on the bay, twise soebigge as Paita. A league WSW from Paita is Peña Oradada. Thence one League SW is the Island Lobos. Paita isSouth Latt.

and hath no water but what comes on barque loggs[121] from the River of Colan. Silla de Paita is the only highland that all this Coaste hath, and 2 leagues from it is the greate bay of Sechura werein are many Sardinas byEnglish Called Anchoves. At the bottom of

[119] See n. 34 for an account of the capture by Cavendish of the Spanish treasure galleon Santa Ana six monthsafter his attack on Paita.

[120] See Introduction, p. 23, for a fuller account.

[121] Dampier gives a detailed description of bark logs in his New Voyage Round the World (JP4 , 141-43), as raftswith mast and sail that could sail only with the wind astern, although the larger ones did have a rudder. Small barklogs for fishing, taking water out to ships, and so on—and presumably the type referred to here—had four or fivelogs lashed together and a capacity up to about a ton. They would put to sea at night with the land breeze astern(it is fairly consistent on this coast), returning with the sea breeze in the afternoon. Large cargo-carrying bark logscould have a hull of twenty or thirty great trees 20 to 40 feet long, be several 'stories' high, and have a cargo-carrying capacity of 70 tons, generally of wine, flour, sugar, cloth, and skins. Dampier concludes (p. 143): "Theyalways go before the Wind, being unable to ply against it: and therefore are fit only for these Seas, where the Windis always in a manner the same, not varying above a point or two all the way from Lima, till such time as theycome into the Bay of Panama: and even there they meet with no great Sea; but sometimes Northerly winds: andthen they lower their Sails, and drive before it, waiting for a change. All their care then is only to keep off fromShore: for they are so made they cannot sink at Sea. . . . The Float is manag'd usually by 3 or 4 men, who beingunable to return with it against the Trade-wind, when they come to Panama dispose of their goods and bottom[i.e., the bark log itself] together; getting a pasage back again for themselves in some Ship, or Boat bound to the

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Port they came from; and there they make a new Bark-log for their next Cargo."


Chart 60Silla de Paita = Cerros Silla de Paita.

Peña Oradada = Punta Ayoyero.Lobos = Isla Foca ('lobo' = wolf; hence sea-wolf, or seal). See n. 124.

Ensenada de Sechura = Ensenada de Sechura.Sechura = Villa de Sechura, on the banks of the Río Piura, 150 miles (241 km) long. Piura, located

35 miles (57 km) up the Río Piura, was founded in 1532 by Francisco Pizarro; originally named San Miguel de Piura, it is the oldest Spanish settlement in Peru, but it does not appear in Ringrose.

Pta PisuraNonura —town abandoned at an uncertain date. The modern oil terminal of Bayovar is probably on the same site.

Pta de la Aguja

― 166 ―the bay is the Village of Sechura of 30 or 40 houses of Indians who gett there livings on the fishing trade for thoseSardina's. Nearer to Punta Aguja is a small Village called Nonura, wch is as good a port as is that of Paita. It is aCountry full of Indians. The pt is a long high hill and to Eastward & westward of it are many Rocks, but they arenot dangerous because they are very neare the shore. It is all a long a barren Sandy Coast, not having one stick ofwood nor no good taking in of water for any ship, wch is the Cause of the little trade it hath, but up in the Countryis plenty of all things.[122] The Indians are greate Slaves to the Spaniards. I have here drawne it as it appears atseverall pts of the Compass from you.[123] It is in South latt.

[122] This is the northern part of the hot desert coast of South America, which extends from 5° to 30° southlatitude.

[123] Despite the wording here, the views on Chart 61 seem to have been copied from the same source as theother charts, and are not likely to be from Ringrose's own observation.


Chart 61


― 168 ―6 degrees. From hence the Coast runnes Nearest SE as far as the port of Saña, Wch is 36 leagues distant from theSouthward End of Aguja. To the Southward Island Lobos is 6 leagues SE. This Island is 2 good leagues from themaine land. It is a Rocky Island only used by Indian ffishermen. I would not advise any ship to pass betweene itand ye maine for the Spaniards have lost severall ships by it and there is nothing of Provision or anything else tobe had near it. It is Seven leagues South from the other Lobos (not that Lobos near Paita) wch is twise so bigge asthis, this not being a league long, but they both have plenty of fish.[124] I have found this to bee n Latt.

. It is West from the port of Cherepe 14 Leagues. Before you come

[124] In his account Ringrose mentions three Islas Lobos (seal islands: lobo de mar = seal), apparently close toeach other but in reality encompassing some 120 miles: (1) his Isla Lobos between Paita and Sechura on Chart 60,charted today as Isla Foca (foca = seal) and the site of a lighthouse; (2) his "other Lobos" (the "Northward IslandLobos" on Chart 62), known today as Isla Lobos de Tierra, fifteen miles from shore in 6°25' S; and (3) the"Southward Island Lobos" on Chart 62, known today as Isla Lobos de Afuera or Isla Lobos de la Mar, thirty-fivemiles from shore in 6°55' S (Ring-rose gives its latitude as 6°20' in the text, 6°50' on Chart 62). Actually twoislands separated by some 150 yards, the "Southward Island Lobos" was much used as an anchorage by laterbuccaneers.

― 169 ―

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Chart 62the Northward Island Lobos al NE, tres Leguas = Isla Lobos de Tierra ('Seal Island'). See n. 124 (Chart 62).

Pta Aguja = Punta Aguja.LobosMorro de Etten = Morro de Eten, 640 feet (195 m).Lobos*

south. as also Mt Etten = Lat. 6°55' S.

― 170 ―to Cherripee is the River Saña wch leads to a citty of the same name 3 leagues up it. The Citty hath 7 Churchesand aboute 500 ffamelyes. At Cheripee ships loade Corne[125] for Lima and Panama, though there runnes a verygreate sea. A mile right off from the port of Cheripe is a shoale wch you must take heed of. Farther along is theport of Pacasmayo[126] where they likewise lade corne but a very open road and greate sea. The best mark toknow this bay is by the numerous flights of small birds wch are alwaise in this bay and not any where else near it.Here is no water unless you goe a mile within land for it, to the noe small Discomoditye of the Inhabitants, butsome make there living by bringing it to the sea side and selling it to ships that stop here.

[125] Corne" here is possibly Indian corn (Zea mays ). but it could mean any of several Old World grams or cereals—wheat, barley, oats, etc.

[126] Of Pacasmayo Hack says (f. 80): ". . . but you must look after your Cables otherwise the ratts will do themdamage."


Chart 63Civdad de Saña = Zaña, 15 miles (25 km) up the Río Zaña, abandoned during the colonial period.

QuebradaPico Alto = Cerro Facio, 1,731 feet (528 m).

Pacasmajo = Villa de Pacasmayo.Cerras San Pedro

Morro Malabrigo = Morro de Malabrigo, 812 feet (248 m) ('malabrigo' = poor haven).Rio de Saña = Río Saña (or Zaña), 60 miles (97 km) long.

Ermito tamboPta Cherrippe = Punta Chérrepe.

Rio fequantepeque = Río de Jequetepeque, 100 miles (160 km) long.

― 172 ―Further is the port of Malabrigo wch is known by its high hill, wch hath a hollowing in the midst. It is an ill port andis in south latt.

. 2 leagues from the bay of Chicama is a small Island wch hath also a hollowing in the midst. At Malabrigo andCherepe you must ride in 5 & 6 ffathom water. If you saile from Malabrigo to Leeward, you must steere NW toCleare your selfe of the Island Lobos, which lyes from it NWbN. From Malabrigo you saile SE for the Port ofGuanchaco,[127] wch is the Embarcadero of the city of Truhilio, which is a bishoprick and very fine place. TheCoaste along is an Iron Shore.[128] You must anchor in 9 ffathom water right west from the Church, wch you willsee in the Port and the hill

[127] Of Guanchaco (Huanchaco) Hack says (f. 83): ". . . & there is Ratts that will damnify your Cables: this I haveexperienc'd. Likewise you must take Care to weigh your Anchors every other day or els when you would: you

A Buccaneer's Atlas


cannot they will sinck so deep in Ooz."

[128] "Iron shore" = a rocky and steep-to coast without anchorage.


Chart 64Malabrigo al. Este 5 leguas

Campaña de Truhilio al NE = Cerro Campaña, 3,268 feet (997 m).La Madalina = Magdalena de Cao, today a large sugar-producing area.

Rio Chicama = Río Chicama, 50 miles (80 km) long.Pta de Cao

*guanchaco = Huanchaco.Truhilio = Trujillo.

Puerto de Guanchacoffarellon de Malabrigo al NW = Islas Macabí.

― 174 ―Campaña to the NE of you. Here runnes a very high sea soe that in the smoothest time it is dangerous Going ashoare in a boate, but they use barque loggs to bring of there Corne. On it is high double land in the Country, butCampaña de Truhilio is at the sea side. The city is two leagues from the sea side in a brave, rich, pleasant, fruitefullCountry, having 2 crops of Corne in a yeare.[129] Hence runes along the bay of Guanapee which is no good port,no more then the rest. The port of Truhilio is in latt.

south of the Equinoctiall. The Island of Malabrigo is with the Island of Guanape NNW 1/2 N & SSE 1/2 S[130] 4 1/2leagues. The hill of Guanapee is a very high hill butting into the sea and it is in south Latt.

[129] This productive agriculture was made possible through irrigation as meltwater from the snow-coveredmountains flowed through exotic streams across the desert coastal plain.

[130] "NNW 1/2 N" = north-northwest a half north, half a compass point (5°37'30") to the north of NNW. NNW 1/2N and SSE 1/2 S are reciprocal bearings giving the trend of the coastline.


Chart 65Rio de Truhilio = Río Moche.

Moche = Moche.Puerto Chuelo = Salaverry.

Morro de Guanape = Cerro Prieto de Guañape, 755 feet (230 m).

― 176 ―ffrom this Island of Guanape to the Island of Santa is 10 leagues SSE and in the mid way is the Island of Chao,betweene wch and Guanape are many Shoals, very Dangerous, therfore Carefully to bee avoyded. The bay of Chaois a good port but here is no water, but at the towne a league up, NW from the port of Santa, is a Shoale thoughnot near a quarter of a mile out, but have a care of it for you will not perceive it till you are on it. It is a goodporte and you may have provisions and wood and water. When you enter the Port look out for a streake of whitesand wch is like a Roade and is within land near fferroll and having Discovered it you may safely anchor before it in4: 5: or 6 fathom water and good Grounde.


Chart 66Morro de Guanape = Cerro Prieto de Guañape.

Rio Guanape = Río Virú, 50 miles (81 km) long. The town of Guañape is today called Virú;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


it lies some 8 miles (12 km) inland.Chao —there is no town here today, only a pier.

Puerto de chao —at Punta Chao.Morro de Chao = Cerro Salina, 1,480 feet (451 m).

Isletta = Islas Chao.Rio de Santa = Río Santa, 200 miles (322 km) long—one of the largest and

most rapid rivers on the coast of Peru.Santa = Puerto Santa.

Morro de Santa —a peak on Península de Santa, 515 feet (157 m).Corrobado = Islote Corcovado ('corcovado' = hunchbacked).

Isla de Santa = Isla Santa, 475 feet (145 m).

― 178 ―You may saile between the Island Santa and the maine but have a care of a small Island wch lyes betweene them.The Island Santa is a league long and hath South Latt.

. From this Island to the port of Casma is 14 leagues SEbS. Ferrol is a league from Santa, a safe port. You enteramongst severall Islands where you have deepe water. There is a rounde hill on the south side with white Streaks,right of wch is a Shoale something nearer the Isle then the hill. Bombacho is a good port but not used by theSpaniard, there being no traffick for them. Casma is a very good port but something windy from noon tillnighte.[131] At its Entrance is a shoale in the midst above water, another on the South

[131] Typical onshore breezes are occasioned by a cool ocean current with upwelling and a high daytimetemperature on the coast: the seaman's daytime "sea breeze."


Chart 67These hills are far up in the CountryMorro de Santa —see Chart 66 n.

Chimbote = Chimbote.Bacas de fferrol = Islotes Ferrol, three main islets ranging in

height from 250 to 500 feet (80 to 150 m).Morro de fferrol al Este = Cerro Peninsula, 1,778 feet (542 m).

* Puerto de Guanbacho = Bahía de Samanco.Isla de Santa = Isla Santa.

― 180 ―Side under water and you cannott see it but at low water and then it is a fathom and halfe under water, butbetween this Shoale and the maine is 17 ffathom water. It is two good Stones casts[132] from the maine. You mayEnter on the north side and anchor in 6 ffathom water, close under a white hill which you may come very near to.This port hath South lattitude

. From hence to the hill Called Mongon is 3 leagues. This is a very high hill but highest close to Sea boarde. It isfull of rocks and Inletts. Lett no ship ride here for here is a Strong leeward Current. Hence to Port Vermexo[133] is4 leagues. It is no good port. Here is little trade. It hath an Island wch hath a small bay called the Laque ofCalabra.

[132] At sea, the phrase a musket shot —rather than a stone's cast (or throw ), as here—was generally used toindicate a shortish distance.

[133] Of Vermexo (Vermejo = Puerto bermejo on Chart 69), Hack says (f. 90): "In this port of Vermejo is sweetwater: it is to be found 10 or 12 steps from the water side at which distance dig & you will find the water rise: it isIndiferent Good. . . . The product of the vally's is brought down to this port in waggons & from thence transportedto Lima & : but here is no people dwells near the sea side: & the Fort that is in the bay is made of Linga" (possiblya wooden fort of logs of the Chilean tree lingue , of the genus Laurus . On his Chart 69 Ringrose shows the symbolfor a fort at Vermexo without naming it. On Chart 70 he shows the same symbol, named "the fort of Linga," someconsiderable distance south of Vermexo).

A Buccaneer's Atlas



Chart 68Mongon al SE

al NE*punta chinos = Punta Samanco, the southern point of Bahía de Samanco.

Hack f. 88: "Port of Chinos by ye name of ye Tortoishell."Pueito de Los Chinos =Caleta Los Chinos.

Puerto de Casma —on the Río Casma.Isletta

Mongon = Cerro Mongón, 3,743 feet (1,142 m)—the highest and most prominent feature on this part of the coast, with a rounded appearance; two views here, al SE and al NE.

― 182 ―ffrom the Port Vermexo to the Port of Guarmey is 4 leagues. From Casma hither the Coast runnes South. Withinthe port is a white rounde Island. You must ride to windward of it in 8 fathom water. The port is peopled withIndians and Sambo's[134] but a league up is a good towne of Spaniards of 100 ffamelyes. Here is a small Rivulettof water wch in winter runnes into the Sea. This port is in South lattitude

. From hence to the Island of Don Martin the Coast runs SbW. From Jaquoy de la Torra & this Guarmey there is 5leagues. This Jaquoy is the highest hill of all the Coaste here aboute, at the sea side Rocky, on the top full of Sand,in some places white Streaks & Red.

[134] ee n. 43.


Chart 69Mongonsillo = Colina Redonda, 1,683 feet (513 m)—on the south flank of Cerro Mongón, at Punta Mongoncillo.

Guarmey = Pueblo de Huarmey, an oasis with fruit trees in a sandy desert on the Río Huarmey.bridge

Caletas —'coves,' of which there are many along this coast.Puerto bermejo = Manache. ('Port Vermexo' on p. 182.)

*

South = Lat. 10°05' S.Puerto de Guarmey = Bahía Huarmey.

― 184 ―Hence to Permonguilla is a rocky Coaste. This place from Sea boarde seemes an Island, very white because of thefowles Dung wch lyes on it.[135] Hence to Rio de la barranca is 10 leagues. Near to Permonguilla stands an olddecayed Indian fort Called the fort of Linga where the Spaniards have Massacred thousands of the Poor natives asby some Sculls seen there to this day.[136] Near to the River Barranca stands the Old towne of Baranca but thenew towne is built near there Port wch is a deep bay but little wood or water. The Coast along is full of high whiteCliffs and not very high land in the bay and Port of Supe. The land is low to Sea board but all

[135] Ringrose refers here to the guano-covered islets that are conspicuous features on this coast. The guano, highin nitrate, was later mined for export as fertilizer.

[136] Ringrose was very critical of the Spanish treatment of the native populations. This treatment has beenconsidered in depth by Sauer (1966), MacLeod (1973), Villamarín and Villamarín (1975), and Sherman (1979).


Chart 70Cerro del Jaques de la Zorra = Cerro Las Tetas, 1,522 feet (464 m), with two peaks above Punta Las Zorras.

ta

A Buccaneer's Atlas


P de Gramandell = Punta Jaguey, which forms the southern side of Bahía Gramandal.these hills are [continues on Chart 70B ]

seen over the sea coasts = Cordillera Occidental de Los Andes (Cordillera Negra), with peaks to 11,800 feet (3,600 m).

? CochesCerro del Injenio

the fort of Linga = Fortaleza de Paramonga, built by the Incas in the fifteenth century.Permonguilla = Paramonga.

Rio = Río Fortaleza.Rio Barranca —'barranca' = ravine. Here on the southern bank of Río Pativilon

is a steep cliff from which the town of Barranca derives its name.old towne

new Barranca —today Población de Barranca extends as a strip settlement from the banks of Río Barranca south to Supe.

Puerto de La Baranca = Bahía Barranca, useless to shipping owing to constant heavy surf and the steep aspect of the coast.

*

South = Lat. 10°45' S.Puiblo de Supe = the town of Supe, or Puerto Supe.

― 186 ―along very high up in the Country. From Barenca to this Supe is 3 leagues. It is an Indiferent Port. The Village hathnear 40 ffamelyes. It is a Country ffull of People. Hence to the Island of Don Martin is 3 leagues. It is a small whiteIsland a mile Distant ffrom the maine. It is halfe a league long. From hence to the leeward Port of Guaura is oneleague and to the windward Port is one league more.[137] In this windward Port ships ride where you have a Riverwch passes by the towne of Guara, a league up, Containing 100 ffamilyes. In this port is a hill wch hath two littleones on its top, at the leeward pt of wch you must ride in 9 ffathom. If a greate ship, have a Care of the windwardSide of the hill ffor there abouts are many Rocks under water.

[137] On leeward and windward ports, see n. 108.


Chart 71this is over Guara = Cerro San Cristóbal, 2,100 feet (640 m).

Guaura = Huaura.bridge —the bridge at Huaura is over the Río Huaura.

RioMorro de * Guavra = Punta Carquín, with a fort.

VicamaGuacho = Huacho.

Cerro de Salinas = Cerro Sanú = Monte Salinas, a prominent pyramid-shaped hill, 935 feet (285 m), taking its name from the saltwater lagoon at its base.

Pta Galera = Punta Lachay.

― 188 ―The Island of Guaura is in south lattitude

. Hence to las Salinas is 2 leagues. This Salinas is a very greate hill wch Drounds it selfe in Pta Galera off of wch are5 or 6 Keys, the outmost but one is the biggest amongst these Islands. You may pass for there is very deep waternearest 60 ffathom and little less to Lose Pescadores & Ormigas & if it bee calme weather you may ride any whereon this Coaste. From the Island of Guaura to the Island of Calao or Lima is 20 leagues SEbS. The sd Island is inSouth latt.

. ffrom the outward Isle of Galera to La chay is 4 leagues EbS. In the way is good Riding. Hence to Chancay thecoast is SE. Here is a good towne and a safe port. Hence to Pescadores

A Buccaneer's Atlas



Chart 72Pta Galera = Punta Lachay.

*

Lat. S = Lat. 11°18' S.Marsaque = Isla Mazorca, the largest Island of Grupo de Huaura.Malgesi = Islote Pelado.La ChayPescadores —the fishermen's houses are located at Punta Grita Lobos along the Ensenada Playa Grande, a bight that extends 20 miles (32 km).Chancay = Chancay.morro = Cerro Macatón, 1,988 feet (606 m).Rio = Río Chancay, 70 miles (113 km) long.Sierra de la Arena —peaks to 6,500 feet (2,000 m).Puerto de Anton de Rodas = Bahía de Ancón.Pescadores = Grupo de Pescadores ('The Fishermen').ffarrellon de D na Franca = Islote San Pedro, anti several islets.Boca negra = Bocanegra. The unnamed river north of Bocanegra is Río Chillón.Ormigas = Islotes Hormigas de Afuera ('hormiga' = ant).

― 190 ―is 2 leagues. These Islands make a secure & safe Port. These are N & S with Calao. The City of Kings[138] or lima is2 leagues up from Calao and Calao is its port. From Pescadores to the Islands Called Hormigas is 7 leagues WbS.ffrom Pescadores to the Island of Calao is 5 leagues. From Hormigas to the Island of Lima is ESE 9 leagues. TheIsland of lima is 2 leagues long and outward from it there is a small Key, and on the South Side of it are severallothers, and in its place of Riding is a small high hill. From hence to Calao is a Chanall but not Easily found for themany Shoals in the way. The Port of Calao is a good port and the cheife of the South Sea for in Lima resideth

[138] Lima, or Ciudad de los Reyes (the "City of the Kings," named for the Wise Men at Christ's nativity), wasfounded in 1535. Seat of the viceroy of Peru and of an archbishop and, with its outport, Callao, home port of theSpanish Pacific fleet, it was the most important city of South America.


Chart 73


― 192 ―the Spanish Viceroy and to this port is broughte all the Gold, Silver, pearles, and Stones with Guineas[139] andother rich things that the South part of the World Affords. In Lima are 38 Parish Churches, 7 monasterys, 4Nunneryes & one Colledge of Jesuists.[140] It is the Seate of an Arch=bishop and through it runnes the River ofLima. Its cheife church ffor Bravery & Relicts is that of St ffrancisco, the next St Pedro. In the first are 24 altars. Inthe next 17 altars. Calao is its port. It is walled aboute and hath 6 bastions made not in a Regular manner but 4 ofthem facing the Sea. Wth in the walls is a church and towne.

[139] A guinea was an English gold coin, issued from 1663 to 1813, which took its name from the Guinea Coast inWest Africa, where gold was thought to have originated. Ringrose was perhaps referring to the Spanish real , whichsince 1565 had been minted at Lima.

[140] Lima is also the seat of the University of San Marcos, founded by a grant from Charles V in 1551.


Chart 74

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Boca Negra = Bocanegra.Rio de Lima = Rio Rimac, 80 miles (130 km) long. 'Lima' is derived from 'Rimac.'

Civdad de Los Reyes = Lima, founded by Francisco Pizarro in 1535 as Ciudad de Los Reyes ('City of the Kings').Monte trigo

Aguada —'watering place.'the way = Avenida Colonial, the main throughfare between

the harbor and the city center, about 7 miles (12 km) inland.Calao = Callao, founded in 1537 and during colonial times the leading Pacific port. The site

of Castillo Real Felipe (with five towers, rebuilt in 1770), Callao was once separate from Lima, but today the city is continuous to the coast.

*Callao in

South = Lat. 12°03' S.Pitipili —probably the quay.Isla de Lima = Isla San Lorenzo.*

South = Lat. 12°04' S.Peña Horadada —'horadada' = pierced, perforated.Morro de Solon = Morro Solar, 932 feet (284 m), having the shape of a quoin, or wedge.Lima is dominated by Cerro San Cristóbal, on top of which is a large cross. The city today has more than fifty churches and numerous monasteries and convents and is the largest city and port of Peru.

― 194 ―Calao is ffamous not only for its being the Port of lima but also for that Sr ffrancis Drake did here Cutt loose 12saile of Ships and took a Chest of Mony, feb. 13, 1579.[141] In this port lye all the Kings ships and never departunless when the fleete comes from old Spaine to Puerto Velo.[142] Within land are severall greate and rich cityes asCusco, Guamanga, &c.[143] The port Calao is in 12 degrees South lattitude. If you would ride in this Port of Calao,bring the towne South from you and you may anchor from 12 ffathom to 4 fathom. From the Island of Lima to Riode Pachacama SE is 4 leagues, at whose mouth are severall Islands and Rocks, 8 or 9 in Number. From these

[141] According to the chronicler Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, who was at Lima at the time, this event took placeon Friday, February 13 (new style), 1578 (Nuttall 1914): Fletcher (1628), however, says that the date wasFebruary 15, 1578. The two accounts differ; Gamboa reports that Drake cut loose seven of nine ships lying atanchor.

[142] The flora , or royal fleet, from Seville called at Puerto Bello, on the Caribbean side of Panama, to pick upgoods from the Pacific coast of Central and South America that had been brought across the isthmus. See n. 26.

[143] Cuzco, the old capital of the Incas, elevation 11,500 feet (3,500 m), lies about 220 miles (350 km) fromLima, to which it was connected by a highway. Guamanga, now Ayacucho, is on the road between Cuzco and Lima.


Chart 75Morro de Solon = Morro Solar.

Rio Pachacama = Río Lurín, which runs through the town of Pachacama.Pico Alta de Chilca

Pta de Chilca—Punta de Chilca is actually the southern point of Caleta Pucusana, not the northern as shown by Ringrose, off of which lies Isla Chilca (or Isla Chuncho), unnamed above.

Puerto de Chilca = Caleta Pucusana (or Puerto Chilca).*Chilca = Chilca.

Rio de Chilca = Río Mala.*M. Tambo

Isla de Asia = Isla de Asia, 120 feet (37 m), one of the most easily identified features on this part of the coast, along which a wind called the 'paraca' disturbs the sea from noon to dusk.

Pta Asia = Punta Malpaso de Asia.

― 196 ―

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Islands to the Point of Chilca[144] is other 4 leagues. There is a towne Called Chilca 3 leagues up from ye sea side.From hence to Isla de Asia is 3 Leagues and from hence to the Port of Canete wch by another name is CalledGuarco, is 8 Leagues. Here is a hill Jetting[145] into the sea, on the top of wch is a stone fort Built by the Indianswho live about it. Within Land you see the high hills wch show righte off at sea as I have Marqued them. It is aCleare Coaste along but much subiect to Calmes near the shore.

ffrom Canete to Chincha is 10 leagues SSE. It is a good port. Here is a greate traffick

[144] Of Chilca, Hack says (f. 99): "The Port of Chilca is the best & quietest harbour that is in all this sea: but it isso litle that it will not hold above 8 or 9 saile of ships at a time: but in it you ride landlockt from all winds." On folio102 Hack says that cork and silver are exported from the port of Chilca.

[145] "Jet" = variant of jut , to protrude; cf. jetty .


Chart 76These halls are seen over the low land = Cordillera Occidental de Los Andes.

Isla de Canete —consists of a reef with two above-water rocks named El Fraile and Ciriaco. Today the town is called San Vicente de Cañetc.

Puerto de Canete = Puerto de Cerro Azul.Rio Canete = Río Cañete, 120 miles (193 km) long. Cliffs from 440 to 550 feet (134 to 167 m)

run from Rio Cañete south.Rio Herball

Pta Herball—there is a prominent clump of scrub on the lower part of the cliffs near Caleta Jaguay, which may be Ringrose's P ta Herball.

― 198 ―To Arica for our wine and other Commodityes. Neer this port are 3 Islands wch show white and hath on themmultitudes of Guanas[146] and about them greate store of fish. They lye SW from the port 3 large leagues. In thisPort of Chincha ships ride in 7 ffathom water. From this Port 2 leagues up is a towne Called Sto Domingo. TheyDeale in wine & Brandy.[147] From Rio de Chincha to Rio de Lorinchincha is 3 leagues. Up the River is a Village ofthat name where they likewise deale in wine and brandy. It is a very pleasant healthy Country. From hence

[146] Iguanas, reptiles of the family Iguanidae; possibly the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus ), found alsoon the Galapagos Islands. However, seafowl, from which guano is derived, were called guanoes by the buccaneers(JP4 , 101).

[147] This coast is famous for its wine and brandy (distilled wine) produced from the Old World grape (Vitis vinifera), which the Spanish brought to the Americas early on.


Chart 77Quebrada de Topara = Río Topara.

Rio Chincha = Río Chincha, 80 miles (130 km) long.Sto Domingo = Puerto Tambo de Mora.

Rio de GuambramayoRio de Lorinchincha

Caucato = Caleta Caucato.

― 200 ―to the port of Pisco[148] is 3 1/2 leagues. This is the Greatest port of these seas for vending of wine and Brandy,and for it they are never without ships from severall other parts and have of there owne 15 saile. It is a vast richtown containeing neare 300 houses. They have a fort of 6 gunns. It is all along a Sandy Bay, and hath very goodRiding for greate Ships in 5 or 6 ffathom and for smaller in 3 1/2 fathom water. Here is a good River for ffreshwater. This Towne of Pisco is in South Latt.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


. In this towne is an Evill Spiritt wch they call Montelillo. Of him the Spaniards often ask Councell.

[148] The locally produced liquor, pisco , a high-quality anisette, takes its name from this town.


Chart 78Rio Pisco = Río Pisco, 150 miles (241 km) long.

Pisco = Pisco.Isla Blanca = Isla Blanca.

Puerto de Paraca = Bahía de Paracas. Hack (f. 103) says local wines from the valley of Yca are shipped from this port.

*M. Paraca = Monte Lechuza ('lechuza' = owl), 1,158 feet (353 m), on Peninsula de Paracas.Ballena

La Ballesia = Islas Ballestas ('ballesta' = crossbow).Isla de chincha = Grupo de Chincha.

*St. Gallan = Isla San Gallán.*Lat .

South = Lat. 13°51' S.Lagunilla = Caleta Lagunillas.Ysla de Carate = Islote Zárate.

― 202 ―ffrom Pisco to Paraca is 3 leagues. On a bay here are 3 or 4 store houses for the towne is 15 or 16 leagues up inthe Country. These deale in wine and brandy also. From hence to Morro de Sangallan is 3 leagues, off from whosepoint comes a shoale. When you come out of Paraca bee wary of it. All those ports are most exellent & smooth andall starke calme only from noon to 3 a clock after noon.[149] This Morro de Sangallan is in South latt.

. ffrom hence runs along many good Ports as to Leeward of Morro Quemado 6 leagues. Thence to Cavallo 6 leaguesand soe to the port of San Nicholas wch by

[149] This mid-afternoon calm is occasioned by the strong land-to-sea diurnal temperature and consequentpressure gradients.


Chart 79Morro de Vegas

= Monte Carretas, 1,637 feet (499 m). The unnamed island to the right of the mountain is Isla de Las Viejas.*14.20. Lat S. = Lat. 14°11' S.

Morro Quemado = Monte Quemado ('quemado' = burning) 2,070 feet (631 m), a remarkably flat-topped ridge with a thick cap of reddish earth. Hack (f. 104) says that wines are shipped from the port but that Quemado

is a bad harbor, with no fresh water or wood.Los Ollenos —guano-covered islet and pinnacles, lying south of Punta Doña María at Punta Olleros, which

is north of Río Ica. There are rocks to the north of the mesa called Islotes Infiernillos ('infiernillo' = little hell).Messa de Dna Marta = Cerro La Mesa de Doña María Francisca (Punta Doña María) is a prominent truncated

conical mountain, 2,160 feet (659 m).Rio de Yca = Río Ica, 100 miles (161 km) long.

Morro de Cavallo al NE = Morro Nazca, 1,020 feet (311 m).

― 204 ―another name is called the port of Lanasca that being a towne from whence comes greate store of wine & brandy.Distant from this port 15 leagues, it is in South latt.

. One league ffurther is the Port of San Juan, a good port, and hence goes much wine to Ariquipa & to Arica. There

A Buccaneer's Atlas


are severall Shoales but they are close to shoare. Here is no water but what is at a Pond a League up from theSea. From hence to Morro de Acari is 8 leagues, all low land by the Sea Side, but within land is the high hill ofCuricanguana wch is seen to Seabord as is sett downe at Acary. Ships doe


Chart 80Curacanguana = Cerro Huricangane, 5,660 feet (1,726 m), the highest point of a tableland.

Puerto de San Nicolas = Bahía San Nicolás.*15.30 S . = Lat. 15°12' S.

Puerto de San Juan = Bahía San Juan.Penascos —'rocks'; a reef extends half a mile off the coast here.

PenascosMorro de Acari = Morro Chala, 3,740 feet (1,140 m).

*Acary* 16.15 South = Lat. 15°45' S.

― 206 ―not ride for it is a windy place and here doth runne a greate Sea. From hence to Morro de Ariquipa is 9 leagues.Here you have high land and from hence you may see the high lands of Atico. This Ariquipa is a towne 18 leaguesfrom the Sea Side and its port is in South Latt.

. Hence to Atico is 16 leagues SEbE, all along high land. At the Port of Ariquipa the wind Observes times much likeas in the Port of Lanasca.[150]

[150] See n. 149.


Chart 81*Morro de Acari = Morro Chala.

Puerto de Chala = Puerto de Chala. The Río Atequipa flows into Caleta Quilquay about 4 miles (6 km) to the east of Punta Chala.

Morro de Atiquipa —lesser peak below Morro Chala.*Morro di Alico = Morro de Atico.

― 208 ―This Atico is very high land but hath no good place of Riding.

ffrom it to Ocona is 9 leagues SEbE, an Iron wild Shore. In the way are many hollowings in the land caused byseverall rivers and close to shore are Severall Islands called ffarellones de los Pescadores.

ffrom Ocona to Camana is 6 leagues; the Coast runs SEbE.


Chart 82Morro de Atico = Morro de Atico.

farellones de los Pescadores —'Rocks of the Fishermen' ('farallón' = a sheer rock that projects out of the ocean). This coast is identified by four dark cliffs, from 600 to 1,000 feet

(183 to 305 m) in height, fronted by islets.Ocaña = Caleta Ocona. Ocona was a Cinchona-growing center in colonial times. (' Cinchona officinalis ' is an evergreen tree native to South America possessing medicinal properties; it

was named for the condesa de Chincón, wife of a Peruvian viceroy of the seventeenth century, who was cured of a fever—possibly malaria—by the use of this bark.)

A Buccaneer's Atlas


― 210 ―It is a good Port and is Peopled with Spaniards, and here they have much fruite as Olives, Peaches, apples, Pears,Plumbs, &c.[151] It is seldome without ships or Barques, it being a very good port.

ffrom hence to the Port of Chule is 12 leagues viz. to the Island Cornejo is 4 leagues. Thence to the Port ofHilay or Chilay is 5 leagues. Thence to Chule is 3 leagues. In Hilay is most exellent Riding. Within the keys in 50ffathom water. This Chule is in South Latt.

and is the port of Ariquipa. You must ride in 18 ffathom. Your boates may goe over

[151] The Old World orchard trees olive (Olea europaea ), peach (Prunus persica ), apple (Malus pumila ), pear(Pyrus communis ), and plum (Prunus domestica ) have all been widely cultivated ever since the Spanish firstbrought them to the New World.


Chart 83Camana = Camaná, famous for olive oil.

*Aquilca = Quilca, at the mouth of the Rio Vitor (or Quilca), 160 miles (258 km) long. Hack mentions an abundance of fish here.Isla de Cornejo = Roca Foca ('Seal Rock').

*Quebrada Cornejo —lies behind Punta Cornejo; the land beyond has peaks up to 5,530 feet (1,686 m).

Pta Chilay = Punta Islay.* Lat. 17.0 South = Lat. 17°00' S.

Los Almenos —translates roughly as 'crenelated,' like a battlement.Chule = Mollendo.

― 212 ―the barre to unlade. Hether they bring the broade Cloath of Quito (wch hath often kept mee warme).[152] Thepassage is soe narrow here that butt one boate Can pass at a time. You may from hence see the Volcan of Ariquipa18 leagues up in the Country.

Hence to Hilo is 16 leagues SSE. At Rio Tambo you have 18 ffathom water but a greate sea. The port of Hilohath good water and a Village of Indians. I have been in this port twise, first in 1680, nex in 1681.[153] Hererunnes out a long pt into the Sea wch hath South latt.

. You must anchor west from the Valley in 18 or 20 fathom.

[152] This cloth is presumably made from the wool of the South American ruminants (genus Lama ): llama, alpaca,vicuña, or guanaco of the highlands.

[153] Wednesday, October 20, 1680, and Sunday, March 27, 1681, as described in Bucaniers of America (JP3 , 88-91 and 142-44, respectively). See also Introduction, p. 15 and 19.


Chart 84Rio Tambo = Rio Tambo, 140 miles (225 km) long, lies in the Valle de Tambo and has a very fertile appearance.

Herba Buina = Caleta Yerba Buena, at the mouth of Quebrada Yerba Buena. This ravine ('quebrada') appears as a green strip against the barren plain, a desert coastal oasis—its vegetation is the only distinctive

feature in the general monotony of this part of the coast.Río Hilo

= Río Osmore (or Río Ilo). The ruins of Ilo Viejo, destroyed by an earthquake in 1868, lie on the northern side of Río Ilo

(as indicated by the church in the chart). Población de Pacocha, or Ilo Nuevo, famous for olive oil and wine, is south of the river (located in the chart by two houses).

Pta Hilo = Punta Coles, a low sandy spit jutting out from an abrupt termination of a high tableland. Some rocks lie off the point around Isleta Lobos.

ta

A Buccaneer's Atlas


P de Cole—Ringrose applies this name to a point south of the modern Punta Coles, possibly Punta Chorillos.Talcaguey = Cerro Tanapache, 3,688 feet (1,125 m).

Rio de la Camba = Rio Locumba, 100 miles (161 km) long.

― 214 ―Here are Delicate ffruites and I have walked a league up in an Olive walke. Here is a roade to Potosy and to Punio,where are rich mines.[154] It is ffrom San Gallan SEbS. ffrom hilo to Morro de Sama is Nine leagues. In midway isRio de la Camba. The Coaste runnes SE. At the bottom of this Morro are 20 white cliffs, some bigge, some little. Ithath a hollowing on the top; the North pt is highest. Hence to Rio Juan Diaz is 6 leagues. Here are 2 or 3 ffishinghouses. Hence to the port of Arica is 10 leagues. This is the embarquadero where the silver of Potosy and othermines embarque for Lima. I was before the towne in 1680 but Jan. 30, 1681 wee landed and took the towne butcould not take the

[154] Potosí, the richest silver mine in South America, is 560 miles (900 km) by road from Arica on the coast,reached by way of Puno on the west shore of Lake Titicaca.


Chart 85Morro de Sama = Morro Sama, 2,500 feet (762 m).

*

South = Lat. 17°58' S.Rio de Sama = Río Sama.Rio de Juan Diaz = Río Lluta.Puerto de Arica = Bahía Arica. The river through the town (almost invariably dry) is called Río San José Hack f. 113: "In a clear day you may see the Cordilera Nevada: this port [Arica] is the embarcadero to three very rich mines, Vizt Potosi, Puno & Plata."fort* Morro dey Arica = Morro de Arica, 460 feet (124 m).*Lat

S = Lat. 18°29' S.Isletta = Isla Alacrán ('alacrán' = scorpion).Arica, dating from pre-Columbian times, was conquered by the Incas in 1250 and served the Spaniards as a Peruvian port during colonial times. At the northern edge of the Atacama Desert, Arica has an average annual rainfall of 0.04 inches (1 mm). Along this steep-to coast heavy swells called 'bravezas' sometimes occur during calm weather owing to the open aspect and the lengthy fetch of the South Pacific Ocean.

― 216 ―Castle soe wee lost 28 men killd & taken and 18 more we broughte of wounded. We were but 90 men there andthe Spaniards had 700 men. They conffessed they lost 75 killd & 107 wounded amongst whom was there Governourhimselfe.[155] This port is in South Latt.

.

ffrom hence the Coaste runnes SbW as ffar as Tarapaca 26 Leagues, viz. to Rio de Vitor is 5 leagues. Thenceto Pissaqua is 15 Leagues but 8 Leagues short is the River Camarones whence they cary water to severall placesalong the Coaste. Over these Costs are seen within land high hills Covered with snow. Hence to Morro

[155] Ringrose graphically describes this event in Bucaniers of America (JP3 , 130-36), although the numbers ofkilled and wounded given in this account do not agree with those in his journal. The buccaneers were soundlyrepulsed, with Captain Watling, who had replaced Sharp as commander after a mutiny only a week or so earlier,being among those killed. See Introduction, pp. 18-19, for a fuller account.

― 217 ―

A Buccaneer's Atlas



Chart 86These Snow halls are seen wn it is cleare weather—"The snow-covered summits of the Cordillera

de Los Andes are visible, in clear weather, at a great clistance from seaward; however, these summits are rarely of use to the mariner, owing to the clouds which envelop them and to their apparent uniformity

of elevation" (Great Britain, Hydrographer of the Navy 1968, 2). This northern portion of Chile sees a greater number of clear days because of the dry climate. The elevation of the Andes here averages

5,000-10,000 feet (1,500-3,000 m), with many peaks exceeding 18,000 feet (5,500 m). The highest point in the western hemisphere is Volcán Aconcaqua, at nearly 22,000 feet (6,700 m), to the east of Valparaíso (33° S).

Morro de Arica al NW = Morro de Arica.Quebrada de vitor = Quebrada Vitor.

*Lat. 19.20 = Lat. 18°47' S.Rio Camarones = Río Camarones ('camarón' = shrimp), 65 miles (105 km) long.

Rio de Pisagua —on Bahía de Pisagua.*Lat. 20.00 = Lat. 19°32' S.

― 218 ―de Tarapaca is 6 leagues and is in South Latt.

. Here are good mines but the Spaniard forbids to open them because they are soe neare the sea and soe open toany Enemy.[156] 5 leagues ffrom Tarapaca is the towne of Pica and under Tarapaca is the Island Yqueque. Hence toRio de loa is 12 leagues. Here I have seen the Church wch Drake Endowed. It stand on the sea shore northward ofthe River. Here Sr ffrancis ffounde a man asleepe having 13 barrs of silver by him, wch hee took but left theman.[157] Here is very high land to southward Called Algodonales. ffrom this River to Tacama

[156] This caution was brought about by the penetration of Drake into the Pacific over a century earlier.

[157] According to Fletcher (1628, 54), on January 22, 1578, Drake and his crew "came to a place called Tarapaca,and landing there we lighted on a Spaniard who lay asleepe, and had lying by him 13. barres of silver, weighting inall, about 4000. Spanish duccatts: we would not (could we have chosen) have awaked him of his nape: but seeingwe, against our wills, did him that injury we freed him of his charge, which otherwise perhaps would have kept himwaking, and so left him to take out (if it pleased him) the other part of his sleepe, In more security."


Chart 87Yqueque —the city of Iquique was founded in the sixteenth century in connection with the discovery of the rich Guantajaya silver mines, famed in the colonial period and now abandoned, five miles to the east of Iquique.

Morro de Tarapaca = Monte Tarapacá, 4,525 feet (1,380 m).*Lat. 20.20 = Lat. 20°20' S.

Rio de Loa = Río Loa, 275 miles (442 km), the longest Chilean river. The only river to reach the Pacific Ocean through the Atacama Desert from the Andes, the Rio Loa is navigable by portage. Hack f. 116: "At the River Loa stands a Church; which by the Spaniards relation was built by the

Order of Sr Francis Drake."*

South = Lat. 21°26' S.Algodonales = Bahía or Punta Algodonales, at Puerto Tocopilla ('algodonal' = cotton plantation).

― 220 ―is 16 leagues SE, full of Sharpe rocks & no port or bay, very deep water in the way. 5 leagues ffrom Loa there is apond of water and there are a few poore Indians whome the Spaniard call Paquissa. Where the water is you willsee a greate tree (wch is a greate Raritye on these barren Coasts).[158] Tacama is in South latt.

. ffrom hence SWbS is the baya de Mexillones wch is a good port but no water. Here is much fish. It is a leagueover. You must ride Eastward of an Island in 15 ffathom water. From Tacama to the Port of Morro Moreno is 9

A Buccaneer's Atlas


leagues. This is a very high black Clouded hill. It is

[158] Riparian vegetation on a true desert coast.


Chart 88Atacama —the Atacama Desert, extending 600 miles (965 km) through northern Chile, consists

of a series of dry salt basins where in many places rain has never been recorded; it is famous for nitrate production begun in the mid-nineteenth century.

Baya de Mexillones = Bahía Mejillones del Sur ('mejillón' = mussel).

― 222 ―a good port but open to the north wind. It is a very good place to Careene in but no water. It lyes in South Latt.

. It lyes ffrom Sangallan SbE.

Hence to Morro de Georje is 10 leagues SbW. All the way betweene them is a dangerous open bay into wch theSW wind blowes full. You may ride behind Morro de Georje in 25 fathoms but not without danger.

ffrom hence to the bay of Nra Snra is 22 leagues, all along a wild unpeopled Coaste and an Iron Shoare withvery high land. The Coast runnes SSW and very little good water all along.


Chart 89Puerto to de Morro Moreno = Bahía Moreno.

Morio Moreno al SSE* Baya de N. Señora —probably on the site of the port of modern Antofagasta, founded in 1870,

an extensive mining port and site of pre-Columbian ruins. Not the same as the bay of the same name on Chart 90.

*Lat

= 23°50' S.Morro de Georje = Morro Jara, 418 feet (127 m).Sierras de Nra Snia —a range of mountains taking its name from the similarly named bays on either end and ranging between 5,900 and 7,870 feet (1,800 and 2,400 m) high; part of the Cordillera de La Costa.

― 224 ―But in this bay is good water. You ride right off from it in good ground but a greate sea. I advise to come noneerer then 25 ffathom water. From the high land comes downe a sharpe point, and neer halfe a mile from thatpoint in the Sea is a small white Island wch when you anchor must bee just a head you, and it is in South latt.

and beareth from Morro Moreno So:1/2W[159] and the said morro may bee seen from hence in a Cleare andbrighte morning. All this Coaste is very windy and Subjecte to Earth quakes.[160] The Coast runnes SSW as ffar asCopiapo.

Hence to the Port de Velas is 7 leagues. Hence is good riding but very deep water for you must

[159] The Morro Moreno mentioned here is not the same as the headland of the same name on Chart 89, which ismore than a hundred miles to the north. "So:1/2W" = south a half west, half a compass point (5° 37 ' 30") west ofsouth.

[160] The entire area portrayed in this waggoner is at the boundary between continental and oceanic plates, theconvergence of which produces earthquakes and volcanoes. In this area particularly, where high mountains andgreat ocean deeps are only 125 miles (200 km) apart, earthquakes are common.

A Buccaneer's Atlas



Chart 90Baya de Nia Snra = Bahía Nuestra Señora.

Puerto de velas = Bahía Isla Blanca. 'Vela' (sail) refers to guano-covered rocks that appear from far off as triangular white shapes. The nutrient-rich waters of the Humboldt Current support abundant fish and hence bird populations along this coast, and the low rainfall allows the guano to accumulate.

el Junial = Caleta Pajonal ('pajonal' = place abounding in tall grass).el Chineral = Puerto Chañaral de las Ánimas.

*el Chirenal

― 226 ―ride in 30 ffathom water. Gett as far in to the Eastward as you can that the North winds may not drive you a shore,where you must Infallibly Perrish. It hath on its South side a white Sandy Cliffe. Here is plenty of that sort of fishcalled Marisco[161] but no water. At Junial is very good Riding but no Inhabitants nor water. Without its mouth is asmall Island.

