a brief introduction to stem cells

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An Introduction To Stem Cells

Presented By the Stem Cell Center of Thailand

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808/8 Thararom 2, Sukhumvit 55 FL 2,

Bangkok Thailand 10110


http://stemcellthailand.org


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An Introducing Stem Cells


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This presentation about stem cells is intended as a tool for educators, scientists, science

communicators. Not all the slides will be useful for any one occasion. Choose the ones

most suitable for your audience, mix them with your own slides, or just use the

diagrams.

Overview

Presentation notes Each slide in the Basics and Cloning sections includes notes that give a simple, jargon-

free explanation of the key points. The slides in the last section have less notes and

assume some knowledge of stem cell science. Please visit the site for more details

including stem cell conference schedules, clinical trials and medical journals.

Further information and resources Have a question or a comment? Please check out the Interactive Stem Cell Glossary or

Contact us at http://stemcellthailand.org/contact/

Contents Stem cell biology basics: For school students aged 16+, or adult public with little or no

scientific knowledge

Cloning: For adult public with little or no scientific knowledge; initial slides also suitable

for students aged 16+

Stem cell biology in more detail: For informed non-specialist audiences, e.g. clinicians,

scientists working in fields other than stem cell biology and regenerative medicine


http://stemcellthailand.org/cell-regeneration-meetings-symposiums-2014/

http://stemcellthailand.org/stem-cell-clinical-trials-results/

http://stemcellthailand.org/medical-journals-relating-to-regenerative-medicine/

http://stemcellthailand.org/regeneration-glossary/

http://stemcellthailand.org/contact/





http://stemcellthailand.org/regenerative-medicine/

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Basics of Stem Cell Biology


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A life story…


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stem cell

What Is A Stem Cell?

stem cell

SELF-RENEWAL (copying)

specialized cell e.g. muscle cell, nerve cell

DIFFERENTIATION (specializing)


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What Is A Stem Cell?

Identical stem cells

Stem cell

SELF-RENEWAL (copying)

Stem cell

Specialized cells

DIFFERENTIATION (specializing)


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1 stem cell

Self renewal - maintains the stem cell pool

4 specialized cells

Differentiation - replaces dead or damaged cells throughout your life

Why Self-renew AND Differentiate? 1 stem cell


http://stemcellthailand.org/long-term-self-renewal/



http://stemcellthailand.org/differentiation/

http://stemcellthailand.org/differentiation/

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Where Are Stem Cells Found?

embryonic stem cells blastocyst - a very early

embryo

Adult stem cells fetus, baby and throughout life


http://stemcellthailand.org/embryonic-stemcells-hesc-es/

http://stemcellthailand.org/blastocyst-developmental-stages-transfer/

http://stemcellthailand.org/adult-stem-cells/

http://stemcellthailand.org/adult-stem-cells/

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Types of Stem Cell:

1) Embryonic stem cells “Esc”


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Embryonic stem (ES) cells:

Where we find them

blastocyst

outer layer of cells = ‘trophectoderm’

cells inside = ‘inner cell mass’

embryonic stem cells taken from the inner cell mass

culture in the lab to grow more cells

fluid with nutrients


http://stemcellthailand.org/human-cell-culturing/

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What they can do

embryonic stem cells

PLURIPOTENT

all possible types of specialized cells

differentiation


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neurons


Challenges

embryonic stem cells

skin

blood

liver


http://stemcellthailand.org/neural-stem-cells-glial-cells-neurons/

http://stemcellthailand.org/cord-blood-stem-cell-therapy-ucb-banking/

http://stemcellthailand.org/services-list/treatment-for-liver-disease-using-stem-cells-liver-cirrhosis-therapy/

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Types of stem cell:

2) Tissue or “Adult” Stem Cells


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Adult stem cells:

Where we find them

muscles

skin

surface of the eye brain

breast

Adipose Tissue (Fat)

bone marrow

testicles


http://stemcellthailand.org/stem-cell-breast-enlargement-assisted-lipotransfer-for-breasts/

http://stemcellthailand.org/adipose-tissue

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Adult stem cells:

