A Brief Recap

THE 19TH CENTURY

Along with new ideas about human rights from the Enlightenment and revolutions, new ideas about slavery

developed.

• Slavery in Britain was abolished in 1833 by the Slavery Abolition Act

-William Wilberforce advocated for the abolition of slavery

• Slavery is permanently abolished in France during the revolution of 1848

END OF SLAVERY

• Impact of Imperialism on China

-Open Door Policy: 19th and 20th century idea stating that all Europeans would have equal access to markets in China

- Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901): Chinese response to imperialism; anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising; brutally defeated by Imperial powers

• 1905- civil service system abolished• Qing dynasty will fall in 1911 after Wuchang Uprising led

by Sun Yat-sen• After a year of political turmoil, Yuan Shikai is named

President of the Republic of China

CHINA

• Africa has been torn apart by imperialism

-They will forget how to farm, leading to modern starvation problems

-Modern warfare in Africa can be traced to boundaries drawn at the Berlin Conference

AFRICA

Many Latin American countries gained independence during the 1800s, including Mexico, Haiti, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Chile,

and Ecuador.

Oftentimes, the governments of these new nations were weak, corrupt, or uneducated. Therefore, coup d'états were common, and

caudillos, who often had a military background and ruled as authoritarians, were able to come to power.

The last Spanish holdings in Latin America were lost in the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Brazil remained a monarchy until l889 when a republic was founded.

LATIN AMERICA

• United States started the 1800s as isolationist nation

- Monroe Doctrine of 1823 banned further European colonization of the Americas

• American Civil War (1861-1865) resulted in the abolition of slavery in 1863 through the Emancipation Proclamation

• By the end of the 1800s, the United States had reopened its doors to outside trade

- Open Door policy in China

- Imperial actions through Spanish-American War and annexation of Hawaii

NORTH AMERICA

Industrialization continues and Imperialism begins.

Nations build up their militaries to defend their empires- this is known as militarism

New weapons are invented like the tank, poison gas, and the machine gun

Nationalism spreads globally as imperialism continues (this also applies to ethnic populations in Europe who are

controlled by other countries but desire to be their own nation)

EUROPE

The Balkans• Eastern Europe near Greece• Had been under the control of the Ottoman Empire since the fall of the

Byzantines• Gradually started to declare independence in the 1820s

- Greece : 1821 - Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro: 1878

-Romania: 1878 -Albania: 1912• Some ethnic groups wanted to create their own nations, not be united with

others (like Serbia)• Radical groups (like the Black Hand) carry out political assassinations

against the Ottoman and Austrian-Hungarian Empire, who still control parts of their territory and will not grant them independence

• Ex. Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, is assassinated by a Serbian faction of the Black Hand in August 1914- THIS IS THE SPARK THAT STARTS WWI!

“The shot heard ‘round the world.”

THE SPREAD OF NATIONALISM

• China- Yuan Shikai (republic)• Austria-Hungary- Emperor Franz Joseph (empire)• France- George Clemenceau (prime minister)• Germany/Prussia- Kaiser Wilhelm II (monarchy/empire)• Italy- Victor Emmanuel (king)• Ottoman Empire- Mehmed V (sultan)• Russia- Czar Nicholas II (king)• England- Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith (until

1916) and David Lloyd George (until 1922)• United States- President Woodrow Wilson

LEADERS IN 1914

Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente- Great Britain, France, and Russia

America was isolationist/neutral

Ottoman Empire not involved

ALLIANCES PRIOR TO WAR

B-FAIR- Allied Powers during WWI

Britain, France, America, Italy (changes sides during the war-why?), Russia (pulls out of war in 1917 due to Russian

Revolution)

MAIN- causes of WWI

M=militarism

A=alliances

I=imperialism

N=nationalism

B-FAIR TO THE MAIN SLUGZ SO

YOU DON’T GET EATEN BY A-HOG

SLUGZ- reasons for US involvement in WWI

S-Sussex Pledge (promise by Germany to not attack the neutral Americans)

L-Lusitania (the Germans sink this ship carrying American civilian passengers)

U-Unrestricted submarine warfare (this is what Germany was doing)

G-Great Britain (they’re America’s historical ally- we felt a moral obligation to help them!)

Z-Zimmerman note (Americans intercepted a telegram from Germany intended for Mexico asking them to attack the US

to keep them occupied in the Americas and prevent their involvement in the war in Europe)

B-FAIR TO THE MAIN SLUGZ SO

YOU DON’T GET EATEN BY A-HOG

A-HOG- Central Powers during WWI

Austrian-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (why are they involved now?), Germany

B-FAIR TO THE MAIN SLUGZ SO

YOU DON’T GET EATEN BY A-HOG