Hence to Chirenal is 6 leagues. It is a safe & good port from all winds but hath no water nor any thing elsenessessary for man.

Hence to Copiapo is 3 leagues, all good ridings and bayes. This port of Copiapo is a safe port from

[161] Marisco is Spanish for "shellfish"; Ringrose refers here to a variety of edible crustaceans and mollusks,including crabs and erizo de mar , or sea urchin.


Chart 91Copiapo = Puerto Viajo or Bahía and Río Copiapó. The Copiapó River is usually considered

the southern boundary of the Atacama Desert. Coastal mountains, known as the Cordillera de La Costa, run parallel with the Cordillera de Los Andes from Arica (18° S) to Isla Chiloé (42° S); the two ranges are separated in the north by transverse ranges that delimit basins and in the south

by a great valley, 110 miles (77 km) long. The town of Copiapó was founded in 1540 by Pedro de Valdivia.Baya Sallada = Bahía Salado.

El Totoral = Totoral.Puerto de Guasco = Puerto Huasco. Río Huasco (unnamed on the chart) is 140 miles (225 km) long.

― 228 ―Southerly winds and hath a barre wch doth much breake the north wind. Wth in this barre you shall see 4 or 5fishing houses, but here is no good water. Here is a towne of aboute 70 famelyes, a place of a Considerable trade.The land here at Distance doth make like that of Sta Hellena.[162] In this port they lade flower, wine & sugar[163]

for Chiluy. From hence to the Islands of Coquimbo is SWbS 40 leagues. From Copiapo to Baya Salada is 6 leagues.Here is Endiferent Riding and a dangerous shoale wch lyes righte west from the river, wch is brackish water. Henceto Totorall is 11 leagues. If you would ride here, sett the point SWbW from you and you will find good Anchorage.From hence to

[162] See profile, Chart 53.

[163] "Sugar" here is probably sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum ), a perennial grass first brought by the Spanishfrom the Canary Islands to the West Indies and from there diffused throughout the New World. Along this coastwere sugar mills (called by the Spanish ingenio de azucar ), where the sugar was hardened in rounded vessels toproduce sugar loaves.


Chart 92Illas de Paxaros = Islotes Pájaros ('pájaro' = bird).

*Coquimbo

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Puibla de la Serena = the town of La Serena, located at the mouth of the Río Elquí 8 miles (13 km) north of Coquimbo, which occupies the southernmost portion of the flat sandy cuspate bay. Coquimbo

is a major port, but La Serena is the larger city.Baya de Coquimbo = Bahía Coquimbo. Hack f. 127: "Out of this High Mount [Coquimbo] is taken aboundance

of Copper which is transported to Lima."*Lat

= Lat. 29°57' S.Tortugaherradura = Bahía Herradura de Guayacán.Baya de Tongoy = Bahía Tongoy; Tongoy is the site of copper smelting.*Lat. 30.20 = Lat. 30°17' S.

― 230 ―the Port of Guasco is other 11 leagues, a good port from South and SW winds. I was here in 1681 and find theplace a league up Inhabitted by the river side; I was 6 or 7 mile up in the Country and saw about 70 or 80 housesbut people all fled.[164] The place hath severall penns of Sheepe and Goats of wch we brought off good store.[165]

Here is good Come, wine, flesh and water but an open roade. From hence to the Islands Paxaros is 14 leagues.These are 4 Islands wch doe lye one wth another NNE and SSW, the middle are the biggest. Hence to the bay ofCoquimbo is 7 leagues. At the Entrance are two small Isles and you anchor close by a small stone Called Tortuga.It is in South latt.

. I was here in

[164] On March 12, 1681, the buccaneers raided Guasco (Huasco) and obtained supplies of water, sheep, goats,and grain. See Introduction, p. 19.

[165] The grazing of sheep and goats in the coast ranges of Chile by small landowners, in contrast to the largecattle ranches of the inland valleys, has led to accelerated erosion over the centuries. For more on man's impact onthe Chilean landscape, see Aschmann and Bahr 1973; and Aschmann 1973. For a discussion of the physiography ofthe Mediterranean area of Chile, see Thrower and Bradbury 1977, 46-49.


Chart 93Limari = Río Lamarí.

*Lat 31.40 S . = Lat. 31°00' S.herraduia —'horseshoe-shaped [bay].'

The mountains seen from this coast are the Altos de Talinay, rising 1,500- 2,500 feet (457-762 m) in height. They are covered by a Mediterranean woodland of small trees and shrubs.

― 232 ―the yeare 1680. We took the City Called La Serena of 7 Churches and a Chappell; stayed in it 4 days, took muchprovision and some church plate, very rich Church robes.[166] The bay is Covered with gold dust. Hence one leagueis La Herradura & to the Port of Tongoi is 9 leagues SW. Here is good riding and a River where are plenty of Crawfish.[167] It is in South latt.

: very good Grounde. From Tongoi to Limari is 7 leagues SSW. This port is a Valley betweene high hills on whosetopps you may distinguish very greate trees.[168] To southward you may see very high hills, the highest Coveredwith snow and on from the Coasts are many Rocks and voide of any Port or bay.

[166] From the buccaneers' point of view, this raid, made in December 1680, was one of their more successful.Ringrose does not, however, mention here that, before they left, they set the town on fire because a promisedransom was not forthcoming. The town plan of La Serena illustrating Ringrose's journal is reproduced in theIntroduction, p. 15.

[167] Craw fish" refers to any of several freshwater crustaceans of the order Decapoda. In Bucaniers of America(JP3 , 119) Ringrose states that they "caught Craw-fish that were bigger than our English Lobsters."

A Buccaneer's Atlas


[168] Possibly the relict cloud forest, including Aextoxicon punctatum , a euphorb native to Chile.


Chart 94Puerto del Governador = Bahía Conchalí.

Pta de la Vallena = Punta Pichicui.Puerto de la Ligua = Caleta Ligua.

Puerto de Papudo = Puerto Papudo.*Lat

S . = Lat. 32°30' S.* Puerto de Quintero = Bahía Quintero.

― 234 ―hence to El Puerto del Governadour is 7 leagues, a good Port and in South latt.

: you must ride against the lowest land in 12 fathom water. You may ride behinde the rocks, secure from a North.Hence the Coaste runes South to the Port of St Iago called Valparaiso. To the Port La Ligua is 7 leagues. Here is ashoale but hath two fathom at low water. Here is a River into wch a boate may enter, off wch you may ride in 5 or6 fathom water. Here wood is laden for la Concession.

Hence to Papudo is 3 1/2 leagues. It hath very good riding and a very high hill in the port. Hence to the Portde Quintico is 7 leagues. Here are severall shoales above water


Chart 95Rio Concon = Río Aconcagua.Pta Concon = Punta Concón.

Rio ChileCampañado

QuilloteRio Marga Marga

El AlmedrallQuebrada Elias

* Vina de la mar = Viña del Mar.Quebrada del Pueito? Que:de los bueys

Puerto de Valparaiso = Bahía Valparaíso. Valparaíso ('Valley of Paradise') was founded in 1536 by Pedro Valdivia. The terminus of the trans-Andean railroad to Argentina, today it is

the most important port on the west coast of South America.*33.30 Lat. S . = Lat. 33°03' S.

― 236 ―but you may Pass by them for Shore. Amongst them is a greate Current. In the riding place you have 12 fathomwater, good grounde.

Hence to the Port de Quintico is 3 leagues. It is but an Indiferent port for the North wind blowes righte in atits mouth.

Hence to Valparaiso is 6 leagues. This port hath a fort of 12 gunnes for its defence, and 20 leagues up is aCity Called St Jago of 12 Parishes.[169] In 7 fathom in this port you are secure from the South and North winds.The Latt. of this Port is

. Hence to Las Salinas is 9 leagues. You must ride in 10 ffathom water. Hence SSW 15 leagues is the Port ofTopocalma. It is all

A Buccaneer's Atlas


[169] Valparaíso then, as now, was the port for Santiago, 125 miles (200 km) inland.


Chart 96* Quebrada de Valloaffarellon del ObispoPta de Caxaoma

Quebrada de Vazquez* Puerto de San Anton

Las SalinasRio de Maypo = Río Maipo, 155 miles (250 km) long.

Rio de Rapel = Río Rapel.Pta de Topocalma = Punta Topocalma.

― 238 ―deepe water. You ride a mile to leeward of an Island and in 25 or 30 fathom water, cleane and good grounde.Hence to Quebrada[170] de Lora is 6 leagues and hath riding near to severall white Cliffs. Hence to Rio de Maule is8 leagues, all rocky way, runing SW. Here beginns woody land and Continueth all the way to la Consession.[171] Inthis River Maule is much timber Wth wch they build Ships at the Rivers mouth. On the barre is 3 fathom water whenlow water. This is a windy coaste and much subject to Norths. Hence to Pta de Humos is 11 leagues. It is full ofshoals. Here the Spaniards lost Capt Marroquin and 60

[170] In modern terminology, "quebrada" refers to broken country.

[171] Concepción marks the beginning of the transition between the Mediterranean and humid mid-latitude climaticzones, as reflected in the vegetation. The chief native forest association to the south is Nothofagus , the so-calledsouthern beech. These trees, of several species both evergreen and deciduous, are actually members of the oakfamily. Concepción, on the Río Bío Bío, also marked the southern limit of permanent Spanish settlement at thistime.


Chart 97Pueito de NavidadQuebrada de lora

*Lat. 34.S = Lat. 34°10' S.Rio de Maule = Río Maule, 175 miles (282 km) long.

Pta de Humos = Punta La Vieja.Caranca = Bahía Chanco.

Rio de Ytata = Río Itata, 110 miles (177 km) long.*Lat 35.40 = Lat. 36°23' S.

Sin ffundoHerradura = Bahía Coliumo.

― 240 ―men drowned. The Coastes run SSW. Hence to Ytata is a populous Country. From Ytata to La Herradura is 6leagues, all very deep water and Iron Coaste. You may ride safe here from North and South winds. ffrom Herradurato Quiriquina is 3 leagues SW, Wch lyes in the Port of La Consession, wch is a greate City of Spaniards; fformerly agreate Garrison of Soldiers wch fought the Indians of Arauco,[172] but now many merchants live there. It is inSouth latt.

. In North ships ride in 12 fathom water at the Point Talcaguana within the Key Called Ollas which is 1/2 a leagueto westward of it. If a north blows, you anchor on the south side and if

[172] The Araucanians of Chile, the most intractable of all Indian groups on this coast, were not conquered to the

A Buccaneer's Atlas


south of Concepción until the end of the nineteenth century. Spanish rule ended in 1818.


Chart 98*Rio Larquin

Peltome = Tomé.* Civdad de la Conceptn = Penco, the site of the original city of Concepción, founded by Pedro

de Valdivia in 1551. After an earthquake in 1730, Concepción was moved 8 miles (13 km) to the south, where today it straddles the Río Bío Bío. Penco now is only a minor port with ceramic works.

Marrinas = Punta Marinao.Griffo —from mythology, a griffin (see Chart 11n). The modern chart shows no rock in that position.

QuiriquinaPta de Talcaguano = Punta Tumbes, the port for Concepción after 1730. Near the point is a place

called Talcahuano, which today is a major port and the foremost naval base in Chile.Farrelles de Ollas = Roca Quiebra Olas (roughly, 'Beacon of the Surf,' meaning rocks that are awash).

Puerto de San Vincente = Bahía San Vicente.Tetas de Biobio = Tetas del Bío Bío—two peaks of 800 feet (244 m).

Rio Biobio = Río Bío Bío, rising in the Andean lakes and flowing 240 miles (386 km); although it is one of Chile's longest rivers, it is navigable only near the mouth.

― 242 ―the South wind blowes then they anchor on the North side. There is no deep water on Either Side. St Vincents is asecure port from all winds but the west. Hence to Bio bio, wch are two high hills, is 3 leagues. From Sta Maria wch

is Called Delicada to La Mocha is 24 leagues SW. ffrom Sta Maria to Puerto de Carnero is 12 leagues. Hether comeSoldiers.[173] From hence to La Mocha is 12 leagues. This Island is a refuge for Indians that fly from the mainemaine land to live here at peace. It is very well peopled and is in Latt.

. ffrom the River of Imperiall to Queule is 12 leagues. It is low land, good grounde and Anchorage

[173] This area had a number of fortifications manned by troops who attempted to control the frontier.


Chart 99Valle de Arauco = Arauco, on the Golfo de Arauco.

La Delicada = Isla Santa María, the easternmost point of which is named Punta Delicada.*Lat. 37.20. = Lat. 37°03' S.

Pta de la Bapi = Punta Lavapié. This point lies north of Bahía Carnero in Lat. 37°09'; the second Punto Labapi (added by "Black") is here misnamed.

Puerto de Carnero = Bahía Carnero.*Lat .

= Lat. 38°30' S.*Punto Labapi —sec Pta de la Bapi above.lo Alto de Tucapell = Cordilleras de Nahuelbuta.*Rio de Tucapel = Río Lebu (name changed in 1862). Hack f. 140: "The high Mount of Tucapell is the place where the Indians hold theire Generall Rendevooz: & drink & consult what enterprize they shall take in hand and there they murder'd the Governour of Baldivia."*Pta de Tirno = Punta Tucapel.Costa Baja = 'low coast.'Ysla de Mocha = Isla Mocha ('mocha' = blunt).Rio Ymperial = Río Imperial, 135 miles (217 km) long.Costa BajaRio Tolten = Río Toltén, 80 miles (128 km) long.Queule = Río and Bahía Queule.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


― 244 ―ffor Ships that come in here. From Queule to Morro Bonifacio is 12 leagues and hence to Puerto de Corall is 4leagues. Here ships doe Ride that are bound in for Baldivia.[174] Soe soon as you enter the river of Baldivia youwill see two branches. The Southernmost is ye best therfore Ships use that and it is to the towne better then 6leagues. The other only boates use and it is not full. Two leagues up in the greate Chanell is an Island CalledConstantino on wch is two forts to Command any Shiping Wch shall enter. Another fort is at port Corall. The Islandsare Inhabitted by Indians. Morro Gonsale is in latt.

South.

[174] The port of Valdivia, named for the sixteenth-century Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia, possesses oneof the finest natural harbors on the Pacific coast.


Chart 100Rio Tolten = Río Toltén.

Morro Bonifaciohere enter the frigats —see Torno de Galeon below.

Pta NieblaYsla de Constantino Perez = Isla Mancera.

Isla del Rey 6 Legues Rounde = Isla del Rey. Ringrose shows this large island much smaller than it should be.Ysla de Baldibia = Isla Teje.Rio Mariquina = Río Cruces.

Estero de Don JuanRio Lanquen = Río Valdivia, 11 miles (20 km) long, formed by the confluence of the Río Calle-Calle

and the Río Cruces at Valdivia.Isla Callacalla

* Here stood the Citty Baldivia = Valdivia, founded in 1522 by Pedro de Valdivia. Gateway to the Chilean lake district, the surrounding area was the site of many battles in the Indian Wars.

fort? Dutch Retirete

Rio de AsillaRio Anin

Torno de Galeon = Río Tornagaleones ('Return of the Galleons').This channel and the one labeled here enter the frigats are two of the distributaries of the Río

Valdivia that connect the city of Valdivia with the ocean. Galleons, being larger ships than frigates, with a greater draft, would need a deeper channel. Today the frigate

channel is dredged and is the navigable passage to Valdivia.Rio tonguilon

Enseñada de Sta AnnaPto GordoRio Claro

Enseñada de San Juan = Ensenada San Juan.Rio San Martin

St Xhvall* Puerto de Zettrall

= Corral, a town on Puerto de Corral, site of a Spanish fort founded in 1642 (not shown on Ringrose's chart).Centeneca

Morro Gonsalo = Morro Gonzalo.Playa —'beach.'

Pta Galera = Punta Galera.

― 246 ―Hence to Pta Galera is 3 1/2 leagues, high Doubled land but the point low to the sea side. Hence to Rio Buino is 5leagues. The river makes a deep hollowing. Hence to the port of San Pedro is 10 leagues. Here is another hollowValley; all else is high land. Hence to Pta Quedal is 9 leagues SSW. Hence to Pta de Godoy is 6 leagues. It hathseverall keys under its high land. Hence to the Port and towne of Carilmapo is 4 leagues. It is an ill and Dangerous

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Port. This port is in latt.

South. Hence to Puerto del Engles is 4 leagues. Thence to Puerto de Laqui is 6 leagues and soe from thence toPunta de Quillan is SSW 29 leagues. This is a high pt and hath


Chart 101Pta Galera = Punta Galera.

Rio Buino = Río Bueno, 75 miles (121 km) long, navigable for 40 miles (64 kilometers).*Lat. 40.30 . = Lat. 40°13' S.

Osorno —the city of Osorno, founded in 1558 but destroyed by Araucanian Indians a number of times; located inland in the central valley.

Pta de San Pedro = Punta San Pedro.Pta Quedal = Punta Quillagua.

*L. 41.20 = Lat. 41°00' S.La Baya

Bolcan de Osorno = Volcán Osorno, 8,725 feet (2,660 m), known for its symmetrical cone.Alto San Pedro

Bolcan de Yuanavia = Volcán Calbuco, 6,611 feet (2,015 m); active in 1928.Pta de Godoy = Morro Amortajado ('amortajado' = enshrouded), on the peninsula La Isla, which

is very greatly exaggerated in the chart above. There is a reef named Godoy 5 miles (8 km) to the north.Ya Pedro Nunez

*Carilmapo = Carelmapu.Calbuco

? Altonlina°Puerto Yngles = Ancud. The modern city, founded in 1769 on the site of

ancient forts and ruins, became the provincial capital in 1937.Pta de Ancud

― 248 ―2 or 3 keyes at its head. As you enter by Quillan, there are 2 or 3 greate Islands and further you may see land onyour starboard side. These are the Islands of the Chonos, a greate people. From Quillan to the inmost pt of theIsland Chiluy is 10 leagues. From this Inmost pointe you must saile EbN 8 leagues and you shall see a rock like abarke and thence you may see the Islands of Chiloa. You may pass by the snow hills for the port of Chiluy andpass by the Island Chaulineque.

The Island Guaffo is a high Island and in South latt.

. The Valley de la Crus is the cheife port of the Island Chiluy and leads


Chart 102CallucoChope

? Actro ChausosTae

Colomaba de benchimibedaPatangasChi duape

ToltonManlinAgrioquinal

GuaylaqueCaylaque

Altan

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CalcaqueyLindin

Cheulineque = Isla Chaulinec.Queny = Isla Quenac.

ChaylinColetahuablinCayle

PanuenMamonChonos

Madalina = Islas Guaitecas.Guafo = Isla Guafo.

Isla de Chiluy = Isla Chiloé.Linao = Bahía Linao.

Chaca? Valle de La limo

Quinchao = Isla Quinchao.limuy = Isla Lemuy.

Tanqui = Isla Tranqui.Choncas

Pta Quilan = Cabo Quilán.Tetas de Cucao —two peaks, 1,300 feet (400 m) high, overlooking

Bahía Cucao.Puerto de Cucao = Bahía Cucao.

Pta de Ancud = Punta Corona ('corona' = crown).Puerto Yngles = Bahía de Ancud.

― 250 ―To the City of Castro, wch is Inhabitted by the Spaniards and a place of greate trade, for to it the Indians bringAmbergrease,[175] hides and Tallow, and ships from lima Come and bring them Cloathing for theire Commodityes.Now the Spaniards Can goe no further in theire Coasters because they trade no further and will not that theireowne people know the passage out of these seas).[176]

But it is a high hilly land, almost all the yeare Covered wth snow, full of deep bayes,[177] Dangerous shoalesand wild Indians. I was in November 1682 [sic ] in latt.

in a Gulfe

[175] Ambergris is a waxy substance formed in the intestines of the sperm whale (Physeter catodon ). Ringrose saw"a very large Whale" in the open ocean in this latitude (JP3 , 192).

[176] The Spanish had no detailed coastal information below this point until the Strait of Magellan (53° S).

[177] This fjorded coast has glaciers reaching the sea, some of which actively calve small icebergs.


Chart 103Guaffo = Isla Guafo.

La Madalina = Islas Guaitecas.Hente ChonosLos Coronados

*45.15 = Lat. 45°25' S.Rio de RabudosRio sin fundo

Rio St . Estervan = Estero San Esteban.On this shole Diego Gallego was lost —the point south of Bahía San Andrés is called Cabo

Gallegos (46°20' S), while half a degree to the north are three points—Punta Gallegos, Seno Gallegos, and Península Gallegos—that appear similar in shape to the features on the Waggoner

chart above. The location of the wreck of the "Diego Gallego" cannot be determined, but a

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shoal called Isla Inchemo is a possible site.*S. 46.15 = Lat. 46°17' S.

Cabo de San Andreas = Bahía San Andrés.* From Cap. Sant Andrew to Streights of Magellan the Coasts runs N. and S.

Cabo de San Roman = Cabo Raper.Sta Catalina

The general trend of the coast is nearly north and south, but the shoreline is one of the most convoluted in the world and, according to the British Admiralty Pilot, is still imperfectly known.

― 252 ―amongst a parcell of greate Islands whose tops where covered with snow. Wee found extreme good ports[178] buta very windy Coast. Wee lay there a month and every day took lamperts[179] off the rocks, enough to serve 100men; also Mussells,[180] some 6 Inches long, all most pure and exellent good. Some few Penguins wee Caughte(wch are a most exellent fowle but there wings are not large enough to beare there bodyes soe they live amongstthe Rocks and in the water).[181] Severall other sorts of fowle here are but most of them tast very much of fishwch is there only food.[182] We saw

[178] In October 1681, the Trinity anchored in an inlet that the buccaneers called English Gulf on Duke of York'sIsland, named for the brother of King Charles II, who became King James II. (See Introduction, pp. 23-24, andnote on N S opposite Chart 104.) The island is still so named on modern maps.

[179] Ringrose refers here to the limpet (family Acmaeidae), a marine gastropod mollusk found in the intertidalzone. At this location Ringrose states, "We brought on board great store of Lamperts of which we made a kettle ofbroath . . . three times as much as we could eat"; nearby they found an Indian midden of "mussels and Lampertshells" (JP3 , 180).

[180] The mussel (genus Mytilus ) is a marine bivalve mollusk also found in the intertidal zone. Some were of greatsize, over 6 inches (16 cm) in length (JP3 , 183).

[181] The principal penguin of this coast is the Magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus ), but several other species arefound around Tierra del Fuego. "This day we saw many Fishes or rather Fowls, who had heads like unto MuscoviaDucks , as also two feet like unto them. They had Fins like the fore-fins of Turtles: white breasts and bellies; theirbeak and eyes being red. They are full of Feathers on their bodies, and their hinder parts are like unto those of aSeal, wherewith they cut the water" (JP3 , 190-91).

[182] These fowl probably included the lesser Magellan goose (Chloephaga picta picta ), which migrates fromcentral to southern Chile in the summertime. These birds and others were netted by the Indians.


Chart 104Baya de Nra Sma

Sta Barbara = Isla Javier.*47.20 = Lat. 47°11' S.

Puerto de Hernando GallegoBaya de los Reyes = Boca de Canales.

Baya de San Juan = Bahía Tarn.Baya de San Lazaro

La Campaña = Isla La Campaña. From La Campaña north to the edge of the chart the coast is within the Golfo de Peñas.

C° CorsoAncon Sin Salida = 'bay without an outlet.'

San MartinSerrania = Cordillera de Los Andes.

Nra Sma

S = Archipiélago Madre de Dios. By placing

S against that island group, "Black" was presumably identifying the Nuestra Señoras (today called "Mother of God" rather than "Our Lady") with the Duke of York's Islands, where Ringrose and his shipmates had made astrolabe

A Buccaneer's Atlas


observations ashore on October 18, 1681, obtaining a latitude of 50°37' (see Introduction, p. 24). The southernmost island of the group is still called Isla Duque de York, the name given by Sharp three hundred years ago, changed by Hack to "King James the 2nd his Isle" in the waggoners dedicated to the new king in 1685. The buccaneers' latitude and descriptions of the "Trinity"'s harbor of refuge, called by them "English Gulf," indicate that it was almost certainly today's Puerto Morales.los Evangelistos = Grupo Evangelistas, the Four Evangelists; today a lighthouse on one of these islands, its light 195 feet above Mean High Water Spring Tides, marks the western entrance to the Strait of Magellan.

― 254 ―also some wild Ducks[183] but the land all over Barren and Rocky. Wee took one of the Natives,[184] a lad verywell sett and Strong and broughte him with us to Antego.[185] Hee was very darke Coloured, Covered only with aseales skin throwne over his shoulders. Hence the land runnes SE to the Straights of Magellan, wch was till of latethe only known Passage into the South Sea.[186] It is in length 120 leagues in latt.

. The Straights of St Vincents[187] are 9 leagues long and in latt. South

, but I have lately in the yeare

passed to south of Terra Fuego &

[183] This reference is probably to the Chilean pintail duck (Anas georgica spinicauda ), the most common speciesof duck in southern South America.

[184] The capture of this Indian youth is described in detail in Bucaniers of America (JP3 , 182). It was commonpractice to pick up natives and transport them long distances.

[185] Antigua, in the Leeward Islands (17° N 61° W), was settled by the English in 1632 and was a Crown Colonyat the time of Ring-rose's visit in January-February 1682.

[186] The Strait of Magellan is named for its European discoverer, Fernão da Magalhães, who passed through thetortuous waterway in 1520. After that date others, including the English navigators, used this passage to reach thePacific.

[187] An alternative name for the Strait of Le Maire (see n. 188), used by the Spanish.


Chart 105Mar del Norte = South Atlantic Ocean.

Cavo de San Estovan = Cabo Setabense.Estrecho de San * Vincente = Estrecho de Le Maire.

Cavo San Bartholomeo = Cabo San Bartolomé.*Lat. 55.00 . = Lat. 54°53' S.Rio Gallego = Río Gallegos.

Cavo Virgines = Cabo Vírgenes.Magellan Mouth

Cavo del Espritu Sto = Cabo Espíritu Santo ('espíritu santo' = holy spirit).Baya de hombre de Jesus = Bahía Lomas ('nombre de Jesús' = name of Jesus').

Baya St ffillipe = Bahía Felipe.Pta Arena = Punta Arenas.

St Sebastians mouth = Bahía San Sebastián (falsely shown as connecting to Estrecho de Magallanes).Cavo de Peñas = Cabo Peñas.

Baya Grande = Bahía Gente Grande.Cavo San Ynes

Cavo St. Vincente = Cabo San Vicente.ffarrellones de Monte Gordo = Islote Veleros ('velero' = sailboat or sailmaker).

Ysla de San Gonsalo = Cabo San Gonzalo.Mar del Sur = South Pacific Ocean.

Ysla de Diego Ramirez = Isla Diego Ramírez.Sierro de San Ylefonco = Cordillera Darwin. "The chief mountain-chain of southern T[ierra] del

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Fuego, ranging along the north side of the northern arm of the Beagle Channel, . . . [has] two points (Mounts Sarmiento anti Darwin) rising to heights of 6,800 and 6,900 feet [2,100 m]"

(Darwin 1846, 445). Darwin visited here in 1830 with Captain FitzRoy when a second sea passage through the tip of South America, the Canal Beagle, was discovered. The other peak was named after Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, who, after Drake had navigated the passage in 1578, led an

expedition to the Strait of Magellan and established an ill-fated colony there in 1584.Apostoles = Rocas Apóstoles.Cavo Victoria = Cabo Victoria.

Evangelistos = Grupo Evangelistas.Estrecho de Magellan = Estrecho de Magallanes.

Baya GrandeCavo Desiada = Cabo Deseado ('deseado' = desired, craved) = Cabo Pilar.

lobosCivdad del Rey

Ysla Nevada = Seno Nevado.Volcan Telos —an unnamed peak on Isla Santa Inés, 4,400 feet (1,342 m).

San Valentine = Cabo Valentín.Boqueron = Paso Boquerón ('boquerón' = wide opening).

The unnamed Isla de Los Estados (Staten Island), at the top of the chart, is cut off. Though Ringrose gives no name to it, Hack calls Staten Island "Albemarle Island," giving it a latitude of 54°45' S.

This chart shows very well the late-seventeenth-century idea of the geography of Tierra del Fuego. On the Pacific side we find Cavo Desiada , today's Cabo Pilar. On the Atlantic side,

St Sebastians mouth does not, in fact, exist. South of Estrecho de San Vincente —now known as the Strait of Le Maire—today's Beagle Channel is not shown. Neither Ringrose nor Hack

shows Cape Horn as such. Ysla de Diego Ramirez appears too close to Tierra del Fuego—the several islands actually lie some sixty miles from the nearest land.

― 256 ―to East of Le Maires Straights,[188] and first land wee made was his Maties Island of Barbados[189] after two yearsstay in the South Sea.[190]

These two Islands[191] ffollowing are in South Latt

110 leagues west from Valparaiso. At the Eastward Isle is good Riding, NE side the Isle, plenty of fish and Goates,good wooding and watering.[192]

ffinis

[188] The first recorded rounding of the southern extremity of South America occurred during the 1616 voyage ofJacob Le Maire (a Dutchman whose name is given to the strait between Tierra del Fuego and the easternmostisland of the Fuegian archipelago, Staten or Albemarle Island). Nearly forty years earlier Drake had passed from theeast to the west through the Strait of Magellan and was driven southward to discover Drake Passage to the southof Tierra del Fuego; he apparently did not see Cape Horn, however, the feature named by Le Maire and WillemSchouten in honor of Schouten's birthplace, Hoorn, The Netherlands.

[189] Barbados was the first land sighted by the crew of the Trinity between November 14, 1681, and January 28,1682 (latitude 52° south to 13° north).

[190] Ringrose entered the Pacific at the Gulf of San Miguel in an Indian canoe on April 18, 1680. He rounded CapeHorn at latitude 58° south in the Trinity about November 15, 1681, and reached Antigua at the end of January1682. This voyage seems to be the first navigation of Drake Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic.

[191] The Islands of Juan Fernández were discovered in 1585 by the Spanish navigator for whom they are named.On their hasty departure from these islands, Ringrose and his companions left behind an Indian. This was not thefirst time, however, that sailors were left stranded there (see Introduction, p. 18, n. 6)—nor the last. Indeed, oneof the most famous castaways of all was marooned on these islands, as later celebrated by Daniel Defoe in hisgreat adventure story The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner (1719).

[192] Ringrose reports "a shoal of fish a mile and more long" and "Goats, whereof there is great plenty in thisIsland" (JP3 , 116); "Very good timber for building of Houses and other uses" (p. 122); and a day on which "we gotin two hundred jars of water" (p. 116).

― 257 ―

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Chart 106The Eastward Island of Juan Fernandez = Isla Robinson Crusoe (Isla Más a Tierra). This is the largest of the three Islas de Juan Fernández, which included as well Isla Más Afuera

('más afuera' = farthest away) and Isla Santa Clara (Goat Island, off Isla Robinson Crusoe). The island is 36 square miles (93 sq km); its highest point is Cerro El Yunque ('The Anvil'),

3,200 feet (976 m). Alexander Selkirk, the model for Daniel Defoe's (1660-1731) "Robinson Crusoe," published in 1719, lived on this island from October 1704 to February 1709.

* 110 Leagues west from Valparaiso*Lat 34.15 = Lat. 34°47' S.

The West Island of Juan Fernandez = Isla Más Afuera, 33 square miles (85 sq km). The highest point is Cerro de Los Inocentes ('The Innocents'), 5,413 feet (1,650 m). The island is

uninhabited. Hack ff. 148-49: "These Isles was discover'd in the year 1585 by Juan Fernandes; they ly in the Latt of 34°:15':S°." On f. 149, under the title of "Mr Bazil Ringrose his relation

of ys Isle of Juan Fernandes," Hack notes: "It is not inhabited but if it were it would prove the sharpest thorn that ever toucht the Spaniard; for it is naturally fortified: & with a £100 charge

& good managment 100 men may keep it from 1000 if it should be invaded: it lyes 110 Leagues [330 naut. mi.] west from Valpariso. In a word if this Isle was inhabited it would be very profitable in matter of trade in time of peace with the Spaniard: & if a war very usefull to the English." In fact, the main island is 120 leagues (360 naut. mi.) west of Valparaíso.

― 258 ―The Galápagos Islands—or Islas Encantadas, the "Enchanted Isles"—were discovered in 1535 by Tomás de Berlanga,bishop of Panama, and were first charted in 1570 by Ortelius, who called them "Insulae de los Galepegos," from theSpanish word for the giant tortoises that abound on the islands.

The islands were visited by two English buccaneer ships in June 1684. Although Capt. John Eaton of theNicholas of London is usually credited with the rediscovery of the islands on this occasion, "Captain" WilliamAmbrose Cowley, then master of the Batchelor's Delight (he moved later to the Nicholas ), makes this claim in thepublished version of his journal: "I being the first to come to an Anchor there, did give them all distinct names."(JP6 , 9). Though Ringrose was not present at that time, being in the Cygnet , Dampier anti Wafer were both in theBatchelor's Delight , and the former published an account of the islands and their fauna and flora in his 1697 ANew Voyage Round the World (JP4 , 100-110).

Thereafter, the islands became a favorite place of "refreshment" for buccaneers in the seventeenth and earlyeighteenth centuries and for whalers, mostly American, in the nineteenth. The island group was annexed by Ecuadorin 1832 and renamed Archipiélago de Colón.

The islands are of special interest to naturalists for their wildlife arrested at various stages of evolutionarydevelopment. Their fame today rests chiefly on the 1835 visit of the Beagle (Capt. Robert Fitzroy), when thenaturalist Charles Darwin gathered much of the evidence that led to his On the Origin of Species by Means ofNatural Selection (London, 1859).

Of the islands named by Cowley, only Culpeper, Wainman, Crossman, Redondo, and Albany have retained theiroriginal names. A few were renamed by the English in the early nineteenth century (Jervis, Indefatigable, Duncan,Barrington, Chatham, and Hood). After annexation, Ecuador renamed all the islands except the few of Cowley'slisted above.

This is the only chart in the Waggoner that has a longitude scale, the longitudes being measured eastwardfrom the Lizard, a point of land in Cornwall 5°13' west of Greenwich. (A similar chart printed in the publishedversion of Cowley's journal, JP6 , verifies this reference meridian.) Considering the difficulties of determininglongitude at that time, the buccaneers were astonishingly accurate: King James's Isle (today's San Salvador) isactually 85°40' west of the Lizard: the manuscript chart here gives it as 82°30', the printed version in JP6 , 83°40'.


Chart 107[This chart, of the Archipiélago de Colón, or Islas Galápagos, lying on the equator 500 to 650

miles (800 to 1,050 km) west of Ecuador, is not in Ringrose's hand and must have been added to the Waggoner after the Islands had been visited by Eaton and Cowley in 1684. Modern

Ecuadorean island names are followed here by the obsolete English names used in the early nineteenth century.]

Ld Culpepers Isle = Isolte Culpepper, named for Thomas, Lord Culpeper (1635-89), governor of Virginia 1680-83.Wainmans Isle = Isolte Wenman, actually consisting of three islets; probably named

A Buccaneer's Atlas


for Philip, third viscount Wenman, or Richard, fourth viscount.Little Wainman —northernmost of the three islets of Islote Wenman; unnamed today.

Redondo = Roca Redondo ('redondo' = round).Abingtons Isle = Isla Pinta = Abingdon Island; probably named for James Bertie, first earl of Abingdon (d. 1699).

Bindless Isle = Isla Marchena = Bindloe Island.M'. Eures Isle = Isla Genovesa = Tower Island.

THE EQUINOCTIAL = the equator; this term, now rare, was n common use until the nineteenth century.S' John Narbroughs Isle = Isla Fernandina = Narbrough Island. Sir John Narbrough (1640-88) made a voyage

through the Strait of Magellan to Valdivia and back in 1670-71.Albemarle Isle = Isla Isabela = Albemarle Island, the largest island of the archipelago; named for Christopher Monck, second duke of Albemarle (1653-88), knighted by King Charles II, made chancellor of the University

of Cambridge in 1682, and in 1687 appointed governor-general of Jamaica.King James Isle = Isla San Salvador or Santiago = James Island; King James II (1633-

1701) was crowned on February 6, 1685, after Ringrose left England for the last time.

Norfolk Isle = Isla Santa Cruz or Chaves = Indefatigable Island; named for Henry Howard, sixth duke of Norfolk (1628-84),

fellow of the Royal Society, and book collector.Dassigny's I . = Isla San Cristóbal = Chatham Island; named for the translator of the 'derrotero,' Philip Dassigny.

Privateers Rock = Isla Española = Hood Island. 'Privateer' was the polite name by which a buccaneer—or pirate—of that date would often describe himself.

S'. Anthony Deans Isle = Isla Rabida = Jervis Island; named for Sir Anthony Deane (1638-1721), shipbuilder, commissioner

of the Navy, and fellow of the Royal Society.Brattles Isle = Isla Pinzón ('pinzón' = finch) = Duncan Island; named for Thomas Brattle (1658-1713), merchant

of Boston, Massachusetts, and treasurer of Harvard College.Crosmans I. = Isletas Crossman, or Los Hermanos ('The Brothers'), four small islets lying off Isla Isabella.

K. Charles's Isle = Isla Santa María = Floreana Island or Charles Island. King Charles II (1630-85) reigned during the voyage of the "Trinity"; he is known for his love of ships and science.

― 261 ―

Documents Relating to the Voyage

The Trinity's voyage gave rise to various documents, listed in the tables at the end of this section. But beforediscussing them, we must properly introduce someone who executed so many of them—the cartographer WilliamHack, William Dick's "acquaintance at Wapping in London" to whom Ringrose gave his journal and drafts (seeIntroduction, pp. 29-31, and JP2 , 79).

William Hack (c. 1655-1708) was the son of a Winchester innkeeper. According to the records of the Drapers'Company, he was apprenticed to the chart-maker Andrew Welch for nine years from 1671 (Campbell 1973, 87),although there is no information that he was ever admitted to the freedom of that Company. His first known chartis dated 1682, and thereafter he became a prolific producer of manuscript sea charts in London, in both atlases andsingle sheets; no fewer than 331 charts have survived (Smith 1978, 100), many signed "At the Signe of GreatBritain and Ireland near new stairs in Wapping." His meeting with Bartholomew Sharp early in 1682 seems likely tohave been the basis of his ultimate success. The first transcription of "the great book of charts" brought back bySharp was made by Hack (W2/A1 : see pp. 263-64), with a translation of the sailing directions by Philip Dassigny, aJew who apparently later sailed in one of the buccaneer ships to the Pacific and after whom Cowley named one ofthe Galápagos islands.

Hack was a prolific producer of manuscript charts—not only of the American Pacific coast (eleven survivingSouth Sea waggoners by him are listed in Table 3, pp. 269-70), but also of the Atlantic seaboard and Caribbeanand of the East Indies—mostly bound into sumptuous atlases. He also illustrated and produced charts for six of thesurviving copies of the journals of the Sharp-Ringrose voyage listed in Table 1 (pp. 267-68). His earliest patronseems to have been Christopher, second duke of Albemarle (1653-88), close confidant of King Charles II, a Lord ofTrade and Plantations, and, from 1687, governor of Jamaica. The duke's physician, Hans Sloane, accompanied himon this last commission, which is why so many of the relevant documents come from the Sloane collection in theBritish Library. Later, several of Hack's volumes were dedicated to John, Lord Somers (1651-1715), who becameLord High Chancellor in 1698.

In 1699, James Knapton published A Collection of Original Voyages (which included Sharp's journal) whereHack, who edited the volume, was described as "Capt. William Hacke," although there is no evidence that he everwent to sea. He died in 1708 (Campbell 1973, 101).

A Buccaneer's Atlas


The Accounts of the Voyage (Tables 1 and 2)

Five full accounts of the voyage have survived; we will consider these in the order of their eventual publication.Although William Dampier and Lionel Wafer were also on the voyage, their published accounts do not start untilafter they had left the Trinity to return overland to the Caribbean, so they are not considered here. (They are listedin Table 2.)

The writers of these five accounts are as follows (detailed information on individual books and manuscripts isgiven in the tables, where works are identified by reference number):

JOHN COX , the Trinity's master and one of those brought to trial. Three identical copies of Cox's journalsurvive (J1, J2, J3 ). Although none is dated, the first is dedicated to Albemarle, who is asked "to accept of thisjournal in the plain tarpaulin habit in which you will find it."

Cox's journal was published in May 1684 as part of The Voyages and Adventures of Capt. Barth. Sharp Andothers, in the South Sea , by Philip Ayres, in octavo at 1s 6d (JP1 ). Cox's name is nowhere mentioned in theprinted book, and the reader is left with the impression that the author was Bartholomew Sharp himself.

WILLIAM DICK , another of those brought to trial (but under the name of William Williams). No manuscriptcopy of his account has been found, but it was published, under the initials "W.D.," in May 1684—the same monthas Cox's account—in the second English edition of Bucaniers of America (JP2 ), an account of buccaneering activitieswritten by John Exquemelin and first published in English by William Crook(e) in February 1684.

― 262 ―BASIL RINGROSE , author of the waggoner that is the subject of this book, who did not stand trial. Two copies ofhis journal survive: one in his own hand and containing twelve charts drawn by him (J4 ),[1] and an edited copy inanother hand with subtle additions in Sharp's favor and with twelve charts drawn by Hack (good copies ofRingrose's own), dedicated to Albemarle (J5 ).

The second version of Ringrose's journal was published (with further additions) by William Crooke in February1685 as Bucaniers of America. The Second Volume Containing the Dangerous Voyage and Bold Attempts of CaptainBartholomew Sharp . . . From the Original Journal of the said Voyage. Written By Mr. Basil Ringrose, Gent . (JP3 ).This had been reprinted at least eight times by 1771.

Copies of corresponding pages of Ringrose's handwritten journal (J4 ) and of the printed version (JP3 ) can beseen in Figs. p. 17.

BARTHOLOMEW SHARP , the captain of the Trinity and one of those tried. Many copies of Sharp's journalsurvive. J6 is a Hack copy written in the same hand as the edited copy of Ringrose's journal (J5 ), without chartsbut with the addition of John Wood's journal description of the Strait of Magellan from Narbrough's voyage in theSweepstakes in 1669. J6 is dated 1683 and dedicated to Albemarle by Sharp.

J7 is an undated copy of the Sharp and Wood journals (in the same hand as the waggoner appendix, A2 ,discussed below), with eleven charts by Hack, the same as those he did for the Ringrose journal copy (J5 ).

J8 is a very abridged copy of Sharp's journal only, without charts, diplomatically omitting all reference topiracy, ransom, or plunder, and dedicated to Charles II by Sharp himself: this may well have been a companionvolume to the waggoner and appendix (W2/A1 ) that Sharp presented to the king in October 1682. In the PepysianLibrary of Magdalene College, Cambridge, are two copies (J9 and J10 ), one of which is in a book, Miscellanys ofMatters Political Historical and Naval , with other papers of Samuel Pepys, indicating that the journal was copied forPepys in or after 1685.

The return of Ambrose Cowley and other English buccaneers from the Pacific in 1686 gave rise to further copiesof Sharp's journal, all by Hack: J11 and J12 , both of which contained Cowley's journal as well as those of Sharpand Wood. J11 , which seems to have been in British Admiralty hands for a very long time, contains moreinformation than earlier copies, probably culled from Cox's and Ringrose's accounts, by now, in print. J12 is notablefor the number of illustrations: not only did Hack include sixteen full-page charts illustrating Sharp's journal, butthere were also charts of the Galáp-agos, Ladrones (Marianas), and part of the Philippine Islands, as well asseventy-one smaller drawings, including a chart of Chesapeake Bay, coastal profiles, and portraits of explorers andnatives. The last known copy, J13 —with Wood's journal but not Cowley's, and dedicated to Lord Somers as LordHigh Chancellor (and therefore produced in 1698 or later)—is probably the fullest account of all. Sharp's journalfinally got into print in June 1699 in Hack's A Collection of Original Voyages (JP6 ).

ANONYMOUS . J14 is an anonymous account written from memory by one of those who sailed in the Trinity toSt. Thomas at the end of the voyage, whose journal was detained by the Danish authorities and lost. The writermay well have been Edward Povey, who turned King's Evidence in Jamaica in March 1682. In the same book is thewriter's account of the sack of Porto Bello early in 1680. Neither account was ever published.

The South Sea Waggoners (Table 3)

A Buccaneer's Atlas


A Derrotero Captured

In August 1671, Morgan, fresh from his sack of Panama, gave the governor of Jamaica, Sir Thomas Lynch, a"Derrotero of the South Sea,"[2] which Lynch then sent to the King (CSP Col . 1672, nos. 604, 729, 887; PRO,COI/28, f. 2; COI/29, ff. 12-13). In March 1680, the

[1] Upside-down on the back flyleaf of Ringrose's holograph journal (J4 , Sloane 3820) is written a poem inSpanish, not in Ring-rose's hand:

Aqui yeasse Don Juan de Cauessa Here lies Don Juan de Cavessa,

Cantadoi de la yglesia Mayor Chief singer of the Cathedral Church

Y cantador del Rey mi Señor And chief singer of the King my Lord,

que Cantaua tan bien Who sang so well

que dijo Dios a sus angeles that God said to his angels

Callense Cabrones que Canta Shut up, you sons of bitches, for

Don Juan de Cauessa Don Juan de Cavessa is singing,

Cantador de la yglesia Mayor Chief stager of the Cathedral Church

y del Rey mi Señor and of the King my Lord.

This satirical ditty was written to mock a cert ün Juan Cavessa (or Cabeza), apparently by someone with aseseo (non-Castilian) accent from either Andalusia or—more likely—Spanish America. It would be nice to think thatthis was a ditty sung by Spanish prisoners on board the Trinity and written down at Ringrose's request. Certainindications, however, make it seem likely that the main body of the book was a fair copy of his journal done byRingrose in England after his return in 1682. If so, the poem must have been copied after 1682. (We are grateful toProfessor Lawrence B. Kiddle of Ann Arbor for this translation.)

[2] Derrotero = Spanish route book, collection of sea charts; cf . Portuguese roteiro , French routier , whenceEnglish rutter .


Acapulco, from the Spanish derrotero dated Panama, 1669, probably the one captured by Morgan and sent back to England in 1672.

(From Huntington Library MS. HM918 [D2].)

Royal Society heard of just such a book "made for the king of Spain, and presented to his majesty, in thepossession of the earl of Bristol [George Digby, d. 1677] at the time of his death" (Birch 1756-57, 4:27). JosephMoxon the hydrographer said he had had custody of it for a time (was he having it copied?) but had returned it tothe earl; he would enquire whether Captain Wood (presumably Admiral Narbrough's master on the Sweepstakes )knew anything. We hear no more.