What they can do

MULTIPOTENT

blood stem cell

found in bone marrow

differentiation

only specialized types of blood cell: red blood cells, white blood cells,

platelets


http://stemcellthailand.org/multipotent-stem-cells/

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Other Types of stem cell:

3)Induced pluripotent (iPS)

stem cells


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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)

cell from the body

‘genetic reprogramming’ = add certain genes to the cell

induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell behaves like an embryonic stem cell

Advantage: no need for embryos! all possible types of

specialized cells

culture iPS cells in the lab

differentiation


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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)

cell from the body (skin)

genetic reprogramming

pluripotent stem cell (iPS)

differentiation


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Stem Cell Glossary/Terms

Potency: A measure of how many types of specialized cell a stem cell can

make

Pluripotent: Can make all types of specialized cells in the body

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent

Multipotent Can make multiple types of specialized cells, but not all types

Tissue stem cells are multipotent OTHERS: Totipotent Stem Cells and Oligopotent Cell Lines and Unitpotent


http://stemcellthailand.org/totipotent-stem-cells/

http://stemcellthailand.org/totipotent-stem-cells/

http://stemcellthailand.org/oligopotent/

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Cell Cloning


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Cloning

There are two VERY different types of cloning:

Reproductive cloning

Use to make two identical individuals Very difficult to do Illegal to do on humans

Molecular cloning

Use to study what a gene does Routine in the biology labs

gene 1

gene 2


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Reproductive cloning

remove nucleus and take the

rest of the cell

egg

take the nucleus (containing DNA)

cell from the body

Clone identical to the individual

that gave the nucleus Dolly the sheep


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Molecular cloning: Principles

gene 1

gene 2

2) Make a new piece of DNA

gene 1

gene 2

1) Take DNA out of the nucleus

cell 1 cell 2

gene 1 gene 2

3) Put new DNA into a test cell and grow copies

gene 1

cell divides

Daughter cells contain same DNA:

Genes 1 and 2 have

been cloned

gene 2

insert new DNA


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Molecular cloning: Applications

Normal mouse embryo

gene A missing

remove a gene to see if anything works differently

Loss of function

gene is involved in giving the eye its colour

eye

Reporter gene

add a gene that shows us when another gene is

working

gene is active in blue areas only

Lineage tracing

mark a group of cells to see where their

daughter cells end up

gene is passed on to cells all over the body


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Stem Cell Biology in Detail


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Tissue Stem cell Types

And Hierarchies


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Tissue stem cells:

Principles of renewing tissues

Stem cell

committed progenitors: - “transient amplifying cells”

- multipotent - divide rapidly

- no self-renewal

stem cell: - self renew

- divide rarely - high potency

- rare specialized cells:

- work - no division


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Tissue stem cells:

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

HSC

committed progenitors

neutrophil

NK cell

erythrocytes

dendritic cell

platelets megakaryocyte

macrophage

eosinophil

basophil

B cell

T cell

specialized cells

bone marrow


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Tissue stem cells:

Neural stem cells (NSCs)

NSC

Brain Injuries committed progenitors specialized cells

Neurons

Interneurons

Oligodendrocytes

Type 2 Astrocytes

Type 1 Astrocytes


http://stemcellthailand.org/stem-cell-treatment-for-brain-injuries-neural-stem-cell-regeneration/

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Tissue stem cells:

Adipose stem cells (ASCs)

GSC

Small intestine or Fat committed progenitors

Paneth cells

Columnar cells

Goblet cells

Endocrine cells

specialized cells


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Tissue stem cells:

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

MSC

bone marrow

committed progenitors

Bone (osteoblasts)

Cartilage (chondrocytes)

Fat (adipocytes)

specialized cells


http://stemcellthailand.org/mesenchymal-stem-cell-isolation-expansion/



http://stemcellthailand.org/services-list/stem-cell-treatment-cartilage-injuries-ligament-regeneration/

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The Stem Cell Niche


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Stem cell niches

Direct contact Soluble factors Intermediate cell

stem cell

niche

Niche Microenvironment around stem cells that provides support and signals regulating self-renewal and differentiation


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a brief introduction to stem cells

Documents

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stem cell center of

knowledge of stem cell

basics of stem cell

stem cell self renewal

stem cell conference

interactive stem cell

introducing stem cells