In the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, is preserved a Spanish derrotero (D2 ) dated Panama, 1669,bearing inside the front cover a shelf number from the library of William Blathwayt (d. 1717), secretary to the Lordsof Trade and Plantations in the early 1680s or later. In the British Library, London, is preserved a copy of thatderrotero with English translations immediately under the Spanish texts on each chart (W1 ; see Figs. p. 7 top).Could D2 be the derrotero captured by Morgan in 1670? Could the copy, W1 , have been made under the

A Buccaneer's Atlas


supervision of Joseph Moxon?[3] The answers to these two questions could be yes, although there is no directevidence. At one time these two books were thought to have been the main source from which Hack compiled hiswaggoners. However, comparison of the charts in D2 with those in the Ringrose anti Hack waggoners indicates thatthe former was certainly not the principal source of the latter, although it might have been available for reference.The present whereabouts of that Spanish principal source is one of the mysteries waiting to be solved.[4]

The whereabouts of the first book to derive from the missing Rosario documents, however, is known forcertain. This is an atlas in King George III's Maritime Collection in the British Library (W2/A1 ). Entirely

[3] Comparison of Moxon's known handwriting, rather informal, in some mathematical calculations (BL, Add. MS.4415, ff. 126B -131) with the extremely formal English hand in Harley 4034 fails to settle the question whether ornot the latter was Moxon's hand.

[4] The basis of this scenario was suggested in 1972 by the late Jeanette D. Black of the John Carter BrownLibrary. It was she who recognized the Blathwayt shelf number.


The port of Acapulco, about 1670. At D is shown the rock El Grifo, which does not appear on today's charts as a separate feature; compare with Ringrose's Chart 11.

(From a seventeenth-century engraving, probably by Francis Place, preserved at the National Maritime Museum.)

handwritten, the dedication is to King Charles II by Bartholomew Sharp, dated 1682 (reproduced in Fig. p. 37).This is almost certainly the book the king, on May 25 of that year, directed should be prepared (see Introduction, p.27). It is in two parts, the first of which is entirely text, giving sailing directions from the Strait of Magellan tonorth of Acapulco; these came to be known in later versions as "The Appendix to Sharp's South Sea Waggoner," ofwhich more below. This first part of the book ended with the following statement:

Dated the 23rd Oct 1682. The aforegoing Journalls of the South Seas was translated out of the Spanish Originall for the use of your mostSacred Majesty by the care of Philip Dassigny 1682.

The second part comprises 130 charts of the coast from Acapulco to the Strait of Le Maire, one of which, onpage 240, was signed by William Hack and dated 1682. These charts, the prototype for all subsequent South Seawaggoners, were in a smaller format than their successors, and they had no titles, compass roses (except on thefirst chart), or distance scales. Unlike subsequent versions, they made no reference to Sharp's exploits. In general—and this point applies both to this and subsequent versions—the charts seem to be straight copies of the capturedSpanish charts, with no account taken of information obtained on the voyage—quite the opposite of Ringrose'scharts illustrating his and Sharp's journals. This contrast can be seen in Figs. pp. 7 and 8, which show Panama Bayas depicted in the translation of Morgan's captured derrotero (W1 ), in Ringrose's journal (J4 ), and in one of the"production" copies of Hack's waggoner (W8 ), originally edited by Sharp. These should be compared with PunamaBay in Ringrose's Waggoner, Charts 40 and 41.

Ringrose's Waggoner

A unique feature of the waggoner reproduced in this book is the description of the Pacific coasts of Califor-

― 265 ―nia, which is not included in any of Hack's waggoners. Ringrose tells us that this description, together with that ofthe coast of Mexico northwest of Acapulco, is "discribed from the Originall of Don Melchor" (Wag. p. 64). DonMelchor may have been Gen. Melchor Fernández de Córdoba, in command at Acapulco at the time of the Dutchcorsair Joris van Spilbergen's raid in September 1615. Spilbergen obtained charts and other items from the ship ofNicolas de Cardona, who was licensed to fish for pearls in the area. Much of the material to the south of Acapulcois from Cardona's description (Mathes 1970, 155), and for the coast from "Cavo de Sant Andreus" (possibly PointSaint George or Cape Blanco) to Acapulco (see Charts 2-10) the derroteros of Fray Antonio de Ascensión andGerónimo Martín Palacios apparently served as source material (Mathes 1965, 430, 471). There is substantialgarbled spelling and variance in detail from the originals, for Ringrose used at least a second-generation copy andhad to interpret the Spanish as best he could.

In both the Ringrose and the Hack waggoners, the charts from Acapulco southward were derived immediatelyfrom the same source, presumably the missing Rosario documents. Ringrose's charts seem to be closer to theoriginal, as he tends to use Spanish place-names, which Hack often translates into English. Though the areascovered are often different, the Hack and Ringrose waggoner charts give the same basic information, with onlyminor differences that probably occurred in copying. Furthermore, as noted in our Description of the Waggoner, p.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


41, someone—whom we have called "Black"—has been through Ringrose's charts (but not the text of the sailingdirections on the facing pages) making small additions of a navigational nature.

Ringrose's written sailing directions are, however, substantially different from the written information on Hack'scharts, where sailing directions are placed in blank spaces on the charts themselves (see Fig. p. 8) and occasionallyBartholomew Sharp's own opinion and advice are quoted. Ringrose presents his sailing directions in narrative formon the pages facing each chart, giving—certainly from Acapulco southward—very much his own account,incorporating his own experience when he had been there and interpreting the Spanish accounts when he had not(as in the case of the charts north of Acapulco, which came from the aforementioned Don Melchor). ThoughRingrose and Hack definitely did not copy their charts directly from the derrotero captured by Morgan (probably D2and W1 ), it is entirely possible that, if they had access, they could have used it as one of the sources for theirrespective sailing directions.


Inside front cover of the Ringrose waggoner, showing twentieth-century bookplate and shelfmark.

(From the National Maritime Museum.)

Almost certainly, this copy of the Waggoner was prepared by Ringrose after his arrival in England on March 26,1682, and before he sailed in the Cygnet on October 1, 1683—a period of eighteen months. Its fine physicalcondition makes it unlikely that it was ever taken to sea. On December 5, 1938, 255 years later, the director of thenewly founded National Maritime Museum at Greenwich received a letter from the antiquarian booksellers MaggsBros. of London saying it was being offered for sale by "a customer in South America." It was sent to England andon May 18, 1939, was purchased for £125 by Sir James Caird, the new museum's generous benefactor. The onlyclue to its whereabouts during those 255 years is provided by its bookplate reproduced above, bearing the name C.CRUZ. MONTT. This is probably Carlos Cruz Montt (born 1876), a member of a prominent Chilean family whoreceived his higher education in Europe, where he collected paintings, books, and so forth. Part of his collection wasauctioned soon after World War I.

A fuller description of Ringrose's Waggoner is given on pp. 41-44.

Hack's First Waggoner Copies

Of the first three "production" copies of Hack's waggoner, two (W5 and W6 , dated 1683 and 1684, respectively)were dedicated to King Charles II by Bartholomew Sharp. The third (W4 ), once the property of

― 266 ―the South Sea Company, is undated and has no dedication. There is also an uncolored copy not in Hack's hand(W7/A3 ), probably from the Charles II period, containing charts from Acapulco southward (many now missing) andthe appendix described below; according to a note in his own hand dated Amsterdam 1692, this copy belonged toNicolaas Witsen, the Dutch geographer. In all these early copies except W5 , the charts lack titles and compassroses (excluding the general East Pacific chart where there is one).

When lames II ascended the throne in 1685, Hack lost no time in presenting a waggoner to him (W8 , dated1685). Probably the most elegant of all surviving copies, the charts have both titles and compass roses and arebeautifully decorated in red, green, blue, yellow, and gold. The charts number 149 instead of 130 to 135 as inprevious copies, not because a greater area is covered, but because some of the charts in the early copies wereplaced two to a page. The name of Duke of York's Island in southern Chile was tactfully changed to "King James the2nd his Isle," only to be changed back in subsequent copies. After James was deposed in 1688, this copy wasacquired by King William III's Dutch private secretary, who, according to a statement in ink on the flyleaf (aboutmid-eighteenth century, judging by the handwriting), gave it to Capt. Lord Archibald Hamilton, R.N. (see Table 6, p.272). The title page is endorsed at the top in ink with the initials "A.H.," which, by comparison with his fullsignature, prove definitely to have been written by Hamilton himself.

Hack's Later Waggoners

The second invasion of the Pacific by English buccaneers in 1683 resulted in more information about the South Seareaching England, particularly from Ambrose Cowley, who arrived in England late in 1686 having been mastersuccessively of the Revenge, Batchelor's Delight , and Nicholas . Probably in 1687, Hack produced W9 , dedicatedto James II. It contains precisely those charts that W8 does not have—those of the Mexican coast northwest ofAcapulco as far as the port of Matanchel, in the mouth of the Gulf of California opposite the Tres Marías Islands—aswell as the textual sailing direction appendix. Thus the king had all the information on the South Sea known toHack up to 1687. In further proof that W9 was indeed produced specifically to complement W8 , the former hasLord Alexander Hamilton's initials on the title page, exactly as in the latter—so at one stage both books were in hislibrary. How and when they parted company, we do not know. It might be mentioned here that the only wag-goner

A Buccaneer's Atlas


in this series to contain a description of California, Upper and Lower, is Ringrose's (W3 ), reproduced complete inthis book.

In 1687, Hack produced the dated volume W10 , containing the northwest Mexico charts, seven charts of theCaribbean, and charts of the Galápagos Islands and "Pepys Island" (identified, despite a spurious latitude, as theFalkland Islands): these last charts were from information supplied by Cowley. The other four known South Seawaggoners by Hack contain his complete South Sea chart package, from the mouth of the Gulf of California to theStrait of Le Maire, together with the Galápagos Islands, Juan Fernández and Pepys Islands, plus the general chartof the East Pacific that he added to all his waggoners except W2, W9 , and W10 .

"The Appendix to Sharp's South Sea Waggoner" (Table 4)

Hack used the title "Appendix to Sharp's South Sea Waggoner" in three volumes (A2, A4 , and A5 , the last twoforming part of larger works) to describe texts giving directions for sailing along the coast between Cape Mendocinoand the Strait of Magellan and into the various ports en route—Acapulco, Panama, Callao, Valdivia, and Chiloe.These texts were straight translations from Spanish works—presumably taken from the Rosario —parts of whichwere stated to be the work of Capt. Bartholomew Vellegas (so spelled in manuscripts). The 1682 prototype, W2/A1, also had sailing directions for a slightly smaller area, translated by Philip Dassigny, the wording of which is not thesame as in the other appendices. The directions given are supplementary to the remarks appearing on Hack'scharts. A3/W7 seems to be a secondary copy of a Charles II version.

Derroteros Encountered Du Ring Research (Table 5)

Except perhaps for D2 —the possible Morgan prize—none of the derroteros in Table 5 can be proved to have hadinfluence on our story; they are listed simply to eliminate them from the search for the captured Rosario material.It is possible that D6 and D7 were brought back by Cowley or one of his shipmates, providing material for theadditional charts northwest of Acapulco from W9 onward.

― 267 ―

English Public Records

Many papers in the Public Record Office in London have been referred to, principally those in the Domestic series,Colonial series (America and West Indies), and Spanish series of the State Papers (SP). For the years concerned,the first two of these have been printed in the several volumes of the Calendar of State Papers listed in the SelectBibliography, though sources cited in the text refer to the original documents rather than the Calendars .

The court records of the piracy trial are among the papers of the High Court of Admiralty in HCA 1/11, nos.101-7, and HCA 1/51, nos. 181-89.

TABLE 1MANUSCRIPT ACCOUNTS OF THE VOYAGE

Ref. no.

Present Location Date

Size (cm) Author Provenance Dedication Remarks

J1 Cox BL, Sloane 49 n.d.

32.5 × 21

Albemarle Albemarle by Cox

J2 Cox NMM, GOS/4 (1939) n.d. These three are in the samehand and virtually Identicalexcept for the dedication.

Quaritch

P. A. Mearns (1923)

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Philip Gosse (bkpt.)

J3 Cox Pepys, PL.2349 n.d.

32.5 × 21

J4 Ringrose(holograph)

BL, Sloane 3820 n.d., but < 1683 12 charts by Ringrose, withlarge pencil squares.

19 × 17

J5 Ringrose (copy) BL, Sloane 48 n.d. Same hand as J6 . Samebinding as A2 . 12 charts by

Hack.

40.5 × 26.5

Albemarle by Hack

J6 Sharp BL, Sloane 46 B 1683 East Pacific chart, title page,and illustrations by Hack, but

no other charts. It seemslikely that A2, J5, J6 , and J7were commissioned together

by Albemarle in 1683.

41 × 27 Wood

Albemarle by Hack

J7 Sharp BL, Sloane 46 A n.d. Same hand as A2 . 11 chartsby Hack. Modern binding.

41 × 27 Wood

J8 Sharp Kraus, 1981 (110) n.d. Very abridged text. No charts.Possibly made to accompany

W2/A1 .

31 × 19.5

Charles II Charles II bySharp

Thos. Anson (18th c.) (bkpt.)

Houghton

Christie 1979, lot 245

J9 Sharp Pepys, PL.2874, ff. 271-356 (1685) July 1682 Copied into book "Miscellanysof Matters Political Historical

and Naval." No charts.

43 × 28

Duke of YorkCopy made in orafter June 1685

J10 Sharp Pepys, PL.2610 (complete book) n.d. Text as J9 . No charts.

J11/A5 Sharp Naval Hist. Lib., MSS.4 n.d., but > 1686 14 charts and coastal views byHack.

47 × 30 Wood

Cowley

A Buccaneer's Atlas


J12 Sharp Pierpont Morgan Lib., N.Y., MA.3310(1980)

n.d., but > 1686 18 full-page charts and 71smaller maps, drawings, etc.,

by Hack.

45.7 × 29.1 Wood

Cowley Chr. Jeaffreson of Dullingham (18th

c.)

Orion Bkslrs. (1948) (Lynam)

Houghton


ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS bkpt = bookplate; n.d. = not dated: n.k. = not known; num = press mark or catalog number:sig. = signature; < = before; > = after.

NOTE : For index and biographies of previous owners, see Table 6.

(Table continued on next page)

― 268 ―

TABLE 1 (continued)

Ref. no.

Present Location Date

Size (cm) Author Provenance Dedication Remarks

J13 Sharp Private hands (1980) n.d., but ca. 1698 13 charts by Hack. Companionto W12 (?—same dedication

and binding). In HMC (1872),app. to 3d report, p. 208.45 × 28.2 Wood Lord Somers (c. 1698)

Marquess of Bute (1872) Lord Somers by

Hack

Houghton


J14 Anonymous BL, Sloane 2752, pp. 36-71 n.d. Written from memory bysomeone whose journal was

left in St. Thomas.

(Povey?)

J15 Cowley BL, Sloane 1050 n.d., but > 1686 Holograph. No charts.

J16 Cowley BL, Sloane 54 n.d., but > 1686 Copy. No charts.

J17 Cowley Pepys, PL. 2826 n.d., but > 1686 Copy. No charts.

TABLE 2PRINTED ACCOUNTS OF THE VOYAGE

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Ref. No. Author Date Title

JP1 Cox May 1684 Philip Ayres, ed. The Voyages and Adventures of Capt. Barth. Sharp And others,in the South Sea . . . Published by Philip Ayres, Esq; / London: Printed by, B.W.

for R.H. and S.T. . . . 1684 . [Another edition of 1684 gives the publisher as"P.A."]

JP2 Dick May 1684 John Exquemelin. Bucaniers of America: Or, a True Account of the MostRemarkable Assaults . . . / Written originally in Dutch, by John Esquemeling, one

of the Bucaniers . . . / The Second Edition, Corrected, and Inlarged with twoAdditional Relations, viz. the one of Captain Cook, and the other of Captain

Sharp. Now faithfully rendred into English. / London: Printed by William Crookeat the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar. 1684 . Part III, Chap. XII—"A brief

account of Captain Sharp . . . Given by one of the Bucaniers , who was presentat those Transactions . . . W.D . At the Bank-side beyond the Bear-garden .

JP3 Ringrose Feb. 1685 Basil Ringrose. Bucaniers of America. / The Second Volume Containing TheDangerous Voyage and Bold Attempts of Captain Bartholomew Sharp and others;

performed upon the Coasts of the South Sea, for the space of two years, &c.From the Original Journal of the said Voyage. Written By Mr. Basil Ringrose,Gent. Who was all along present at those Transactions. / London: Printed forWilliam Crooke, at the Sign of the Green Dragon without Temple-bar. 1685 .

JP4 Dampier Feb. 1697 William Dampier. A New Voyage round the World . . . By William Dampier. . . /London, Printed for James Knapton, at the Crown in St. Pauls Church-yard.

MDCXCVII [1697].

JP5 Wafer Nov. 1698 Lionel Wafer. A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America . . . byLionel Wafer . . . London: Printed for James Knapton, at the Crown in St. Paul's

Church-yard, 1699 .

JP6 Sharp June 1699 Capt. William Hacke. A Collection of Original Voyages Containing:I. Capt. Cowleys Voyage round the Globe,

II. Captain Sharps Journey over the Isthmus of Darien, and Expedition into theSouth Seas, written by himself,

III. Capt. Wood's Voyage thro' the Streights of Magellan,IV. Mr. Roberts's Adventures among the Corsairs of the Levant . . . / Publishedby Capt. William Hacke. / London, Printed for James Knapton, at the Crown in

St. Paul's Church-Yard. 1699 .

NOTE: Dates of publication are taken from E. Arber (ed.), The Term Catalogues 1668-1709 A.D. . . . (London, 1905-6).

― 269 ―

TABLE 3THE SOUTH SEA WAGGONERS

Ref. no. Present Location Author, date Areas Remarks

Size (cm) Provenance Dedication No. of charts

W1 BL, Harley 4034 J. Moxon (?) n.d., but> 1672

A Cal OO Q Copy of D2 (Spanish, 1669), withtexts in Spanish and English.

43 × 31

147

W2/A1 BL, K.Mar. VIII 15 Hack and Dassigny,1682

A + Appendix Prototype for all Hack atlases, thoughsmall format. No titles or compass

roses (except Acapulco).

A Buccaneer's Atlas


35.2 × 22 Charles II (1682) Charles II by Sharp 130

W3 NMM, P. 32 (1939) Ringrose, n.d., but <1682-83

Cal C A M G Sailing directions on facing pages.Galápagos not in Ringrose's hand.

16.5 × 21 S. America (C. Cruz.Montt?)

104

W4 Huntington Lib., HM.265 (1966)

Hack, n.d. A O No titles or compass roses (exceptPacific).

43.7 × 32.5

131

Wm. Hill (ca. 1693)

S. Sea Co. (1711)

Quaritch (1887 and

1914)

Robinson

W5 Free Lib. ofPhiladelphia, Elkins

169 (1947)

Hack, 1683 A O Very decorative. Has titles andcompass roses; decorative folio

numbers; yellow borders.

41 × 27.5 Charles II by Sharp 131

Charlcs II

Anthony Askew (?)

Wm. Burrell (bkpt.)

R. Heber (bkpt.)

Ld. Kingsborough

Rodd 845 (1842)

(num.)

Phillipps 17503 (num.)

H. V. Jones 392(2)

(hum.)

W. M. Elkins 169

(1939)

W6 BL, Sloane 44 Hack, 1684 A O Plainer than W5 . No titles or compassroses.

41 × 29 Charles II (1684) Charles II by Sharp 135

A Buccaneer's Atlas


W7/A3 Bancroft Lib., M-M.224

n.k., n.d., but < 1685 A + Appendix Secondary copy not in Hack's hand.No titles, compass roses, or color.

31.5 × 20.2 Nicolaas Witsen

Originally 129 chartswith 2 in Witsen's hand.

55 of these are nowmissing.

W8 NMM, P.33 (1931) Hack, 1685 A O Very elegant. Companion to W9/A4 .

41 × 29 James II James II by Hack 149

Wm. III's Dutchprivate sec'ty

Lord Archibald

Hamilton (18th c.)(sig.)

John Towneley (18th

c.) (bkpt.)

Lady Lincoln (1930)

W9/A4 Free Lib. ofPhiladelphia, Elkins

169 (1947)

Hack, n.d., but > 1688 M + Appendix Companion to W8 .

39.5 × 25.5 James II James II by Hack 17

Wm. III's Dutchprivate sec'ty (?)

Lord Archibald

Hamilton (18th c.)(sig.)

Thos. Anson (bkpt.)

Lord Kingsborough (?)

Phillipps 13972 (1852)

(num.)

H. V. Jones 392(2)

(num.)

W. M. Elkins 169

(1939)


― 270 ―

A Buccaneer's Atlas


TABLE 3 (continued)



W10 BL, Sloane 45 Hack, 1687 M G P Charts as in W9 but in reverse order;plus Galápagos, Pepys, and Caribbean.

45 × 31

32 + 7 Caribbean

W11 Private hands (1980) Hack, n.d. M A G P O

44.5 × 32.3 Quaritch (1950)

164

Houghton


W12 BL, K.Mar. VIII 16 Hack, 1698 M A G P O Bar scales. Companion to J13 (samededication and binding).

45 × 33 Lord Somers (1698) Lord Somers by Hack 165

Sir R. Walpole

Col. Selwyn (18th c.)

Lord Sydney

George III (1800)

W13 J. Carter Brown Lib.,Codex Eng. 53 (1966)

Hack, n.d. M A G P O No compass roses or bar scales.

46.5 × 34.5

183

J. Clevland (18th c.)

(bkpt.)

Sotheby, June 20,

1966, lot 87

W14 Clements Lib. (1979) Hack, n.d. M A G P O No compass roses or bar scales.

40.7 × 29.8 G. Grenville (18th c.)

183

Houghton


A Buccaneer's Atlas


KEY TO AREAS A = Acapulco to Strait of Le Maire; C = Upper California. Cal = California general: G = Galápagos Islands, M =Mexico north of Acapulco; O = East Pacific: OO = Whole Pacific, P = Pepys Island (Falkland Islands): Q = Quirós and Torres

discoveries, 1606.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS See footnote to Table 1.

NOTES In the earlier Hack South Sea waggoners (before W8 ), the coast between Acapulco and the Gulf of Nicoya (A) is coveredby nineteen charts, whereas in later waggoners the same area occupies thirty-five charts, hence the differences in total numbers

for the same areas W10, W13 , and W14 have fifteen additional charts for the Galáapagos Islands.

A similar list was published by Thomas R. Adams in "William Hack's Manuscript Atlases of 'The Great South Sea of America,'" inThe John Carter Brown Library Annual Report for 1965-1966 (Providence, R.I., [1966]). The concordance between the two lists is

as follows:

Adams 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Howse &Thrower

W2

W7

W9

W1

W5 W4

W6 W8

W10 A2 W11 W12 W13 W14

A1

A3

A4

TABLE 4"THE APPENDIX TO SHARP'S SOUTH SEA WAGGONER"

Ref. no. Present Location Date Remarks

Size (cm)

Dedication

A1/W2 BL, K.Mar. VIII 15 1682 The prototype, signed and d ted byDassigny.

35.2 × 22

Charles II by Sharp

A2 BL, Sloane 47 n.d., but ca. 1683 Same hand as J7 . Same binding as J2.

41 × 25.5

Albemarle by Hack

A3/W7 Bancroft Lib., M-M.224 n.d., but probably < 1685 A secondary copy.

31.5 × 20.2

A4/W9 Free Lib. of Philadelphia,Elkins 169 (1947)

n.d., but > 1688 Companion to W8 .

39.5 × 25.5

James II by Hack

A5/J11 Naval Hist. Lib., MSS.4 n.d., but > 1686 Signed by Hack.

47 × 30

A Buccaneer's Atlas


― 271 ―

TABLE 5SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY DERROTEROS OF THE SOUTH SEA ENCOUNTERED DURING RESEARCH



D1 Private hands P. Baena, ca. 1650 Cal A G Q Solomon Is. In Spanish, Bound with account ofvoyage of Schouten and Le Maire,

probably written not long after1622.30 × 20.2 Maria Wildmann

148

Emily Driscoll (1950s)

Houghton

Christie 1979, lot 175a

D2 Huntington Lib.,HM.918

n.k., 1669 Cal A Q Spanish. W1 is a copy, with Englishtranslations.

39.6 × 29 Blathwayt (17th c.)(num.)

149

D3 Huntington Lib.,HM.917

Martín Marín deVelasco, 18th-centurycopy of 1675 work

Nicaragua to Callao

32.5 ×23.6

D4 BL, Sloane 239 n.k., n.d. A Spanish with one or two Englishadditions referring to Capt. Eaton.

Very crude.

32.5 ×25.5

138

D5 Naval Hist. Lib., Va. 4 n.k., n.d. Isla Blanca, Pt. S. Antoniothrough Acapulco to Paita

41.3 × 26

D6 Private hands Cabiñas (1692), afterNicolás de Espinoza

A In Spanish. With text: (a) sailingdirections to Philippines; and (b)

treatise on navigation andsurveying.42 × 27.5 Phillipps 25089 109

Robinson

Houghton (1950)

Christie 1979, lot 176a

A Buccaneer's Atlas


D7 N.Y. Pub. Lib. Jouban de laGuilbaudière, 1696

n.k. In French.

a The Christie sale referred to, of books and manuscripts from the library of Arthur A. Houghton, Jr, took place June 13-14,1979

TABLE 6INDEX OF REPOSITORIES AND FORMER OWNERS, AUCTION HOUSES AND BOOKSELLERS, WITH BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES

ALBEMARLE , Christopher Monck, second duke of (1653-88). Soldier, friend of Charles II; Chancellor of Cambridge Universityand Lord of Trade anti Plantations 1682; governor general of Jamaica 1687, where he died in 1688. His personal physician was

Hans Sloane (q.v.).

J1, J5, J6, A2

ANSON , Thomas (fl. 1745), of Shugborough in the parish of Colwich, Staffordshire. Bibliophile. Elder brother of George, AdmiralLord Anson (1697-1762).

J8, W9/A4

ASKEW , Anthony, M.D. (1722-74), of Cambridge and London. Physician, classical scholar, and bibliophile (Bibliotheca Askeviana); library sold 1775-85.

W5

BANCROFT LIBRARY , University of California, Berkeley, California. Founded by Hubert H. Bancroft (1832-1918) of SanFrancisco, historian and book collector with special interest in voyages and travel in the western hemisphere.

W7/A3

BLATHWAYT , William (1649?-1717). Politician and civil servant: secretary-at-war 1683-1704; clerk to the Privy Council 1689;commissioner of trade 1696-1706. See p. 263

D2

BRITISH LIBRARY (BL), London. Formerly part of the British Museum, among whose foundation collections in 1753 were thoseof Sloane and Harley (q.v.).

J1, J4, J5, J6, J7, J14, J15, J16, W1, W2/A1, W6, W10, W12, A2, D4

BURRELL , Sir William (1732-96). Antiquarian, lawyer, and bibliophile. Practiced in Admiralty Court; director of the South SeaCompany (q.v.).

W5

BUTE , John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, third marquess, of Mount Stuart, Co. Bute (1847-1900). J13 was in his library at the timeof the publication of the Appendix to the third report of the Historical Manuscripts Commission (p. 208) in 1872, possibly

acquired by the third earl of Bute (1713-92), bibliophile and prime minister 1762-63.

J13

CHARLES II (1630—85). King of England 1660-85.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


J8, W2/A1, W5, W6

CHRISTIE , M ANSON, AND WOOD , of London. Auctioneers.

J8, J12, J13, W11, W14, D1, D6

CLEMENTS LIBRARY , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Founded by William L. Clements (1861-1934) of Ann Arbor,manufacturer anti bibliophile.

W14

CLEVLAND , John (1707?-63), of Tapeley, near Bideford, Devon; son of Capt. William Cleveland, a commissioner of the Navy.Civil servant: entered Navy Office ca. 1723; Clerk of the Acts 1743-46; Second Secretary of the Admiralty 1746-51; Secretary

of the Admiralty 1751-63. Colleague of Admiral Lord Anson anti George Grenville (q.v.). For the Clevlands, see Namier andBrooke (1964), 220-22.

W13


― 272 ―

TABLE 6 (continued )

DRISCOLL , Emily, of Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Dealer in autographs and drawings.

D1

ELKINS , William McIntire (1882-1947), of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Banker and bibliophile. Bequeathed the American part ofhis library to the Free Library of Philadelphia.

W5, W9/A4

GEORGE III (1738-1820). King of England 1760-1820.

W2/A1, W12

GOSSE , Philip (1879-1959), of Cambridge: son of Sir Edmund Gosse, essayist and bibliophile. Physician and author of ThePirates' Who's Who (1924) and The History of Piracy (1932). His piracy collection was acquired by the National Maritime

Museum, Greenwich, in 1939.

J2

GRENVILLE , Rt. Hon. George (1712-70). Statesman and bibliophile: treasurer of the Navy 1754; First Lord of the Admiralty1762-63; prime minister 1763-65. His son Thomas (1755-1846) assembled the Bibliotheca Grenvilliana , which he bequeathed

to the British Museum.

W14

HAMILTON , Capt. Lord Archibald, R.N. (d. 1754): seventh and youngest son of the third duke of Hamilton. Captain 1693;commanded the Lichfield 1696 and the Eagle at the capture of Gibraltar 1704; retired 1710; governor of Jamaica 1710-14;commissioner of Admiralty 1729-38. Received W8 , and probably W9 , from King William's Dutch private secretary between

1707 and 1714.[1]

A Buccaneer's Atlas


W8, W9/A4

HARLEY , Robert, first earl of Oxford (1661-1724). Statesman and bibliophile: first considerable collection of books 1705;chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the Tories 1710; Lord Treasurer 1711; initiated scheme for funding the national debtthrough South Sea Company (q.v.) 1711; impeached 1717. After his death, his son Edward, second earl, added to his father's

book collection, which was sold after his death in 1741, the manuscripts becoming one of the foundation collections of theBritish Museum in 1753.

W1

HEBER , Richard (1773-1833), of Hodnet, Shropshire, and Pimlico, Middlesex; half brother to Reginald Heber, bishop and hymnwriter. One of the most magnificent of book collectors, Richard Heber said: "No gentlemen can be without three copies of a

book—one for show, one for use, and one for borrowers"; his library of 146,827 volumes was sold 1834-37.

W5

HILL , William (fl. 1680-1726), of Lincoln's Inn, London. Barrister. He bought W4 from Hack himself for £70 in about 1693; hesold it to the newly founded South Sea Company (q.v.) for 20 guineas in 1711, when he was in prison for a £30 debt (letterfrom Hill to James Bateman of the South Sea Co., Dec. 3, 1711: Huntington Library MS. HM 20096); the Lincoln's Inn "BlackBook" has an entry for April 27, 1726: "The Treasurer to pay Mr. William Hill, a poor member of this Society, £2 2s. towards

his support" (British Library Addl. MS. 25494, f. 41).

W4

HOUGHTON , Arthur A., Jr. (1906-), of Wye, Maryland, and New York City. Industrialist (Corning Glass) and bibliophile:honorary curator of rare books, Library of Congress 1940-42; his library is housed partly at Wye, partly at Harvard University.

J8, J12, J13, W11, W14, D1, D6

HUNTINGTON LIBRARY AND ART GALLERY , San Marino, California. Founded by Henry E. Huntington (1850-1927) of SanMarino, railway magnate and book collector of English literature and Americana.

W4, D2, D3

JAMES II 0633-1701), duke of York. Lord High Admiral 1660-73; battles of Solebay 1665 and Southwold Bay 1672; king ofEngland 1685-88.

J8, W8, W9/A4

JEAFFRESON , Christopher, of Dullingham, Cambridgeshire.

J12

JOHN CARTER BROWN LIBRARY , Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Founded by John Carter Brown (1797-1874) ofProvidence, merchant and collector of books on voyage and travel in the western hemisphere.

W13

JONES , Herschel V. (1861-1928), of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Journalist and bibliophile.

W5, W9/A4

KINGSBOROUGH , Edward King-Tenison, viscount (1795-1837), of Dublin. Friend of Sir Thomas Phillipps, who persuaded him to

A Buccaneer's Atlas


study Mexico. Author of the seven-volume Antiquities of Mexico ; died in a debtor's prison in Dublin. Library sold 1842-54, withMexicana bought by Phillipps (q.v.).

W5, W9/A4

KRAUS , H. P., of New York, N.Y. Rare book dealer and bibliophile.

J8

LINCOLN , Lady: probably the countess of Lincoln (Lady Susan Harriet-Catherine Douglas Hamilton, 1814-1860), who marriedthe future fifth duke of Newcastle in 1832.

W8

MAGGS BROS. , London. Rare book dealers. See p. 265.

W3, W8

MEARNS , P. A. (fl. 1923).

J2

MONTT , C. Cruz, the name on the bookplate of W3 , (see Fig. p. 265).

W3

NATIONAL MARITIME MUSEUM (NMM), Greenwich. Founded 1936.

J2, W3, W8

NAVAL HISTORICAL LIBRARY , Ministry of Defence, London; formerly known as the Admiralty Library.

J11/A5, D5

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY , New York, N.Y.

D7

ORLON BOOKSELLERS , London (fl. 1940).

J12

PEPYS , Samuel (1633-1703), of London. Diarist, bibliophile, and naval administrator: Clerk of the Acts, Navy Board, 1660;secretary of the Admiralty 1673-79 and 1686-89. His library was given to Magdalene College, Cambridge, in 1726, where it

remains intact (and in the same bookcases) today.

J3, J9, J10, J17

PHILADELPHIA , FREE LIBRARY OF , Pennsylvania. Acquired Americana from the library of William M. Elkins (q.v.) in 1947.

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W5, W9/A4

[1] . On the recto of the dedication page of W8 (NMM MS. P.33) is the inscription "In the Reign of Queen Anne This largeVolume of original drawings was given by King Williams Dutch private Secretary [probably Abel Tassin d'Allene] to Lord

Archibald Hamilton then a Captain of a Ship of the Line." Hamilton signed his initials on the title pages of both W8 and W9/A4(Elkins 169). For Hamilton's career, see Charnock 1795, 3: 15.


― 273 ―

TABLE 6 (continued )

PHILLIPPS , Sir Thomas (1792-1872), of Middle Hill, Broadway, Worcestershire. Antiquarian and bibliophile: recommended thatLord Kingsborough study Mexican subjects, and acquired Kings-borough's Mexicana collection after his death; of enormous size,

Phillipps's library is still being dispersed (1984).

W5, W9/A4, D6

PIERPONT MORGAN LIBRARY , New York, N.Y. Founded by John Pierpont Morgan (1873-1913), of New York, financier andbibliophile.

J12

QUARITCH , of London. Rare book dealers.

J2, W4, W11

ROBINSON , C. L. F. (d. 1916) of Newport, Rhode Island. Manufacturer and yachtsman.

W4, D6

RODD , Thomas (fl. 1830-45), of London. Bookseller.

W5

SELWYN , Col. John (d. 1751), of Matson, near Gloucester. Soldier and MP. aide-de-camp to duke of Marlborough; MP forGloucester 1734-47; treasurer of Queen Caroline's pensions. Acquired W12 from Sir Robert Walpole (q.v.).[2]

W12

SLOANE , Sir Hans (1660-1753). Physician, antiquarian, and bibliophile: physician to duke of Albemarle (q.v.) when governor ofJamaica 1687-89; secretary of the Royal Society 1693-1717, president 1727-41; founded botanic garden, Chelsea, 1721.

Collections purchased for the nation to form nucleus of British Museum 1754.

J1, J4, J5, J6, J7, J14, J15, J16, W6, W10, A2, D4

SOMERS , John, Baron (1657-1716), of Evesham, Worcestershire. Statesman and lawyer: Lord High Chancellor and createdbaron 1697; Lord President of the Council 1708-10. Library sold 1777.

J13, W12

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SOTHEBY AND SON , of London. Auctioneers.

W13

SOUTH SEA COMPANY , London. Founded 1711, when Harley (q.v.) proposed using it to fund the national debt; South SeaBubble 1720; most of company's rights sold to Spain 1750; company survived to 1853.

W4

SYDNEY , John, second viscount (1764-1831), of Chislehurst, Kent. Lord of the Bedchamber to George III, to whom he gaveW12 in 1800.[3]

W12

TOWNELEY , John (d. 1813), of Corney House, Chiswick, Middlesex. Bibliophile: uncle and heir to Charles Towneley, antiquarian;library sold 1814-16.

W8

WALPOLE , Sir Robert (1676-1745). Statesman: secretary at war 1708; treasurer of the Navy 1710; prime minister antichancellor of the Exchequer 1715-17 and 1721; First Lord of the Treasury 1727; resigned and created earl of Orford 1742.Acquired W12 from Lord Somers (q.v.); friend of Charles Townshend, whose son married the daughter of the next owner,

Colonel Selwyn (q.v.); library sold 1751.

W12

WILDMANN , Maria.

D1

WILLIAM III's DUTCH PRIVATE SECRETARY (presumably Abel Tassin d'Allene, who succeeded Constantijn Huygens, Jr., in thatpost in 1697). Gave W8 , and presumably W9 , to Capt. Lord Archibald Hamilton (q.v.) in the reign of Queen Anne (1707-14).

W8, W9/A4

WITSEN , Nicolaas (1641-1717), of Amsterdam. Geographer and cartographer, and mayor of Amsterdam.

W7/A3

2. On the flyleaf of W12 (BL, K.Mar. VIII 16) is the inscription "Presented to His Majesty Novr 10th 1800 by Lord Sydney, &bought by his Lordship's Great-Grand-Father Col. Selwin at the sale of Sir Robt. Walpole."

3. See n. 2 above.

― 275 ―

― 277 ―

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Appendix AIndex of Charts

On the following pages are indexes grouped into three sections:1. Indexes A-O, showing limits of 105 manuscript charts in the Waggoner primarily from Spanish sources;2. Indexes P-Q, showing limits of the 2 manuscript charts in the Waggoner presumably from English sources

(Galápagos and Juan Fernández Islands);3. Index R, of the 15 printed charts from Bucaniers of America (JP3 ) included in the Introduction.The index charts have modern place-names and show modern political boundaries. Charts A-Q were plotted

initially on very large scale modern charts and then reduced to fit page-size formats. It was not feasible to make allthese plots of uniform scale because of the great variation in the scales of the original charts—those of CentralAmerica, the area of greatest interest to the buccaneers, being generally of much larger scale than those of theextremities of the coverage, in California and southern South America. We did, however, assemble the charts intofifteen groups of about ten charts each that were drawn on bases of common scale; these groups are representedon each of the fifteen index charts A-O. There seemed to be no reason to add a bar scale, since the grid can beused for scale (1° of latitude = 60 nautical miles exactly, or 70 statute miles approximately).

Index Pages (W3 )a Number of Charts

A 3A -7B 10

B 8A -13B 11

C 14A -19B 12

D 20A - 27B 11

E 28-33 8

F 34-43 11

G 44A -50 9

H 51A -58 10

I 59-68 10

J 69-78 12

K 79-85 8

L 86-90B 9

M 91A -95 8

N 96A -100 8

0 101-105 5

Extra Charts

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P Page 106 Juan Fernández

Q Page 107 Galápagos

R Index to Bucaniers of America charts

a In cases where two charts occur on one page, the charts are numbered A and B , with Abeing the top or, rarer, lefthand chart.






KEY TO INDEX CHART R

Keyedarea

Introductiontext page

Area covered

1 6 Gulf of Ballona

2 11 Bay of Panama

3 13 Isle of Gorgona

4 13 Isle of Plate

5 15 Ilo

6 15 La Serena

7 16 Bay of Coquimbo

8 16 Isle of Juan Fernández

9 18 Arica

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10 19 Guasco

11 20 Gulf of Nicoya

12 20 Golfo Dalce

13 23 Pasta and Colan

14 24 English Gulf

15 24 HRH the Duke of York's Isles

― 283 ―

Appendix BHigh Court of Admiralty Record of the Trial for Piracy and MurderSouthwark, June 10, 1682

Translation from the Latin by Professor A. Kiralfy

Indictment against Sharp, Cox, and Williams (PRO, HCA 1/11, 101)

The jurors for our lord the King present on their oaths that Bartholomew Sharpe, lately of the parish of Stepney inthe county of Middlesex, seaman; John Cox, lately of the parish of St. Paul Shadwell in the county of Middlesex,seaman; and William Williams, lately of the parish of St. Paul Shadwell aforesaid, seaman, on the 20th day ofMay[1] in the 32nd year of the reign of our lord King Charles II, by the grace of God King of England, Scotland,France, and Ireland, Defender &c., did with force and arms on the high seas in a certain place about six leaguesdistant from a certain cape commonly called Cape Passado in the West Indies and within the jurisdiction of theAdmiral of England, piratically and feloniously invade, board, break, and enter a certain ship called "Le Rosario," ofwhich John Lopez was then and there captain; and did then and there piratically and feloniously assault the saidJohn Lopez, the captain aforesaid, and certain seamen being then in the same ship in treaty and friendship of thesaid lord our present King; and did piratically and feloniously put the aforesaid John Lopez, the captain, and thesaid seamen of the said ship in bodily fear of their lives then and there in the said ship on the said high seas in thesaid place about six leagues distant from the said cape called Cape Passado in the West Indies and within theaforesaid jurisdiction; and did piratically and feloniously steal, take, and carry away from the said John Lopez,captain, and the said seamen and from their custody and possession then and there on the said high seas in thesaid place about six leagues distant from the cape called Cape Passado aforesaid 40 lb. weight of sea bread worth50 shillings in lawful English money, a hamper of potatoes worth 5 shillings, 500 great bottles of Nasta wine worth£200 in lawful English money, and two sails for a ship worth £6 in lawful English money, being goods and chattelsof certain persons not known to the aforesaid jurors, being then and there in the treaty and friendship of our lordthe King on the said high seas in the said place six leagues distant from the cape called Cape Passado and withinthe said jurisdiction in the said ship in the custody and possession of the said John Lopez, captain of the said ship,and of the said seamen being in the same, against the peace of our lord the present King, his Crown and dignity.

Further Indictment against Sharp, Cox, and Williams (PRO, HCA 1/11, 102)

The jurors for our lord the King present on their oaths that Bartholomew Sharpe, lately of the parish of Step-hey inthe county of Middlesex, seaman; John Cox, lately of the parish of St. Paul Shadwell in the county of Middlesex,seaman; and William Williams, lately of the parish of St. Paul Shadwell aforesaid in the aforesaid county, seaman,on the 20th day of May in the 32nd year of the reign of our lord Charles II, by the grace of God King of England,

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Scotland, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, on the high seas, in a certain place about six leagues distantfrom a certain cape commonly

[1] According to the English journals, the actual date of the Rosarto 's capture was July 29. 1681 (O.S.) (seeIntroduction, p. 21). It seems likely that this was a simple error in the court proceedings and that there was nodarker significance.

― 284 ―called Cape Passado in the West Indies, and within the jurisdiction of the Admiral of England in a certain warshipcalled "Le Trinidad," of which the said Bartholomew Sharpe was then Captain, with force and arms then and therefeloniously, wilfully, and with malice aforethought navigate and approach a certain ship called "Le Rosario" of whichJohn Lopez was then captain and belonging to subjects [of] the most Serene [?] King of Spain now in the treatyand friendship of our present King, on the said sea and within the said jurisdiction, in and with the said warship.

And that the aforesaid Bartholomew Sharpe, John Cox, and William Williams did then and there feloniously,wilfully, and with malice aforethought assault the said John Lopez being then and there on the said ship called "LeRosario" in the treaty and friendship of our said lord the King and in the peace of God and of the said lord theKing, and that the aforesaid Bartholomew Sharpe did then and there explode and discharge a certain musket worth10 shillings in the said warship and loaded with gunpowder and leaden shot (which same musket the sameBartholomew Sharpe then and there had and held in both his hands) at the said John Lopez.

And that the said Bartholomew Sharpe then and there did, by the force emitted by the powder aforesaid withthe said shot from the said musket, feloniously, wilfully, and with malice aforethought wound the said John Lopezin and on the left side of his body, near his left nipple, causing the said Lopez with the said shot, discharged asaforesaid, a mortal wound one inch wide and four inches deep, in and on the left side of his body, near the saidleft nipple, of which said mortal wound the said John Lopez then and there died, on the said ship called "LeRosario" on the high seas in the said place about six leagues distant from the said cape called Cape Passado in theWest Indies and within the aforesaid jurisdiction.

And that the aforesaid John Cox and William Williams at the time of the aforesaid felony and murderfeloniously and wilfully and with malice aforethought committed and perpetrated by the said Bartholomew Sharpe inthe manner and form aforesaid were feloniously, wilfully, and with malice aforethought present, aiding, abetting,comforting, assisting, and maintaining the said Bartholomew Sharpe to do and perpetrate the said felony andmurder feloniously, wilfully, and with malice aforethought.

And so the jurors say on their said oaths that the said Bartholomew Sharpe, John Cox, and William Williamsfeloniously, wilfully, and with malice aforethought killed and murdered the said John Lopez on the high seas, in theaforesaid place distant six leagues from the cape called Cape Passado in the West Indies and within the jurisdictionof the Admiralty of England in the manner and form aforesaid, against the peace of our lord the King, his Crownand dignity.

Counts of the Indictment at the Trial (PRO, HCA, 104)

At a session of Oyer and Terminer[2] and Gaol Delivery of the Admiralty of England held at New Hall in Southwarkin the county of Surrey, on Saturday the 10th day of June in the 34th year of King Charles II of England, before SirThomas Exton, LL.D., Sir Robert Holmes, Sir James Smith, Sir John Narborough, Sir Richard Haddock, Sir JohnWetwang, Stephen Brice, LL.D., Sir Richard Raines, Sir James Butler, the Queen's attorney, and Sir John Berry:

Counts against Sharp, Cox, and Williams (PRO, HCA, 1/11, 104)

1. for piratically and feloniously stealing a certain ship called "Le Trinidad" and its equipment and fittings;2. for piratically and feloniously breaking and entering the ship called "Le St Pedro" (of which J Ortez de

Ganbon[?] was master) and putting the master and seamen in bodily fear, and stealing goods of great value fromit;

3. for piratically and feloniously entering a boat called "the little St John boat" (of which Diego Pablo wasmaster) and putting master and seamen in bodily fear, and stealing goods of great valise from it;

4. for piratically and feloniously breaking and entering a ship called "Le Rosario" (of which John Lopez wasmaster) and putting master and seamen in bodily fear, and stealing goods of great value from it;

5. for the murder of the said John Lopez, master of the said ship called "Le Rosario."

A Buccaneer's Atlas


[2] Literally, "to hear and determine": an assize sitting with a petty jury after the hearing of a grand jury.

― 285 ―

Verdicts (PRO, HCA, 1/11, 105)

Session of Oyer and Terminer and Gaol Delivery of our lord the King for the Admiralty of England at New Hall inthe parish of St. George in Southwark in the county of Surrey on Saturday, June 10, in the 34th year of KingCharles II of England.

Bartholomew Sharpe, John Cox, and William Williams were severally acquitted of several felonies, piracies, andmurder and released. Fee—8s 4d each. The court was adjourned to Monday, June 26 [1682] at the Hall of theLords of the Admiralty at 2 p.m.

― 286 ―

Appendix CChronology

Page nos.

Prologue

Present text

Printed journal (JP3 )

1670

July 21 Anglo-Spanish Treaty signed in Madrid, to becomeeffective by July 1671

1

—

1671

Jan.-Feb. English forces under Henry Morgan sack Panama 1

—

Sharp's Voyage to the South Sea

1679

Dec. English buccaneer ships under Coxon and Sharpleave Jamaica

3

—

1680

Feb. Attack on Porto Bello, Panama 3

1

Apr. 5 7 ships off Golden Island, Darien; 331 men marchacross Isthmus of Darien, with Coxon "general"

3

4

Apr. 15 Sack of Santa María, Darien, led by Sawkins 5

10

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Apr 23 Battle of Perico, Panama; capture of five ships,including the Trinity

9

27

Apr. 26 Coxon and 70 men leave: Sawkins becomes"general"

10

35

May 10 Capture of the San Pedio at Taboga Island 10

37

May 22 Attack on Pueblo Nuevo, Veragua: Sawkins killed,Sharp becomes "general"

11

41

May 31 63 more men leave to return to the Caribbean;about 150 men remain

12

43

June 6 Trinity and Mayflower sail toward the GalápagosIslands: contrary winds

13

45

June 17-July 25 Careening at Isle of Gorgona, Colombia 13

52

Aug. 13-17 Provisions and water at Isle of Plate, Ecuador 14

62

Aug. 28 Mayflower scuttled 14

76

Sept 13 Solar eclipse: Ringrose finds longitude 38

84

Oct. 25-Nov. 3 Attack on Arica, Chile, and Ilo, Peru 15

92

Dec. 3-7 Sack of La Serena, Chile 15

104

Dec. 25-Jan. 12 Refitting at Juan Fernández Island 16

116

1681

Jan. 2 Mutiny. Sharp superseded by Watling 16

130

Jan. 30 Second attack on Arica, Chile; Watling killed,Sharp becomes "general" again

18

130

Mar. 12-15 Attack on Huasco, Chile 19

138

Mar. 27 Second attack on Ilo, Peru 19

142

Apr. 17 Mutiny near the Isle of Plate: 52 more men,including Dampier and Wafer, leave; 65 remain

19

140

May 7-28 Trinity refit at Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica; barkcaptured

20

143

June 6-28 Careening at Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica 20

151

July 8 Second capture of the San Pedro off Cape San 21

158

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Francisco, Ecuador

a In this part of the book the pagination is confused and duplicated.


― 287 ―(Table continued from previous page)

Page nos.

Prologue

Present text

Printed journal (JP3 )

July 29 Capture of the Rosario with charts, etc., off CapePasado, Ecuador

21

151

Aug. 1 Bark captured in May scuttled 22

163

Aug. 12-16 Boot-topping at Isle of Plate 23

165

Aug. 28 Landing at Pasta, Peru, foiled; decision made toreturn to West Indies via Strait of Magellan

23

169

Oct. 12-Nov. 5 At Duke of York's Isle, Southern Patagonia 23

178

Nov. 17 Having missed the Strait of Magellan, the Trinityreaches 58°23' S, about 150 miles south of Cape

Horn; into the South Atlantic

24

192

1682

Jan. 7 Equator crossed 25

204

Jan. 28 Barbados sighted 25

204

Jan. 30 Trinity arrives in Antigua; crew disperses 25

212

Feb. Trinity abandoned at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 26

—

Mar. 25-26 Most of crew reach England 27

212

Epilogue

1682

May 18 Sharp, Dick, and Cox arrested in London oncharges of piracy and murder

27

—

June 10 Admiralty court acquits for lack of evidence 28

—

Oct. 23 Date of dedication of Hack's first South Sea 27

—

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Waggoner (W2/A1 ), to Charles II by Sharp

Nov. 25 Sharp appointed to command Bonetta sloop(command never taken up)

31

—

1683

Aug 10 Trinity destroyed in St. Thomas harbor 26

—

Oct. 1 Ringrose sails for South Sea in the Cygnet 30

—

1684

Jan. Sharp in Nevis 32

—

May Journals of Cox and Dick (JP1 & JP2 ) published inLondon

261

—

1685

Feb. Ringrose's journal (JP3 ) published in London 262

—

1686

Feb. 19 Ringrose killed in Mexico 30

—

Dec. 30 Sharp acquitted of piracy in Nevis 32

—

1688 Sharp "commander" of Anguilla 32

—

1699

June Sharp's journal (JP6 ) published in London 262

—

Summer Sharp in prison on St. Thomas 32

—

― 289 ―

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SECONDARY SOURCES

Adams, Thomas R. "William Hack's Manuscript Atlases of the Great South Sea of America." In John CarterBrown Library Annual Report for 1965-1966 . Providence, R.I., [1966].

Andrews, Kenneth R. The Spanish Caribbean: Trade and Plunder; 1530-1630 . New Haven, Ct., 1978.

Artíñano y de Galdácano, Gervasio de. Historia del commercio con las Indias . . . . Barcelona, 1917.

Aschmann, Homer. "Distribution and Peculiarity of Mediterranean Ecosystems." In Mediterranean-TypeEcosystems: Origin and Structure , edited by Francesco di Castri and Harold A. Mooney. New York, 1973.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Aschmann, Homer, and Conrad Bahr. "Man's Impact on the Wild Landscape." In Convergent Evolution in Chileand California , edited by Harold A. Mooney. Stroudsburg, Pa., 1973.

Ashbrook, Joseph. "The Astronomical Pirate." Sky and Telescope , August 1969, 75.

Birch, Thomas. The History of the Royal Society of London . 4 vols. London, 1756-57.

Boulind, Richard. "William Hack and the Description of New England." In Sibley's Hen: A Volume in Memory ofCliffoid Kenyon Shipton . Boston, 1982.

Bradley, Peter T. The Lure of Peru: Marrtime Intrusion into the South Sea, 1598-1701 . Basingstoke andLondon, 1989.

Bruman, Henry J. "Early Coconut Culture in Western Mexico," and "A Further Note on Coconuts in Colima."Hispanic American Historical Review 25, no. 2 (1945): 213, and 27, no. 2 (1947): 572-73.

———. "Sovereign California: The State's Most Plausible Alternative Scenario." In Henry J. Bruman and ClementMeighan, Early California Perception and Reality. William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, Los Angeles, 1981.

Burchett, Josiah. A Complete History of the Most Remarkable Transactions at Sea . London, 1720.

Burney, James. History of the Buccaneers of America . London, 1816.

Campbell, Tony. "The Drapers' Company and Its School of Seventeenth-century Chartmakers." In My Head Is aMap , edited by Helen Wallis and Sarah Tyacke. London, 1973.

Castillero Calvo, Alfredo. Los negros y mulatos libres en historia social . Panama City, 1969.

Charnock, John. Biographia Navalis . 6 vols. London, 1794-98.

Chevalier, François. Land and Society in Colonial Mexico. The Great Hacienda . Edited by Lesley B. Simpson,translated by Alvin Eustic. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963.

Croft, Pauline. "English Mariners Trading to Spain and Portugal, 1558-1625." The Mariner's Mirror 69, no. 3(1983): 251-66.

Dampier, William. A New Voyage Round the World . . . . 1697. Reprint, edited by N. M. Penzer. London, 1937.

Darwin, Charles. Geological Observations on South America . . . of the Voyage of the "Beagle. " London, 1846.

———. On the Origin of Species . London, 1859.

Defoe, Daniel. The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner . London, 1719.

Earle, Peter. The Wreck of the Almiranta. Sir William Phips and the Hispaniola Treasure . London, 1979.

———. The Sack of Panama . London, 1981.

Fletcher, Francis. The World Encompassed . London, 1628. Reprinted in Francis Drake Privateer: ContemporaryNarratives and Documents , edited by John Hampden. University: University of Alabama Press, 1972.

Flores Mata, Gaudencio, et al. Tipos de vegetación de la República Mexicana (with map). Mexico City, 1971.

Galvin, John, ed. The First Spanish Entry into San Francisco Bay, 1775 . San Francisco, 1971.

Gerhard, Peter. Pirates on the West Coast of New Spain, 1575-1742 . Glendale, Ca., 1960.

———. The Southeast Frontier of New Spain . Princeton, 1979.

Gosse, Philip. The Pirates' Who's Who . London, 1927.

———. The History of Piracy . London, 1932.

Grant, Campbell. "Island Cumash." In California , edited by Robert F. Heizer. Vol. 8 of Handbook of NorthAmerican Indians . Washington, D.C., 1978.

Great Britain. Hydrographer of the Navy. South American Pilot, Vol. II . 15th ed. Taunton, 1971.

———. South American Pilot, Vol. III . 5th ed. Taunton, 1968.

———. Pacific Coasts of Central America and United States Pilot . 8th ed. Taunton, 1975.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Great Britain. Public Record Office. Calendar of State Papers. Colonial Series, America and West Indies, 1669-1674 . London, 1884.

———. Calendar of State Papers. Domestic Series, January 1st to December 31st, 1682 . London, 1932.

———. Calendar of State Papers. Colonial Series, America and West Indies, 1681-1685 . London, 1898.

Great Britain. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts. Third Report, Appendix . London, 1872.

Gzrimek, Bernhard, ed. Animal Life Encyclopedia . Vol. 13. New York, 1972.

Haring, C. H. The Buccaneers of the West Indies in the XVII Century . London, 1910.

Howse, Derek, and Michael Sanderson. The Sea Chart . Newton Abbot, England, 1973.

Kemp, Peter K., and Christopher Lloyd. The Brethren of the Coast: The British and French Buccaneers in theSouth Seas . London, 1960.

Leighly, John B. California as an Island: An Illustrated Essay . San Francisco, 1972.

Lloyd, Christopher. "Bartholomew Sharp, Buccaneer." The Mariner's Mirror 42 (1956): 291-301.

———. William Dampier . Hamden, Ct., 1966.

Lynam, Edward. The Mapmaker's Art . London, 1953. [The chapter on Sharp was first published by OrionBooksellers, Ltd., in 1946.]

McEvedy, Colin, and Richard Jones. Atlas of Worm Population History . London, 1978.

― 290 ―

MacLeod, Murdo. Spanish Central America: A Socio-Economic History, 1520-1720 . Berkeley and Los Angeles,1973.

Mathes, W. Michael. Californiana I: Documentos para la historia de la demarcación comercial de California,1583-1632 . 2 vols. Madrid, 1965.

———. Californiana II: Documentos para la historia de la explotación comercial de California, 1611-1679 . 2vols. Madrid, 1970.

———. The Capture of "Santa Aria. " Los Angeles, 1969.

———. Vizcaíno and Spanish Expansion in the Pacific . San Francisco, 1968.

Miller, Robert. "Cortés and the First Attempt to Colonize California." California Historical Quarterly 53, no. 1(1974): 5-16.

Mörner, Magnus. Race Mixture in the History of Latin America . Boston, 1967.

Namier, Lewis B., and John Brooke, eds. The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1754-1790. II—Members, A-J . London, 1964.

Nuttall, Zelia, ed. New Light on Drake . Hakluyt Society Publications, 2d ser., no. 34. London, 1914.

Oppolzer, Theodor von. Canon of Eclipses . Vienna, 1887.

Ortiz Sotelo, Jorge. Un Derroterro inglés de las costas de América (1703-1704) . Lima, 1988.

Parry, John H. The Spanish Seaborne Empire . London, 1966.

Ritchie, Robert C. Captain Kidd and the War against the Pirates . Cambridge, Mass., 1986.

Sauer, Carl O. Aboriginal Population of Northwestern Mexico . Berkeley, 1935.

———. The Early Spanish Main . Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1966.

Sherman, William L. Forced Native Labor in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America . Lincoln, Neb., 1979.

Simpson, Lesley B. The Encomienda in New Spain: Forced Labor in the Spanish Colonies, 1492-1550 . Berkeley,1929.

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Skelton, Raleigh A. "King George III's Maritime Collection," British Museum Quarterly 18 (1953): 63-65.

———. "Hydrographic Collections in the British Museum," Journal of the Institute of Navigation 9 (1956): 323-34.

———. Explorers' Maps . London, 1958.

Sloane, Sir Hans. A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbadoes, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica . . . Vol. 1.London, 1704.

Smith, Thomas R. "Manuscript and Printed Sea-Charts in Seventeenth-century London: The Case of the ThamesSchool." In The Compleat Plattmaker , edited by Norman J. W. Thrower. William Andrews Clark Memorial Library,Los Angeles, 1978.

Standley, Paul C. "Flora of the Panama Canal Zone." In Contributions to the United States National Herbarium27 (1928).

Thrower, Norman J. W., and David E. Bradbury, eds. Chile-California Mediterranean Scrub Atlas: A ComparativeAnalysis . Stroudsburg, Pa., 1977.

Tooley, Ronald V. California as an Island . Map Collectors' Circle Series, no. 8. London, 1963.

Villamarín, Juan A., and Judith E. Villamarín. Indian Labor in Mainland Colonial Spanish America . University ofDelaware, Latin American Studies Program Occasional Papers and Monographs, no. 1. Newark, 1975.

Wafer, Lionel. A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America . London, 1699. Reprint, edited by L. E.Elliot Joyce. Hakluyt Society Publications, 2d ser., no 73. Oxford, 1934.

Wagner, Henry R. The Cartography of the Northwest Coast of America . 2 vols. Berkeley, 1937. Reprint (1 vol.).Amsterdam, 1968.

Williams, Glyndwr. Documents relating to Anson's voyage round the world, 1740-1744 . Navy Records Society,no. 109. London, 1967.

Zavala, Silvio A. La Encomienda indiana . Madrid, 1935.

———. New Viewpoints on Spanish Colonization in America . Philadelphia, 1943.

― 291 ―

INDEX

Modern forms of place names are indicated in parentheses.

A

Abajo, Rio, Panama, 125

Abingdon Island (Isle Pinta), Galapagos, 259

Abingtons Isle (Isle Pinta), Galapagos, 259

Acahutla: Acahutla, El Salvador, 67 , 84 , 87 ;

Port of Acahutla (Acajutla), El Salvador, 87

Acamama, Punta, Mexico, 69

Acapulco: Acapulco, Mexico, 22 , 43 , 49 , 59 , 63 , 64 , 64 n, 65 -66, 66 n, 67 -68, 70 , 73 , 264 -66;

Acapulco de Juárez, Mexico, 67 ;

Bahía de Acapulco, Mexico, 65 ;

Fuerte de San Diego de Acapulco, Mexico, 67 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Port of Acapulco, Mexico, 64 , 68 ;

Puerto de Acapulco, Mexico, 65

Acari, Morro di (Morro Chala), Peru, 204 , 205 , 207

Acary, Peru, 204 , 205

Acatenango, Volcán, Guatemala, 83

Acmacidae, 252 n

Aconcagua: Rio Aconcagua, Chile, 235 ;

Volcán Aconcaqua, Chile-Argentina, 217

Actro Chausos, Chile, 249

Admiralty, High Court of, 28 , 31 , 267 ;

proceedings, 283 -85; Admiralty Library (see Naval Historical Library)

Aextoxicon punctatum, 232

Afuera: Isla Lobos de Afuera, Peru, 168 n, 169 ;

Isla Más Afuera, Chile, 257 ;

Isleta de Afuera, Panama, 131 ;

Islotes Hormigas de Afuera, Peru, 188 , 189 , 191

Agrio, Chile, 249

Agua, Volcán de, Guatemala, 83

Agua Duce, Rio de (Rio Sicatela), Mexico, 71

Aguja: Aguja, Peru, 168 ;

Pta del Aguja (Punta Aguja), Peru, 166 , 167 , 169

Ahorcados, Los (Islotes Los Ahorcados), Ecuador, 153 , 154

Alacrán, Isla, Chile, 215

Albemarle, duke, governor-general of Jamaica, 27 , 32 , 259 , 271 ;

dedications to, 31 , 261 , 267 , 270

Albemarle Island (Isla Isabela), Galapagos, 67 , 259

Alcatraces: Alcatraces, Mexico, 72 ;

Pta de Alcatraces (Punta Alcatras), Ecuador, 155

Alcatraz: Alcatraz, Mexico, 71 ;

Isla Alcatraz, Mexico, 71 ;

Isla de Alcatraces, Mexico, 71

Alfaro, Eloy, Ecuador, 155

Algodonales (Bahía Algodonales), Chile, 218

Alico, Morro de (Morro de Atico), Peru, 207

Alima, Volcán de, Mexico, 60

Almagro, Diego de, Spanish explorer, 137 , 139 , 159

Almedrall, El, Chile, 235

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Almenos, Los, Peru, 211

Alonde, Ro, Ecuador, 155

Alpaca, 212

Alta California, Mexico, 56 n, 61

Alta de Chilca, Pico, Peru, 195

Altan, Chile, 249

Alto: Alto de Mala (Cerro Zambapala), Ecuador, 155 ;

Alto San Pedro, Chile, 247 ;

Lo Alto de Tucapell (Cordilleras de Nahuelbuta), Chile, 243 ;

Lo Alto de Tunbes (Cerros Los Amotapes). Ecuador, 155 ;

Pico Alto (Cerro Facio), Peru, 171

Altonlina, Chile, 247

Altos de Talinay, Chile, 231

Amapal: Amapal, El Salvador, 67 , 97 ; Amapal or Fonceca, Golfo de (see Fonseca)

Amapala: Amapala, Mexico, 73 ;

Amapala, Honduras, 93

Amapall: Amapall (La Unión), El Salvador, 92 , 93 , 96 , 97 ;

Gulfe of Amapall, El Salvador, 94

Amarales, Rio, Colombia, 139

Ambergrease, 250

Ambergris, 250 n

Amblada (Isla Socorro), Mexico, 49

Amblyihynchus cristatus , 198 n

Amilpas: Amilpas, Guatemala, 80 ;

Volcan of the Amilpas, Guatemala, 80

Amores, Ecuador, 157

Amortajado, Morro, Chile, 247

Amotapes, Cerros Los, Ecuador, 155

Ana de Osorio, 209

Anabacas, Guatemala, 82

Ananas, Picos de, Colombia, 135

Anasgeorggica spinicauda , 254 n

Anchor tavern, Stepney, England, 27

Anchorage, symbols for, 41 , 43 , 46

Anchoves, 164

Ancon: Ancon, Panama, 124 n, 125 ;

Anton de Sardinas (Bahía de Ancón de Sardinas), Ecuador, 140 , 141 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Ancon Sin Salida, Chile, 253 ;

Bahía de Ancon, Peru, 189 ;

Cerro del Ancon, Panama, 125

Ancud: Ancud, Chile, 247 ;

Bahía de An-cud, Chile, 249 ;

Pta de Ancud (Punta Corona), Chile, 247 , 249

Andagoya, Pascual de, Spanish explorer, 137

Andes: Andes, South America, 146 n, 219 ;

Cordillera Occidental de Los Andes (Cordillera Negra), Peru. 185 , 197

Andreas, Cabo de San, Chile, 251

Andreas, Captain, Indian chief, 4 , 6 , 10

Andres, Bahía San, Chile, 251

Anegadas, Las (Picos de Ananas), Colombia, 135

Anegadizas: Anegadizas, Mexico, 77 ;

Las Anegadizas, Colombia, 134

Angel, Puerto, Mexico, 71

Angell, Michaile, Spanish pilot, 162

Angells, Mexico, 74

Angelos, Puerto de los (Puerto Angel), Mexico, 71

Anguilla, 32

Ania, 49

Anian, 49

Ánimas, Puerto Chañaral de las, Chile, 225

Anin, Rio, Chile, 245

Aniu, 49

Año nuebo, Pta del (Point Año Nuevo), USA, 51 , 52

Año Nuevo, Point, USA, 51 , 52

Anonymous journalist, 262

Anson, George, Commodore, later Admiral, Lord, 32

Anson, Thomas, book collector, 267 , 270 , 271

Antego (Antigua), 254

Antigua, 25 , 27 , 256 n

Antofagasta, Chile, 223

Anton: Anton de Rodas, Puerto de (Bahía de Ancón), Peru, 189 ;

Puerto de San Anton, Chile, 237 ;

Rio de Anton (Rio Antón), Panama, 123

Antonio, Domingo, 145

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Antonio de Ascensión, Fray, 265

Antro, Bay of San, Colombia, 134

Apeneca: Apeneca, El Salvador, 87 ;

Cerro Grande de Apaneca, Guatemala-El Salvador, 85 , 87

Apostoles (Rocas Apóstoles), Chile, 255

Apples, 210

Aquada, Panama, 129

Aquilca (Quilca), Peru, 211

Araguaiquin (Erequaiquin), El Salvador, 90 , 91

Arastra (Rio Amarales), Colombia, 139

Arato, Mexico, 76

Araucanians, 240 n

Arauco, Chile, 243

Arbol de Guise, Panama, 127

Archipiélago: Archipiélago de Colón (Galapagos Islands), Ecuador, 258 n, 259 ;

Archipiélago de las Perlas, Panama, 130 n, 131 ;

Archipiélago Madre de Dios, Chile, 253

Arena: Arena, Point, USA, 51 , 56 n;

Arenas, Punta, Costa Rica, 107 ;

Pta Arena (Punta Arena), Ecuador, 155 ;

Pta Arena (Punta Arenas), Argen-

― 292 ―

Arena (continued )

tina, 255 ;

Pta de Arena, Colombia, 137 ;

Pta de la Arena, Ecuador, 156 ;

Sierra de la Arena, Peru, 189

Argentina, 235

Arica: Arica, Chile, 13 , 14 , 21 , 152 n, 198 , 204 , 214 -16, 227 ;

attacked, 15 , 18 ;

Bahía Arica, Chile, 215 ;

Morro de Arica, Chile, 215 , 217 ;

Puerto de Arica (Bahía Arica), Chile, 215

Ariquipa: Ariquipa, Peru, 204 , 206 , 210 ;

Morro de Ariquipa, Peru, 206 ;

Port of Ariquipa, Peru, 206 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Volcan of Ariquipa, Peru, 212

Armada Channel, Panama, 131

Asafrur (Isleta de Afuera), Panama 131

Ascensión, Fray Antonio de, Spanish cartographer, 64 n

Aserradores: Estero de Aserradores, Nicaragua, 97 ;

Isla de Aserradores, Nicaragua, 97

Asia: Isla de Asia, Peru, 195 , 196 ;

Pta Asia (Punta Malpaso de Asia), Peru, 195

Asilla, Rio de, Chile, 245

Askew, Anthony, 269 , 271

Astata, Bahía, Mexico, 75

Astellero de Padron (Estero Padre Ramos), Nicaragua, 93

Astillero de Avila, Nicaragua, 93

Astillero de Estovall Martin (La Palma), Panama, 129

Astrolabe, mariner's, 24 , 37

Astronomical observations, 14 , 15 , 24 n, 37

Asunción, Isla, Mexico, 57

Atacama: Atacama, Chile, 221 ;

Atacama Desert, Chile, 215 , 219 , 227

Atacames: Bahía de Atacames, Ecuador, 143 ;

Poblacíon de Atacames, Ecuador, 143

Atequipa, Rio, Peru, 207

Atico: Atico, Peru, 206 ;

Morro de Atico, Peru, 207 , 209

Atiquipa, Morro de, Peru, 207

Atitlán: Volcán Atitlán, Guatemala, 83 ;

Bolcan de Atittlan (Volcán Atitlán), Guatemala, 83 ;

Attittlan, Guatemala, 82

Atlantic Ocean, 255 , 256 n

Atrato R., Panama, 3

Attittlan. See Atitlán

Ave María, Cerro, Panama, 113

Avenida Colonial, Lima, Peru, 193

Avicennia germinans , 72 n

Avila, Astillero de, Nicaragua, 93

Ayacucho, Peru, 194

Ayoyero, Punta, Peru, 163

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Ayres, Philip, publisher, 27 , 261 , 268

Ayuta: Punta Ayuta, Mexico, 75 ;

Rio Ayuta, Mexico, 75 ;

Pta de Ayutla (Punta Ayuta), Mexico, 75 , 76

Aztecs, 66 n

Azúcar, Islote Pan de, Panama, 125

Azul, Puerto de Cerro, Peru, 197

B

Baba: Puiblo de San Pedio de Baba (Samborondón), Ecuador, 157 ;

Rio de Baba (Rio Los Tintos), Ecuador, 157 ;

Babahoyo, Rio, Ecuador, 157

Bacas de Fferrol (Islotes Ferrol), Peru, 179

Backstaff (Davis quadrant), 36

Baena, P., cartographer, 271

Bahía Arica, Chile, 215

Bahía Astata, Mexico, 75

Bahía Banderas, Mexico, 61

Bahía Caldera, Costa Rica, 107

Bahía Carnero, Chile, 243

Bahía Chanco, Chile, 239

Bahía Coliumo, Chile, 239

Bahía Conchalí, Chile, 233

Bahía Copiapo, Chile, 227

Bahía Coquimbo, Chile, 229

Bahía Cucao, Chile, 249

Bahía Cupia, Colombia, 133

Bahía de Acapulco. See Acapulco

Bahía de Ancón, Peru, 189

Bahía de Ancud, Chile, 249

Bahía de Atacames, Ecuador, 143

Bahía de Chametla. See Chametla

Bahía de Coronado, Costa Rica, 108 n, 109

Bahía de Paracas, Peru, 201

Bahía de Pérula, Mexico, 61

Bahía de Pisagua, Chile, 217

Bahía de San Barnabé, Mexico, 60 n

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Bahía de San Quintín, Mexico, 55

Bahía de Somanco, Peru, 179

Bahía de Zihuatanejo, Mexico, 65

Bahía Elena, Costa Rica, 101

Bahía Escondido, Mexico, 71

Bahía Felipe, Argentina, 255

Bahía Gente Grande, Argentina, 255

Bahía Gramandal, Peru, 185

Bahía Herradura de Guayacán, Chile, 229 , 231 , 232

Bahía Honda, Panama, 115

Bahía Huarmey, Peru, 183

Bahía Isla Blanca, Chile, 225

Bahía Linao, Chile, 249

Bahía Lomas, Argentina, 255

Bahía Magdalena. See Magdelana

Bahía Manzanillo. See Manzanillo

Bahía Mejillones del Sur, Chile, 220

Bahía Moreno, Chile, 223

Bahía Nuestra Señora, Chile, 225

Bahía Octavia, Colombia, 133

Bahía Petacalco, Mexico, 63

Bahía Piñas, Colombia, 133

Bahía Queule, Chile, 243

Bahía Quintero, Chile, 233

Bahía Rosario, Mexico, 57

Bahía Salado, Chile, 227

Bahía Salina Cruz, Mexico, 75

Bahía San Andres, Chile, 251

Bahía San Juan, Peru, 205

Bahía San Lucas. See San Lucas

Bahía San Nicolás, Peru, 205

Bahía San Sebastián, Argentina, 255

Bahía San Vicente, Chile, 241

Bahía Santa Cruz, Mexico, 73

Bahía Solano, Colombia, 135

Bahía Tarn, Chile, 253

Bahía Todos Santos, Mexico, 55

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Bahía Tongoy, Chile, 229

Bahía Uvita, Costa Rica, 108 n, 109

Bahía Valparaíso, Chile, 235

Baho, Mexico, 71

Baja: Baja California, Mexico, 43 , 60 n;

Costa Baja, Chile, 243 ;

Rio Baja, Panama, 115

Bajos: Bajos, Mexico, 69 ;

Bajos, Panama, 119 ;

Bajos de Mondragon (Isla Mondragón), Ecuador, 155 ;

Bajos de Paguell (Isla Jambeli), Ecuador, 155 ;

Bajos Lempa, El Salvador, 91

Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, Spanish explorer, 3 , 127

Balboa Harbor, Panama, 124 n

Baldivia: Baldivia, Chile (see Valdivia);

Ysla de Baldivia (Isla Teje), Chile, 245

Baleo, Rio (Rio Baleo Grande), Ecuador, 155

Ballena, Peru, 201

Balleno, Golfo de, Panama, 128

Ballesia, La (Islas Ballestas), Peru, 201

Balsa wood, 129

Balsama, Sierra de la (Costa de Bálsamo), El Salvador, 89

Bálsamo, Costa de, El Salvador, 89

Balsas: Pta de Balsas, Ecuador, 155 ;

Rio de Balsas (Rio Balsas o Tucuti), Panama, 129

Bamba, Morro, Mexico, 75

Banbo, Rio (Quebrada Corredó), Panama, 129

Banco San José, Panama, 131

Bancroft Library, Berkeley, USA, 269 , 271

Banda, Punta, Mexico, 56 n

Banderas, Bahía, Mexico, 61

Bapi, Pta de la (Punta Lavapié), Chile, 243

Baquerizo Moreno, Ecuador, 157

Barahona, Jacinto de, Spanish admiral, 9 , 10

Baranca: Puerto de La Baranca, Peru, 185 ;

Rio de Baranca (Rio de Barranca), Costa Rica, 107

Barbados, 25 , 38 , 86 n, 256

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Barbara. See Santa Barbara

Barenca, Peru, 186

Barks, captured, 5 , 9 -11, 14 , 20 -22;

defined, 5 n

Barques, 124

Barra de Estapa (Puerto de Istapa), Guatemala, 82 , 85

Barra de Hibaltique (Bajos Lempa), El Salvador, 90 , 91

Barra de Mosquitos (Barra de San Francisco), Mexico, 77

Barra de Navidad, Mexico, 63

Barra de San Francisco, Mexico, 77

Barranca: Barranca, Ecuador, 157 ;

Barranca (Población de Barranca), Peru, 185 ;

Rio Barranca (Rio Pativilon), Peru, 184 , 185 ;

Rio de Barranca, Costa Rica, 107 ;

Rio de la Barranca, Peru, 184

Barrio Nuevo, Nicaragua, 97

Bartholomeo, Cavo San (Cabo San Bartolomé), Argentina, 255

Bartme de la Calle (Isla Bartolomé), Panama, 131

Bartolomé: Cabo San Bartolomé, Argentina, 255 ;

Isla Bartolomé, Panama, 131

Baru: Baru, Panama, 112 ;

Cerro de Baru (Cerro Ave María), 113

Batehelor's Delight , privateer, 18 n, 30 n, 266 , 258 n

Baudo, Rio, Colombia, 137

Bay, Pta de, Ecuador, 156

Bay of Icacos, Mexico, 67

Bay of Nra Sra, Chile, 222

Bay of Panama, 130 n

Bay of Papagayo, Costa Rica, 100

Bay of San Antro, Colombia, 134

Bay of Sechura, Peru, 164

Baya, La, Chile, 247

Baya de Boracho, Nicaragua, 97

Baya de Caracas (Jaramillo), Ecuador, 147

Baya de Coquimbo (Bahía Coquimbo), Chile, 229 , 230

Baya de Ffran Solano (Bahía Solano), Colombia, 135

A Buccaneer's Atlas


― 293 ―

Baya de la Buina Ventura (Bahía Buenaventura), Colombia, 137

Baya de Los Reyes (Boca de Canales), Chile, 253

Baya de Madalina. See Magdalena

Baya de Mexillones (Bahía Mejillones del Sur), Chile, 220

Baya de N. Señora, Chile, 223

Baya de Nombre de Jesus (Bahía Lomas), Argentina, 255

Baya de Nra Snra, Chile, 253

Baya de Nra Sra (Bahía Nuestra Señora), Chile, 225

Baya de Rapaosa, Colombia, 137

Baya de San Anto (Puerto Utría), Colombia, 135

Baya de San Barnabe. See San Lucas

Baya de San Juan (Bahía Tarn), Chile, 253

Baya de San Lazaro, Chile, 253

Baya de San Matteo (Bahía San Mateo), Ecuador, 143

Baya de San Quintin (Bahía de San Quintin), Mexico, 55

Baya de St Andreus (San Pedro Bay), USA, 55 , 56

Baya de Todos Santos, Mexico, 55 , 56

Baya de Tongoy (Bahía Tongoy), Chile, 229

Baya de Virgines (Bahía Rosario), Mexico, 57

Baya Grande, Chile, 255

Baya Honda (Bahía Honda), Panama, 115 , 116

Baya Salada, Chile, 228

Baya Sallada (Bahía Salado), Chile, 227

Baya St Ffillipe (Bahía Felipe), Argentina, 255

Bayoneta, Isla, Panama, 131

Bayovar, Peru, 165

Beaba, Rio, Panama, 115

Beachy Head, England, 146 n

Beagle , scientific exploration vessel, 258 n

Beagle Channel, Chile, 255

Bears, 160

Beech trees, 238 n

Bejuco, Isla, Costa Rica, 107

Belin, Ecuador, 157

Bello, Porto, Panama, 66 n, 194 n

Bellona, Gulf of, Panama. See San Miguel

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Benados, Rio de (Rio Venado), Panama, 125

Benalcázar, Sebastián de, Spanish explorer, 157

Benbow, John, Vice-Admiral, 32

Benchimibeda, Colomaba de, Chile, 249

Bequi, Rio de, Panama, 115

Berlanga, Tomás de, Spanish explorer, 258 n

Bermejo: Puerto Bermejo (Manache), Peru, 183 ;

Rio Bermejo (Rio San Juan), Panama, 131

Bermuda, 32

Bernard, Pta Sa (Punta Casajal), Ecuador, 155

Bernerdillo, El Salvador, 89

Berrugate (Isla Berrugate), Costa Rica, 107

Berry, Sir John, Admiral, 28 n, 284

Bertie, James, first earl of Abingdon, 259

Bertran, Don, Spanish official, 144

Biabia (Isla Urabá), Panama, 125

Bindless Isle (Isla Marchena), Galapagos, 259

Bindloe Island (Isla Marchena), Galapagos, 259

Bío Bío: Biobio, Chile, 242 ;

Rio Bío Bío, Chile, 238 n, 241 ;

Rio Biobio, Panama, 115 ;

Tetas de Biobio (Tetas del Bio Bio), Chile, 241

Bique, Rio de (Rio Botrero), Panama, 125

Bishops Bay (Bahía Astata), Mexico, 75

Bishops Towne (Santiago Astata), Mexico, 75

"Black," 41 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 265

Black, Jeanette D., librarian, 263

Blanca: Bahía Isla Blanca, Chile, 225 ;

Isla Blanca, Peru, 201 ;

Ya Blanca (Los Frailes), Mexico, 61

Blanco: C. Blanco, USA, 265 ;

Cape Blanco (Cabo Blanco), Costa Rica, 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 ;

Punta Blanco, Costa Rica, 111 ;

Cabo (Cavo, Cape) Blanco, Peru, 155 , 156 , 159 , 160

Blathwayt, William, 263 , 271

Boca Chica, Panama, 5 , 129

Boca de Canales, Chile, 253

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Boca del Toro, Panama, 29

Boca Grande (Bahía Gente Grande), Argentina, 255

Boca Negra (Bocanegra), Peru, 189 , 193

Boca Vieja, Panama, 121

Bocachica, Nicaragua, 97

Bocas, Dos, Panama, 129

Bocca dell Toro, Panama, 115

Bocia Borachos, Enseñada de (Punta Borrachos), Ecuador, 147

Bocubi, Rio, Panama, 117

Bodega Bay, USA, 51

Bogotes, Rio (Rio Baudo), Colombia, 137

Bolaños, Isla, Panama, 131

Bolcan de Atittlan (Volcán Atitlán), Guatemala, 83

Bolcan de Guatemala (Volcán Acatenango), Guatemala, 83

Bolcan de Osorno (Voleán Osorno), Chile, 247

Bolcan de Yuanavia (Voleán Calbuco), Chile, 247

Boli, Rio de, Ecuador, 155

Bombache, Volcan (Volcán Mombacho), Costa Rica, 100 , 101

Bombacho, Peru, 178

Bombaz (Punta Lava Lava), Panama, 131

Bona Vista, Rio (Punta Buena Vista), Panama, 129

Bonao (Isla Boná), Panama, 125

Bonetta , sloop, 31 -32

Bonifacio, Morro, Chile, 244 , 245

Boot-topping, 23 , 30 n

Boqueron (Paso Boquerón), Chile, 255

Borachos, Enseñada de Bocia (Punta Borrachos), Ecuador, 147

Botrero, Rio, Panama, 125

Brattle, Thomas, American merchant, 259

Brattles Isle (Isla Pinzón), Galapagos, 259

Brava, Punta, Panama, 117

Brea, Isla de la, Mexico, 73

Brice, Stephen, advocate, 28 n, 284

Bristol, earl of, 263

British Library, London, England, 263 , 267 -271

Bucaniers of America. See Exquemelin

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Buena Ventura, River, Colombia, 136

Buena Vista, Punta, Panama, 129

Buenos Aires, Punta, Ecuador, 155

Bueys, Quebrada los, Chile, 235

Buffadore, Mexico, 76

Buij, Salte de, Ecuador, 155

Buina, Herba (Caleta Yerba Buina), Peru, 213

Buina Ventura: Baya de la Buina Ventura (Bahía Buenaventura), Colombia, 137 ;

Rio de la Buina Ventura (Rio Buenaventura), Colombia, 137

Buino, Rio (Rio Bueno), Chile, 246 , 247

Burica, Pta (Punta Burica), Costa Rica-Panama, 110 , 111 , 112 , 118

Burney, James, author, 2

Buron, Pta de, Panama, 129

Burrell, William, book collector, 269 , 271

Bute, marquess of, 268 , 271

Butler, Sir James, attorney, 28 n, 284

C

Caballo, Isla, Costa Rica, 107

Cabiñas, cartographer, 271

Cabo Blanco: Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica, 105 , 107 ;

Cabo Blanco, Peru, 155 , 159

Cabo Corrientes. See Corrientes

Cabo de guiones (Punta Guionos), Costa Rica, 105

Cabo de San Andreas, Chile, 251

Cabo de San Lorenzo, Ecuador, 149

Cabo de San Roman (Cabo Raper), Chile, 251

Cabo Deseado, Chile, 255

Cabo Espíritu Santo, Argentina, 255

Cabo Mala, Panama, 119

Cabo Matapalo, Costa Rica, 111

Cabo Pasao, Ecuador, 147

Cabo Peñas, Argentina, 255

Cabo Pilar, Chile, 255

Cabo Quilán, Chile, 249

Cabo Raper, Chile, 251

Cabo San Bartolomé, Argentina, 255

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Cabo San Gonzalo, Argentina, 255

Cabo San Lucas. See San Lucas

Cabo San Vicente, Argentina, 255

Cabo Santa Elena, Costa Rica, 100 n, 101 , 103

Cabo Setabense, Argentina, 255

Cabo Valentín, Chile, 255

Cabo Velas, Costa Rica, 103

Cabo Victoria, Chile, 255

Cabra, Cerro de (Cerro Cabra), Panama, 125

Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, explorer, 56 n

Cacafuego , Spanish vessel, 130 n

Cacaluta, Isla, Mexico, 73

Cacao, 60 n, 109

Cacique, Rio de, Panama, 131

Caird, Sir James, purchaser of the Waggoner, 265

Calabra, Laque of, Peru, 180

Calao: Calao (Callao), Peru, 190 , 193 , 194 ;

Island of Calao, Peru, 188 , 190

Calbuco: Calbuco, Chile, 247 ;

Volcán Calbuco, Chile, 247

Calcaquey, Chile, 249

Caldas, Colombia, 137

Caldeo, El Salvador, 88

Caldera (Bahía Caldera), Costa Rica, 107 ;

Port of Caldera, 106

Calderón, Simón, captured Spanish servant, 22 , 27

Caldes, El Salvador, 87

Caleta, Mexico, 73 , 74

Caleta Cuacato, Peru, 199

Caleta La Cruz de Pizarro, Peru, 159

Caleta Lagunillas, Peru, 201

Caleta Ligua, Chile, 233

Caleta Los Chinos, Peru, 181

Caleta Ocona, Peru, 209

― 294 ―

Caleta Pajonal, Chile, 225

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Caleta Pucusana, Peru, 195

Caleta Quilquay, Peru, 207

Calera Yerba Buina, Peru, 213

Caletas, Peru, 183

California, 11 , 43 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 52 n, 60 , 48 -60, 264 , 266

Callacalla, Isla, Chile. 245

Callao, Peru, 21 , 43 , 124 n, 190 -94, 266

Calle: Bartme de la Calle (Isla Bartolomé), Panama, 131 ;

Rio Calle Calle, Chile, 245 ;

Calle de La Limo, Chile, 249

Callo: Callo, Ecuador, 154 ;

Pta de Callo (Cullo), Ecuador, 43 , 153 ;

Punta de Callo, Ecuador, 153

Callophyllum longifolia , 116 n

Calluco, Chile, 249

Caluca: Isla de Caluca (Isla Cacaluta), Mexico, 73 ;

Rio Caluca (Rio Tayuta), Mexico, 73

Cama, Pt di (Punta de Jaramijo), Ecuador, 149

Camana, Peru, 208 , 211

Camaron, Panama, 125

Camarones, Rio, Chile, 216 , 217

Camba: Camba, Panama, 129 ;

Rio de la Camba (Rio Locumba), Peru, 213 , 214

Cambray (Isla de Santa Clara), Ecuador, 155

Camote, Isla, Panama. 131

Camp, Thomas, sidesman, 27

Campaña: Campaña, Peru, 174 ;

Campaña de Truhilio (Cerro Campaña), Peru, 173 , 174 ;

Cerro Campana. Panama, 123 ;

La Campaña (Isla La Campaña), Chile, 253

Campañado, Chile, 235

Campeche, Mexico, 32

Campele, Rio (Rio San Pedro), Costa Rica, 107

Canagua, Cerras de (Cerro Grande), Panama, 121

Canal de Afuera, Isla, Panama, 115

Canal de Matorrillos, Ecuador, 155

Canal de Naranjal, Ecuador, 155

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Canal de Sta Barbara. See Santa Barbara

Canal Ventura Cruz, Panama, 131

Canales: Boca de Canales, Chile, 253 ;

Canales (Isla Canal de Afuera), Panama, 115

Canamazo, Rio, Costa Rica, 107

Canary Islands, 228 n

Cañas: Rio Cañas (Rio de Caña), Panama, 119 ;

Rio de Cañas (Rio Canamazo), Costa Rica, 107

Candish, Thomas. See Cavendish

Candishes Bay (Bahía Uvita), Costa Rica, 108 n, 109

Canelija (Canal Ventura Cruz), Panama, 131

Canete: Canete, Peru, 196 ;

Isla de Canete, Peru, 197 ;

Port of Canete, Peru, 196 ;

Puerto de Canete (Puerto de Cerro Azul), Peru. 197 ;

Rio Canete, Peru, 197 ;

San Vicente de Cañete, Peru, 197

Canio, Costa Rica, 108

Cano I., Costa Rica, 20 , 108 -9

Caño, Isla del. Costa Rica. 108 , 109

Canoa, La (Rio de Chone), Ecuador. 147

Cao: Magdalena de Cao, Peru, 173 ;

Pta de Cao, Peru, 173

Cape Andreus, USA, 50

Cape Blanco: Cape Blanco (Cabo Blanco), Costa Rica, 104 -7;

Cape Blanco, Peru, 156 , 159 , 160 , 161 ;

Cape Blanco, USA, 49 , 50 n, 51

Cape Corientes. See Corientes

Cape de Guiones, Costa Rica, 104

Cape de Guyones, Costa Rica, 104

Cape Ffrancisco: Cape Ffrancisco, Colombia, 136 ;

Cape Ffrancisco, Ecuador, 146

Cape Horn, Chile, 4 , 22 , 24 , 30 n, 38 , 155 n, 256 n

Cape Lorenzo (Cabo de San Lorenzo), Ecuador. 149 , 152 , 153

Cape Mendocino. See Mendocino

Cape merchant (supercargo), defined, 30 n

Cape Passao, Ecuador, 148 , 148 n

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Cape San Francisco, Ecuador, 144 n

Cape San Lorenzo, Ecuador, 150

Cape San Lucas. See San Lucas

Cape St Lucas. See San Lucas

Capolito: Capolito, Mexico, 76 ;

Rio Capolito (Rio Capulita), Mexico, 73

Capria (Rio Chepillo), Panama, 131

Capt Alvarez (ranch), El Salvador, 91

Capt Luis Delgado, Yeguade del (Pedasí), Panama, 119

Capt Morales Crene (Puerto El Triunfo), El Salvador, 91

Capt Oxnam (John Oxenham, buccaneer), 130 , 130 n

Capulita, Mexico. 73

Carabahall, Cerro de, Colombia, 137

Caracas: Baya de Caracas (Jaramillo), Ecuador, 147 ;

Caracas, Ecuador, 150

Caracoles: Isla Caracoles, Panama, 131 ;

Punta Caracoles, Panama, 133

Caranca: Caranca (Bahía Chanco), Chile. 239 ;

Caranca (Hacienda Barranca), Ecuador, 157

Carate, Ysla de (Islote Zárate), Peru, 201

Carbon: Carbon, Mexico, 78 ;

Morro de Carbon (Cerro Morro). Mexico, 77

Cardón, Isla del, Nicaragua, 97

Cardos, Panama, 115

Careening. 13 , 20 -21

Carelmapu, Chile, 247

Carib, 54 n

Caribbean, 136 n, 194 n

Caricoles, Puerto de, Panama, 133

Carillo, Ysla de, Panama, 115

Carilmapo (Carelmapu), Chile, 246 , 247

Carlisle, Charles, captain, 26

Carlos II, king of Spain, 28

Carnero: Puerto de Carnero (Bahía Carnero), Chile, 242 . 243 ;

Punta Carnero, Ecuador, 155

Carquín, Punta, Peru, 187

Carracol (Isla Caracoles), Panama, 131

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Carretas, Monte, Peru, 203

Carrino (Rio Chuche), Panama, 131

Carrizal, Ecuador, 145

Cartagena, Colombia, 66 n

Cartago, Rio de (Rio Grande), Costa Rica, 107

Casajal, Punta, Ecuador, 155

Casaya, Isla, Panama, 131

Cascajales, Rio de, Panama, 119

Casique, Rio (Rio de Cacique), Panama, 131

Casma: Casma, Peru, 182 ;

Port of Casma, Peru, 178 ;

Puerto de Casma, Peru, 181

Cassava, 110 n

Castilians, 82

Castillo Real Felipe, Peru, 193

Castro, City of, Chile, 250

Catalina: Catalina, Costa Rica, 100 ;

Pta Catalina, Costa Rica, 100 ;

Sta Catalina, Chile, 251

Caucato (Caleta Cuacato), Peru, 199

Cavallero (Quebrada La Guiena), Panama, 131

Cavallo: Cavallo, Peru, 202 ;

Morro de Cavallo (Morro Nazca), Peru, 203 ;

Passo de Cavallo (Estero Paso Caballos), Nicaragua, 97 ;

Silla de Cavallo (Isla Ensenada), Panama, 125

Cavallos, El Salvador, 88

Cavendish, 52 n, 164 n;

Sr Thomas Candish, 108 , 164 ;

Thomas Candish, 74 ;

Thomas Cavendish, 74 n, 109

Cavnas (Rio Las Guías), Panama, 123

Cavo al Oest, 49

Cavo Blanco (Cabo Blanco), Peru, 155

Cavo Coriantes. See Corrientes

Cavo Corientes. See Corrientes

Cavo de Andreus, USA, 48 , 50 n

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Cavo de Corientes (Cabo Corrientes), Colombia, 135

Cavo de Fortunas, 49

Cavo de Mendocino. See Mendocino

Cavo de Peñas (Cabo Peñas), Argentina, 255

Cavo de San Andreus, USA, 49

Cavo de San Estovan (Cabo Setabense), Argentina, 255

Cavo de San Francisco (Cabo de San Francisco), Ecuador, 145

Cavo de San Lucas. See San Lucas

Cavo de Sant Andreus, USA, 51

Cavo del Esperitu Sto (Cabo Espíritu Santo), Argentina, 255

Cavo Desiada (Cabo Deseado), Chile, 255

Cavo Mendocino. See Mendocino

Cavo Passao (Cabo Pasao), Ecuador, 147

Cavo San Bartholomeo (Cabo San Bartolomé), Argentina, 255

Cavo San Ynes, Argentina, 255

Cavo Sn Lucas. See San Lucas

Cavo St Augustine, Mexico, 58

Cavo St Augustíno (Punta Eugenia), Mexico, 57

Cavo St. Vincente (Cabo San Vicente), Argentina, 255

Cavo Victoria (Cabo Victor a), Chile, 255

Cavo Virgines, Argentina, 255

Caxaoma, Pta de, Chile, 237

Caylaque, Chile, 249

Cayle, Chile, 249

Cayula, Rio (Rio Coyula), Mexico, 73

Cazalla (Isla Casaya), Panama, 131

Cébaco, Isla, Panama, 117

Cedros: Cedros Mexico, 49 ;

Cedros (Isla Cedro), Panama, 129 ;

Cenicas Island, Mexico, 58 ;

Isla Cedros, Mexico, 49 , 57 ;

Islas de Cenos (Isla San Roque and Isla Asunción), Mexico, 57 , 58 ;

Rio de Cedros (Rio Míay), Colombia. 139 ;

Ya de Cenicas. Mexico. 57

Cegtanon (Isla del Cardón), Nicaragua, 97

Celagua. See Manzanillo

Cenicas. See Cedros

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Cenos, Islas de. See Cedros

Centenca, Chile, 245

Central America, 43 , 49 , 72 n, 80 n, 98 , 194 n

Cepancas: Cepancas, Costa Rica, 102 ;

Cerro de Cepancas (Cerro Santa Elena), Costa Rica, 103

― 295 ―

Cerillo: Cerillo, Mexico, 73 ;

Cerillo de Taclamana (Cerro del Coacoyal). Mexico, 69

Cermeño, Sebastián Rodríguez, Portuguese navigator, 52 n

Cerras de Canagua (Cerro Grande), Panama, 121

Cerras de Chanduy (Cerro Chanduy), Ecuador, 155

Cerras San Pedro, Peru, 171

Cerrezuela, Cerro, Panama, 121

Cerro Ave María, Panama 113

Cerro Azul, Puerto dc, Peru, 197

Cerro Campana: Cerro Campana, Panama, 123 ;

Cerro Campaña, Peru, 173

Cerro Cerrezuela, Panama, 121

Cerro de Baru (Cerro Ave María), Panama, 113

Cerro de Cabra (Cerro Cabra). Panama, 125

Cerro de Carabahall Colombia, 137

Cerro de Cepancas (Cerro Santa Elena), Costa Rica, 103

Cerro de Los Inocentes, Juan Fernandez, 257

Cerro de Montecristi, Ecuador, 151

Cerro de Salinas (Cerro Sanú), Peru, 187

Cerro de San Essovall, Panama, 121

Cerro de Torra. Colombia, 137

Cerro de Vernal (Cerro San Bernardo), Mexico, 79

Cerro de Xalisco (Monte San Juan), Mexico, 61

Cerro del Coacoyal, Mexico, 69

Cerro del Injenio, Peru, 185

Cerro del Jaques de la Zorra (Cerro Las Tetas), Peru, 185

Cerro del Sapo (Cerro Campana), Panama, 123 , 125 , 129

Cerro dell Ancon, Panama, 125

Cerro El Yunque. Juan Fernandez, 257

Cerro Facio, Peru, 171

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Cerro Grande de Apaneca, Guatemala-El Salvador, 85 , 87

Cerro Grande, Panama, 121

Cerro Huricangane, Peru, 205

Cerro Illescas, Peru, 167

Cerro La Garita, Panama, 113

Cerro La Mesa de Doña María Francesca, Peru, 203

Cerro Las Tetas, Peru, 185

Cerro Los Amotapes, Peru, 159

Cerro Macatón, Peru, 189

Cerro Mongon, Peru, 183

Cerro Montecristi, Colombia, 135

Cerro Morro, Mexico, 77

Cerro Peninsula, Peru, 179

Cerro Prieto de Guañape, Peru, 175 , 177

Cerro San Bernardo, Mexico, 79

Cerro San Cristóbal, Peru, 187 , 193

Cerro Santa Elena, Costa Rica, 103

Cerro Sanú, Peru, 187

Cerro Sapo, Panama, 127

Cerro Tanapache, Peru, 213

Cerro Tetas de Coyuca, Mexico, 67

Cerro Zambapala, Ecuador, 155

Cerros de Mondeo, El Salvador, 91

Cerros Los Amotapes: Cerros Los Amotapes, Ecuador, 155 ;

Cerros Los Amotapes, Peru, 163

Cerros Silla de Paita, Peru, 163 , 167

Chaca, Chile, 249

Chacala, Mexico, 52 n

Chagui, Rio, Colombia, 139

Chala: Morro Chala, Peru, 205 , 207 ;

Puerto de Chala, Peru, 207 ;

Punta Chala, Peru, 207

Chamá, Isla, Panama, 125

Chame: Pta de Chame (Punta Chamé), Panama, 123 -25;

Rio de Chame (Rio Chamé), Panama, 123

Chametla: Bahía de Chametla, Mexico, 61 ;

Bahía de Pérula, Mexico, 61 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Chamettlan, Mexico, 60 ;

Yas de Chamettla, Mexico, 61

Chamettlan. See Chametla

Chañaral de las Ánimas, Puerto, Chile, 225

Chancay: Chancay, Peru, 188 ;

Rio Chancay, Peru, 189

Chanco, Bahía, Chile, 239

Chanduy: Chanduy, Ecuador, 156 ;

Cerras de Chanduy (Cerro Chanduy), Ecuador, 155

Chanell of Sta Barbara. See Santa Barbara

Channel Islands. See Santa Barbara

Chao: Chao, Peru, 177 ;

Island of Chao, Peru, 176 ;

Islas Chao, Peru, 177 ;

Morro de Chao, Peru, 177 ;

Puerto de Chao, Peru, 177

Chapaceros (Isla San Pedro), Panama, 131

Chapera (Isla Chapera), Panama, 131

Chapo, Rio (Rio Chepo), Panama, 127

Chappel James, buccaneer, 23 , 29

Charles I, king of England, 28

Charles II, king of England, 1 , 20 , 27 -28, 261 , 267 , 269 , 271 , 252 n, 259 ;

dedications to, 31 , 262 , 265 , 267 , 269 , 270

Charles Island (Isla Santa María), Galapagos, 259

Charles V, king of Spain, 192

Charles's Isle, K. Isla Santa María), Galapagos, 259

Chatham Island (Isla San Cristóbal), Galapagos, 258 n, 259

Chaulinec, Island, Chile, 249

Chaulmeque, Island, Chile, 248

Chaves, Isla, Galapagos, 259

Chaylin, Chile, 249

Chelonia mydas , 116 n

Chepello: Chepello, Panama, 128 ;

Chepillo I., Panama, 9 , 127 -28;

Isla Chepillo, Panama, 127 ;

Rio Chepillo, Panama, 131

Chepo: Chepo, Panama, 128 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio Chepo, Panama, 127

Cherepe, Peru, 168 , 172

Cheripee, Peru, 170

Cheriqui: Cheriqui, Panama, 112 , 116 ;

Puiblo de Cheriqui (Chiriquí), Panama, 113 ;

Rio Cheriqui (Rio Chiriquí), Panama, 113

Cherrepe, Punta, Peru, 171

Cherrera, La (Rio Chorrera), Panama, 123

Cherrippe, Pta (Punta Cherrepe), Peru, 171

Chesapeake Bay, USA, 262

Cheulineque (Island Chaulinec), Chile, 249

Chi duape, Chile, 249

Chica, Boca, Panama, 129

Chicama: Chicama, Peru, 172 ;

Rio Chicama, Peru, 173

Chicken, 122 n

Chico de Nata, Rio (Rio Chico), Panama, 121

Chico, Rio (Rio Abajo), Panama, 123 , 125 , 129

Chilay, Pta (Punta Islay), Peru, 211

Chilca: Chilca, Peru, 195 , 196 ;

lsla Chilca, Peru, 195 ;

Pico Alta de Chilca, Peru. 195 ;

Point of Chilca, Peru, 196 ;

Pta de Chilca (Punta de Chilca), Peru, 195 ;

Puerto de Chilca, Peru, 195 ;

Rio de Chilca, Peru, 195

Chile, 41 , 74 n, 126 n, 217

Chile, Rio, Chile, 235

Chilintomo: Puiblo de Chilintomo (Baquerizo Moreno), Ecuador, 157 ;

Rio de Chilintomo (Rio Jujan). Ecuador, 157

Chillón, Rio, Peru, 189

Chiloa, Chile, 248

Chiloe: Chiloe, Chile, 67 , 266 ;

Chiluy, Chile, 228 ;

Chiluy Island. Chile, 248 ;

Isla Chiloe, Chile, 155 , 227 , 249 ;

Isla de Chiluy (Isla Chiloé), Chile, 249

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Chiluy. See Chiloe

Chiman, Rio, Panama, 127

Chimaro (Rio Sama Cruz de Chinina), Panama, 127

Chimbo, Rio, Ecuador, 157

Chimbote, Peru, 179

China, 54 , 66 , 70

Chincha: Chincha, Peru, 196 ;

Isla de Chincha (Grupo de Chincha). Peru, 201 ;

Port of Chincha, Peru, 198 ;

Rio Chincha, Peru, 199 ;

Rio de Chincha, Peru. 198

Chinchona officinalis, 209

Chineral, El (Puerto Chañaral de las Ánimas), Chile, 225

Chinina, Rio Sama Cruz de, Panama, 127

Chino (Isla Chitre), Panama, 131

Chinos: Puerto de Los Chinos (Caleta Los Chinos), Peru, 181 ;

Punta Chinos (Punta Samanco), Peru, 181

Chipeque, Punta, Mexico, 75

Chira: Chira (Isla Chira), Costa Rica. 107 , 111 ;

Chira Island, Costa Rica, 104 , 106 ;

Rio Chira, Peru, 163

Chirenal: Chirenal, Chile, 226 ;

El Chirenal, Chile, 225

Chiriqui: Chiriqui, Panama, 112 , 113 ;

Rio Chiriquí, Panama, 113 ;

Rio de Chiriqui Vejo (Rio Chiriquí Viejo), Panama, 113

Chiru: Farrallón del Chiru, Panama, 123 ;

Rio de Chiru (Rio Hato), Panama, 123

Chitre, Isla, Panama, 131

Chloephaga picta picta, 252 n

Choluteca (Chuluteca), Honduras, 29 , 92 , 93

Choncas, Chile, 249

Chone, Rio de, Ecuador, 147

Chonos: Chonos, Chile, 249 ;

Hente Chonos, Chile, 251

Chope, Chile, 249

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Chorillos, Punta, Peru, 213

Chorrera, Rio, Panama, 123

Christie, Manson & Wood, auctioneers, 267 -68, 270 -71

Christo, Monte, Ecuador, 152

Christ's Hospital school, London, England, 29

Chrysanthemum balsamita , 116 n

Chuche: Chuche, Panama, 131 ;

Rio Chuche, Panama, 131

Chucunaque, Rio, Panama, 129

Chuelo, Puerto (Salaverry), Peru, 175

Chule: Chule (Mollendo), Peru, 67 , 210 , 211 ;

Port of Chule, Peru, 210

― 296 ―

Chuluteca (Choluteca), Honduras, 92 , 93

Chuncho, Isla, Peru, 195

Chuquisaca, Bolivia, 13

Cibaco (Isla Cébaco), Panama, 117

Cinque Ports , privateer, 18 n

Ciriaco, Peru, 197

City of Castro, Chile, 250

City of Guatemala, Guatemala, 82

City of Guayaquil, Ecuador, 156

City of Kings (Lima), Peru, 190

City of Mexico. See Mexico

City of Piura. Peru, 162

City of the Kings (Lima), Peru, 193

City of Trinidad (Sonsonate), El Salvador, 86 , 87

Ciudad de Panama (Panama), 127

Civdad de la Conceptn (Concepcion), Chile, 241

Civdad de Los Reyes (Lima), Peru. 193

Civdad de Saña (Zaña), Peru, 171

Civdad del Rey, Chile, 255

Clara: Isla de Santa Clara, Ecuador, 155 ;

Isla Santa Clara, Chile. 257 ;

Sta Clara, Ecuador. 156 , 158

Clarion, Isla, Mexico. 49

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Claro: Puerto Claro (Bahía Cupia), Colombia. 133 ;

Rio Claro, Chile. 245

Clements Library, Ann Arbor, USA. 270 -71

Clevland, John, secretary of the Admiralty, 270 -71

Coaque: Coaque (Carrizal), Ecuador, 145 , 148 ;

Serra de Coaque (Montanas de Cuaque), Ecuador, 145

Coastal redwood. 50 n

Cobre, Rio del, Panama, 115

Cocao, 50 , 50 n, 60 , 62 , 88 , 92

Coches, Peru. 185

Coconut, 60 n

Coconut palm, 131

Cocos nucifera , 60 n, 131

Cocos, Pta de (Punta de Cocos), Panama, 131

Codrington. governor of Antigua, 25

Coiba: Coiba I., Panama, 11 , 13 , 19 , 114 -16, 120 -22;

Isla de Coiba, Panama, 115

Cojimies, Rio, Ecuador, 145

Colan: Colan, Peru, 163 , 164 ;

Rio Colan (Rio Chira), Peru, 163 ;

River of Colan, Peru, 164

Colanche: Colanche (Islote Pelado), Ecuador, 153 ;

Island of Colanche, Ecuador, 154

Cole, Pta de, Peru, 213

Coles, Pta, Peru, 213

Coleta, Chile, 249

Colima, Volcan de, Mexico, 61

Colina Redonda, Peru, 183

Coliumo, Bahía. Chile, 239

Colomaba de Benchimibeda, Chile, 249

Colombia. 49 , 137 . 138 n

Colón. Archipiélago de (Galapagos Islands), Ecuador, 258 n 259

Colotepec, Rio, Mexico, 71

Columbus, Christopher, 18

Coma de Lebali, Panama, 117

Coma de Tosta (Loma Santa Lucía), Nicaragua, 99

Comet of 1680, 15

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Compass, azimuth, 38 ;

Compass roses. 44

Concava (Isla Conchagua), El Salvador, 93

Concepción, Chile. 238 , 240 n, 241

Concepción. See Point Conception

Concepción , Spanish vessel, 31 , 240 n

Conceptn, Cividad de la (Concepcion). Chile, 241

Concession, La, Chile, 234

Conchagua, Isla, El Salvador, 93

Conchalí, Bahía, Chile, 233

Conchava, El Salvador, 92

Concon: Pta Concon (Punta Concon), Chile. 235 ;

Rio Concon (Rio Aconcagua), Chile, 235

Condadilio (Estero El Tamarindo), El Salvador, 93

Cone, Yaguache el (Yaguache Nuevo), Ecuador. 157

Congo, Rio. Panama, 129

Conocarpus erecta , 72 n

Consessession. See Point Conception

Consession: Consession (Concepción), Chile, 238 ;

Port of La Consession, Chile, 240

Constanta, Don Juan, and Donna Joanna, Spanish prisoners, 21 -22

Constantino: Constantino, Chile, 244 ;

Ysla de Constantino Perez (Isla Mancera), Chile, 245

Contador, El. Ecuador, 157

Contadora (Isla Contadora), Panama, 131

Conversion, Pta de la. See Santa Barbara

Conway, earl of, 27

Cook, Edmund, buccaneer, 4 , 9 , 11 , 18 , 19

Cook. James, captain, R.N., 25

Cook, John, buccaneer, 19 , 30 n

Cook, William, buccaneer, 18

Cope, El, Ecuador, 153

Copiapo: Copiapo, Chile, 224 , 226 , 228 ;

Bahía Copiapo, Chile, 227 ;

Rio Copiapo, Chile, 227

Coquimbo: Baya de Coquimbo, Baya de (Bahía Coquimbo), 229 , 230 ;

Coquimbo, Chile, 15 -16, 38 , 67 , 152 n, 158 , 228 -30

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Coral, Chile, 245

Corall, Puerto de, Chile, 244

Corcovado, Islote, Peru, 177

Cordillera Darwin, Chile, 255

Cordillera de El Fuerte, Mexico, 69

Cordillera de La Costa, Chile, 223 . 227

Cordillera de Los Andes, South America, 217 , 227 , 253

Cordillera Negra, Peru, 185

Cordillera Nevada, Chile, 215

Cordillera Occidental, South America, 136 n, 137

Cordillera Occidental de Los Andes (Cordillera Negra), Peru, 185 . 197

Cordilleras de Nahuelbuta, Chile, 243

Córdoba, Melchor Fernández de. See Melchor

Corene, Costa Rica, 111

Corenzo, Pta, Panama, 129

Corientes. See Corrientes

Corinto, Nicaragua, 97

Cornejo: Isla de Cornejo (Roca Foca), Peru, 211 ;

Island Cornejo, Peru, 210 ;

Punta Cornejo, Peru, 211 ;

Quebrada Cornejo, Peru, 211

Corona, Punta, Chile, 249

Coronado: Bahía de Coronado, Costa Rica. 108 n, 109 ;

Coronado Islands, Mexico, 55 ;

Coronados (Sierra Volcánica Transversal), Mexico, 61 ;

Los Coronados, Chile, 251

Corral, Puerto de, Chile, 245

Corredó, Quebrada, Panama, 129

Corrientes: Cabo Corrientes, Colombia, 132 , 134 , 135 ;

Cape Corientes, Colombia, 132 ;

Cape Corienres (Cabo or Cavo), Mexico, 60 , 61 ;

Cavo Coriantes, USA, 49 ;

Corrientes, Colombia, 134 , 136

Corrobado (Islote Corcovado), Peru, 177

Corso, Co, Chile, 253

Cortés, Hernán, Spanish explorer, 62 , 66 n

Coseguina: Punta Coseguina, Nicaragua, 93 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Volcán Coseguina, Nicaragua, 95

Cosivina, Pta de (Punta Coseguina), Nicaragua, 93

Costa Baja, Chile, 243

Costa de Bálsamo, El Salvador, 89

Costa fondable, Panama, 117

Costa Rica, 111

Costmary, 116 n

Cosuvina, Nicaragua, 94

Cowley, William Ambrose, buccaneer, 33 , 43 , 266 -68;

captain. 258 n, 259

Cox, John, buccaneer and journalist, 3 , 12 , 16 , 20 , 21 , 24 n, 27 , 37 , 38 , 152 n;

is tried for piracy, 27 -28, 283 -85;

his journal, 261 , 267 -69

Coxaca, Mexico, 76

Coxemies, Ecuador, 148

Coxon, John, buccaneer, 1 , 4 , 9 , 10 , 12

Coyba (Isla de Coiba), Panama, 114 , 115 , 116

Coyula, Rio, Mexico, 73

Crabs, 131 , 226 n

Crene. Capt Morales (Puerto El Triunfo). El Salvador, 91

Creole, 82 n

Cresswell. John, captain, R.N., 12

Cristóbal: Cerro San Cristobal, Peru, 187 , 193 ;

Isla San Cristóbat, Galapagos, 259

Crooke, William, publisher, 261 , 262 , 268

Crosmans I. (Isletas Crossman or Los Hermanos), Galapagos, 259

Crossman, Ecuador, 258 n

Cross-staff. 37

Cruces, Rio, Chile, 245

Crus, Valley de la, Chile, 248

Crusoe, Isla Robinson (Isla Más a Tierra), Chile, 257

Cruz, Canal Ventura, Panama, 131

Cruz de Pizarro, Caleta La, Peru, 159

Cuaca, Mexico, 68

Cuacato, Caleta, Peru, 199

Cuaque, Montanas de, Ecuidor, 145

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Cuba, 86 n

Cubita, Rio (Rio de La Villa), Panama, 121

Cucao: Puerto de Cucao (Bahía Cucao), Chile. 249 ;

Tetas de Cacao, Chile, 249

Cuidad de Manta, Ecuador 149

Culebra, Golfo, Costa Rica, 103

Culicidae, 131

Cullo, Pta de (di) (Punta de Callo), Ecuador, 153

Culpepper, Thomas, lord, 259

Culpeppers Isle, Ld (Islote Culpepper), Galapagos, 258 n, 259

Cupia, Bahía, Colombia, 133

Curacanguana (Cerro Huricangane), Peru, 205

Curicanguana, Peru, 204

Cusco (Cuzco), Peru, 194

Cuzco, Peru, 194

Cydonia oblonga , 121

Cygnet , privateer, 30 , 32 , 258 n, 265

― 297 ―

D

D. Diego, Piña de (Punta Sabanas), Panama, 129

Da, Puerto de, Ecuador, 155

D'Allene, Abel Tassin. See William III's private secretary

Dampier, William, buccaneer and journalist: on the voyage, 12 , 19 -20;

subsequent career, 18 n, 30 n;

his writings, 3 , 10 , 30 , 129 , 164 n, 258 n, 268 ;

tribute to Ringrose, 30

Darien: Isthmus of Darien, Panama, 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 ;

Puerto Darien, Panama, 129 ;

Serrania del Darien, Panama, 129

Dartmouth, Devon, England, 27 , 30

Darwin, Charles, naturalist, 258 n

Darwin: Cordillera Darwin, Chile, 255 ;

Mount Darwin, Chile, 255

Dassigny, Philip, translator, 22 , 27 , 259 , 261 , 266

Dassigny's I. (Isla San Cristóbal), Galapagos, 259

Daulc: Puiblo Daule (Pascuales), Ecuador, 157 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio Daule, Ecuador, 157

Dávila, Pedro Arias, Spanish explorer, 127

Davis, Edmund, buccaneer, 30 n

Davis quadrant (backstaff), 36

De Cardona, Nicolás, Spanish captain, 265

De la Guilbaudiére, Jouban, cartographer, 271

De Tunbes, Lo Alto (Cerros Los Amotapes), Ecuador, 155

Dead reckoning, 35

Deane, Sir Anthony, shipbuilder, 259

Deans Isle, Sir Anthony (Isla Rabida), Galapagos, 259

Decapoda, 232

Declination table, solar, 37 -38

Deer, 112 n. 114 , 116 n, 125

Defoe, Daniel, author: his Robinson Crusoe . 18 n. 256 n, 257 n

Del Rey: Del Rey. Ecuador, 155 ;

Isla Del Rey, Panama. 131

Delgado, Yeguade del Capt Luis (Pedasí), Panama, 119

Dehcada: La Delicada (Isla Santa Maria), Chile, 243 ;

Punta Delicada, Chile, 243

Derioteros , Spanish, defined, 262 n;

captured by Morgan, 7 , 262 -63, 265 , 266 , 268 ;

translated, 7 , 27 , 264 , 269 , 271 ;

captured by Sharp, 22 , 43 , 263 , 265 ;

others, 64 n, 266 , 271

Deseado, Cabo, Chile, 255

Desert, Atacama, Chile, 215

Desiada, Cavo (Cabo Deseado), Chile, 255

Diaz: Juan Diaz (Rio Juan Diaz), Panama, 127 ;

Rio Juan Diaz, Peru, 214

Dick (Williams), William, buccaneer anti journalist, 12 , 27 ;


his journal, 3 , 16 , 20 , 26 , 29 , 32 , 261 , 268

Diego Gallego , Spanish vessel, 251

Diego Garsia (ranch), El Salvador, 91

Diego Ramirez, Ysla de (Isla Diego Ramírez), Chile, 255

Dlevelez, Puerto de (Eloy Alfaro), Ecuador, 155

Dios, Archipiélago Madro de, Chile, 253

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Disgratiada, 49

Dispenca del Rey, Rio de la, Costa Rica, 104 . 107

Dna Franca, Ffarrellon de (Islotc San Pedro), Peru, 189

Dna Maria, Messa de (Cerro La Mesa de Doña María Francisca), Peru, 203

Domingo, Sto, Peru, 198

Don Juan, Estero de, Chile, 245

Don Luis Delgado, Panama, 120

Don Martin, Island of, Peru, 182 , 186

Don Melchor. See Melchor

Don Pedro de Ginea, El Salvador, 93

Doña: Cerro La Mesa de Doña María Francisca, Peru, 203 ;

Punta Doña María, Peru, 203

Dos Bocas, Panama, 129

Dos Hermanos, Panama, 129

Douglas fir, 50 n

Drake, Sir Francis, buccaneer and explorer, 10 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 24 , 50 , 52 n, 56 n, 74 , 74 n, 130 , 130 n, 152, 152 n, 194 , 218 , 219 , 255 , 256 n;

Drake Passage, 256 n;

Drakes Bay, USA. 51 , 52 n;

Drakes Estero, USA, 51 ;

Drake's Isle, Ecuador (see Plata)

Driscoll, Emily, dealer, 271 , 272

Duartes, Punta, Panama, 117

Duchess , privateer, 18 n

Duke of York. See James II

Duke of York's Island, Chile, 23 , 25 , 37 , 252 , 253

Duke , privateer, 18 n

Dulce, Golfo, Costa Rica, 108 , 110 -11;

careening at, 20 -21

Duncan Island (Isla Pinzón), Galapagos, 258 n, 259

Dupi, Rio del (Rio Dupí), Panama, 113

Dutch, 64 n, 86 n

Dutch Retirete, Chile, 245

E

East Indias, 62

East Indies, 48 , 66

East Smithfield, Middlesex, England, 27

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Eaton, John, buccaneer, 30 n, 258 n, 259

Eclipse, solar, 38 , 286

Ecuador, 148 n, 157 , 259

El Almedrall, Chile, 235

El Cerillo, Mexico, 70

El Chineral (Puerto Chañaral de las Ánimas), Chile, 225

El Contador, Ecuador, 157

El Cope, Ecuador, 153

El Fraile, Peru, 197

El Junial (Caleta Pajonal), Chile, 225

El Manbrillan (Rio Membrillar), Panama, 121

El Mauso, Ecuador, 157

El Naranjal (Canal de Naranjal), Ecuador, 155

El Obispo, Mexico, 76

El Portete: El Portete, Ecuador, 146 ;

El Portete (Rio Portete), Ecuador, 145

El Puerto de Monte Rey. See Monterey

El Puerto del Governadour, Chile, 234

El Realejo, Nicaragua, 97

El Sal, Ecuador, 153

El Salvador, El Salvador, 93

El Tamarindo: Estero El Tamarindo, El Salvador, 93 ;

Rio El Tamarindo, Nicaragua, 99

El Toro (Filos del Tigre), Panama, 117

El Totoral, Chile, 227

El Triunfo, Puerto, El Salvador, 91

El Vermejo, Ecuador, 157

El Yunque, Cerro, Juan Fernandez, 257

Elena: Bahía Elena, Costa Rica, 101 ;

Punta Santa Elena, Ecuador, 151 , 155

Elias, Quebrada, Chile, 235

Elifante (Isla Elefante), Panama, 131

Elkins, W. M., book collector, 269 , 270 , 272

Elmo, St (Isla Santelmo), Panama, 131

Eloy Alfaro, Ecuador, 155

Elquí, Rio, Chile, 229

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Encantadas, Islas (Galapagos Islands), Ecuador, 258 n

Encomienda, Mexico, 78

Engles, Puerto del, Chile, 246

English Channel, 146 n

English Gulf, Chile. See Puerto Morales

English, 104

Ensalletta (Isla Bolaños), Panama, 131

Enseñada, Isla, Panama, 125

Enseñada de Bocia Borachos (Punta Borrachos), Ecuador, 147

Enseñada de Malaca, Peru, 161

Enseñada de San Juan, Chile, 245

Enseñada de Sechura, Peru, 165

Enseñada de Sta Anna, Chile, 245

Enseñada Matenchén, Mexico, 61

Enseñada Playa Grande, Peru, 189

Enseñada Tumaco, Colombia, 139

Equator, 259

Equinoctial, 259

Equinoctiall, 148

Erequaiquin, El Salvador, 91

Ermito tambo, Peru, 171

Esclavos, Rio Monticalco de los (Rio Esclavos), Guatemala, 85

Escondido: Escondido, Mexico, 72 ;

Puerto Escondido (Bahía Escondido), Mexico, 71

Escovio, Rio (Rio Santa Maria), Panama, 121

Esmeraldes, Rio de, Ecuador, 143

Esmiralldos, Colombia, 137

Esmit, Adolf, buccaneer, 26

Esmit, Nicolas, governor of St Thomas, 26

Españiol, Pta (Punta Buenos Aires), Ecuador, 155

Española, Isla, Galapagos, 259

Esperitu Sto, Cavo del (Cabo Espíritu Santo), Argentina, 255

Esperitu Sto, Isla del (Isla El Espíritu Santo), El Salvador, 91

Espinoza, Nicolás de, Spanish cartographer, 271

Essovall, Cerro de San, Panama, 121

Estados, Isla de Los (Staten Island), Argentina, 255

Estancia, Rio de la (Rio Estancia), Panama, 123

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Estapa: Estapa, Guatemala, 84 ;

Barra de Estapa (Puerto de Istapa), Guatemala, 85

Estata, Mexico, 75 , 76

Esteban, Estero San, Chile, 251

Estero (Estero Salado), Ecuador, 155

Estero (Rio Curay), Colombia, 139

Estero Bay, USA, 53

Estero Cojimies, Ecuador, 145

Estero de Aserradores, Nicaragua. 97

Estero de Chanduy (Chanduy), Ecuador, 155

Estero de Don Juan, Chile, 245

Estero de Los Asseradores (Estero de Aserradores), Nicaragua, 97

Estero de los Piles, Colombia, 137

Estero de Suciagua, Nicaragua, 97

Estero El Tamarindo, El Salvador, 93

Estero Padre Ramos, Nicaragua. 93 , 95

― 298 ―

Estero Paso Caballos, Nicaragua, 97

Estero Salada (Salinas River), USA, 53

Estero Salado (Estero Salado), Panama, 121

Estero San Esteban, Chile, 251

Estero Sta Clara, Nicaragua, 97

Estervan, Rio St (Estero San Esteban), Chile, 251

Estovall: Astillero de Estovall Martin (La Palma), Panama, 129 ;

Estovall Perez, Panama, 131

Estrecho de Le Maire. Argentina, 255

Estrecho de Magellan (Estrecho de Magallanes), Chile, 255

Estrecho de San Vincente (Estrecho de Le Maire), Argentina, 255

Estrella, Rio de la (Rio Viejo), Costa Rica, 108 , 109

Etten, Morro (Morro de Eten), Peru, 169

Eugenia, Punta, Mexico, 57

Eures Isle, Mr (Isle Genovesa), Galapagos, 259

Evangelistos, Los (Grupo Evangelistas), Chile, 253

Exquemelin, John: his Bucaniers of America , vi -viii, 2 , 30 , 32 , 41 , 262 , 268

Exton, Sir Thomas, advocate general, 28 , 28 n, 284

F

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Facio, Cerro, Peru, 171

Falkland Island (Pepys Island), 266

Fall, John, buccaneer, 16

Far East, 66 n

Farallon: Farallon Islands, USA, 51 , 52 n;

Farellon de Guayca, Panama, 117 ;

Farellon de Patatas (Islotes Patiñito), Panama, 129 ;

Ffarellon de Malabrigo (Islas Macabí), Peru, 173 ;

Ffarellon del Obispo, Chile, 237 ;

Ffarellon (Isla Flamenco), Panama, 125 ;

Ffarellones de Chiru (Farrallón del Chirú), Panama, 123 ;

Ffarellones de los Pescadores, Peru, 208 , 209 ;

Ffarrellon de Dna Franca (Islote San Pedro), Peru, 189 ;

Ffarrellones de Monte Gordo (Islote Veleros), Argentina. 255 ;

Islands of Saint James (Farallon Islands), USA, 52 n;

Los Triangulos (Farallon Islands), USA, 52 ;

Puerto de St Jago (Punta Farallón), Mexico, 61 ;

Rio Farallón, Panama, 123 ;

Rio de Ffarellones (Rio Farallón), Panama, 123

Farralles de Ollas (Roca Quiebra Olas), Chile, 241

Farrallón. See Farallon

Fehpe, Bahía, Argentina, 255

Fequantepeque, Rio (Rio de Jequetepeque), Peru, 171

Fer, Isle de (Canary Island). See Hierro

Ferello, Bartolomé (Ferrer), Spanish explorer, 56 n

Fernández Islands, Juan, Chile, 256 n

Fernández, Juan, Spanish navigator, 256 n

Fernandina, Isla, Galapagos, 259

Ferrol: Ferrol, Peru, 178 ;

Islotes Ferrol, Peru, 179

Ffarellon. See Faraellon

Ffarellones. See Faraellon

Ffarrellon. See Faraellon

Ffarrellones. See Faraellon

Ffequantepeque: Ffequantepeque, Mexico, 78 ;

Rio de Ffequantepeque (Rio Tehuantepec), Mexico, 77 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Gulfe of Ffequintepeque, Mexico, 78

Fferrol, Bacas de (Islotes Ferrol), Peru, 179

Ffillipe, Baya St (Bahía Felipe), Argentina, 255

Fflilipines, 70

Ffonsica, Rio (Rio Fonseca), Panama, 113

Ffortuna, Mexico, 56

Ffrailes, Los (Islas Frailes), Panama, 119

Ffrales (Isla Negritos), Costa Rica, 107

Ffran de Sn Po, Colombia, 137

Ffranciscans, 134

Ffrancisco, Cape, Colombia, 136

Filipina: Pta Filipina (Punta Brava), Panama, 117 ;

Rio de Filipina, Panama, 117

Fillipines, 66

Filos del Tigre, Panama, 117

Fish, 116 , 152 ;

fishing, 122

Fitzroy, Robert, captain, R.N., 255 , 258 n

Flamenco: Flamenco, Panama, 124 n;

Isla Flamenco, Panama, 125

Floreana Island (Isla Santa María), Galapagos, 259

Flota, 66 n

Foca: Isla Foca, Peru, 168 n; Roca Foca, Peru, 211

Fon Dionisio (San Dionisio), El Salvador, 91

Fonceca. See Fonseca

Fonseca: Golfo de Fonseca, El Salvador-Honduras-Nicaragua, 93 , 97 ;

Golfo de Amapal or Fonseca, El Salvador-Honduras-Nicaragua, 93 ;

Gulfe of Ffonceca, El Salvador-Honduras-Nicaragua, 92 ;

Rio Fonseca, Panama, 113

Fort of Linga (Fortaleza de Paramonga), Peru, 184 , 185

Fortaleza de Paramonga, Peru, 184 , 185

Fortuna, Ya (San Clemente Island), USA, 53

Fortunate Harbour, Chile. See Puerto Morales

Fowles, 122

Fraile, El, Peru, 197

Frailes, Islas, Panama, 119

Franca, Ffarrellon de Dna (Islote San Pedro), Peru, 189

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Francis , H.M.S., 26

Francisca, Cerro La Mesa Doña María, Peru, 203

Franciscan, Mexico, 61

Francisco, pilot, 22

Francisco, Rio San, Panama, 131

Fuego: Terra Fuego, Argentina-Chile, 254 ;

Tierra del Fuego, Argentina-Chile, 255

Fuerte de San Diego de Acapulco. See Acapulco

Fundo, Rio sin, Chile, 251

G

Galápagos: Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, 13 , 43 , 67 , 198 n, 258 -59, 262 , 266 ;

Los Galapagos, Ecuador, 156

Galeon, Torno de (Rio Tornagaleones), Chile, 245

Galepegos, Insulae de los, Ecuador, 258 n

Galera: Galera, Ecuador, 144 ;

Galera, Mexico, 69 , 74 ;

Galera (Isla Galera), Panama, 131 ;

Galera Island, Panama, 132 ;

Isle of Galera, Peru, 188 ;

Pta Galera, Chile, 245 -47;

Pta Galera (Punta Lachay), Peru, 187 -89;

Pta Galera (Punta Galera), Mexico, 69 , 70 , 72 ;

Rio Galera (Rio Tonameca), Mexico, 71 , 72 , 73

Gali, Francisco, Spanish explorer, 56 n

Gallan: San Gallan, Peru, 214 ;

St Gallan (Isla San Gallán), Peru, 201

Gallego: Peninsula Gallegos, Chile, 251 ;

Puerto de Hernando Gallego, Chile, 253 ;

Punta Gallegos, Chile, 251 ;

Rio Gallego (Rio Gallegos), Argentina, 255 ;

Seno Gallegos, Chile, 251

Gallo: Gallo, Colombia, 140 ;

Gallo (Isla del Gallo). Colombia, 139 ;

Gallo Island, Colombia, 14 , 138 -40;

Isla Gallo, Panama, 131

Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento tie, chronicler, 194 n, 255

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Ganbón, J. Ortez de, Spanish captain, 284

Garache, Rio (Rio Gariche), Panama, 113

Garachina, Pta (Punta Garachiné), Panama, 11 , 127 , 129 , 132 -33

Garcia, Don, fishing place, Mexico, 70

Gariche, Rio, Panama, 113

Garsios, Panama, 131

Gartas, Rio de la (Rio Lagarto), Panama, 125

Gartos: La Gartos (Rio San Juan), Panama, 131 ;

Rio de la Gartos (Rio Lagarto), Panama, 123

Gaspar Ramos (Isla Bayoneta), Panama, 131

Gasparino, Punta, Mexico, 59

Gastaldi, Giacomo, cartographer, 49

Genovesa, Isle, Galapagos, 259

Gente Grande, Bahía, Argentina, 255

Geographical aspects, 34 -35;

glossary of Spanish terms, 44 -45

George III, king of England, 263 , 270 , 272

Georje, Morro de (Morro Jara), Chile, 222 , 223

Geronimo: Isla Geronimo, Mexico, 57 ;

Obraje de Geronomo del Dna Pena, El Salvador, 87

Gibraleon (Isla Gibraléon), Panama, 131

Gigedo, Count Revilla, viceroy of Mexico, 49

Goats, 125 , 152 , 230 , 256

Gobernador (Isla Gobernadora), Panama, 117

Godoy, Pta de (Morro Amertajado), Chile, 246 , 247

Golden Gate, USA, 51 , 52 n

Golden Hind , privateer, 74 n

Golden Island, Panama, 3

Golden-cap, King (Indian prince), 5 , 10

Golfo Culebra, Costa Rica, 103

Golfo de Amapal or Fonceca. See Fonseca

Golfo de Arauco, Chile, 243

Golfo de Balleno, Panama, 128

Golfo de Fonseca. See Fonseca

Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador, 151 , 155 , 159

Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. 107

Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica, 101 , 103

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Golfo de Peñas, Chile, 253

Golfo de Tehuantepec, Mexico, 71

Golfo de Tibuga, Colombia, 135

Golfo del Papagayo, Costa Rica, 100 n

Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica, 20 -21, 108 , 110 , 111

Golfo San Miguel (Golfo do San Miguel), Panama, 127

Gomez: Juan Gomez, Mexico, 58 ;

Mesa de Juan Gomez, Mexico, 58 n;

Messa de Juan Gomez (Sierra de Santa Clara), Mexico, 57 , 58

Góngora, Volcán, Costa Rica, 101

― 299 ―

Gonsale, Morro, Chile, 244

Gonsales, Pedo (Pedro González), Panama, 131

Gonsalo: Morro Gonsalo, Chile, 245 ;

Ysla de San Gonsalo (Cabo San Gonzalo). Argentina, 255

González, Perdo, Panama, 131

Gonzalo Baltran , Spanish vessel. 145

Goodrick, Sir Henry, ambassador. 28

Gorda, Pta (Punta Gorda), Panama. 129 , 131

Gorde, Pta, Ecuador, 155

Gordo: Ffarrellones de Monte Gordo (Islote Veleros), Argentina. 255 ;

Pto Gordo, Chile, 245

Gorgon, Rio, Colombia, 137

Gorgona Island (Isla Gorgona). Ecuador, 136 -38;

careening at, 13

Gorgonilla (Islote Gorgonilla), Colombia, 139 , 140

Gosse, Philip, author, 12 , 267 , 272

Governador, Puerto del (Bahía Conchalí), Chile, 233

Governadour, El Puerto del, Chile, 234

Governour of Guayaquil, 158

Gramandal, Bahía, Peru, 185

Gramandell. Pta de (Punta Jaguey), Peru, 185

Granada, 49

Granada, Volcan de (Volcán Góngora), Costa Rica, 100 , 101

Grande, Bahía Gente, Argentina, 255

Grande, Baya, Chile, 255

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Grande, Boca (Bahía Gente Grande), Argentina, 255

Grande, Cerro, Panama, 121

Grande, Ensenada Playa, Peru, 189

Grande, Rio Baleo, Ecuador, 155

Grande, Rio, Mexico, 71 ;

Costa Rica, 107 ;

Panama, 124 n

Grande de Santiago, Rio, Mexico, 61

Green turtle, 116 n

Greenwich, National Maritime Museum, xii , 41 , 44 , 46 , 52 , 265 , 267 , 269 , 272

Grenville, George, prime minister, 270 , 272

Griffin, Mexico, 67

Griffo, Chile, 241

Griffo, Mexico, 67 , 68 , 68 n

Grifo, Punta, Mexico, 67

Grita Lobos, Punta, Peru, 189

Grupo de Chincha, Peru, 201

Grupo de Huaura, Peru, 189

Grupo de Pescadores, Peru, 189 , 191

Grupo Evangelistas, Chile, 253

Guaca, Panama, 125

Guacho (Huacho), Peru, 187

Guadalupe, Isla de, Mexico, 55

Guaffo (Isla Guafo), Chile, 248 , 251

Guafo (Isla Guafo), Chile, 249 , 251

Guaitecas, Islas, Chile, 249 , 251

Guamalula, Mexico, 75

Guamanga (Ayacucho), Peru, 194

Guambramayo, Rio de, Peru, 199

Guanaco, 212

Guanape: Island of Guanape, Peru, 174 ;

Morro de Guanape (Cerro Prieto de Guañape), Peru, 175 , 177 ;

Rio Guanape (Rio Virú), Peru, 177

Guanapee, Peru, 174

Guanas: Guanas, El Salvador, 93 ;

Isla de Guanas (Isla Iguana), Panama, 121

Guanbacho, Puerto de (Bahía de Somanco), Peru, 179

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Guanchaco: Guanchaco (Huanchaco), Peru, 173 ;

Port of Guanchaco, Peru, 172 ;

Puerto de Guanchaco, Peru, 173

Guánico, Punta, Panama, 119

Guano, 184

Guantajaya, Chile, 219

Guapi (Rio Guapi), Colombia, 139

Guara: Port of Guara, Peru, 186 ;

Towne of Guara, Peru, 186

Guarane (Rio Guararé), Panama, 121

Guarco, Peru, 196

Guarmey: Guarmey, Peru, 182 ;

Guarmey (Pueblo de Huarmey), Peru, 183 ;

Port of Guarmey, Peru, 182 ;

Puerto de Guarmey (Bahía Huarmey), Peru, 183

Guasacapa, Guatemala, 85

Guasaqualpo, River, Mexico, 78

Guasco, Chile. See Huasco

Guatemala: Guatemala, 87 ;

Bolcan de Guatemala (Volcán Acatenango), Guatemala, 83 ;

City of Guatemala, Guatemala, 82 ;

president of Guatemala, 92 ;

Volcan of Guatemala, 82

Guatulco, Puerto de (Puerto Guatulco), Mexico, 73 , 74 , 74 n, 76

Guaura: Guaura (Huaura), Peru, 187 ;

Island of Guaura, Peru, 188 ;

Morro de Guaura, Peru, 187

Guayacán, Bahía Herradura de, Chile, 229 , 231 , 232

Guayaquil: City of Guayaquil, Ecuador, 156 ;

Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador, 67 , 151 , 155 ;

Guayaquil (Santiago de Guayaquil), Ecuador, 152 n, 157 , 158 ;

Guayaquill (Guayaquil), Ecuador, 155 ;

Guyaquil, Ecuador, 13 . 14 . 21 , 23 , 38 , 155 -56;

River of Guayaquil, Ecuador, 157

Guayas, Rio, Ecuador, 157

Guayca, Farellon de, Panama, 117

Guaylaque, Chile, 249

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Guaymoco, El Salvador, 88

Guebala, Rioqueva, Panama, 115

Guías, Rio Las, Panama, 123

Guiena, Quebrada La, Panama, 131

Guiones, Cabo de (Punta Guionos), Costa Rica, 104 , 105

Guionos, Punta, Costa Rica, 105

Guise, Arbol de, Panama, 127

Gulf, English, Chile, 252 n

Gulf of Guayaquil. See Guayaquil

Gulf of Mexico. See Mexico

Gulf of Panama, 120 n

Gulf of San Miguel, Panama, 130 n, 256 n

Gulf of Vallona (Ballona), Panama, 127

Guile of Amapall, 94 . See also Fonseca

Gulfe of Ffequintepeque, Mexico, 78

Gulfe of Ffonceca. See Fonseca

Gulfe of Nicoya, Costa Rica, 104

Guyaquil. See Guayaquil

Guyones, Cape de, Costa Rica, 104

H

Hacienda Barranca, Ecuador, 157

Hack, William, cartographer, vii -viii, 22 n, 30 , 31 ;

biography, 261 -62;

his South Sea Waggoners, viii , xii , 8 , 27 , 32 , 36 , 37 , 43 , 44 , 67 , 262 -63;

listed, 268 -70

Haddock, Sir Richard, Admiral, 28 n, 31 , 284

Hamilton, Archibald, lord, captain, R.N., 266 , 269 , 270 , 272 , 273

Harley, Robert, earl of Oxford, 268 , 272

Harris, Peter, buccaneer, 4 , 9

Hato, Rio, Panama, 123

Havana, Cuba, 66 n

Heber, Richard, book collector, 269 , 272

Heguera, Panama, 118

Heguira, Pta, Panama, 118

Helena, Sta (Punta Santa Elena), Ecuador, 151 , 154

Hellena: Hellena, Ecuador, 156 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Sta Hellena, Chile, 228

Hendricks, Richard, buccaneer, 25

Hente Chonos, Chile, 251

Herba Buina (Caleta Yerba Buina), Peru, 213

Herba maria, wood, 116 , 116 n

Herball: Pta Herball, Peru, 197 ;

Rio Herball, Peru, 197

Hermanos: Dos Hermanos, Panama, 129 ;

Isletas Los Hermanos, Galapagos, 259

Hermoso: Hermoso, Mexico, 72 ;

Morro Hermoso, Mexico, 72 ;

Morro Hermoso, Panama, 117 ;

Morro Hermoso (Monte Hermoso), Costa Rica, 104 , 105

Hernando: Hernando, Ecuador, 157 ;

Puerto de Hernando Gallego, Chile, 253

Herradura: Herradura (Bahía Coliumo), Chile, 239 ;

Herradura (Bahía Herradura de Guayacán), Chile, 229 , 231 , 232 ;

Herradura (Puerto Herradura), Costa Rica, 107 , 108 , 109 ;

La Herradura, Chile, 240

Hibaltique, Barra de (Bajos Lempa), El Salvador, 90 , 91

Hierro (Isle de Fer), Canary Islands, 38

Higuira, Pta (Punta Guánico), Panama, 119

Hilay, Port of, Peru, 210

Hill, William, barrister, 269 , 272

Hilliard, John, buccaneer, 16 , 38

Hills of Motape, Peru, 162

Hilo, Peru. See Ilo

Hispaniola, 86 n

Hogs, 122

Holmes, Robert. Admiral, 28 n, 284

Honda: Baya Honda (Bahía Honda), Panama, 115 ;

Playa Honda, Panama, 131 ;

Rio Honda, Panama, 127

Honduras, 93

Hood Island (Isla Española). Galapagos, 258 n, 259

Hoorn, Netherlands, 256 n

Horadada, Peña, Peru, 193

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Hormigas. Hormigas, Peru, 190 ;

Hormigas de Afuera, Islotes, Peru, 188 , 189 , 191

Horn, Cape, Chile, 4 , 22 , 24 , 30 n, 38 , 155 n, 256 n

Houghton, Arthur A., book collector, 267 , 270 -72

Howard, Charles, captain, R.N., 27

Howard, Henry, duke of Norfolk 259

Huablin, Chile, 249

Huacho, Peru, 187

Huanchaco, Peru, 173

Huarmey: Pueblo de Huarmey, Peru, 183 ;

Rio Huarmey, Peru, 183

Huasco: attacked, 19 ;

Huasco (Guasco), Chile, 152 n, 227 , 230 ;

Puerto de Guasco (Puerto Huasco), Chile, 227 ;

Rio Huasco, Chile, 227

Huaura: Huaura, Peru, 187 ;

Grupo de

― 300 ―

Huaura (continued )

Huaura, Peru, 189 ;

Rio Huaura, Peru, 187

Humboldt Current, 225

Humos, Pta de (Punta La Vieja), Chile, 238 , 239

Huntington Library, San Marino, USA, 263 , 269 , 271 , 272

Huricangane, Cerro, Peru, 205

Hutchinson, Henry, chart collector, 33 n

Huygens, Constantijn, Jr. See William III's Dutch private secretary

I

Iago. St (Santiago), Chile, 234

Ica, Rio, Peru, 203

Iguana, Isla. Panama. 121 , 129

Iguana, 198 n

Illas de Paxaros (Islotes Pájaros), Chile, 229

Illescas, Cerro, Peru, 167

Ilo: attacked, 15 , 19 ;

Hilo, Peru, 212 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Ilo, Peru, 38 , 152 n, 212 -14;

Ilo Viejo, Peru, 213 ;

Pta Hilo (Pta Coles), Peru, 213 ;

Rio Hilo (Rio Osmore), Peru, 213

Imperial, Rio, Chile, 243

Imperiall, River of, Chile, 242

Incan Empire, 137

Incas, 185 , 194 n

Indefatigable Island (Isla Santa Cruz or Chaves), Galápagos, 258 n, 259

Indians, 50 , 52 , 66 , 67 , 70 , 70 n, 72 , 76 , 82 n, 84 , 92 , 102 , 106 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 128 , 144 , 146 ,158 . 166 , 168 , 182 , 196 , 212 , 242 , 244 , 250 , 252 n;

Indian fort, 184 ;

Indians, Chonos, 248 ;

Indians of Arauco, 240 ;

Indians, Paquissa, 220

Indigofera (Indico), 112 n

Indios, Rio de (Puerto Darien), Panama, 129

Inés, Isla Santa, Chile, 255

Infiernillos, Islotes, Peru, 203

Injenio, Cerro del, Peru. 185

Inocentes, Cerro de Los, Juan Fernández, 257

Insulae de los Galepegos, Ecuador, 258 n

Ipomoea, batatas, 131

Iquique, Chile, 18 , 218 -19

Isabela: Isla Isabela, Galapagos, 259 ;

Isla Isabela, Mexico, 61

Isalco, Volcán, El Salvador, 89

Iscuande, Rio, Colombia, 139

Isla, La, Chile, 247

Isla Alacrán, Chile, 215

Isla Alcatraz. See Alcatraz

Isla Asunción, Mexico, 57

Isla Bartolomé, Panama, 131

Isla Bayoneta, Panama, 131

Isla Bejuco, Costa Rica. 107

Isla Berrugate, Costa Rica, 107

Isla Blanca: Bahía Isla Blanca, Chile, 225 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Isla Blanca, Costa Rica, 105 ;

Isla Blanca, Peru, 201

Isla Bolaños, Panama, 131

Isla Boná, Panama, 125

Isla Caballo. Costa Rica, 107

Isla Cacaluta, Mexico, 73

Isla Callacalla, Chile, 245

Isla Camote, Panama, 131

Isla Canal de Afuera, Panama, 115

Isla Caracoles, Panama, 131

Isla Casaya, Panama, 131

Isla Cébaco, Panama, 117

Isla Cedros. See Cedros

Isla Chamá, Panama, 125

Isla Chapera, Panama, 131

Isla Chaves, Galapagos, 259

Isla Chepillo, Panama, 127

Isla Chilca, Peru, 195

Isla Chiloe, Chile, 155 , 227 , 249

Isla Chira, Costa Rica, 107

Isla Chitre, Panama, 131

Isla Chuncho, Peru, 195

Isla Clarion, Mexico, 49

Isla Conchagua, El Salvador, 93

Isla Contadora, Panama, 131

Isla de Alcatraces, See Alcatraz

Isla de Aserradores, Nicaragua, 97

Isla de Asia, Peru, 195 , 196

Isla de Caluca (Isla Cacaluta), Mexico, 73

Isla de Canete, Peru, 197

Isla de Chiluy (Isla Chiloé), Chile, 249

Isla de Chincha (Grupo de Chincha), Peru, 201

Isla de Coiba, Panama, 115

Isla de Cornejo (Roca Foca), Peru, 211

Isla de Guadalupe, Mexico, 55

Isla de Guanas (Isla Iguana), Panama, 121

Isla de La Brea, Mexico, 73

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Isla de La Plata, Ecuador, 151

Isla de Las Viejas, Peru, 203

Isla de Lima, Peru, 193

Isla de Los Estados (Staten Island), Argentina, 255

Isla de Monte, Panama, 131

Isla de Muertos, Panama, 113

Isla de Nats (Isla Naos), Panama, 125

Isla de Palmares (Isla de Samuria), El Salvador, 91

Isla de Porcada, Panama. 115

Isla de Puercos, Panama, 131

Isla de Realezo, Colombia, 137

Isla de Sacraficio (Isla de Sacrificios), Mexico, 73

Isla de Samuria, El Salvador, 91

Isla de Santa Clara, Ecuador, 155

Isla de Santa, Peru, 177 -79

Isla de Silva, Panama, 114 n

Isla de Socaran (Isla San Sebastían), El Salvador, 91

Isla del Caño, Costa Rica, 109

Isla del Cardón, Nicaragua, 97

Isla del Esperitu Sto (Isla El Espíritu Santo), El Salvador, 91

Isla del Gallo, Colombia, 139

Isla del Rey: Isla del Rey, Chile, 245 ;

Isla del Rey, Panama, 130 , 131 ;

Isla dell Rey, Ecuador, 157

Isla Diego Ramírez, Chile, 255

Isla El Espíritu Santo, El Salvador, 91

Isla Elefante, Panama, 131

Isla Ensenada, Panama, 125

Isla Española, Galapagos, 259

Isla Fernandina, Galapagos, 259

Isla Flamenco, Panama, 125

Isla Foca, Peru, 168 n

Isla Galera, Panama, 131

Isla Gallo, Panama, 131

Isla Geronimo, Mexico, 57

Isla Gibraléon, Panama, 131

Isla Gobernadora, Panama, 117

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Isla Gorgona, Colombia, 139

Isla Guafo, Chile, 249 , 251

Isla Iguana, Panama, 121 , 129

Isla Isabela: Isla Isabela, Galapagos, 259 ;

Isla Isabela, Mexico, 61

Isla Jambeli, Ecuador, 155

Isla Javier, Chile, 253

Isla Jicarón, Panama, 115

Isla La Campaña, Chile, 253

Isla La Mina, Panama, 131

Isla La Minita, Panama. 131

Isla Lemuy, Chile, 249

Isla Leones, Panama, 117

Isla Lobos de Afuera, Peru, 168 n, 169

Isla Lobos de Tierra, Peru, 168 n, 169

Isla Mancera, Chile, 245

Isla Mandinga, Panama, 125

Isla Marchena, Galapagos, 259

Isla Más a Tierra, Chile, 257

Isla Más Afuera, Chile, 257

Isla Mazorca, Peru, 189

Isla Meanguera, El Salvador, 93

Isla Melones, Panama, 125

Isla Membrillo, Panama, 131

Isla Mocha, Chile, 243

Isla Mogo Mogo, Panama, 131

Isla Mondragón, Ecuador, 155

Isla Montuosa, Panama, 113

Isla Natividad, Mexico, 49 , 57

Isla Negritos, Costa Rica, 107

Isla Otoque, Panama, 125

Isla Pacheca, Panama, 131

Isla Pájaro, Costa Rica, 107

Isla Palmas, Colombia, 137

Isla Perico, Panama, 131

Isla Pinzón, Galapagos, 259

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Isla Puná, Ecuador, 155

Isla Punta Zacate, El Salvador, 93

Isla Quenac, Chile, 249

Isla Quinchao, Chile, 249

Isla Rabida, Galapagos, 259

Isla Ranchería, Panama, 115

Isla Robinson Crusoe (Isla Más a Tierra), Chile, 257

Isla Roca Partida, Mexico, 49

Isla Rodriguez (Isla Santay), Ecuador, 155

Isla Saboga, Panama, 131

Isla Salango, Ecuador, 153

Isla San Benedicto, Mexico, 49

Isla San Cristóbal, Galapagos, 259

Isla San Gallán, Peru, 201

Isla San Lucas, Costa Rica, 107

Isla San Martín, USA, 49

Isla San Pablo, Panama, 131

Isla San Roque, Mexico, 57

Isla San Salvador, Galapagos, 258 n, 259

Isla San Sebastían, El Salvador, 91

Isla Santa Clara, Chile, 257

Isla Santa Cruz, Galapagos, 259

Isla Santa Inés, Chile, 255

Isla Santa Maria: Isla Santa Maria, Chile, 243 ;

Isla Santa Marí, Galapagos, 259

Isla Santay, Ecuador, 155

Isla Santelmo, Panama, 131

Isla Santiago, Galapagos, 258 n, 259

Isla Señora, Panama, 131

Isla Silva de Afuera, Panama, 115

Isla Socorro, Mexico, 49

Isla Taboga, Panama, 125

Isla Taboguilla, Panama, 125

Isla Taborcillo, Panama, 125

Isla Tangola (Isla Tangola-Tangola), Mexico, 73

Isla Teje, Chile, 245

Isla Tigre, El Salvador, 93

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Isla Tranqui, Chile, 249

Isla Urabá, Panama, 125

Isla Venado, Costa Rica, 107

Isla Verde, Ecuador, 155

Isla Viveros, Panama, 131

Islan Lobos, Peru, 172

― 301 ―

Island Caño, Costa Rica, 108

Island Cenicas. See Cedros

Island Chaulinec, Chile, 249

Island Chaulineque, Chile, 248

Island Chiluy, Chile, 248

Island Chira, Costa Rica, 104 , 106

Island Cornejo, Peru, 210

Island de Palmas, Colombia, 136

Island Galera, Panama, 132

Island Gallo, Colombia, 138 , 140

Island Gorgona, Colombia, 136 , 138

Island Guaffo, Chile, 248

Island Lobos, Peru, 164

Island of Calao (Isla San Lorenzo), Peru, 188 , 190 , 191

Island of Chao, Peru, 176

Island of Colanche, Ecuador, 154

Island of Don Martin, Peru, 182 , 186

Island of Guanape, Peru, 174 , 176

Island of Guaura, Peru, 188

Island of Lima, Peru, 190 , 194

Island of Malabrigo, Peru, 174

Island of San Marcos, 56

Island of Santa, Peru, 176

Island Paxaros, Chile, 230

Island Plata, Ecuador, 152

Island Yguanas, Panama, 120

Island Yqueque, Chile, 218

Islands of Saint James. See Farallon

Islands of San Martin, Mexico, 56

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Islas Ballestas, Peru, 201

Islas Chao, Peru, 177

Islas de Cenos. See Cedros

Islas de Los Quepos, Costa Rica, 109

Islas Encantadas (Galapagos Islands), Ecuador, 258 n

Islas Frailes, Panama, 119

Islas Guaitecas, Chile, 249 , 251

Islas Juan Fernandez, Chile, 257

Islas Ladrones, Panama, 113

Islas Las Tres Marias, Mexico, 61

Islas Lobos, Peru, 168 n

Islas Macabí, Peru, 173

Islas Revilla Gigedo, Mexico, 49

Islas Secas, Panama, 113

Islay, Punta, Peru, 211

Isle Genovesa, Galapagos, 259

Isle of Galera, Peru, 188

Isle Pinta, Galapagos, 259

Isleta de Afuera, Panama, 131

Isleta Lobos, Peru, 213

Isleta Platania, Panama, 131

Isletas Crossman, Galapagos, 259

Isletas Los Hermanos, Galapagos, 259

Isletta (Isla Alacrán), Chile, 215

Isletta (Islas Chao), Peru, 177 , 181

Islote Corcovado, Peru, 177

Islote Culpepper, Galapagos, 259

Islote Pan de Azúar, Panama, 125

Islote Pelado: Islote Pelado, Ecuador, 153 ;

Islote Pelado, Peru, 189

Islote San Pedro, Peru, 189

Islote Veleros, Argentina, 255

Islote Verde, Panama, 125

Islote Wenman, Galapagos, 259

Islote Zárate, Peru, 201

Islotes Ferrol, Peru, 179

Islotes Hormigas de Afuera, Peru, 188 , 189 , 191

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Islotes Infiernillos, Peru, 203

Islotes Los Ahorcados, Ecuador, 153

Islotes Pájaros, Chile, 229

Islotes Patiñito, Panama, 129

Istapa, Puerto de, Guatemala, 85

Itata, Rio, Chile, 239

Ixtapa, Mexico, 65

J

Jago: St Jago, Ecuador, 142 ;

St Jago (Santiago), Chile, 236

Jaguar, 117

Jaguey, Punta, Peru, 185

Jalisco, Mexico, 60 , 61

Jama, Rio, Ecuador, 145

Jamaica, 1 , 3 , 26 , 29 , 32 , 259 , 262

Jambeli, Isla, Ecuador, 155

James II, king of England, xii , 8 , 44 , 252 n, 259 , 266 , 269 , 270 , 272 ;

dedications to, 266 , 267 , 269 , 270

James Island (Isla San Salvador or Santiago), Galapagos, 258 n, 259

Jaques de la Zorra, Cerro del Jaques (Cerro Las Tetas), Peru, 185

Jaquoy de la Torra, Peru, 182

Jara, Morro, Chile, 223

Jaramijo, Punta de, Ecuador, 149

Jaramillo, Ecuador, 147

Javier, Isla, Chile, 253

Jeafferson, C., 267 , 272

Jenkins, Sir Leoline, 27 -28

Jequetepeque, Rio de, Peru, 171

Jervis Island (Isla Rabida), Galapagos, 258 n, 259

Jesupar, Mexico, 62

Jesus, Baya de Nombre de (Bahía Lomas), Argentina, 255

Jicarón, Isla, Panama, 115

Jipijapa, Rio, Ecuador, 153

Jiquilisco, El Salvador, 91

Jn de Cojeres, Obraje de, El Salvador, 87

John Carter Brown Library, Providence, USA, 270 , 272

A Buccaneer's Atlas


John Narbroughs Isle, Sr (Isla Fernandina), Galapagos, 259

Jones, H. V., book collector, 269 , 270 , 272

José: Banco San José, Panama, 131 ;

Rio San Jose, Chile, 215

Josiah , ship, 32

Journals of the voyage, 261 -62, 267 -68. See also Anonymous; Cox; Dampier; Dick; Ringrose; Sharp; Wafer

Juan, Spanish captain, 12

Juan: Baya de San Juan (Bahía Tarn), Chile, 253 ;

Enseñada tie San Juan, Chile, 245 ;

Estero de Don Juan, Chile, 245 ;

Juan de Nova, Ecuador, 157 ;

Juan Diaz (Rio Juan Diaz), Panama, 127 ;

Juan Fernández, Chile, archipelago, 16 , 17 , 18 n, 35 , 43 , 196 n, 197 , 256 n, 266 ;

Juan Gomez (see Gomez); Quebrada de Juan Sape, Panama, 129 ;

Port of San Juan, Peru, 204 ;

Puerto de San Juan (Bahía San Juan), Peru, 205 ;

Rio de Juan Diaz (Rio Lluta), Peru, 215 ;

Rio Juan Diaz, Peru, 214 ;

Rio San Juan, Colombia, 137 ;

Rio San Juan, Panama, 131 ;

St Juan de Pimoche (Pimocha), Ecuador, 157

Jucuapa, Volcán, El Salvador, 91

Jujan, Rio, Ecuador, 157

Junial: El Junial, El (Caleta Pajonal), Chile, 225 ;

Junial, Chile, 226

K

K. Charles's Isle (Isla Santa María), Galapagos, 259

Kansas, USA, 49

Kidd, William, buccaneer, 32

Kiddle, L. B., professor, 16

King Charles's Harbor, Costa Rica. See Dulce, Golfo

King James II's Isle, Chile. See Duke of York's Isle

King James Isle (Isla San Salvador or Santiago), Galapagos, 258 n, 259

King of England's Harbor, Costa Rica, 111

Kings, City of (Lima), Peru, 190

King's Islands, Panama. See Perlas Islands

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Kingsborough, viscount, 269 , 270 , 272

Kip, Jan, engraver, 2

Knapton, James, publisher, 261

Kraus, Hans P., dealer, 267 , 272

L

La Aguja, Pta de La, Peru, 165

La Ballesia (Islas Ballestas), Peru, 201

La Baya, Chile, 247

La Boca de Los Espinos, Panama, 113

La Campaña (Isla La Campaña), Chile, 253

La Canoa (Rio de Chone), Ecuador, 147

La Cherrera (Rio Chorrera), Panama, 123

La Civdad de Nra Snra de los Remedios, Panama, 114

La Concession: La Concession, Chile, 234 ;

Port of La Concession, Chile, 240

La Costa, Cordillera de, Chile, 223 , 227

La Cosubina (Volcán Cosiguina), Nicaragua, 95

La Cruz de Pizarro, Caleta, Peru, 159

La Delicada (Isla Santa Maria), Chile, 243

La Encomienda, Mexico, 79

La Galera, Puerto de (Bahía de Atacames), Ecuador, 143

La Garita, Cerro, Panama, 113

La Gartos (Rio San Juan), Panama, 131

La Guiena, Quebrada, Panama, 131

La Herradura: La Herradura, Chile, 240 ;

La Herradura, Costa Rica, 106

La Isla, Chile, 247

La Ligua: Port of La Ligua, Chile, 234 ;

Puerto de La Ligua (Caleta Ligua), 233

La Limo, Calle de, Chile, 249

La Madalina: La Madalina, Colombia, 137 ;

La Madalina (Islas Guaitecas), Chile, 251 ;

La Madalina (Magdalena de Cao), Peru, 173

La Maistra (Rio La Maestra), Panama, 127

La Marquese, Mexico, 70

La Matansa, Ecuador, 155

A Buccaneer's Atlas


La Mesa de Doña María Francisca, Cerro, Peru, 203

La Mocha, Chile, 242

La Navidad. See Natividad

La Paja, Panama, 131

La Palma, Panama, 129

La Plata, Isla de, Ecuador, 151

La Posesión, Puerto de, Nicaragua, 97

La Puna (Isla Puna), Ecuador, 155 , 158

La Purification, Port of, Mexico, 60

La Serena: La Serena, Chile, 16 , 229 , 232 ;

Puibla de La Serena (La Serena), Chile, 229 , 232 ;

sacked, 15

La Serruzuela (Cerro Cerrezuela), Panama, 121 , 123

La Silla de Paita (Cerros Silla de Paita), Peru, 163

La Trompeuse , privateer, 26

La Unión, El Salvador, 93

La Vieja, Punta, Chile, 239

La Villa, Rio de, Panama, 121

― 302 ―

Labapi, Punto, Chile, 243

Lachay: Lachay, Peru, 188 , 189 ;

Punta Lachay, Peru, 187

Ladrones Islands. See Marianas Islands

Ladrones, Islas, Panama, 113

Lagarto, Rio, Panama, 125 , 127

Lago de Nicaragua, Nicaragua, 49

Laguncularia racemosa , 72 n

Lagunilla (Caleta Lagunillas), Peru, 201

Lake Titicaca, Peru, 214 n

Lama, 212

Lamiangola (Isla Meanguera), El Salvador, 93

Lamperts, limpet, 252

Lanasca, Port of, Peru, 204 , 206

Lanquen, Rio (Rio Valdivia), Chile, 245

Lansado, Puerte de (Punta Gasparino), Mexico, 59

Laque of Calabra, Peru, 180

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Laqui, Puerto de, Chile, 246

Larquin, Rio, Chile, 241

Las Amilpas, Guatemala, 81

Las Anabacas, Guatemala, 82

Las Anabacs, Guatemala, 83

Las Anegadas (Picos de Ananas), Colombia, 135

Las Anegadizas, Colombia, 134

Las Barancas (Cordillera de El Fuerte), Mexico, 69

Las Guías, Rio, Panama, 123

Las Marias. See Las Tres Marias

Las Pilas, Volcán, Nicaragua, 99

Las Salinas Las Salinas, Chile, 236 ;

Las Salinas, Peru, 188 ;

Las Salinas (Bahía Salina Cruz), Mexico, 75 ;

Las Salinas (Punta Carnero), Ecuador, 155

Las Tetas, Cerro, Peru, 185

Las Tres Marias: Las Marias (Islas Las Tres Marias), Mexico, 60 , 61 ;

Las Tres Marietas, Mexico, 61

Las Viejas, Isla de, Peru, 203

Las Zorras, Punta, Peru, 185

Lateca, El Salvador, 93

Latitude, 42 , 43 ;

determining, 25 n, 35 , 44 ;

running down the, 25

Laurus lingue , 180 n

Lava Lava, Punta, Panama, 131

Lavapié, Punta, Chile, 243

Lazaro, Baya de San, Chile, 253

Ld Culpeppers Isle (Islote Culpepper), Galapagos, 259

Le Maire, Jacob, Dutch explorer, 256 n

Le Maire: Estrecho de Le Maire, Argentina, 255 ;

Le Maires Straights, Argentina, 256 ;

Straight of Le Maire, Argentina, 254 n, 255 n, 264 , 266 ;

Strait of Le Maire, Argentina, 254

Lebalt, Coma de, Panama, 117

Lebu, Rio, Chile, 243

Lechuza, Monte, Peru, 201

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Leeward Islands, 254 n

Lemon, 131

Lempa: Lempa, El Salvador, 90 ;

Bajos Lempa, El Salvador, 92 ;

Rio de Lempa, El Salvador, 90 , 91

Lemuy, Isla, Chile, 249

Leon: Leon, Ecuador, 155 ;

León, Nicaragua, 98 , 99 ;

Volcan de Leon (Volcán Las Pilas), Nicaragua, 98 -100

Leones (Isla Leones), Panama, 117

Lepanto, Costa Rica, 107

Licas, Pta de (Punta Lisa), Panama, 121

Ligua, Caleta, Chile, 233

Lima: Lima, Peru, 38 , 124 , 124 n, 130 n, 132 , 162 , 170 , 188 , 190 -94, 214 , 250 ;

Isla de Lima, Peru, 193 ;

Island of Lima, Peru, 190 , 194 ;

Rio de Lima (Rio Rimac), Peru, 193

Limari (Rio Limari), Chile, 231 , 232

Lime, 131

Limón, Rio, Panama, 131

Limones, Pto de (La Boca de Los Espinos), Panama, 11

Limuy (Isla Lemuy), Chile, 249

Linao (Bahía Linao), Chile, 249

Lincoln, Lady, 269 , 272

Lindin, Chile, 249

Linga, Fort of (Fortaleza de Paramonga), Peru, 184 , 185

Lions, 160

Liquilisco (Jiquilisco), El Salvador, 90 , 91

Lisa, Punta, Panama, 121

Lisbon Merchant , merchantman, 27

Little Wainman, Galapagos, 259

Lizard, Cornwall, England, 258 n

Llama, 212

Lluta, Rio, Peru, 215

Lo Alto de Mache (Serrania de Majé), Panama, 127

Lo alto de Senosop (Monte Papayal), Costa Rica, 101

Lo Alto de Tucapell (Cordilleras de Nahuelbuta), Chile, 243

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Lo Alto de Tunbes (Cerros Los Amotapes), Ecuador, 155

Loa, Rio de, Chile, 219

Lobos, Chile, 255

Lobos: Isleta Lobos, Peru, 213 ;

Lobos, Peru, 168 ;

Lobos (Isla Foca), Peru, 165 ;

Lobos Island, Peru, 164 ;

Lobos de Afuera, Isla, Peru, 168 n, 169 ;

Lobos de Tierra, Isla, Peru, 168 n, 169 ;

Punta Grita Lobos, Peru, 189

Locumba, Rio, Peru, 213

Loma Santa Lucía, Nicaragua, 99

Lomas, Bahía, Argentina, 255

Longitude, 25 n, 35 , 38

López, Diego, Spanish captain, 21 , 27 , 283 -84

Lora, Quebrada de, Chile, 238 , 239

Lorenzo: Cape Lorenzo (Cabo de San Lorenzo), Ecuador, 149 ;

Pta Lorenzo (Punta San Lorenzo), Panama, 127 -29

Lorinchincha, Rio de, Peru, 198 , 199

Los Ahorcados (Islotes Los Ahorcados), Ecuador, 153 , 154

Los Almenos, Peru, 211

Los Amotapes, Cerros, Peru, 155 , 159 , 163

Los Andes, Cordillera Occidental de (Cordillera Negra), Peru, 185 , 197

Los Angelos (Puebla), Mexico, 74

Los Asseradores: Estero de Los Asseradores (Estero de Aserradores), Nicaragua, 97 ;

Los Asseradores (Isla de Aserradores), Nicaragua, 97

Los Chinos, Puerto de (Caleta Los Chinos), Peru, 181

Los Coronados, Chile, 251

Los Esclavos, Guatemala, 85

Los Espinos, La Boca, Panama, 113

Los Estados, Isla de (Staten Island), Argentina, 255

Los Evangelistos (Grupo Evangelistas), Chile, 41 , 253

Los Ffrailes (Islas Frailes), Panama, 119

Los Frailes, Mexico, 61

Los Galapagos, Ecuador, 156

Los Gartos (Rio Lagarto), Panama, 127

Los Hermanos, Isletas, Galapagos, 259

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Los Inocentes, Cerro de, Juan Fernandez, Chile, 257

Los Ladrones (Islas Ladrones), Panama, 113

Los Motines, Mexico, 62 , 63

Los Ollenos, Peru, 203

Los Quepos, Islas de, Costa Rica, 109

Los Reyes: Baya de Los Reyes (Boca de Canales), Chile, 253 ;

Cividad de Los Reyes (Lima), Peru, 193

Los Salinas, Mexico, 54

Los Tintos, Rio, Ecuador, 157

Los Triangulos. See Farallon

Loxa, Peru, 164

Lucar (Isla San Lucas), Costa Rica, 107

Luis Delgado (Pedasí), Panama, 121

Lynch, Sir Thomas, governor of Jamaica, 27 , 262

M

M Paraca (Monte Lechuza), Peru, 201

M Tambo, Peru, 195

Macabí, Islas, Peru, 173

Macanpique (Isla Punta Zacate), El Salvador, 93

Macatón, Cerro, Peru, 189

Macaw, Costa Rica, 101

Machala, Rio, Ecuador, 155

Mache: Lo Alto de Mache (Serrania de Majé), Panama, 127 ;

Mache (Isla Majé), Panama, 127

Macolela, Messa de, Costa Rica, 107

Madalina: La Madalina, Colombia, 137 ;

La Madalina (Islas Guaitecas), Chile, 251 ;

La Madalina (Magdalena de Cao), Peru, 173 ;

La Madalina (see Magdalena); Madalina (Islas Guaitecas), Chile, 249

Madre de Dios, Archipiélago, Chile, 253

Madrid, Spain, 28 ;

Treaty of Madrid, 1 , 28 , 286

Maestra, La, Panama, 127

Magalhães, Fernão da, Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain, 254 n

Magallanes, Estrecho de, Chile, 255

Magdalena: Bahía Magdalena, Mexico, 49 , 58 n;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Baya de Madilina (Bahía Magdalena), Mexico, 58 n, 59 ;

María Magdalena, Mexico, 61 ;

Magdalena de Cao, Peru, 173

Magdalene College, Cambridge, England. See Pepys Library

Magellan: Estrecho de Magellan (Estrecho de Magallanes), Chile, 255 ;

Magellan goose, 252 n;

Magellan Mouth, Argentina, 255 ;

Magellan, Straights of, 254 ;

Magellan, Strait of, Chile-Argentina, 11 , 23 , 24 , 250 n, 251 , 253 n, 254 -55, 264 ;

Magellan, Streights of, 251 ;

Woods description of, 262 , 268

Magellanic clouds, 14

Magellanic penguin, 252 n

Maggs Brothers, booksellers, 265

Magnetic variation, 38

Maipo, Rio, Chile, 237

Maire, Estrecho de Le, Argentina, 255

Maistra, La (Rio La Maestra), Panama, 127

Majantelba (Isla Isabela), Mexico, 61

Mala: Alto de Mala (Cerro Zambapala), Ecuador, 155 ;

Pta Mall (Punta Mala), Costa Rica, 108 , 109 , 111 ;

Pta Mala (Punta Mala), Panama, 118

― 303 ―

Malabrigo: Malabrigo, Peru, 172 , 173 ;

Malabrigo al Este, Peru, 43 ;

Ffarellon de Malabrigo (Islas Macabí), Peru, 173 ;

Island of Malabrigo, Peru 174 ;

Morro Malabrigo, Peru, 171

Malaca (Ensenada de Malaca), Peru, 161

Malacca, Peru, 160

Maldu, Rio de (Rio Chagui), Colombia, 139

Malgesi (Islote Pelado), Peru, 189

Malpaso de Asia, Punta, Peru, 195

Malpelo, Punta, Peru, 155 , 159

Malus pumila , 210 n

Mamon, Chile, 249

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Manache, Peru, 183

Manbrillan, El (Rio Membrillar), Panama, 121

Mancera, Isla, Chile, 245

Mancora (Puerto Mancora), Peru, 155 , 159

Mandayare, Rio de (Rio Morote), Costa Rica, 107

Mandingo (Isla Mandinga), Panama, 125

Manglares: Pta de Manglares, Colombia, 140 , 141 ;

Pta Manglares (Punta Mangle), Panama, 127

Mangrove. 72 , 127

Manihot aipi, M. esculenta, M. utilissima , 110 n

Manila, Philippines, 52 n, 59 , 61 , 63 , 67 ;

Manila galleon, 48 n, 74 n, 97

Manlin, Chile, 249

Manta Manta, Ecuador, 154 ;

Manta (Cuidad de Manta), Ecuador, 149 , 150 , 152

Manteca 112 n

Manzanillo: Bahía Manzanillo, Mexico, 63 ;

Celagua, Mexico, 62 ;

Port De Supan, Mexico, 62 ;

Puerto de Celagua (Bahía Manzanillo), Mexico, 63 ;

Puerto de Supan (Bahía Manzanillo), Mexico, 63

Mar del Norte (Atlantic Ocean), 255

Mar del Sur (Pacific Ocean). 255

Mar, Vina de la (Viña del Mar), Chile, 235

Marchena, Isla, Galapagos, 259

Marga Marga, Rio. Chile, 235

Maria: Isla Santa Maria, Chile, 243 ;

Isla Santa María, Galapagos, 259 ;

Maria, Sta, Chile, 242 ;

Maria, Sta (Santa Fe). Panama, 129 ;

María Cleofas, Mexico, 61 ;

María Madre, Mexico, 61 ; María Magdelena (see Magdalena)

Marianas Islands, Western Pacific Ocean, 262

Mariane, Messa de, Costa Rica, 100 , 101

Mariato, Punta, Panama, 119

Mariche, Panama, 131

Marinao, Punta, Chile, 241

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Mariquina, Rio (Rio Cruces), Chile, 245

Marisco, fish, 226

Marques: Marquese (Puerto Marqués), Mexico, 67 , 70 , 72 ;

Puerto del Marques (Punta Marqués), Mexico, 59 ;

Puerto del Marquese, Mexico, 58 , 68 ;

Puerto Marqués, Mexico, 67 ;

Punta Marqués, Mexico, 59

Marquis, James, buccaneer, 20 , 29

Marrinas (Punta Marinao), Chile 241

Marroquin, Spanish captain, 238

Marsaque (Isla Mazorca), Peru, 189

Marshalsea Prison, Southwark, England, 27

Martín Grande, Rio, Panama, 117

Martin Lopez: Port of Martin Lopez, Nicaragua, 96 ;

Pto de Martin Lopez (Estero Padre Ramos), Nicaragua, 95

Martin Perez (Rio Martín Pérez), Panama, 131

Martin, San, Chile, 253

Martinello, Rio (Rio Martín Grande), Panama, 117

Más a Tierra, Isla, Chile, 257

Más Afuera, Isla, Chile, 257

Masattlan: Morro Masattlan (Punta Chipeque), Mexico, 75 ;

Rio Masattlan, Mexico, 75

Masias, Mexico, 72

Masias, Rio de (Rio Colotepec), Mexico, 71 , 72

Matanchel: Matanchel (Matanchén), Mexico, 60 n, 266 ;

Pto de Matanchel (Ensenada Matenchén), Mexico, 61

Matanchén, Mexico, 60 n

Matansa, La, Ecuador, 155

Matapalo, Cabo, Costa Rica, 111

Mathes, W. Michael, 49

Matorrillos, Canal de, Ecuador, 155

Matteo, Baya de San (Bahía San Mateo), Ecuador, 142 n, 143

Maule, Rio de (Rio Maule), Chile, 238 , 239

Mauso, El, Ecuador, 157

Maxantelba, Mexico, 60

Mayflower , Spanish vessel: captured, 11 , 12 , 19 , 36 ;

scuttled, 14

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Maypo, Rio de (Rio Maipo), Chile, 237

Mazama americana , 112 n

Mazorca, Isla, Peru, 189

Meanguera, Isla, E1 Salvador, 93

Mearns, P. A., 267 , 272

Mejillones del Sur, Bahía, Chile, 220

Melchor, Fernández de Cordoba, Spanish general, 265

Melchor: Don Melchor, 43 , 64 , 64 n, 265 ;

Melchor Fernández de Córdoba, 64 n;

Obraje de Don Melchor, El Salvador, 87

Melones, Isla, Panama, 125

Melons, 125

Membrillar, Rio, Panama, 121

Membrillos (Isla Membrillo), Panama, 131

Mendano (Rio Mendaño), Panama, 131

Mendocino: C. Mendocino, USA, 266 ;

Cape Mendocino, USA, 49 , 50 n, 51 ;

Cavo Mendocino, USA, 49 , 51 ;

Cavo de Mendocino, USA, 50

Mensabe Purro (Rio Mensabé), Panama, 121

Merchant Taylors School, London, England, 29

Meriato: Pta Meriato (Punta Meriato), Panama, 117 , 118 ;

Rio Meriato (Rio Morillo), Panama, 117

Mero, Pta de (Punta Malpelo), Peru, 155 , 160

Mesa de Juan Gomez. See Gomez

Messa de Dna Maria (Cerro La Mesa de Doña María Francisca), Peru, 203

Messa de Juan Gomez. See Gomez

Messa de Macolela, Costa Rica, 107

Messa de Mariane, Costa Rica, 100 , 101

Messa de Roldan, Nicaragua, 94

Messa de Sta Juana, Costa Rica, 101

Messa de Sutraba, Nicaragua, 98

Mestizo, 82 n

Meta, Rio grande de (Rio Grande), Panama, 121

Mexico, 49 , 56 n, 60 n, 61 , 62 n, 66 , 67 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 74 n, 76 , 131 ;

Mexico City, Mexico, 66 n, 74 n;

City of Mexico, Mexico, 66 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Gulf of Mexico, 66 n;

Mexeco, 88

Mexillones, Baya de (Bahía Mejillones del Sur), Chile, 220

Miangola, El Salvador, 92

Mícay, Rio, Colombia, 139

Miel, Pta de, Ecuador, 155

Mina Chica (Isla La Minita), Panama, 131

Mina Grande (Isla la Mina), Panama, 131

Minita, Isla La, Panama, 131

Mira, Rio de (Rio Mira), Colombia, 139

Mirounga angustirostris , 131

Mita, Punta, Mexico, 60 , 61

Mocha: Isla Mocha, Chile, 243 ;

La Mocha, Chile, 242 ;

Ysla de Mocha (Isla Mocha), Chile, 243

Moche, Peru, 175

Mogomago (Isla Mogo Mogo), Panama, 131

Molin, Rio, Panama, 117

Mollendo, Peru, 211

Mombacho, Volcán, Costa Rica, 101

Moncalco, E1 Salvador, 89

Monck, Christopher. See Albemarle

Mondragon, Bajos de (Isla Mondragón), Ecuador, 155

Mongon (Cerro Mongon), Peru, 180 , 181 , 183

Mongoncillo, Punta, Peru, 183

Mongonsillo (Colina Redonda), Peru, 183

Monjes (Isla Clarion), Mexico, 49

Montaña, Ro (Canal de Matorrillos), Ecuador, 155

Montanas de Cuaque, Ecuador, 145

Monte (Isla tie Monte), Panama, 131

Monte Carretas, Peru, 203

Monte Christo, Ecuador, 152

Monte Gordo, Ffarrellones de (Islote Veleros), Argentina, 255

Monte Hermoso, Costa Rica, 105

Monte Lechuza, Peru, 201

Monte Papayal, Costa Rica, 101

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Monte Quemado, Peru, 203

Monte Rey, Puerto de (Estero Bay), USA, 53

Monte Trigo, Peru. 193

Monte Xpo (Cerro de Montecristi), Ecuador, 151

Montecabo, Guatemala, 84

Montecristi, Cerro, Colombia, 135 , 151

Monterey, El Puerto de Monte Rey, USA, 54 , 56 n

Monticalco de los Esclavos, Rio (Rio Esclavos), Guatemala, 85

Montt, Carlos Cruz, Chilean book collector, 265 , 269 , 272

Montuosa (Isla Montuosa), Panama, 113

Mora, Puerto Tambo de, Peru, 198 , 199

Morales, Puerto, Chile, 253

Moreno, Nicolás, Spanish pilot, 14 , 16 , 20 , 158

Moreno: Baquerizo Moreno, Ecuador, 157 ;

Morro Moreno, Chile, 224 ;

Port of Morro Moreno. Chile, 220 ;

Puerto de Morro Moreno (Bahía Moreno), Chile, 223

Morgan, Sir Henry, buccaneer: sacks Panama, 1 -3, 9 , 10 , 26 , 124 , 127 ;

captures deriotero , 7 , 12 , 262 -63, 264 , 268 ;

lieutenant governor of Jamaica, vii , 26 -27

Morillo, Rio, Panama, 117

― 304 ―

Moro, Pta de (Punta Malpelo), Peru, 159

Morote, Rio, Costa Rica, 107

Morro Amortajado, Chile, 247

Morro Bamba, Mexico, 75 , 76

Morro Bonifacio, Chile, 244 , 245

Morro Chala, Peru, 205 , 207

Morro de Alico (Morro de Atico), Peru, 207

Morro de Arica, Chile, 215 , 217

Morro de Ariquipa, Peru, 206

Morro de Atico, Peru, 207 , 209

Morro de Atiquipa, Peru, 207

Morro de Carbon (Cerro Morro), Mexico, 77

Morro de Cavallo (Morro Nazca), Peru, 203

Morro de Chao, Peru, 177

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Morro de Etten (Morro de Eten), Peru, 169

Morro de Fferrol (Cerro Peninsula), Peru, 179

Morro de Georje (Morro Jara), Chile, 222 , 223

Morro de Guanape (Cerro Prieto de Guañape), Peru, 175 , 177

Morro de Guaura, Peru, 187

Morro de Masattlan, Mexico, 76

Morro de Petalán. See Petalÿn

Morro de Petaplan. See Petalán

Morro de Sama, Peru, 214 , 215

Morro de Sangallan, Peru, 202

Morro de Santa, Peru, 177 , 179

Morro de Solon, Peru, 193 , 195

Morro de Tarapaca (Monte Tarapaca), Chile, 218 , 219

Morro de Viejas (Monte Carretas), Peru, 203

Morro del Puiblo, Panama, 115

Morro di Acari (Morro Chala), Peru, 204 , 205 , 207

Morro Gonsale, Chile, 244

Morro Gonsalo, Chile, 245

Morro Hermoso: Morro Hermoso, Mexico, 69 , 71 , 72 ;

Morro Hermoso, Panama, 117 ;

Morro Hermoso (Monte Hermoso), Costa Rica, 102 , 104 , 105

Morro Jara, Chile, 223

Morro Malabrigo, Peru, 171

Morro Masattlan (Punta Chipeque), Mexico, 75

Morro Moreno. See Moreno

Morro Nazca, Peru, 203

Morro Petaplan, See Petalán

Morro Puercos (Punta Morro de Puercos), Panama, 119

Morro Quemado (Monte Quemado), Peru, 202 , 203

Mortena (Isleta Platania), Panama, 131

Mosquitos: Barra de Mosquitos (Barra de San Francisco), Mexico, 77 ;

Mosquitos, 78 ;

Mosquitos (Punta Gorda), Panama, 131

Mossa de Sutraba, Nicaragua, 99

Motape: Hills of Motape, Peru, 162 ;

Serras de Motape (Cerros Los Amotapes), Peru, 163

Mottattoes, 144

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Mount Darwin, Chile, 255

Mount Sarmiento, Chile, 255

Moxon, Joseph, cartographer and publisher, 263 , 268

Mr Eures Isle (Isle Genovesa), Galapagos, 259

Muertos, Isla de, Panama, 113

Mulatto, 82 n, 102 , 128

Musa, 110 n

Mussels, 252

Mutinies, 10 , 12 , 16 , 19

Mutton, 116

Myroxylon perierae , 89

Mytilus , 252 n

N

N. Senora[*] , Baya de, Chile, 223

Nabiscalco, El Salvador, 86

Naguala: Naguala, Mexico, 70 ;

Rio de Naguala (Rio Papagayo), Mexico, 69

Nahuatl, 66 n

Nahuelbuta, Cordilleras de, Chile, 243

Nahuizalco, El Salvador, 87

Naliscalco (Nahuizalco), El Salvador, 87

Naos (Isla de Nats), Panama, 124 n

Naranjal, El (Canal de Naranjal), Ecuador, 155

Narbrough, Sir John, admiral, 28 n, 31 -33, 259 , 262 , 263 , 284

Narbrough Island (Isla Fernandina), Galapagos, 259

Narbroughs Isle, Sr John (Isla Fernandina), Galapagos, 259

Nata: Nata, Panama, 120 , 122 ;

Rio Chico de Nata (Rio Chico), Panama, 121

National Maritime Museum. See Greenwich

Natividad: Isla Natividad, Mexico, 49 , 57 ;

La Nabidad (Isla Natividad), Mexico, 49 ;

La Navidad, Mexico, 62

Nats, Isla de (Isla Naos), Panama, 125

Naval Historical Library (Admiralty Library), London, England, 22 n, 267 , 270 , 271 , 272

Navidad: Navidad, Mexico, 56 n, 63 ;

Puerto de Navidad, Chile, 239 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Puerto de Navidad (Barra de Navidad), Mexico, 63

Navigational aspects, 35 -38;

remarks, 43

Navios, Surhidero de los (Ensenada Tumaco), Colombia, 139

Nayarit, Mexico, 61

Nazca, Morro, Peru, 203

Negra: Boca Negra (Bocanegra), Peru, 189 , 193 ;

Cordillera Negra, Peru, 185

Negrillos, El Salvador, 93

Negritos, Isla, Costa Rica, 107

Negro, 82 n, 102 , 128 , 130 n

Nevada: Cordillera Nevada, Chile, 215 ;

Ysla Nevada (Seno Nevado), Chile, 255

Nevado de Colima, Mexico, 61

Nevis, 27 , 32

New Albion, 74 n

New Galicia, Mexico, 61

New Spain, Mexico, 63 , 66 n

New World, 70 n, 82 n

New York Public Library, New York, USA, 271

Newton, Isaac, his Principia , 15

Nexpa, Rio, Mexico, 69

Nicholas, San, Peru, 202

Nicholas , privateer, 30 n, 258 n, 266

Nicolas, Puerto de San (Bahía San Nicolás), Peru, 205

Nicoya: Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, 16 , 25 , 30 , 67 , 104 , 106 -7, 110 , 158 ;

Golfo de, 107 ;

refit at, 20

Niebla, Pta, Chile, 245

Noanamas, Rio de los (Rio San Juan), Colombia, 137

Noavioso, Ecuador, 157

Nobladas, Yslas (Channel Islands), USA, 53

Nombre de Jesus, Baya de (Bahía Lomas), Argentina, 255

Nonura, Peru, 165 , 166

Norfolk Isle (Isla Santa Cruz or Chares), Galapagos, 259

Norte, Mar del (Atlantic Ocean), 255

North Sea (Atlantic Ocean), 78 , 88

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Nothofagus, 238 n

Nova Albion, 50 n

Nova Franza, 49

Nova, Juan de, Ecuador, 157

Nra Snra (Archipiélago Madre de Dios), Chile, 253

Nra Snra, Baya de, Chile, 253

Nra Snra, Rio de, Nicaragua, 97

Nra Snra, Ya de (Isla Natividad), Mexico, 57

Nra Snra de los Remedios, La Civdad de, Panama, 114

Nra Sra, Bay of, Chile, 222

Nra Sra, Baya de (Bahía Nuestra Señora), Chile, 225

Nra Sra, Sierras de, Chile, 223

Nucho, Puebla, Panama, 115

Nueba Ginea, 49

Nuebo anño (Barrio Nuevo), Nicaragua, 97

Nuebo, Puiblo (Remedios), Panama, 114 , 115

Nuestra Señora, Bahía, Chile, 225

Nueva Granada (Colombia), 49

Nuevo Yaguache, Ecuador, 157

Nunez, Ya Pedro, Chile, 247

O

Obispo, Ffarellon del, Chile, 237

Obraje de Don Melchor. See Melchor

Obraje de Geronomo del Dna Pena, El Salvador, 87

Obraje de Jn de Cojeres, El Salvador, 87

Obraje del Rey, El Salvador, 87

Occidental de Los Andes, Cordillera (Cordillera Negra), Peru, 85 , 197

Ochroma lagopus , 129

Ocona, Peru, 207 , 209

Octavia, Bahía, Colombia, 133

Odocoileus virginianus , 112 n

Olas, Roca Quiebra, Chile, 241

Olea europaea , 210 n

Olive, 210 , 214 ;

Olive oil, 211

Ollas, Farralles de (Roca Quiebra Olas), Chile, 240 , 241

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Ollenos, Los, Peru, 203

Olleros, Punta, Peru, 203

Oradada, Pena (Punta Ayoyero), Peru, 163

Order of Saint Francis of Assisi, 135

Oria, Rio de (Rio Oria), Panama, 119 , 121

Orion Booksellers, London, England, 267 , 272

Ormigas (Islotes Hormigas de Afuera), Peru, 188 , 189 , 191

Ortelius, Abraham, cartographer, 258 n

Ortiz (Rio San Francisco), Panama, 131

Osmore, Rio, Peru, 213

Osolien (Usulután), El Salvador, 90 , 91

Osorno: Bolcan de Osorno (Volcán Osorno), Chile, 247 ;

Osorno, Chile, 247

Ostion (Rio Ostión), Panama, 131

Ostiones, Rio, Colombia, 137

Otoque Island, Panama, 11 , 125 , 126

Oxenham, John, buccaneer, 130 , 130 n

Oyster, 131

― 305 ―

P

P de la Conversion. See Point Conception

Pablo, Diego, shipmaster, 284

Pablo: Isla San Pablo, Panama, 131 ;

Sn Pablo (Isla San Pablo), Panama, 131

Pacasmajo: Pacasmajo (Villa de Pacasmayo), Peru, 171 ;

Port of Pacasmayo, Peru, 170

Pacaya, Volcán, Guatemala, 83

Pachacama, Rio de, Peru, 194 , 195

Patheca (Isla Pacheca), Panama, 131

Pacific Ocean, 48 , 49 , 62 n, 63 , 67 , 73 , 74 n, 80 n, 93 , 98 , 136 n, 137 , 193 , 194 n, 219 , 255 , 256 n

Pacora (Rio Pacora), Panama, 127

Padre Ramos, Estero, Nicaragua, 93 , 95

Padron, Astellero de (Estero Padre Ramos), Nicaragua, 93

Pagua, Rio de, Colombia, 137

Paguell, Bajos de (Isla Jambeli), Ecuador, 155

Paita: La Silla de Pasta (Cerros Silla de Paita), Peru, 163 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


landing at, 23 ;

Paita, Peru, 152 n, 162 -66, 168 n;

Port of Paita, Peru, 162 ;

Puerto de Paita, Peru, 163

Pájaro, Isla, Costa Rica, 107

Pájaros, Islotes, Chile, 229

Pajonal, Caleta, Chile, 225

Palacios, Gerónimo Martín, Spanish cartographer, 265

Palma, La, Panama, 129

Palmate: Isla de Palmares (Isla de Samuria), El Salvador, 91 ;

Palmares (Isla Palmas), Colombia, 137 ;

Pta de Palmare (Punta Arenas), Costa Rica, 107 ;

Pta Palmares (Punta Platanel), Costa Rica, 111

Palmas, Isla, Colombia, 136 , 137

Palo Maria, 116 n

Pan tic Azúcar, Islote, Panama, 125

Pan de sucie (Islote Pan de Azúcar), Panama, 115 , 125

Pan Sucre (Cerro La Garita), Panama, 113

Panama, 111 , 122 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 130 n, 132 , 137 , 140 , 160 , 162 , 170 ;

Panama Canal, 124 n;

Panama City, 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 21 , 112 n, 124 -25;

gulf and bay of Panama, 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 20 , 124 -27, 264 , 266 ;

Panama hats, 149

Paneca: Paneca (Apeneca), El Salvador, 84 , 86 , 87 ;

Sierra de Paneca (see Cerro Grande de Apaneca)

Panthera onca, 117

Panuen, Chile, 249

Papagayo: Bay of Papagayo, Costa Rica, 100 ;

Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica, 101 , 103 ;

Rio Papagayo, Mexico, 69 ;

Volcan de Papagayo (Volcán Rincón de La Vieja), Costa Rica, 100 , 101

Papayal, Monte, Costa Rica, 101

Papayall, Rio (Quebrada Teteral), Panama, 129

Papudo, Puerto de (Puerto Papudo), Chile, 233 , 234

Paraca: M. Paraca (Monte Lechuza), Peru, 201 ;

Paraca, Peru, 202 ;

Península de Paracas, Peru, 201 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Puerto de Paraca (Bahía de Paracas), Peru, 201

Paramonga, Fortaleza de, Peru, 184 , 185

Pariga (Rio Pasiga), Panama, 127

Parina, Pta (Punta de Pariñas), Peru, 160 , 162 , 163

Pariñas, Punta de, Peru, 161

Parita (Rio Parita), Panama, 121

Paro (Isla Pájaro), Costa Rica, 107

Parrot, 101 , 126

Pasado (Passao), Cape, Ecuador, 22 , 147 -48, 148 n, 150 , 283 -84

Pasao, Cabo, Ecuador, 147

Pascuales, Ecuador, 157

Pasiga, Rio, Panama, 127

Paso Boquerón, Chile, 255

Paso Caballos, Estero, Nicaragua, 97

Passao, Cavo (Cabo Pasado), Ecuador, 147 , 156

Passo de Cavallo (Estero Paso Caballos), Nicaragua, 97

Pasta, Serra de, Colombia, 139

Patagonia, Argentina, 152 n

Patangas, Chile, 249

Patatas, Farellon de (Islotes Patiñito), Panama, 129

Patina, Pta (de) (Punta Patiño), Panama, 127 , 129

Patiñito, Islotes, Panama, 129

Pativilon, Rio, Peru, 185

Paula Maria, wood, 116

Paxaros: Illas de Paxaros (Islotes Pájaros), Chile, 229 ;

Paxaros Island, Chile, 230

Peaches, 210

Peadeler, Spanish captain, 27

Pearl Islands, Panama, 230 n

Pears, 210

Pedasí, Rio, Panama, 119 , 121

Pedro de Baba, Puiblo de San (Samborondón), Ecuador, 157

Pedro: Alto San Pedro, Chile, 247 ;

Isla San Pedro, Panama, 131 ;

Islote San Pedro, Peru, 189 ;

Pedro Gonsales, Panama, 131 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Pedro González, Panama, 131 ;

Pta de San Pedro (Punta San Pedro), Chile, 247 ;

Ya Pedro Nunez, Chile, 247

Pelado: Islote Pelado, Ecuador, 153 ;

Islote Pelado, Peru, 189

Peltome (Tomé), Chile, 241

Peña Horadada, Peru, 193

Peña (Isla Bejuco), Costa Rica, 107

Peña Ora, Panama, 129

Pena Oradada (Punta Ayoyero), Peru, 163 -65

Penaga, Rio (Rio Ponuga), Panama, 117

Peñas: Cabo Peñas, Argentina, 255 ;

Cavo de Peñas (Cabo Peñas), Argentina, 255 ;

Golfo de Peñas, Chile, 253

Penascos: Penascos, Panama, 119 ;

Penascos, Peru, 205

Penco, Chile, 241

Penguins, 252

Peninsula, Cerro, Peru, 179

Península de Paracas, Peru, 201

Peninsula Gallegos, Chile, 251

Peninsulares, 82 n

Pepys Island. See Falkland Islands

Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, 262 , 267 , 268 , 272

Pepys, Samuel, secretary of the Admiralty, 262

Peralta, Francisco de, Spanish captain, 9 , 10 , 13 , 16 , 136 n, 158 n, 160 n

Perequeté, Rio, Panama, 125

Perez: Estovall Perez, Panama, 131 ;

Martin Perez (Rio Martín Pérez), Panama, 131 ;

Ro Perez (Rio Sambú), Panama, 127

Perico: battle of, 9 , 10 , 126 ;

Perico, Ecuador, 158 ;

Perico (Isla Perico), Panama, 131 ;

Perico Island, Panama, 124 -25

Perlas, Archipelago de las (Pearl Islands, Kings Islands), Panama, 8 , 9 , 130 -31

Perle Islands, Panama, 131

Permonguilla (Paramonga), Peru, 184 , 185

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Peru, 74 , 74 n, 165 ;

Peru Current, 152 n;

viceroy of, 14

Pérula, Bahía de, See Chametla

Peruvian balsam, 89

Pescadores: Ffarellones de los Pescadores, Peru, 208 , 209 ;

Pescadores, Ecuador, 147 ;

Pescadores, El Salvador, 87 ;

Pescadores (Grupo de Pescadores), Peru, 189 , 191

Petacalco, Bahía, Mexico, 63

Petalán: Morro de Petalán, Mexico, 65 ;

Morro de Petaplan, Mexico, 64 ;

Morro Petaplan, Mexico, 65

Petit Goâve, Haiti, 26

Pezepuete (Rio Perequeté), Panama, 125

Philadelphia, Free Library of, USA, 269 , 270 , 272

Philippine Islands, 262

Phillipps, Sir Thomas, book collector, 269 -71, 273

Phips, William, captain, 32

Physeter catodon , 250 n

Piazi, Rio del (Rio Pedasí), Panama, 121

Pica, Chile, 218

Pichicui, Punta, Chile, 233

Pico Alta de Chilca, Peru, 195

Pico Alto (Cerro Facio), Peru, 171

Picoaza: Picoaza, Ecuador, 154 ;

Rio Picoaza (Rio Jipijapa), Ecuador, 153

Picos de Ananas, Colombia, 135

Pieces of eight, 10 n

Piedra Blanca, Mexico, 71

Piedras: Pta de Piedras (Punta de Piedra), Ecuador, 155 ;

Rio de Piedras (Rio Piedra), Panama, 113

Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, USA, 267 , 273

Pilar, Cabo, Chile, 255

Piles: Estero de los Piles, Colombia, 137 ;

Rio de los Piles, Colombia, 137

Pimoche: Rio Pimoche, Ecuador, 157 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas



Piña de D. Diego (Punta Sabanas), Panama, 129

Pinas, Puerto de (Bahía Piñas), Colombia, 132 , 133

Pinos, Pta de (Point Pinos), USA, 49 , 53

Pinta, Isle, Galapagos, 259

Pintail duck, 254 n

Pinto, Yas (Roca Negra), Mexico, 61

Pinzón, Isla, Galapagos, 259

Piracy trial, 27 -28, 283 -85

Piragua, 9

Piru. See Peru

Pisagua: Bahía de Pisagua, Chile, 217 ;

Rio de Pisagua, Chile, 217

Pisco: Pisco, Peru, 200 -202;

Rio Pisco, Peru, 201

Pisqueria de Don Garcia, Mexico, 69

Pissaqua, Chile, 216

Pisura, Pta, Peru, 165

Piura: San Miguel de Piura, Peru, 165 ;

City of Piura, Peru, 162 ;

Piura, Peru, 164 ;

Rio Piura, Peru, 165

Pizarro, Caleta La Cruz de, Peru, 159

Pizarro, Francisco, Spanish explorer, 137 , 139 , 159 , 165 , 193

― 306 ―

Plantain, 110 n

Plantan Island. Panama, 128

Plantan Key, Panama, 9 , 128

Plata, Isla de la (Isle of Plate, Sir Francis Drake's Isle), Ecuador, 13 , 18 , 19 , 29 , 30 n, 151 , 152 , 153 n,154 ;

refit at, 14 ;

boot-topping at, 23

Platanel, Punta, Costa Rica, 111

Platania. Isleta, Panama. 131

Playa Grande, Ensenada, Peru, 189

Playa Honda. Panama, 131

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Plums, 210

Plymouth, Devon, England, 27 , 31

Poblacíon de Atacames, Ecuador, 143

Población de Barranca, Peru, 185

Point Año Nuevo, USA, 51 , 52

Point Arena, USA. 51 , 56 n

Point Conception: Consessession, USA, 54 ;

P. de la Conversion, USA, 54 ;

Pta de La Concepsion. USA, 53 ;

Pta de la Concession, USA, 54 ;

Point Conception-USA, 53 , 54

Point of Chilca, Peru, 196

Point Pinos, USA, 49

Point Reyes. See Reyes

Point Saint George, USA, 49 , 51 , 265

Point San Luis, USA, 53

Point Talcaguana, Chile, 240

Polar Sea, 49

Pole-star observations, 37

Polo, Marco, Italian explorer, 49

Ponteque, Pta (Punta Mita), Mexico, 60 , 61

Ponuga, Rio, Panama, 117

Porcada, Isla de, Panama, 115

Pordoma (Isla de Porcada), Panama, 115

Port de Quintico, Chile, 236

Port De Supan. See Manzanillo

Port de Velas, Costa Rica, 102

Port of Acahutla (Acajutla), El Salvador, 87

Port of Acapulco. See Acapulco

Port of Angells, Mexico, 74

Port of Ariquipa, Peru, 206

Port of Caldera, Costa Rica, 106

Port of Canete, Peru, 196

Port of Casma, Peru. 178

Port of Chincha, Peru, 198

Port of Chule, Peru, 210

Port of Guanchaco, Peru, 172

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Port of Guara, Peru, 186

Port of Guarmey, Peru, 182

Port of Guasco, Chile, 230

Port of Guatemala, Guatemala, 84

Port of Hilay, Peru, 210

Port of La Consession, Chile, 240

Port of La Ligua, Chile, 234

Port of La Purification, Mexico, 60

Port of Lanasca, Peru, 204 , 206

Port of Martin Lopez, Nicaragua, 96

Port of Morro Moreno, Chile, 220

Port of Pacasmayo, Peru, 170

Port of Paita, Peru, 162

Port of Quintico, Chile, 234

Port of San Juan, Peru, 204

Port of Santa, Peru, 176

Port of Supe, Peru, 184

Port of Tongoi, Chile, 232

Port of Topocalma, Chile, 236

Port of Vela, Chile, 224

Port of Vellas, Costa Rica, 102

Port of Vermexo, Peru, 180 , 182

Porte of St Jago, Mexico, 60

Porteen, Robert, English captain, 27

Portete, El (Rio Portete), Ecuador, 145

Porto Bello, Portobelo, Porto Bello, Portovelo, Panama, 3 , 26 , 31 , 66 n, 194 n

Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, 27

Portuguese, 52 n, 114 n

Potosí, Bolivia, 13 , 214

Potosy, Bolivia, 214

Povey, Edward, buccaneer, 27 , 262 , 268

Prieto de Guañape, Cerro, Peru, 175 , 177

Privateer's commission, 26

Privateers Rock (Isla Española), Galapagos, 259

Prunus domestica , 210 n

Prunus persica , 210 n

Pseudotsuga, menziesii, taxifolia , 50 n

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Psittacidae, 101

Psittaciformes, 126 n

Pt di Cama (Punta de Jaramijo), Ecuador, 149

Pt Meriato, Panama, 118

Pta Arena: Pta Arena (Punta Arena), Ecuador, 155 ;

Pta Arena (Punta Arenas), Argentina, 255

Pta Asia (Punta Malpaso de Asia), Peru, 195

Pta Ayutla, Mexico, 76

Pta Baja (Point Arena), USA, 51 , 56 n

Pta Burica (Punta Burica), Costa Rica-Panama, 110 , 111 , 118

Pta Catalina, Costa Rica, 100 , 102

Pta Cherrippe (Punta Cherrepe), Peru, 171

Pta Chilay (Punta Islay), Peru, 211

Pta Coles, Peru, 213

Pta Concon (Punta Concon), Chile, 235

Pta Corenzo, Panama, 129

Pta de Alcatraces (Punta Alcatras), Ecuador, 155

Pta de Ancud (Punta Corona). Chile, 247 , 249

Pta de Arena, Colombia, 137

Pta de Ayutla (Punta Ayuta), Mexico, 75

Pta de Balsas, Ecuador, 155

Pta de Bay, Ecuador, 156

Pta de Buron, Panama, 129

Pta de Cao, Peru, 173

Pta de Caxaoma, Chile, 237

Pta de Chame (Punta Chamé), Panama, 123 -25

Pta de Chilca (Punta de Chilca), Peru, 195

Pta de Cocos (Punta de Cocos), Panama, 131

Pta de Cote, Peru, 213

Pta de Cosivina (Punta Coseguina), Nicaragua, 93

Pta de Cullo (Punta de Callo), Ecuador, 153

Pta de Godoy (Morro Amortajado), Chile, 246 , 247

Pta de Gramandell (Punta Jaguey), Peru, 185

Pta de Humos (Punta La Vieja), Chile, 238 , 239

Pta de La Aguja, Peru, 165

Pta de la Arena, Ecuador, 156

Pta de la Bapi (Punta Lavapié), Chile, 243

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Pta de la Concepsion. See Point Conception

Pta de la Concession. See Point Conception

Pta de la Conversion. See Santa Barbara

Pta de la Vallena (Punta Pichicui), Chile, 233

Pta de licas (Punta Lisa), Panama, 121

Pta de los Remedios (Punta Remedios), El Salvador, 87

Pta de los Reyes. See Reyes

Pta de los Reys. See Reyes

Pta de Manglares, Colombia, 140 , 141

Pta de Mero (Punta Malpelo), Peru, 155 , 160

Pta de Miel, Ecuador, 155

Pta de Moro (Punta Malpelo), Peru, 159

Pta de Palmare (Punta Arenas), Costa Rica, 107

Pta de Parina, Peru, 160

Pta de Patina (Punta Patiño), Panama, 127

Pta de Piedras (Punta de Piedra), Ecuador, 155

Pta de Pinos (Point Pinos), USA, 49 , 53

Pta de San Pedro (Punta San Pedro), Chile, 247

Pta de Sta Catalina (Cabo Santa Elena). Costa Rica, 103

Pta de Sta Hellena, Ecuador, 154

Pta de Talcaguano (Punta Tumbes), Chile, 241

Pta de Tirno (Punta Tucapel), Chile, 243

Pta de Tisira (Punta Duartes), Panama, 117

Pta de Topocalma (Punta Topocalma), Chile, 237

Pta del Aguja (Punta Aguja), Peru, 167 , 169

Pta del Año Nuebo (Point Año Nuevo), USA. 51 , 52

Pta di Cullo, Ecuador, 43 , 153

Pta Españiol (Punta Buenos Aires), Ecuador, 155

Pta Filipina (Punta Brava), Panama, 117

Pta Galera: Pta Galera, Chile, 245 -47;

Pta Galera (Punta Galera), Ecuador, 143 , 145 ;

Pta Galera (Punta Galera), Mexico, 69 , 70 , 72 ;

Pta Galera (Punta Lachay), Peru, 187 , 188 , 189

Pta Garachina (Punta Garachiné), Panama, 129 , 132 , 133

Pta Gorda (Punta Gorda), Panama, 129

Pta Gorde, Ecuador, 155

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Pta Herball, Peru, 197

Pta Higuira (Punta Guánico), Panama, 118 , 119

Pta Hilo (Pta Coles), Peru, 213

Pta Lorenzo (Punta San Lerenzo), Panama, 129

Pta Mala (Punta Mala), Costa Rica, 108 , 109 , 111

Pta Mala (Cabo Mala), Panama, 118 -21

Pta Manglares, Colombia, 141 ;

(Punta Mangle), Panama, 127

Pta Meriato (Punta Meriato), Panama, 117 -19

Pta Niebla, Chile, 245

Pta Palmares (Punta Platanel), Costa Rica, 111

Pta Parina (Punta de Pariñas), Peru, 162 , 163

Pta Patina (Punta Patiño), Panama, 129

Pta Pisura, Peru, 165

Pta Ponteque (Punta Mita), Mexico, 60 , 61

Pta Quedal (Punta Quillagua), Chile, 246 , 247

Pta Quilan (Cabo Quilan). Chile, 249

Pta Sa Bernard (Punta Casajal), Ecuador, 155

Pta San Lorenzo, Panama, 127 , 128

Pta Sta Catalina (Cabo Santa Elena), Costa Rica, 101

Pta Sta Helen (Punta Santa Elena), Ecuador, 153 , 155

― 307 ―

Pto de Limones (La Boca de Los Espinos), Panama, 113

Pto de Martin Lopez (Estero Padre Ramos), Nicaragua, 95

Pto de Matanchel (Ensenada Matenchén), Mexico, 61

Pto Gordo, Chile, 245

Public Record Office, London, England, 267

Pucusana, Caleta, Peru, 195

Puebla, Mexico, 74 n

Puebla Nucho, Panama, 115

Puebla Nueva, Panama. See Remedios

Pueblo de Huarmey, Peru, 183

Puercos Puercos (Isla de Puercos), Panama, 131 ;

Puercos, Morro (Punta Morro de Puercos), Panama, 119

Puerte de Lansado (Punta Gasparino), Mexico, 59

Puerto, Quebrada del, Chile, 235

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Puerto Angel, Mexico, 71

Puerto Bermejo (Manache), Peru, 183

Puerto Chañaral dc las Ánimas, Chile, 225

Puerto Chuelo (Salaverry), Peru, 175

Puerto Claro (Bahía Cupia), Colombia, 133

Puerto Darien, Panama, 129

Puerto de Acapulco. See Acapulco

Puerto de Anton tic Rodas (Bahía de Ancón), Peru, 189

Puerto de Arica (Bahía Arica), Chile, 215

Puerto de Canete (Puerto de Cerro Azul), Peru, 197

Puerto de Caricoles, Panama, 133

Puerto de Carnero (Bahía Carnero), Chile, 242 , 243

Puerto de Casma, Peru, 181

Puerto de Celagua. See Manzanillo

Puerto de Cerro Azul, Peru, 197

Puerto de Chala (Puerto de Chala), Peru, 207

Puerto tic Chao. Peru, 177

Puerto de Chilca, Peru, 195

Puerto de Corall, Chile, 244

Puerto de Corral, Chile, 245

Puerto de Cucao (Bahía Cucao), Chile, 249

Puerto de Da, Ecuador, 155

Puerto de Dievelez (Eloy Alfaro), Ecuador, 155

Puerto de Guanbacho (Bahía de Somanco), Peru, 179

Puerto de Guanchaco, Peru, 173

Puerto de Guarmey (Bahía Huarmey). Peru, 183

Puerto de Guasco (Puerto Huasco), Chile, 227

Puerto de Guatulco (Puerto Guatulco), Mexico, 73

Puerto de Hernando Gallego, Chile, 253

Puerto de Istapa, Guatemala, 85

Puerto de La Baranca, Peru, 185

Puerto de La Galera (Bahía de Atacames), Ecuador, 143

Puerto de La Ligua (Caleta Ligua), Chile, 233

Puerto tic Ira Posesión, Nicaragua, 97

Puerto de Laqui, Chile, 246

Puerto de Los Angelos (Puerto Angel), Mexico, 71

Puerto de Los Chinos (Caleta Los Chinos), Peru, 181

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Puerto de Monte Rey (Estero Bay), USA, 53

Puerto de Morro Moreno (Bahía Moreno), Chile, 223

Puerto de Navidad: Puerto de Navidad (Barra de Navidad), Mexico, 63 ;

Puerto de Navidad, Chile, 239

Puerto de Paita, Peru, 163

Puerto de Papudo (Puerto Papudo), Chile, 233

Puerto de Paraca (Bahía de Paracas), Peru, 201

Puerto de Pinas (Bahía Piñas), Colombia, 132 , 133

Puerto de Quintero (Bahía Quintero), Chile, 233

Puerto de San Anton, Chile, 237

Puerto de San Diego (San Diego Bay), USA, 55

Puerto de San Juan (Bahía San Juan), Peru, 205

Puerto de San Nicolas (Bahía San Nicolás), Peru, 205

Puerto de San Vicente (Bahía San Vicente), Chile, 241

Puerto de Sardinas (Point San Luis), USA, 53

Puerto de Solon, Costa Rica, 107

Puerto de St Jago. See Farallon

Puerto de Supan. See Manzanillo

Puerto de Valparaiso (Bahía Valparaíso). Chile, 235

Puerto de Velas (Bahía Isla Blanca), Chile, 225

Puerto de Zettrall (Coral), Chile, 245

Puerto de Zuela, Panama, 117

Puerto del Engles, Chile, 246

Puerto del Governador (Bahía Conchalí), Chile, 233

Puerto del Governadour, El, Chile, 234

Puerto del Marques. See Marques

Puerto del Marquese. See Marques

Puerto El Triunfo, El Salvador, 91

Puerto Escondido (Bahía Escondido), Mexico, 71

Puerto Herradura, Costa Rica, 107

Puerto Huasco, Chile, 227

Puerto Mancora, Peru, 159

Puerto Marqués. See Marques

Puerto Morales (English Gulf, Fortunate Harbour), Chile, 24 , 252 n, 253 , 253 n, 259 n

Puerto Quemado (Bahía Octavia), Colombia, 132 , 133

Puerto San Juan del Sur, Costa Rica, 101

Puerto St Juan (Puerto San Juan del Sur), Costa Rica, 101

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Puerto Tambo de Mora, Peru, 198 , 199

Puerto Tocopilla, Chile, 219

Puerto Utría, Colombia, 135

Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, 61

Puerto Yngles (Bahía de Ancud), Chile, 247 , 249

Puertos de Velos (Golfo de Papagayo), Costa Rica, 103

Puibla de La Serena (La Serena), Chile, 229 , 232

Puiblo, Morro del, Panama, 115

Puiblo Daule (Pascuales), Ecuador, 157

Puiblo de Cheriqui (Chiriquí), Panama 113

Puiblo de Chilintomo (Baquerizo Moreno). Ecuador, 157

Puiblo de San Pedio de Baba (Samborondón), Ecuador, 157

Puiblo de Supe (Supé), Peru, 185

Puiblo Nuebo (Remedios), Panama, 114 , 115

Puiblo Nuibo, river, Panama, 116

Puiblo Viejo (Playa Honda), Panama, 131

Puin, Rio del (Rio Purío), Panama, 121

Puna, La (Isla Puná), Ecuador, 155 , 158

Punio (Puno), Peru, 214 , 214 n

Puno, Peru, 214 n

Punta Acamama, Mexico, 69

Punta Aguja, Peru, 166 , 167 , 169

Punta Alcatras, Ecuador, 155

Punta Arena, Ecuador, 155

Punta Arenas: Punta Arenas, Argentina, 255 ;

Punta Arenas, Costa Rica, 107

Punta Ayoyero, Peru, 163

Punta Ayuta, Mexico, 75

Punta Banda, Mexico, 56 n

Punta Blanco, Costa Rica, 111

Punta Brava, Panama, 117

Punta Buena Vista, Panama, 129

Punta Buenos Aires, Ecuador, 155

Punta Burica, Costa Rica-Panama, 111 , 112

Punta Caracoles, Panama, 133

Punta Carnero, Ecuador, 155

Punta Carquín, Peru, 187

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Punta Casajal, Ecuador, 155

Punta Catalina (Cabo Santa Elena), Costa Rica, 100 n

Punta Chala, Peru, 207

Punta Chamé, Panama, 123

Punta Cherrepe, Peru, 171

Punta Chinos (Punta Samanco), Peru, 181

Puma Chipeque, Mexico, 75

Punta Chorillos, Peru, 213

Punta Concon, Chile, 235

Punta Cornejo, Peru, 211

Punta Corona, Chile, 249

Punta Coseguina, Nicaragua, 93

Punta de Callo, Ecuador, 153

Punta de Chilca, Peru, 195

Punta de Cocos, Panama, 131

Punta de Jaramijo, Ecuador, 149

Punta de los remedios, Guatemala, 84

Punta de Pariñas, Peru, 161

Punta de Piedra, Ecuador, 155

Punta de Quillan, Chile, 246 , 248

Punta Delicada, Chile, 243

Punta Doña María, Peru, 203

Punta Duartes, Panama, 117

Punta Eugenia, Mexico, 57

Punta Farallón. See Farallon

Punta Galera: Punta Galera, Ecuador, 143 ;

Punta Galera, Mexico, 69

Punta Gallegos, Chile, 251

Punta Garachiné, Panama, 129 , 133

Punta Gasparino, Mexico, 59

Punta Gorda, Panama, 129 , 131

Punta Grifo, Mexico, 67

Punta Grita Lobos, Peru, 189

Punta Guánico, Panama, 119

Punta Guionos, Costa Rica, 105

Punta Islay, Peru, 211

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Punta Jaguey, Peru, 185

Punta La Vieja, Chile, 239

Punta Lachay, Peru, 187

Punta Las Zorras, Peru, 185

Punta Lava Lava, Panama, 131

Punta Lavapié, Chile, 243

Punta Lisa, Panama, 121

Punta Mala, Costa Rica, 109 , 111

Punta Malpaso de Asia, Peru, 195

Punta Malpelo, Peru, 155 , 159

Punta Manglares, Colombia, 141

― 308 ―

Punta Mangle, Panama, 127

Punta Mariato, Panama, 119

Punta Marinao, Chile, 241

Punta Marqués. See Marques

Punta Meriato, Panama, 117

Punta Mita, Mexico, 60 , 61

Punta Mongoncillo, Peru, 183

Punta Morro de Puercos, Panama, 119

Punta Olleros, Peru, 203

Punta Patiño, Panama, 129

Punta Pichicui, Chile, 233

Punta Platanel, Costa Rica, 111

Punta Remedios, El Salvador, 87

Punta Sabanas, Panama, 129

Punta Samanco, Peru, 181

Punta San Francisco Solano, Colombia, 135

Punta San Lorenzo, Panama, 129

Punta San Pedro, Chile, 247


Punta Topocalma, Chile, 237

Punta Tucapel, Chile, 243

Punta Tumbes, Chile, 241

Punta Zacate, Isla, El Salvador, 93

Punto Labapi, Chile, 243

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Purío, Rio, Panama, 121

Purro, Mensabe (Rio Mensabeé), Panama, 121

Pyrus communis , 210 n

Q

Quadrant, 30 , 36 , See also Davis quadrant

Quantepeque, El Salvador, 93

Quartich, booksellers, 267 , 269 , 270 , 273

Quebrada, Peru, 171

Quebrada (Rio Sambú), Panama, 129

Quebrada Cornejo, Peru, 211

Quebrada Corredó, Panama, 129

Quebrada de Juan Sape, Panama, 129

Quebrada de Lora, Chile, 238 , 239

Quebrada de Mar, Panama, 127

Quebrada de Talique, Panama, 129

Quebrada de Topara, Peru, 199

Quebrada de Valloa, Chile, 237

Quebrada de Vitor, Chile, 217

Quebrada del Puerto, Chile, 235

Quebrada Elias, Chile, 235

Quebrada La Guiena, Panama, 131

Quebrada los Bueys, Chile, 235

Quebrada Teteral, Panama, 129

Quedal, Pta (Punta Quillagua). Chile, 246 , 247

Quemado: Morro Quemado, Peru, 202 ;

Puerto Quemado (Bahía Octavia), Colombia, 132 , 133

Quenac, Isla, Chile, 249

Queny (Isla Quenac), Chile, 249

Queule: Queule, Chile, 242 , 244 ;

Queule (Rio Queule), Chile, 243

Queypo, Rocks of (Islas de Los Quepos), Costa Rica, 109

Quiblo Island, Panama. See Coiba Island

Quicarra (Isla Jicarón), Panama, 115

Quiebra Olas, Roca, Chile, 241

Quilan, Pta (Cabo Quilan), Chile, 249

Quilca, Rio de, Ecuador, 157

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Quillan, Punta de, Chile, 246 , 248

Quillote, Chile, 235

Quilquay, Caleta, Peru, 207

Quinal, Chile, 249

Quince, 131

Quinchao (Isla Quinchao), Chile, 249

Quintero, Puerto de (Bahía Quintero), Chile, 233

Quintico, Port de, Chile, 234 , 236

Quiribibi, Rio, Panama, 119

Quiriquina, Chile, 240 , 241

Quito, Ecuador, 158 , 212

Quivera, Quivera o Nueba Granada, 49

Quivira, 49

R

Rabida, Isla, Galapagos, 259

Rabudos, Rio de, Chile, 251

Raines, Sir Richard, 28 n, 284

Ramos: Estero Padre Ramos, Nicaragua, 93 ;

Gaspar Ramos (Isla Bayoneta), Panama, 131

Rancheria (Isla Ranchería), Panama, 115

Rapaosa, Baya de, Colombia, 137

Rapel, Rio de (Rio Rapel), Chile, 237

Raper, Cabo, Chile, 251

Raymond, Mister, of Westminster, 29

Realejo (El Realejo), Nicaragua, 96 , 97

Realexo, Nicaragua, 98

Realezo, Isla de, Colombia, 137

"Red," 41

Redonda, Colina, Peru, 183

Redondo (Roca Redondo), Galapagos, 258 n, 259

Redwood, 50 n

Remedios: attacked, 11 ;

Pta de los Remedios (Punta Remedios), El Salvador, 87 ;

Remedios (Puebla Nueva), Panama, 114 -15

Requande (Rio Iscuande), Colombia, 139

Revenge , privateer, 30 n, 266

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Revilla, Gigedo, Islas, Mexico, 49

Rey: Cividad del Rey, Chile, 255 ;

Del Rey, Ecuador, 155 ;

Isla del Rey, Chile, 245 ;

Isla del Rey, Panama, 130 , 131 ;

Isla dell Rey, Ecuador, 157 ;

Obraje del Rey, El Salvador, 87 ;

Pta de los Reys, USA, 49 , 52

Reyes: Baya de Los Reyes (Boca de Canales), Chile, 253 ;

Civdad de Los Reyes (Lima), Peru, 193 ;

Reyes, Point, USA, 49 , 51 , 56 n;

Pta de los Reyes, USA, 51

Rhizophora mangle , 72 n, 127

Richmond , frigate, 25

Rimac, Rio, Peru, 193

Rincón de La Vieja, Volcán, Costa Rica, 101

Ringrose, Basil, buccaneer and journalist:

charts and text printed here, 46 -259;

described, 41 -44, 264 -65;

his astronomical observations, 14 , 15 , 24 n, 27 ;

his charts, 6 , 7 , 29 , 32 ;

his education, 30 ;

his family and early life, 28 -29;

his journal, vii -viii, 3 , 7 , 17 , 29 , 36 , 41 , 61 , 262 , 267 ;

his navigation, 38 ;

his skill at languages, 20 , 29 ;

his subsequent career, 30 , 258 n;

his waggoner, VII, 1 , 30 , 32 , 39 -44;

on the voyage, 4 -26 passim ;

published, vii -viii, 11 , 17 , 36 , 262 , 268 ;

reaches England, 27 , 30 ;

tribute by Dampier, 30

Ringrose, Richard and Mary, Richard Jr., and Simon, 28

Rio Abajo, Panama, 125

Rio Aconcagua, Chile, 235

Rio Amarales, Colombia, 139

Rio Anin, Chile, 245

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio Atequipa, Peru, 207

Rio Ayuta, Mexico, 75

Rio Babahoyo, Ecuador, 157

Rio Baja, Panama, 115

Rio Baleo (Rio Baleo Grande), Ecuador, 155

Rio Banbo (Quebrada Corredó), Panama, 129

Rio Barranca (Rio Pativilon), Peru, 185

Rio Baudo, Colombia, 137

Rio Beaba, Panama, 115

Rio Bermejo (Rio San Juan), Panama, 131

Rio Bío Bío, Chile, 238 n, 241

Rio Biobio, Panama, 115

Rio Bocubi, Panama, 117

Rio Bogotes (Rio Baudo), Colombia, 137

Rio Bona Vista (Punta Buena Vista), Panama, 129

Rio Botrero, Panama, 125

Rio Buino (Rio Bueno), Chile, 246 , 247

Rio Calle Calle, Chile, 245

Rio Caluca (Rio Tayuta), Mexico, 73

Rio Camarones, Chile, 217

Rio Campele (Rio San Pedro), Costa Rica, 107

Rio Canamazo, Costa Rica, 107

Rio Cañas (Rio de Caña), Panama, 119

Rio Canete, Peru, 197

Rio Capolito (Rio Capulita), Mexico, 73

Rio Capulita, Mexico, 73

Rio Casique (Rio de Cacique), Panama, 131

Rio Cayula (Rio Coyula), Mexico, 73

Rio Chagui, Colombia, 139

Rio Chancay, Peru, 189

Rio Chapo (Rio Chepo), Panama, 127

Rio Chepillo, Panama, 131

Rio Chepo, Panama, 127

Rio Cheriqui (Rio Chiriquí), Panama, 113

Rio Chicama (Rio Chicama), Peru, 173

Rio Chico de Nata (Rio Chico), Panama, 121

Rio Chico (Rio Abajo), Panama, 123 , 125 , 129

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio Chile, Chile, 235

Rio Chillón, Peru, 189

Rio Chiman, Panama, 127

Rio Chimbo, Ecuador, 157

Rio Chincha, Peru, 199

Rio Chira, Peru, 163

Rio Chiriquí, Panama, 113

Rio Chiriquí Viejo, Panama, 113

Rio Chorrera, Panama, 123

Rio Chuche, Panama, 131

Rio Chucunaque, Panama, 129

Rio Claro, Chile, 245

Rio Cojimies, Ecuador, 145

Rio Colan (Rio Chira), Peru, 163

Rio Colotepec, Mexico, 71

Rio Concon (Rio Aconcagua), Chile, 235

Rio Congo, Panama, 129

Rio Copiapo, Chile, 227

Rio Coyula, Mexico, 73

Rio Cruces, Chile, 245

Rio Cubita (Rio de La Villa), Panama, 121

Rio Curay, Colombia, 139

Rio Daule, Ecuador, 157

Rio de Agua duce (Rio Sicatela), Mexico, 71

Rio de Anton (Rio Antón), Panama, 123

Rio de Asilla, Chile, 245

Rio de Baba (Rio Los Tintos), Ecuador, 157

Rio de Balsas (Rio Balsas o Tucuti), Panama, 129

Rio de Baranca (Rio de Barranca), Costa Rica, 107

Rio de Barranca, Costa Rica, 107

Rio de Benados (Rio Venado), Panama, 125

Rio de Bequi, Panama, 115

Rio de Bique (Rio Botrero), Panama, 125

― 309 ―

Rio de Boli, Ecuador, 155

Rio de Cacique, Panama, 131

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio de Caña, Panama, 119

Rio de Cañas (Rio Canamazo), Costa Rica, 107

Rio de Cartago (Rio Grande), Costa Rica, 107

Rio de Cascajales, Panama, 119

Rio de Cedros (Rio Mícay), Colombia, 139

Rio de Chame (Rio Chamé), Panama, 123

Rio de Chilca, Peru, 195

Rio de Chilintomo (Rio Jujan), Ecuador, 157

Rio de Chincha, Peru, 198

Rio de Chiriqui Vejo (Rio Chirlquí Viejo), Panama, 113

Rio de Chiru (Rio Hato), Panama, 123

Rio de Chone, Ecuador, 147

Rio de Esmeraldes, Ecuador, 143

Rio de Ffarellones (Rio Farallón), Panama, 123

Rio de Ffequantepeque (Rio Tehuantepec), Mexico, 77

Rio de Filipina, Panama, 117

Rio de Guambramayo, Peru, 199

Rio de Indios (Puerto Darien), Panama, 129

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 25

Rio de Jequetepeque, Peru, 171

Rio de Juan Diaz (Rio Lluta), Peru, 215

Rio de la Barranca, Peru, 184

Rio de la Buina Ventura (Rio Buenaventura), Colombia, 137

Rio de La Camba, Peru, 214

Rio de la Camba (Rio Locumba), Peru, 213

Rio de la Dispenca, Costa Rica, 104

Rio de la Dispenca del Rey, Costa Rica, 107

Rio de la Estancia (Rio Estancia), Panama, 123

Rio de la Estrella (Rio Viejo), Costa Rica, 108 , 109

Rio de la Gartas (Rio Lagarto), Panama, 125

Rio de la Gartos (Rio Lagarto), Panama, 123

Rio de La Villa, Panama, 121

Rio de Lempa (Rio Lempa), El Salvador, 90 , 91

Rio de Lima (Rio Rimac), Peru, 193

Rio de Loa, Chile, 219

Rio de Lorinchincha, Peru, 198 , 199

Rio de los Noanamas (Rio San Juan), Colombia, 137

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio de los Piles, Colombia, 137

Rio de Maldu (Rio Chagui), Colombia, 139

Rio tie Mandayare (Rio Morote), Costa Rica, 107

Rio de Masias (Rio Colotepec), Mexico, 71

Rio de Maule (Rio Maule), Chile, 238 , 239

Rio de Maypo (Rio Maipo), Chile, 237

Rio de Mira (Rio Mira), Colombia, 139

Rio de Naguala (Rio Papagayo), Mexico, 69

Rio de Nra Snra, Nicaragua, 97

Rio de Oria (Rio Oria), Panama, 119

Rio (to Pachacama, Peru, 194 , 195

Rio de Pagua, Colombia, 137

Rio de Piedras (Rio Piedra), Panama, 113

Rio de Pisagua, Chile. 217

Rio de Quilca, Ecuador, 157

Rio de Rabudos, Chile, 251

Rio de Rapel (Rio Rapel), Chile, 237

Rio de Sacatuli, Mexico, 62

Rio de Sama: Rio de Sama, Peru, 215 ;

Rio de Sama (Rio Jama), Ecuador, 145

Rio de San Miguel (Rio Grande de San Miguel), El Salvador, 91

Rio de Saña (Rio Zana), Peru, 171

Rio de Sandio, Colombia, 134

Rio de Santa (Rio Santa), Peru, 177

Rio de Simatlan (Rio Ayuta), Mexico, 75

Rio de Soconusco, Mexico, 79

Rio de Sonsonate (Rio Grande de Sonsonate), El Salvador, 87

Rio de St Jago (Rio Santiago), Ecuador, 141

Rio de Suay (Rio Suay), Panama, 117

Rio de Taclamama, Mexico, 69

Rio de Tilimbi, Colombia, 139

Rio de Topara, Peru, 199

Rio de Truhilio (Rio Moche), Peru, 175

Rio de Tucapel (Rio Lebu), Chile, 243

Rio de Virallo, Panama, 115

Rio de Vitor, Chile, 216

Rio de Yaguache (Rio Chimbo), Ecuador, 157

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio de Yca (Rio Ica), Peru, 203

Rio de Ytata (Rio Itata), Chile, 239

Rio del Cobre, Panama, 115

Rio del Dupi (Rio Dupí), Panama, 113

Rio del Piazi (Rio Pedasí), Panama, 121

Rio del Puin (Rio Purío), Panama, 121

Rio del Tabaraba, Panama, 117

Rio del Tarapesque (Rio Tempisque), Costa Rica, 107

Rio del Terpesque, Costa Rica, 106

Rio del Torio (Rio Torio), Panama, 117

Rio El Tamarindo, Nicaragua, 99

Rio Elquí Chile, 229

Rio Esclavos, Guatemala, 85

Rio Escovio (Rio Santa Maria), Panama, 121

Rio Estata, Mexico, 75

Rio Farallón, Panama, 123

Rio Fequantepeque (Rio de Jequetepeque), Peru, 171

Rio Ffonsica (Rio Fonseca), Panama, 113

Rio Fonseca, Panama, 113

Rio Fortaleza, Peru, 185

Rio Galera (Rio Tonameca), Mexico, 71 . 72 , 73

Rio Gallego (Rio Gallegos), Argentina, 255

Rio Garache (Rio Gariche), Panama, 113

Rio Gariche, Panama, 113

Rio Gorgon, Colombia, 137

Rio Grande de Meta (Rio Grande), Panama, 121

Rio Grande: Rio Grande, Mexico, 71 , 107 ;

Rio Grande, Panama, 124 n, 125 ;

Rio Grande de San Miguel, El Salvador, 91 ;

Rio Grande de Santiago, Mexico, 30 , 61 ;

Rio Grande de Sonsonate, El Salvador, 85

Rio Guanape (Rio Virú), Peru, 177

Rio Guararé, Panama, 121

Rio Guayas, Ecuador, 157

Rio Hato, Panama, 123

Rio Herball, Peru, 197

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio Hilo (Rio Osmore), Peru, 213

Rio Honda, Panama, 127

Rio Huarmey, Peru, 183

Rio Huasco, Chile, 227

Rio Huaura, Peru, 187

Rio Ica, Peru, 203

Rio Imperial, Chile, 243

Rio Iscuande, Colombia, 139

Rio Itata, Chile, 239

Rio Jama, Ecuador, 145

Rio Jipijapa, Ecuador, 153

Rio Juan Diaz: Rio Juan Diaz, Panama, 127 ;

Rio Juan Diaz, Peru, 214

Rio Jujan, Ecuador, 157

Rio La Maestra, Panama, 127

Rio Lagarto, Panama, 125 , 127

Rio Lanquen (Rio Valdivia), Chile, 245

Rio Larquin, Chile, 241

Rio Las Guías, Panama, 123

Rio Lebu, Chile, 243

Rio Limari, Chile, 231 . 232

Rio Limón, Panama, 131

Rio Lluta, Peru, 215

Rio Locumba, Peru, 213

Rio Los Tintos, Ecuador, 157

Rio Machala, Ecuador, 155

Rio Maipo, Chile, 237

Rio Marga Marga, Chile, 235

Rio Mariquina (Rio Cruces), Chile, 245

Rio Martín Grande, Panama, 117

Rio Martín Pérez, Panama, 131

Rio Martinello (Rio Martín Grande), Panama, 117

Rio Masattlan, Mexico, 75

Rio Masias, Mexico, 72

Rio Membrillar, Panama, 121

Rio Mendaño, Panama, 131

Rio Mensabé, Panama, 121

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio Meriato (Rio Morillo), Panama, 117

Rio Mícay, Colombia, 139

Rio Mira, Colombia, 139

Rio Moche, Peru, 175

Rio Molin, Panama, 117

Rio Monticalco de los Esclavos (Rio Esclavos), El Salvador, 85

Rio Morillo, Panama, 117

Rio Morote, Costa Rica, 107

Rio Nexpa, Mexico, 69

Rio Oria (Rio Oria), Panama, 121

Rio Osmore, Peru, 213

Rio Ostión, Panama, 131

Rio Ostiones, Colombia, 137

Rio Pacora, Panama, 127

Rio Papagayo, Mexico, 69

Rio Papayall (Quebrada Teteral), Panama. 129

Rio Parita, Panama, 121

Rio Pasiga, Panama, 127

Rio Pativilon, Peru, 185

Rio Pedasí, Panama, 121

Rio Penaga (Rio Ponuga), Panama, 117

Rio Perequeté, Panama, 125

Rio Picoaza (Rio Jipijapa), Ecuador, 153

Rio Piedra, Panama, 113

Rio Pimoche, Ecuador, 157

Rio Pisco, Peru, 201

Rio Piura, Peru, 165

Rio Ponuga, Panama, 117

Rio Portete, Ecuador, 145

Rio Purío, Panama, 121

Rio Queule, Chile, 243

Rio Quiribibi, Panama, 119

Rio Rimac, Peru, 193

Rio Rosario, Colombia, 139

Rio Sabana, Panama, 129

Rio Sacatuli (Rio Zacatula), Mexico, 63

Rio Sajalices, Panama, 125

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio Salada (Rio San Pedro), El Salvador, 87

Rio Salado (Rio San Pedro), Guatemala, 85

Rio Sama Cruz de Chinina, Panama, 127

Rio Samadio, Nicaragua, 97

Rio Sambú, Panama, 127 , 129

― 310 ―

Rio San Felix, Panama, 113

Rio San Francisco, Panama. 131



Panama, 113 , 131

Rio San Martin, Chile, 245

Rio San Miguel (Rio Sabana), Panama, 129

Rio San Pedro, El Salvador, 85 , 87 ;

Costa Rica. 107

Rio Sandio (Rio Tibuga), Colombia, 135

Rio Santa Maria, Panama, 121

Rio Santiago, Ecuador, 141

Rio Sicatela, Mexico, 71

Rio Sin Fundo, Chile, 251

Rio Sn Ffelis (Rio San Felix), Panama, 113

Rio Sn Juan (Rio San Juan), Panama, 113

Rio Sonsonate (Rio Grande de Sonsonate), El Salvador, 85

Rio St Estervan (Estero San Esteban), Chile. 251

Rio Suay, Panama, 117

Rio Sucio, Panama, 127 , 129

Rio Tambo, Peru, 212 , 213

Rio Tanaje. Colombia, 139

Rio Tangola, Mexico, 73

Rio Tayuta, Mexico, 73

Rio Tehuantepec, Mexico, 77

Rio Tempisque, Costa Rica, 107

Rio Tenguel, Ecuador, 155

Rio Tibuga. Colombia, 135

Rio Timbiqui, Colombia. 139

Rio Tocumén, Panama, 127

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio Tolten, Chile, 243 . 245

Rio Tonameca, Mexico. 71

Rio Tongoi (Rio Tenguel). Ecuador. 155

Rio Tonguilon, Chile, 245

Rio Torio, Panama, 117

Rio Tornagaleones, Chile, 245

Rio Tosta (Rio El Tamarindo), Nicaragua, 98 . 99

Rio Tugueso (Rio Tuquesa), Panama, 129

Rio Tuira, Panama, 129

Rio Tunbes (Rio Tumbes). Peru, 155 , 159

Rio Tuquesa, Panama. 129

Rio Tuyra (Rio Tuira), Panama, 129

Rio Valdivia, Chile, 245

Rio Venado. Panama, 125

Rio Verde (Rio Atoyac), Mexico. 69

Rio Viejo, Costa Rica. 109

Rio Virú, Peru. 177

Rio Vitor, Peru, 211

Rio Ymperial (Rio Imperial), Chile. 243

Rio Zacatula, Mexico. 63

Rio Zana, Peru, 171

Rioqueva Guebala, Panama, 115

River Barranca, Peru, 184

River Buena Ventura, Colombia, 136

River Camarones, Chile, 216

River Guasaqualpo, Mexico, 78

River of Colan, Peru. 164

River of Guayaquil, Ecuador, 157

River of Imperiall, Chile, 242

River Saña. Peru. 170

River St Miguell. Panama. 130

Ro Alonde, Ecuador, 155

Ro Limon (Rio Limón). Panama, 131

Ro Mantaña (Canal de Matorrillos), Ecuador, 155

Ro Perez (Rio Sambú), Panama, 127

Ro Sahalizes (Rio Sajalices), Panama, 125

Robinson, C. L. F., 269 , 271 , 273

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Robinson Crusoe, Isla (Isla Más a Tierra), Chile, 257

Robinson Crusoe. See Defoe

Roca Foca, Peru, 211

Roca Negra, Mexico, 61

Roca Partida, Isla, Mexico, 49

Roca Quiebra Olas, Chile, 241

Roca Redondo. Galapagos, 259

Rocas Apóstoles, Chile, 255

Rocca Partida (Isla Roca Partida), Mexico, 49

Rocks of Queypo (Islas de Los Quepos), Costa Rica, 109

Rodas, Puerto de Anton de (Bahía de Ancón), Peru, 189

Rodd, Thomas, bookseller, 269 , 273

Rodriquez, Isla (Isla Santay), Ecuador, 155 , 157

Roldan, Messa de, Nicaragua, 94

Roman, Cabo de San (Cabo Raper), Chile, 251

Ronquillo, Don Pedro, ambassador, 27 -28

Rooster, 131

Rosario , captured, 21 -22, 27 , 147 , 148 n, 152 n, 263 , 264

Rosario: Bahía Rosario, Mexico, 57 ;

Rosario (Rio Rosario), Colombia, 139

Royal Fleet of Spain, 124 n

Royal Society of London, Proceedings , 262

Rumbado. Volcan de (Volcán Pacaya), Guatemala, 83

Russ, Mister, of Westminster, 29

S

Sa Bernard, Pta (Punta Casajal), Ecuador, 155

Sa Guayervos (Isla Caballo), Costa Rica, 107

Sabana, Rio, Panama, 129

Sabanas, Punta, Panama, 129

Saboga (Isla Saboga), Panama, 131

Sacatapeque: Sacatapeque, Guatemala, 80 ;

Volcan de Sacatapeque (Volcán Santa María), Guatemala, 81

Sacatelupa, Volcan de (Voleán Vicente), El Salvador, 89 , 90

Sacatepeque, Guatemala, 82

Sacatuli, Rio (Rio Zacatula), Mexico, 62 , 63

Saccharum officinarum , 228 n

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Sacraficio, Isla de (Isla de Sacrificios), Mexico, 73 , 74

Sahahzes, Rio (Rio Sajalices), Panama, 125

Saint Francis of Assisi, 135

Saint George, Point, USA, 49 , 51

Sajalices, Rio, Panama. 125

Sal, El, Ecuador, 153

Salada: Baya Salada, Chile, 228 ;

Rio Salada (Rio San Pedro), El Salvador, 87

Salado: Bahía Salado, Chile, 227 ;

Estero Salado, Ecuador, 155 ;

Estero Salado (Estero Salado), Panama, 121 ;

Rio Salado (Rio San Pedro), Guatemala, 85

Salango (Isla Salango), Ecuador, 153 , 154

Salaverry, Peru, 175

Salcatican (Salcoatitán), El Salvador, 86 , 87

Salcoatitán. El Salvador, 87

Salina Cruz, Bahía, Mexico, 75

Salinas: Cerro de Salinas (Cerro Sanú), Peru, 187 ;

Las Salinas, Chile, 236 ;

Las Salinas, Peru, 188 ;

Las Salinas (Bahía Salina Cruz). Mexico, 75 ;

Las Salinas (Punta Carnero). Ecuador, 155 ;

Salinas, Mexico, 76 , 78 ;

Salinas del Piloto, Mexico, 61 ;

Salinas River. USA. 53

Sallada, Baya (Bahía Salado), Chile, 227

Salte de Buij, Ecuador, 155

Salvador: Isla San Salvador, Galapagos, 258 n, 259 ;

Volcán Salvador, El Salvador, 89

Salvadore, El Salvador, 90

Sama: Morro de Sama, Peru, 214 , 215 ;

Rio de Sama, Peru, 215 ;

Rio de Sama (Rio Jama), Ecuador, 145

Samadio, Rio, Nicaragua, 97

Samanco, Punta, Peru, 181

Samborondón, Ecuador, 157

Sambo, 182

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Sambú, Rio, Panama, 127 , 129

Samuria, Isla de, El Salvador, 91

San Agustín , Spanish vessel, 52 n

San Andreas, Cabo de, Chile, 251

San Andres, Bahía, Chile, 251

San Andreus: Cape San Andreus, USA, 265 ;

Cavo de San Andreus, USA, 49

San Anton, Puerto de, Chile, 237

San Antro, Bay of, Colombia, 134

San Barnabé, Bahía de, Mexico, 60 n

San Bartholomeo, Cavo (Cabo San Bartolomé), Argentina, 255

San Bartolomé, Cabo, Argentina, 255

San Benedicto, Isla, Mexico. 49

San Bernardo, Cerro, Mexico, 79

San Blas, Mexico, 61

San Clemente Island, USA, 53

San Cristóbal: Cerro San Cristóbal, Peru, 187 , 193 ;

Isla San Cristóbal, Galapagos, 259

San Diego: Puerto de San Diego (San Diego Bay), USA, 55 ;

San Diego, USA, 56 n;

San Diego Bay, USA, 55

San Dionisio, El Salvador, 91

San Essovall, Cerro de, Panama, 121

San Esteban, Estero, Chile, 251

San Estovan, Cavo de (Cabo Setabense), Argentina, 255

San Felix, Rio, Panama, 113

San Francisco: Barra de San Francisco, Mexico, 77 ;

Cape San Francisco, Ecuador, 21 , 144 n, 145 -46;

Rio San Francisco, Panama, 151 ;

San Francisco Bay, USA, 51 , 74 n;

San Francisco, USA, 56 n

San Gallan: Isla San Gallán, Peru, 201 ;

San Gallan, Peru, 214

San Gonsalo, Ysla de (Cabo, San Gonzalo), Argentina, 255

San Gonzalo, Cabo, Argentina, 255

San Jose: Banco San José, Panama, 131 ;


A Buccaneer's Atlas


San Juan: Bahía San Juan. Peru, 205 ;

Baya de San Juan (Bahía Tarn), Chile, 253 ;

Enseñada le San Juan, Chile, 245 ;

Port of San Juan, Peru, 204 ;

Puerto de San Juan (Bahía San Juan), Peru, 205 ;

Puerto San Juan del Sur, Costa Rica, 101 ;


Rio San Juan, Panama, 113 , 131

San Juanito, Mexico, 61

San Lazaro, Baya de, Chile, 253

San Lorenzo: Cabo de San Lorenzo, Ecuador, 149 ;

Pta San Lorenzo, Panama, 8 , 9 , 127 -28;

Punta San Lorenzo, Panama, 129

San Lucas: Bahía San Lucas, Mexico, 59 , 60 n;

Baya de San Barnabe (Bahía San Lucas), Mexico, 50 ;

Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, 49 , 59 , 61 ;

Cape San Lucas, Mexico, 56 n, 74 n;

Cape St Lucas, Mexico, 60 ;

Cavo de San Lucas, Mexico, 59 ;

Cavo Sn Lucas,

― 311 ―

Mexico, 49 ;

Isla San Lucas, Costa Rica, 107

San Luis, Point, USA, 53

San Marcos, Island of, Mexico, 56

San Marcos, University of, Lima, Peru, 192

San Martin: Isla San Martin, USA, 49 ;

Islands of San Martin, Mexico, 56 ;

Rio San Martin, Chile, 245 ;

San Martin, Chile, 253 ;

Yslas de San Martin (Coronado Islands). Mexico, 55

San Mattco, Baya de (Bahía San Mateo), Ecuador, 143

San Miguel: Golfo San Miguel (Golfo de San Miguel), Panama, 127 ;

Gulfe of San Miguel, Panama (Ballona), 3 -6, 10 , 19 . 30 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 130 n, 256 n;

San Miguel, E1 Salvador, 67 . 91 ;

San Miguel de Piura, Peru, 165 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Rio de San Miguel (Rio Grande de San Miguel), El Salvador, 91 ;

Rio San Miguel (Rio Sabana). Panama, 129 ;

Volcán de San Miguel (Volcán San Miguel), El Salvador, 91

San Nicholas: Puerto de San Nicolas (Bahía San Nicolás), Peru, 205 ;

San Nicholas, Peru, 202

San Pablo, Isla, Panama, 131

San Pedio de Baba, Puiblo de (Samborondón), Ecuador, 157

San Pedro , Spanish vessel, captured, 10 , 12 , 21 , 144 , 284 , 286

San Pedro: Alto San Pedro, Chile, 247 ;

San Pedro Bay, USA, 55 ;

Cerras San Pedro, Cerras, Peru, 171 ;

Isla San Pedro, Panama, 131 ;

lslote San Pedro, Peru, 189 ;

Pta de San Pedro (Punta San Pedro), Chile, 247 ;

Rio San Pedro, El Salvador, 85 , 87 ;

Rio San Pedro, Costa Rica, 107

San Quintin: Bahía de San Quintin, Mexico, 55 ;

Baya de San Quintin, Mexico, 55

San Roman, Cabo de (Cabo Raper), Chile, 251

San Roque, Isla, Mexico, 57

San Salvador ; Spanish vessel, 56 n

San Salvador: Isla San Salvador, Galapagos, 258 n, 259 ;

Volcan de San Salvador (Volcán Salvador), El Salvador, 89

San Sebastián: Bahía San Sebastián, Argentina, 255 ;

Isla San Sebastián, E1 Salvador, 91

San Valentine (Cabo Valentín), Chile, 255

San Vicente: Cabo San Vicente, Argentina, 255 ;

San Vicente de Cañete, Peru, 197 ;

Puerto de San Vicente (Bahía San Vicente), Chile, 241

San Vincente, Estrecho de (Estrecho de Le Maire), Argentina, 255

San Ylefonco. Sierro de (Cordillera Darwin), Chile, 255

San Ynes, Cavo, Argentina, 255

Sañ: Cividad de Saña (Zaña), Peru, 171 ;

Saña, Peru, 168 ;

Rio de Saña (Rio Zana), Peru, 171 ;

River Saña, Peru, 170

Sandio, Rio (Rio Tibuga), Colombia, 134 , 135

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Sangallan: Morro tie Sangallan, Peru, 202 ;

Sangallan, Chile, 222

Santa Ana , Spanish vessel, 74 n, 164 n

Santa Ana, Voncán, El Salvador, 85 , 87

Santa Barbara: Canal de Sta Barbara (Santa Barbara Channel), USA, 53 ;

Chanell of Sta Barbara, USA, 54 ;

Pta de la Conversion (Santa Barbara Point), USA, 53 ;

Santa Barbara Channel, USA, 53 ;

Santa Barbara Island, USA, 53 ;

Santa Barbara Point, USA, 53 ;

Sta Barbara, Colombia, 139 ;

Sta Barbara (Isla Javier), Chile, 253 ;

Sta Barbara Island, USA, 53

Santa Catalina Island, USA, 53

Santa Clara: Isla de Santa Clara, Ecuador, 155 ;

Isla Santa Clara, Chile, 257 ;

Síerra de Santa Clara, Mexico, 57 , 58 n

Santa Cruz: Bahía Santa Cruz, Mexico, 73 ;

Isla Santa Cruz, Galapagos. 259

Santa Elena: Cabo Santa Elena, Costa Rica, 100 n, 101 , 103 ;

Cerro Santa Elena, Costa Rica, 103 ;


Santa Fé (Santa Maria), Panama, 9 , 129 ;

attacked, 3 , 4 -5

Santa Inés, Isla, Chile, 255

Santa Lucía, Loma, Nicaragua, 99

Santa María: Isla Santa Maria, Chile, 243 ;

Isla Santa María, Galapagos, 259 ;

Rio Santa Maria, Panama, 121 ;

Santa María, E1 Salvador, 91 ;

Volcán Santa María, Guatemala, 81

Santa Pecaque, Mexico. See Sentispac

Santa: Isla de Santa, Peru, 177 -79;

Island of Santa, Peru, 176 ;

Port of Santa, Peru, 176 ;

Santa, Peru, 176 , 177 ;

Rio de Santa (Rio Santa), Peru, 177

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Santay, Isla, Ecuador, 155

Santelmo, Isla, Panama, 131

Santiago: Santiago Astata, Mexico, 75 ;

Santiago de Guayaquil, Ecuador. 157 ;

Isla Santiago, Galapagos, 258 n. 259 ;

Rio Santiago, Ecuador, 141

Santísima Trinidad. See Trinity

Santo Domingo, El Salvador, 67 , 87

Sanú, Cerro, Peru, 187

Sapo: Cerro del Sapo (Cerro Campana), Panama, 123 , 125 , 129 ;

Sapo. Panama, 122 ;

Sapo (Cerro Sapo), Panama, 127

Sapoticlan, Volcan de, Guatemala, 80 , 81

Sarambria, Colombia, 137

Sardinas, 164 , 166

Sardinas: Ancon de Sardinas (Bahía de Ancón de Sardinas), Ecuador, 140 , 141 ;

Puerto de Sardinas (Point San Luis), USA, 53

Sarmiento, Mount, Chile, 255

Savana, 94

Savanna, 54 n

Sawkins, Richard, buccaneer, 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 18 , 114 , 115

Schouten, Willem, Dutch explorer, 256 n

Scott. See Cox

Scurvy, 15 , 25

Sea urchin, 226 n

Seal, 168 n, 252 n

Sebastians Mouth, St (Bahía San Sebastián), Argentina, 255

Secas, Yslas (Islas Secas), Panama, 113

Sechura: Bay of Sechura, Peru, 164 ;

Sechura, Peru, 165 , 166 , 168 n

Segovia, Nicaragua, 31

Selkirk, Alexander, castaway, 18 n, 257 n

Selwyn, John, book collector, 270 , 273

Senicas (Isla San Martin), Mexico, 49

Seno Gallegos, Chile, 251

Seno Nevado, Chile, 255

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Señora, Isla, Panama, 131

Senosop, Lo alto de (Monte Papayal), Costa Rica, 101

Sentispac (Santa Pecaque), Mexico, 30 , 61

Sequoia sempervirens , 50 n

Serez (Isla Gallo), Panama, 131

Serra de Coaque (Montanas de Cuaque), Ecuador, 145

Serra de Pasta, Colombia, 139

Serrania (Cordillera de Los Andes), Chile, 253

Serrania del Darien, Panama, 129

Serras de Motape (Cerros Los Amotapes), Peru, 163

Serruzuela, La (Cerro Cerrezuela), Panama, 121 , 123

Setabense, Cabo, Argentina, 255

Seville, Spain, 66 n, 194 n

Shadwell, Middlesex, England, 27

Sharp, Bartholomew, buccaneer and journalist: dedications by, 31 , 265 ;

his astronomical observations, 24 n;

his early life, 30 -31;

his journal and log. 3 , 22 , 31 , 35 -36, 111 , 130 n, 216 n, 262 , 267 -68;

his navigation, 38 ;

his subsequent career, 31 -32;



published, 3 , 262 , 268 ;

reaches England, 27 , 31

Sheep, 230

Ships, names of, 44

Sicatela, Rio, Mexico. 71

Sierra de la Arena, Peru, 189

Sierra de la Balsama (Costa de Bálsamo), E1 Salvador, 89

Sierra de la Paneca, Guatemala-El Salvador, 88

Sierra de Paneca. See Cerro Grande de Apaneca

Sierra de Santa Clara, Mexico, 57 , 58 n

Sierra de Soconusco, Mexico, 79

Sierra Volcánica Transversal, Mexico. 61

Sierras de Nra Sra, Chile, 223

Sierro de San Ylefonco (Cordillera Darwin), Chile, 255

Silla de Cavallo (Isla Ensenada), Panama, 125

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Silla de Paita, La (Cerros Silla de Paita), Peru, 163 -65, 167

Silottlan, Volcan de (Volcán Jucuapa), El Salvador, 91

Silva (Isla Silva de Afuera), Panama, 114 , 115

Simatlan, Rio de (Rio Ayuta), Mexico, 75 , 76

Sin Salida, Ancon, Chile, 253

Slaves, 166

Sloane, Dr. Hans, 32 , 261 , 267 -70, 273

Smith, Sir James, admiral, 28 n, 284

Sn Ffelis, Rio (Rio San Felix), Panama, 113

Sn Juan, Rio (Rio San Juan), Panama, 113

Sn Marcos (Isla de Guadalupe), Mexico, 55

Sn Pablo (Isla San Pablo), Panama, 131

Sn Po, Ffran de, Colombia, 137

Snra (Isla Señora), Panama, 131

Snra, Nra (Archipiélago Madre de Dios), Chile, 253

Socaran, Isla de (Isla San Sebastían), El Salvador, 91

Soconusco: Soconusco, Mexico, 80 ;

Rio de Soconusco, Mexico, 79 ;

Sierra de Soconusco, Mexico, 79 ;

Volcan de

― 312 ―

Soconusco (continued )

Soconusco (Sierra de Soconusco), Mexico, 79 ;

Volcan of Soconusco, Mexico, 80

Socorro, Isla, 49

Solano, Bahía, Colombia, 135

Solon, Morro de, Peru, 193 , 195

Solon, Puerto de, Costa Rica, 107

Somanco, Bahía de, Peru, 179

Sombrerett. Peru, 155 , 159

Somers, lord, book collector, 261 , 262 , 268 , 270 , 273 ;

dedications to, 268 , 270

Sonsonate: Sonsonate, El Salvador, 84 , 87 , 88 ;

Rio Sonsonate (Rio Grande de Sonsonate), El Salvador, 85 ;

Volcan de Sonsonate (Volcán Santa Ana), El Salvador, 85 . 87

Sotheby and Son, auctioneers, 270 , 273

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Soundings. 43 , 46

South America, 137 , 155 , 161 , 166 n, 194 n, 209 , 214 n, 235 , 254 n. 256 n

South America Pilot, 45

South Sea Company, 33 n, 266 , 269 , 273

South Sea (Pacific Ocean), 52 n, 62 , 78 , 96 . 124 , 128 . 130 , 136 , 158 , 160 , 190 , 215 , 254 , 256

South Sea Waggoners, defined, in, 3 ;

listed, 268 -70;

effect on cartography, 32 ;

appendix to, 22 n, 266 ;

listed. 270 , See also Hack; Ringrose

Spain, 49 , 66 n, 126 n;

Spanish and Spaniards, 52 n, 62 , 66 , 66 n, 67 , 70 n. 74 n, 76 , 82 , 84 , 86 , 94 , 102 , 104 , 110 , 114n, 126 , 128 , 144 , 146 , 154 , 160 , 162 , 164 , 166 , 168 , 178 , 182 , 184 , 210 , 216 , 218 , 220 , 238 , 250 ;

native-born, 82 n;

Spanish dominions, 86 ;

Spanish main, 60 n

Sperm whale, 250 n

Spheniscus magellanicus , 252 n

Spikes Roads, Barbados, 25

Squaring, 43

Sr Anthony Deans Isle (Isla Rabida), Galapagos, 259

Sr John Narbroughs Isle (Isla Fernandina), Galapagos, 259

St Andreus, Baya de, USA, 55 , 56

St Augustine, USA, 52

St Barnabe, Mexico, 60

St Diego, USA, 56

St Elmo (Isla Santelmo), Panama, 131

St Estervan, Rio (Estero San Esteban), Chile, 251

St Ffillipe, Baya (Bahía Felipe), Argentina, 255

St Ffrancisco Church, Lima, Peru, 192

St Gallan (Isla San Gallán), Peru, 201

St Geronimo (Isla Geronimo), Mexico, 57


St Jago: Porte of St Jago, Mexico, 60 ;

Rio de St Jago (Rio Santiago), Ecuador, 141 ;

St Jago, Ecuador, 142 ;


A Buccaneer's Atlas


St Juan: Puerto St Juan (Puerto San Juan del Sur), Costa Rica, 101 ;

St Juan de Goso (Pneínsula de San Juan del Gozo), El Salvador, 91 ;


St Lucas, Mexico, 60

St Martin-in-the-Fields church, Westminster, 28 -29

St Marys herb, 116 n

St Miguel, El Salvador, 90

St Miguell: River St Miguell, Panama, 130 ;

St Miguell, Panama, 128

St Miguels, E1 Salvador, 90

St Miguil, El Salvador, 92

St Paul's Cathedral, London, England, 127

St Paul's School, London, England, 29

St Pedro Church, Lima, Peru, 192

St Sebastians Mouth (Bahía San Sebastián), Argentina, 255

St Thomas: St Thomas, Virgin Islands, 3 , 26 , 32 ;

St Thomas (Isla San Benedicto), Mexico, 49

St Vincente, Cavo (Cabo San Vicente), Argentina, 255

St Vincents: St Vincents, Chile, 242 ;

Straights of St Vincents (Strait of Le Maire), Argentina, 254

St Xhvall, Chile, 245

Sta Anna, Enseñada de, Chile, 245

Sta Barbara. See Santa Barbara

Sta Catalina: Pta de Sta Catalina (Cabo Santa Elena), Costa Rica, 101 , 103 ;

Sta Catalina, Chile, 251 ;

Sta Catalina (Santa Catalina Island), USA, 53 , 56

Sta Clara: Sta Clara, Ecuador, 155 , 156 , 158 ;

Sta Clara, Estero, Nicaragua, 97

Sta Domingo, El Salvador, 86

Sta Helena: Pta de Sta Hellena, Ecuador, 154 ;

Sta Helena, Ecuador, 154 ;

Sta Helena (Punta Santa Elena), Ecuador, 151 ;

Sta Helena (Villa de Santa Elena), Ecuador, 153

Sta Hellena, Chile, 228

Sta Joana, Nicaragua, 100

Sta Juana, Messa de, Costa Rica, 101

Sta Lucia (Guayamango), El Salvador, 86 , 87

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Sta Marta: Sta Maria, Chile, 242

Sta Maria (Santa Fe), Panama, 129

Sta Maria (Santa María), El Salvador, 90 , 91

Stag, 125

Stanley, Edward, captain, R. N., 31

Staten Island, Argentina, 255 , 256 n

Stepney, Middlesex, England, 30

Sto Domingo: Sto Domingo (Lepanto), Costa Rica, 106 , 107 ;

Sto Domingo (Puerto Tambo de Mora), Peru, 198 , 199 ;

Sto Domingo (Santo Domingo), El Salvador, 87

Straights: Straights of Magellan, Chile-Argentina, 254 ;

Straights of St Vincents (Strait of Le Maire), Argentina, 254

Strait: Strait of Le Maire, Argentina, 254 ;

Strait of Magellan, Chile-Argentina, 253 , 254 n, 255 , 256 n

Streights of Magellan, 251

Streto de Anian, 49

Strong, John, privateer, 154

Suay, Rio de (Rio Suay), Panama, 117

Suciagua, Estero de, Nicaragua, 97

Sucie, Pan del (Islote Pan de Azúcar), Panama, 125

Sucio, Rio, Panama, 127 , 129

Sugar, 228

Supe, Port of, Peru, 184 -86

Supercargo (cape merchant), defined, 30 n

Sur, Mar del (Pacific Ocean), 255

Surhidero de los Navios (Ensenada Tumaco), Colombia, 139

Sus scrofa , 108 n

Sutraba, Messa de, Nicaragua, 98 , 99

Swan, Charles, buccaneer, 30

Sweepstakes , H.M.S., 262 , 263

Sweet potato, 131

Sydney, John, viscount, 270 , 273

T

Tabaraba, Rio del, Panama, 117

Taboga Island (Isla Tavoga), Panama, 10 , 125 -26

Tabogullla, Isla, Panama, 125

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Tabora (Isla Taborcillo), Panama, 125

Taborcillo, Isla, Panama, 125

Taburecte, Volcán, El Salvador, 91

Tacama, Chile, 218 , 220

Tacames (Poblacíon de Atacames), Ecuador, 143 , 144

Taclamama, Rio de, Mexico, 69

Taclamana, Mexico, 70

Tae, Chile, 249

Taino, 54 n, 110 n

Talara, Peru, 161

Talcaguana, Point, Chile, 240

Talcaguano, Pta de (Punta Tumbes), Chile, 241

Talcaguey (Cerro Tanapache), Peru, 213

Talcahuano, Chile, 241

Talinay, Altos de, Chile, 231

Talique, Quebrada de, Panama, 129

Tambo: Ermito Tambo, Peru, 171 ;

M. Tambo, Peru, 195 ;

Puerto Tambo de Mora, Peru, 198 , 199 ;

Rio Tambo, Peru, 212 , 213 ;

Valle de Tambo, Peru, 213

Tanaje, Rio, Colombia, 139

Tanapache, Cerro, Peru, 213

Tangola: Isla Tangola (Isla Tangola-Tangola), Mexico, 73 ;

Rio Tangola, Mexico, 73 ;

Tangola, Mexico, 76

Tanqui (Isla Tranqui), Chile, 249

Tarapaca: Morro de Tarapaca, Chile, 218 ;

Tarapaca, Chile, 216 , 218 n

Tarapesque, Rio del (Rio Tempisque), Costa Rica, 107

Tarn, Bahía, Chile, 253

Taura, Ecuador, 157

Tavoga (Isla Taboga), Panama, 125

Tavogilea (Isla Taboguilla), Panama, 125

Tayuta, Rio, Mexico, 73

Tecapa: Volcan de Tecapa (Volcán Taburecte), El Salvador, 91 ;

Volcancillo de Tecapa (Volcán Tecapa), E1 Salvador, 91

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Tehuantepec, Rio, Mexico, 77

Teje, Isla, Chile, 245

Telica, Volcan de (Volcán Telica), Nicaragua, 98 , 99

Telos, Volcan, Chile, 255

Tempisque, Rio, Costa Rica, 107

Tenguel, Rio, Ecuador, 155

Tepeixtec, 66 n

Tepuztec, 66 n

Terpesque, Rio del, Costa Rica, 106

Terra australis incognita , 24

Terra Fuego, Argentina-Chile, 254

Terrestrial equator, 148 n

Tetas: Cerro Las Tetas, Peru, 185 ;

Tetas de Biobio (Tetas del Bio Bio), Chile, 241 ;

Tetas de Cuaca (Cerro Tetas de Coyuca), Mexico, 67 ;

Tetas de Cucao, Chile, 249

Teteral, Quebrada, Panama, 129

Tezcatec, 66 n

Thames, river, London, England, 129

Theobroma cacao (Cocao), 50 n

Third Dutch War, 3

Tibuga: Golfo de Tibuga, Colombia, 135 ;

Rio Tibuga, Colombia, 135

Tierra: Isla Lobos de Tierra, Peru, 168 n, 169 ;

Isla Más a Tierra, Chile, 257 ;

Tierra del Fuego, Chile-Argentina,

― 313 ―

Tierra (continued )

43 , 252 n, 254 , 255 , 256 n, 260, 262

Tigre: Filos del Tigre, Panama, 117 ;

Isla Tigre, El Salvador, 93

Tilimbi, Rio de (Rio Timbiqui), Colombia, 139

Timbiqui, Rio, Colombia, 139

Tintos, Rio Los, Ecuador, 157

Tirno, Pta de (Punta Tucapel), Chile, 243

Tisira, Pta de (Punta Duartes), Panama, 117

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Titicaca, Lake, Peru, 214 n

Toad, 129

Tocopilla, Puerto, Chile, 219

Tocumen (Rio Tocumén), Panama, 127

Todos Santos, Baya dc (Bahía), Mexico, 55 , 56

Tolten: Rio Tolten, Chile, 243 , 245 ;

Tolton, Chile, 249

Tomás de Berlanga, Spanish explorer, 258 n

Tomé, Chile, 241

Tonameca, Rio, Mexico, 71

Tongoi: Port of Tongoi, Chile, 232 ;

Rio Tongoi (Rio Tenguel), Ecuador, 155

Tongoy: Bahía Tongoy, Chile, 229 ;

Baya de Tongoy (Bahía Tongoy), Chile, 229

Tonguilon, Rio, Chile, 245

Topara: Quebrada de Topara, Peru, 199 ;

Rio de Topara, Peru, 199

Topocalma: Port of Topocalma, Chile, 236 ;

Pta de Topocalma (Punta Topocalma), Chile, 237

Topography, 43

Torio, Rio del (Rio Torio), Panama, 117

Tornagaleones, Rio, Chile, 245

Torno de Galeon (Rio Tornagaleones), Chile, 245

Toro: Bocca dell Toro, Panama, 115 ;

El Toro (Filos del Tigre), Panama, 117 ;

Toro, Colombia, 138

Torra: Cerro de Torra, Colombia, 137 ;

Jaquoy de la Torra, Peru, 182

Tortoise, 116 , 258 n

Tortue, 116 n

Tortuga, Chile, 229 , 230

Tosta: Coma de Tosta (Loma Santa Lucía), Nicaragua, 99 ;

Rio Tosta (Rio El Tamarindo), Nicaragua, 98 , 99

Totorall, Chile, 228

Tovisalco, El Salvador, 88

Tower Island (Isla Genovesa), Galapagos, 259

Towne of Guara, Peru, 186

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Towneley, John, book collector, 269 , 273

Trade winds, 14 , 23 , 25

Tranqui, Isla, Chile, 249

Tres Marias Islands, Mexico, 30 , 60 -61, 266

Tres Rios de Los Coxemies (Estero Cojimies), Ecuador, 145

Triangulos (Farallon Islands), USA, 51

Trigo, Monte, Peru, 193

Trinidad: City of Trinidad, El Salvador, 86 ;

Governour of Trinidad, El Salvador, 86 ;

Trinidad, El Salvador, 88

Trtntty (Santisima Trinidad ), 152 n, 252 n, 256 n, 259 ;

captured, 10 ;

destroyed by fire, 26 ;

escapes from Morgan, 10 , 26 ;


to St Thomas, 26 ;

track charts, xii , 12

Trollope Rock, Panama, 131

Truhilio: Campaña de Truhilio (Cerro Campaña), Peru, 173 ;

Rio de Truhilio (Rio Moche), Peru, 175 ;

Truhilio (Trujillo), Peru, 172 -74

Tucapel: Punta Tucapel, Chile, 243 ;

Rio de Tucapel (Rio Lebu), Chile, 243

Tucapell, Lo Alto de (Cordilleras de Nahuelbuta), Chile, 243

Tucuti, Rio Balsas o, Panama, 129

Tugueso, Rio (Rio Tuquesa), Panama, 129

Tuira, Rio, Panama, 4 , 129

Tumaco, Ensenada, Colombia, 139

Tumbes, Punta, Chile, 241

Tunbes: Lo Alto De Tunbes (Cerros Los Amotapes), Peru, 155 ;

Rio Tunbes (Rio Tumbes), Peru, 155 , 159 ;

Tunbes, Peru, 156 , 158

Tuquesa, Rio, Panama, 129

Turtle, 116 n, 152

Turtles, 252 n

Tuxtex, 66 n

Tuyra, Rio (Rio Tuira), Panama, 129

A Buccaneer's Atlas


U

University of Cambridge, England, 259

University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru, 192

Urabá, Isla, Panama, 125

Usulután, El Salvador, 91

Utría, Puerto, Colombia, 135

Uvita, Bahía, Costa Rica, 108 n, 109

V

Val de Banderas, Mexico, 61

Valdivia: Rio Valdivia, Chile, 245 ;

Valdivia, Chile, 21 , 30 , 67 , 227 , 235 , 241 , 244 -45, 266

Valentine, San (Cabo Valentín), Chile, 255

Valladolid (Isla Chamá), Panama, 125

Vallanetta, Panama, 131

Vallarta, Puerto, Mexico, 61

Valle de Arauco, Chile, 243

Valle de Balderos (Puerto Vallarta), Mexico, 61

Valle de Tambo, Peru, 213

Vallena, Pta de La (Punta Pichicui), Chile 233

Valley de la Crus, Chile, 248

Valley of Salvador, El Salvador, 88

Valloa, Quebrada de, Chile, 237

Vallona, Gulf of, Panama. See San Miguel

Valparaiso: Puerto de Valparaiso (Bahía Valparaíso), Chile, 235 , 236 ;

Valparaiso, Chile, 15 , 67 , 196 , 217 , 235 , 236 , 256 , 257

Van Spilenbergen, Joris, Dutch buccaneer, 265

Vecina, 49

Veho, Volcan de (Volcán Viejo), Nicaragua, 97

Veigho (El Viejo), Nicaragua, 97

Vela, Port of, Chile, 224

Velas: Cabo Velas, Costa Rica, 103 ;

Puerto de Velas (Bahía Isla Blanca), Chile, 225

Velasco, M. M. de, cartographer, 271

Veleros, Islote, Argentina, 255

Vellegas, Bartholomew, Spanish captain, 266

Velos, Puertos de (Golfo de Papagayo), Costa Rica, 103

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Venado, Rio, Panama, 125

Venados (Isla Venado), Costa Rica, 107

Venison (Venaison), 116 , 116 n

Ventocuagua, Vulcan de (Volcán de Agua), Guatemala, 83

Ventosa (Bahía Ventosa), Mexico, 75

Ventura Cruz, Canal, Panama, 131

Veracruz, Mexico, 66 n

Verde: Rio Verde (Rio Atoyac), Mexico, 69 ;

Yla Verde (Isla Verde), Ecuador, 155 ;

Ysla Verde (Islote Verde), Panama, 125

Vermejo, El, Ecuador, 157

Vermexo, Port, Peru, 180 , 182

Vernal: Cerro de Vernal (Cerro San Bernardo), Mexico, 79 ;

Vernal, Mexico, 78

Vernall, Mexico, El Salvador, 78 , 90

Vexo, Nicaragua, 96

Viberes (Isla Viveros), Panama, 131

Vicama, Peru, 187

Vicente: San Vicente de Cañete, Peru, 197 ;

Puerto de San Vicente (Bahía San Vicente), Chile, 241 ;

Volcán Vicente, E1 Salvador, 89

Victoria, Cavo (Cabo Victoria), Chile, 255

Victoria , Spanish ship, 56 n

Vicuña, 212

Vieja: Boca Vieja, Panama, 121 ;

Isla de Las Viejas, Peru, 203 ;

Morro de Viejas (Monte Carretas), Peru, 203

Viejo: Ilo Viejo, Peru, 213 ;

Puiblo Viejo (Playa Honda), Panama, 131 ;

Rio Viejo, Costa Rica, 109 ;

Volcán Viejo, Nicaragua, 97

Villa: Villa de Pacasmayo, Peru, 171 ;

Villa de Santa Elena, Ecuador, 153

Vina de la Mar (Viña del Mar), Chile, 235

Vincents, St, Chile, 242

Virallo, Rio de, Panama, 115

Virgines: Baya de Virgines, Mexico, 57 ;

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Cavo Virgines, Argentina, 255

Virú, Peru, 177

Vista, Rio Bona (Punta Buena Vista), Panama, 129

Vitis vinifera , 198 n

Vitor: Quebrada de Vitor, Chile, 217 ;

Rio de Vitor, Chile, 216 ;

Rio Vitor, Peru, 211

Viveros, Isla, Panama, 131

Vizcaíno, Sebastián, Spanish explorer, 56 n

Volcán Acatenango, Guatemala, 83

Volcán Aconcaqua, Chile-Argentina, 217

Volcán Atitlán, Guatemala, 83

Volcán Bombache (Volcán Mombacho), Costa Rica, 101

Volcán Calbuco, Chile, 247

Volcán Cosiguina, Nicaragua, 95

Volcán de Agua, Guatemala, 83

Volcán de Alima, Mexico, 60

Volcán de Colima, Mexico, 61

Volcán de Granada (Volcán Góngora), Costa Rica, 101

Volcán de Leon, (Volcán Las Pilas), Nicaragua, 98 , 99 , 100

Volcán de los Ysacos (Volcán Isalco), El Salvador, 89

Volcán dc Papagayo (Volcán Rincón de La Vieja), Costa Rica, 101

Volcán de Rumbado (Volcán Pacaya), Guatemala, 83

Volcán de Sacatapeque (Volcán Santa María), Guatemala, 81

Volcán de Sacatelupa (Volcán Vicente), El Salvador, 89 , 90

Volcán de San Miguel (Volcán San Miguel), El Salvador, 91

Volcán de San Salvador (Volcán Salvador), El Salvador, 89

Volcán de Sapoticlan, Guatemala, 81

Volcán de Silottlan (Volcán Jucuapa), El Salvador, 91

― 314 ―

Volcán de Soconusco (Sierra de Soconusco), Mexico, 79

Volcán de Sonsonate (Volcán Santa Ana), El Salvador, 85 , 87

Volcán de Tecapa (Volcán Taburecte), E1 Salvador, 91

Volcán de Telica (Volcán Telica), Nicaragua, 98 , 99

Volcán de Veho (Volcán Viejo), Nicaragua, 97

Volcán de Ysacos, E1 Salvador, 88

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Volcán Góngora, Costa Rica, 101

Volcán Isalco, El Salvador, 89

Volcán Jucuapa, El Salvador, 91

Volcán Las Pilas, Nicaragua, 99

Volcán Mombacho, Costa Rica, 101

Volcán of Ariquipa, Peru, 212

Volcán of Bombache, Nicaragua, 100

Volcán of Granada, Nicaragua, 100

Volcán of Guatemala, Guatemala, 82

Volcán of Papagayo, Nicaragua, 100

Volcán of Sapoteclan, Guatemala, 80

Volcán of Soconusco, Guatemala, 80

Volcán of Sonsonate, Guatemala, 88

Volcán Osorno, Chile, 247

Volcán Pacaya, El Salvador, 83

Volcán Rincón de La Vieja, Costa Rica, 101

Volcán Salvador, E1 Salvador, 89

Volcán Santa Ana, El Salvador, 85 , 87

Volcán Santa María, Guatemala, 81

Volcán Taburecte, El Salvador, 91

Volcán Tecapa, E1 Salvador, 91

Volcán Telos, Chile, 255

Volcán Vicente, El Salvador, 89

Volcán Viejo, Nicaragua, 97

Volcancillo de Tecapa (Volcán Tecapa), El Salvador, 91

Volcans of the Amilpas, Guatemala, 80

Vulcan de Ventocuagua (Volcán de Agua), Guatemala, 83

W

Wafer, Lionel, surgeon, buccaneer, and journalist, 3 , 10 , 12 , 19 -20, 258 n, 261 , 268

Waggoner, defined. 41 . See also South Sea Waggoner

Wainman, Little, Galapagos, 258 n, 259

Wainmans Isle (Islote Wenman), Galapagos, 259

Walpole, Sir Robert, 270 , 273

Wapping, Middlesex, England, 22 , 30 , 31

Watling, John, buccaneer, 18 , 216 n

Welch. Andrew, cartographer, 261

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Welfare , privateer, 154

Wenman, Islote, Galapagos, 259

Wenman, Philip, viscount, 259

Wenman, Richard, viscount, 259

West Africa, 192

West Indies, 86 , 86 n, 131 , 228 n

Westminster School, London, 29

Wetwang, Sir John, captain, R.N., 28 n, 284

Weymouth , H.M.S., 18 n

White Fox , merchantman, 27

Wildmann, Maria, 271 , 273

William III, king of England, 266 ;

his Dutch private secretary (d'Allene), 266 , 269 , 270 , 273

Williams, William. See Dick

Wine, 228 , 230

Witsen, Nicolaas, geographer, 266 , 269 , 273

Wood, John, captain: his description of the Strait of Magellan, 33 , 262 , 263 , 266 , 267 , 268

Wren, Sir Christopher, architect and mathematician, 127

X

Xalisco (Jalisco), Mexico, 60

Xhvall, St, Chile, 245

Xpo, Monte (Cerro de Montecristi), Ecuador, 151

Y

Ya Blanca (Los Frailes), Mexico, 61

Ya de Cenicas. See Cedros

Ya de Nra Snra (Isla Natividad), Mexico, 57

Ya fortuna (San Clemente Island), USA, 53

Ya Pedro Nunez, Chile, 247

Yaguache: Yaguache el Cone (Yaguache Nuevo), Ecuador, 157 ;

Yaguache Nuevo, Ecuador, 157 ;

Rio de Yaguache (Rio Chimbo), Ecuador, 157

Yas de Chamettla. See Chametla

Yas Pinto (Roca Negra), Mexico, 61

Yca: Rio de Yca (Rio Ica), Peru, 203 ;

Yea, Peru, 201

Yeguade del Capt Luis Delgado (Pedasí), Panama, 119

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Yeguade, Panama, 120 n

Yerba Buina, Caleta, Peru, 213

Yguanos (Isla Iguana), Panama, 129

Yla Verde (Isla Verde), Ecuador, 155

Ylefonco, Sierro de San (Cordillera Darwin), Chile, 255

Ymperial, Rio (Rio Imperial), Chile, 243

Ynes, Cavo San, Argentina, 255

Yngles, Puerto (Bahía de Ancud), Chile, 247 , 249

Yorks Island, Duke of, Chile, 252 , 253

Ypolada (Isla Camote), Panama, 131

Yqueque: Island Yqueque, Chile, 218 ;

Yqueque, Chile, 219 .

See also Iqueque

Ysacos, Volcan de la (Volcán Isalco), El Salvador, 89

Ysla de Baldivia (Isla Teje), Chile, 245

Ysla de Carate (Islote Zárate), Peru, 201

Ysla de Carillo, Panama, 115

Ysla de Constantino Perez (Isla Mancera), Chile, 245

Ysla de Diego Ramirez (Isla Diego Ramírez), Chile, 255

Ysla de Mocha (Isla Mocha), Chile, 243

Ysla de San Gonsalo (Cabo San Gonzalo), Argentina, 255

Ysla Nevada (Seno Nevado), Chile, 255

Ysla Verde (Islote Verde), Panama, 125

Yslas de San Martin (Coronado Islands), Mexico, 55

Yslas Nobladas (Channel Islands), USA, 53

Yslas Secas (Islas Secas), Panama, 113

Ystapa (Ixtapa), Mexico, 64 , 65

Ytata: Rio de Ytata (Rio Itata), Chile, 239 ;

Ytata, Chile, 240

Yuanavia, Bolcan de (Volcán Calbuco), Chile, 247

Yunque, Cerro El, Juan Fernandez, Chile, 257

Z

Zacate, Isla Punta, El Salvador, 93

Zacatula, Rio, Mexico, 63

Zaltieri, Bologna, cartographer, 49

Zambapala, Cerro, Ecuador, 155

A Buccaneer's Atlas


Zambo, 82 n

Zaña: Zaña, Peru, 171 ;

Rio Zana, Peru, 171

Zárate, Islote, Peru, 201

Zea Mays , 170 n

Zettrall, Puerto de (Coral), Chile, 245

Ziguatenejo (Bahía de Zihuatanejo), Mexico, 65

Zorra, Cerro del Jaques de la (Cerro Las Tetas), Peru, 185

Zorras, Punta Las, Peru, 185

Zuela, Puerto de, Panama, 117

― 315 ―

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